{ "schemaVersion": 1, "robots": [ { "id": "soviet-teletank-1930", "name": "Teletank (TT-26 and related)", "maker": "Soviet Red Army (state factories)", "makerId": "soviet-red-army", "country": "Soviet Union", "year": 1930, "date": "1930", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "remote-controlled combat vehicle", "research" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Among the earliest radio-controlled ground combat vehicles fielded by any army.", "deployments": "Teletank battalions were used in the Winter War and at the start of the Eastern Front campaign.", "summary": "Radio-controlled light tanks (built on T-18, T-26, T-38, BT-5 and BT-7 hulls) steered from a nearby control tank. Experimental and never widely used.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e71c69de97", "hs-acf1e9138b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1930", "event": "Teletank development in the 1930s: TT-18 trials in 1933 and TT-26 production in 1935–1936 (decade marker; first public showing unknown)", "url": "https://es.rbth.com/technologias/86597-armas-teledirigidas-urss-segunda-guerra-mundial" }, "released": { "date": "1939", "note": "Used in the Winter War (1939-40); retired early 1940s" }, "components": { "actuators": "Light tank hulls (T-18, T-26, T-38, BT-5 and BT-7) adapted for radio control; driven manually when not in combat.", "hands": "None (armed vehicle). Public sources list machine guns, flamethrowers, smoke canisters and in some versions a large demolition charge.", "sensors": "None reported beyond the operator's view from the accompanying control tank.", "compute": "Radio command receiver recognising roughly 16 to 24 discrete commands on two frequencies; no computer.", "other": "Steered by radio from a TU control tank about 500 to 1,500 m away; the pair formed a 'telemechanical group'.", "sources": [ "hs-e71c69de97" ] }, "production": { "built": "Several series built in the 1930s and early 1940s; totals not given in the sources used", "sold": "not sold (state military programme)", "where": "Soviet Union", "customers": "Soviet Red Army; at least two teletank battalions existed at the start of the Eastern Front campaign" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "It was an unmanned tank guided remotely by radio.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/soviet-teletank-1930-1.jpg", "author": "Unknown author", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tt-26.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tt-26.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 535, "h": 670 } }, { "id": "frank-w-andrew-driverless-tractor-1940", "name": "Driverless tractor (cable-guided)", "maker": "Frank W. Andrew", "makerId": "frank-w-andrew", "country": "United States", "year": 1940, "date": "1940", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "ploughing", "field work" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the earliest recorded driverless farm tractors.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An early driverless tractor that steered itself around a field by following a cable anchored at the centre.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-a85dac765e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1940", "event": "Cable-guided driverless tractor invention", "url": "https://www.farmprogress.com/farming-equipment/quest-for-autonomous-tractor-began-decades-ago" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Experimental; never a mass-market product" }, "autonomy": "autonomous" }, { "id": "borgward-goliath-1942", "name": "Goliath tracked mine (Sd.Kfz. 302/303)", "maker": "Borgward (302); Zündapp and Zachertz (303)", "makerId": "borgward-z-ndapp", "country": "Germany", "year": 1942, "date": "1942", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "demolition (historical)" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": 56, "weightKg": 370, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 6, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first mass-produced remotely operated ground vehicles (7,564 built).", "deployments": "Used by German forces 1942-1945; many captured by the Allies.", "summary": "A small, wire-guided, single-use tracked demolition vehicle of the Second World War. Included here as a historical milestone; survivors are museum pieces.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-437cc55d1b", "hs-79307a06ca" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1942", "event": "Production of the electric Goliath Sd.Kfz. 302 began in 1942", "url": "https://collectie.nmm.nl/nl/collectie/detail/239058/" }, "released": { "date": "1942", "note": "In service 1942-1945; 7,564 built in total" }, "components": { "actuators": "Sd.Kfz. 302: two electric motors; Sd.Kfz. 303a/303b: cheaper two-stroke petrol engine. Tracked chassis, top speed just over 6 km/h.", "hands": "None; carried a 60 kg (302) or 100 kg (303) explosive charge and was destroyed with its target.", "sensors": "None; the operator steered by sight.", "compute": "None. Joystick control box connected by a 650 m triple-strand cable that steered the vehicle and fired the charge.", "materials": "Thin armour that could not stop small-arms fire; ground clearance 11.4 cm.", "other": "The control cable was its main weakness; many at Normandy were disabled when artillery cut their cables.", "sources": [ "hs-79307a06ca" ] }, "production": { "built": "7,564 built in total (302 and 303 versions)", "sold": "not sold (military issue)", "where": "Germany (Borgward, Bremen, for the 302; Zündapp and Zachertz for the 303)", "customers": "German Army Panzer and combat engineer units; used at Anzio, in the Warsaw Uprising and in Normandy in 1944" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/borgward-goliath-1942.jpg", "author": "baku13", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sdkfz302elektr.jpg", "article": "Goliath tracked mine", "w": 500, "h": 333 }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "It was a remotely controlled, wire-guided tracked vehicle carrying an explosive charge to a target, where the charge and carrier were detonated." }, { "id": "mowbot-1969", "name": "MowBot", "maker": "S. Lawrence Bellinger (MowBot)", "makerId": "s-lawrence-bellinger", "country": "United States", "year": 1969, "date": "1968", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "lawn mowing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 57, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 3, "priceUsd": 800, "priceNote": "Retail price $795 (Crop Science, 2025). Patent US 3,550,714 was filed on October 20, 1964 and granted on December 29, 1970 (Google Patents).", "hands": "none", "firsts": "An early robotic lawn mower, introduced and patented in 1969.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A battery mower that roamed the lawn on its own for about three hours.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d732154137", "hs-5c8245ce5e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1968", "event": "Mowbot introduced in press releases and interviews", "url": "https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/csc2.70081" }, "released": { "date": "1969", "note": "" }, "components": { "actuators": "Self-propelled battery mower (motor details not given).", "sensors": "Front and rear sets of pickup coils that sense a signal from a wire buried a few inches under the lawn edge (per the patent).", "battery": "About 3 hours of running, covering roughly 280 square metres (3,000 sq ft) per charge.", "other": "Weighed 57 kg (125 lb). Patent US 3,550,714 was filed in October 1964 and granted on 29 December 1970 to Mowbot Inc.", "sources": [ "hs-d732154137", "hs-008ad48a7b" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Retail price $795 (Crop Science, 2025).", "where": "United States", "customers": "Consumer product" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It cut grass unattended in a random pattern and automatically turned away when its sensors detected the lawn's boundary wire." }, { "id": "general-electric-walking-truck-1965", "name": "Walking Truck (Cybernetic Anthropomorphous Machine, CAM)", "maker": "General Electric", "makerId": "general", "country": "United States", "year": 1965, "date": "1969", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "carrying equipment over rough terrain", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "defence-research", "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1400, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 8, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first walking machines to give its driver force feedback, so the operator could feel the legs meet the ground.", "deployments": "Only one prototype was built for the US Army; it survives at the US Army Transportation Museum, Fort Eustis, Virginia.", "summary": "A four-legged hydraulic walking machine designed by Ralph Mosher at GE, steered by a rider whose arm and leg movements drove the four legs. It was tiring to operate and never went past the prototype stage.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-073c8e0aa9", "hs-aa2ae0e8a4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1969", "event": "GE's ambulating quadruped transporter completed and successfully tested", "url": "https://text-message.blogs.archives.gov/2020/03/31/bringing-sci-fi-to-life-the-walking-war-machines-of-arpa/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Never produced; one prototype only. Overlaps with historic-quadruped coverage (it has four legs)." }, "components": { "actuators": "Hydraulic legs and body moved entirely by hydraulics; fluid and pressure supplied by an off-board system.", "hands": "None; four legs controlled by the operator's own arms and legs.", "sensors": "Force feedback to the operator's hands and feet (one of the first machines to use it).", "compute": "None; the operator's limb movements were coupled to hydraulic valves.", "other": "About 1,400 kg (3,000 lb); up to about 8 km/h. Operators could only drive it for short periods because it was so tiring. Designed and driven by Ralph Mosher.", "sources": [ "hs-073c8e0aa9" ] }, "production": { "built": "One prototype", "sold": "not sold", "where": "United States (General Electric)", "customers": "Built for the US Army; the prototype is displayed at the US Army Transportation Museum, Fort Eustis, Virginia" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/general-electric-walking-truck-1965.jpg", "author": "Mytwocents (talk) 00:24, 6 February 2008 (UTC)", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyberneticwalkingmachine.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyberneticwalkingmachine.jpg", "article": "Walking Truck", "w": 500, "h": 457 }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "A seated operator controlled the four legs with arm and leg movements through hydraulic servos that reflected forces back to the controls." }, { "id": "tokyo-tech-acm-iii-1972", "name": "ACM III (Active Cord Mechanism)", "maker": "Tokyo Institute of Technology (Shigeo Hirose lab)", "makerId": "tokyo-institute-of", "country": "Japan", "year": 1972, "date": "1972", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "snake-like locomotion" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "snake", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "The Tokyo Tech lab credits it as the first machine to reproduce the gliding, undulating locomotion of a real snake (the lab's own claim).", "deployments": null, "summary": "A chain of powered joint units that glided across a flat floor using the same push-against-the-ground principle as a snake. It relied on a large tethered control system, so it was not self-contained.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-5441dfac0b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1972", "event": "Mechanical prototype demonstrated at Tokyo Institute of Technology", "url": "https://www.robotics.mech.e.titech.ac.jp/gendo/en/archives/t06" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research prototype. A self-contained successor, ACM-R1, followed in 1995." }, "components": { "actuators": "Serially connected active joint units that bend the body to produce snake-like undulation; passive wheels along the body.", "compute": "Controlled through an extensive tethered external control system (no on-board computer).", "battery": "None; power and control came through the tether.", "other": "Demonstrated in 1972 that a machine could glide across a flat floor on the same principle as a snake. The self-contained successor ACM-R1 (1995-99) was about the same size and weight and moved more than twice as fast.", "sources": [ "hs-5441dfac0b" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research prototype", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Tokyo Institute of Technology (Shigeo Hirose lab), Japan", "customers": "None" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/tokyo-tech-acm-iii-1972.jpg", "author": "Fumihiro Kato", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Active_Code_Mechanism_No.3_ACM_III_1972_-1975.jpg", "article": "File:Active Code Mechanism No.3 ACM III 1972 -1975.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 333 } }, { "id": "mvee-wheelbarrow-1972", "name": "Wheelbarrow", "maker": "Lt-Col Peter Miller / Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment (later Northrop Grumman variants)", "makerId": "lt-col-peter-miller", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 1972, "date": "1972", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "bomb disposal" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Pioneering bomb-disposal robot; more than 400 were reported destroyed in action.", "deployments": "British Army EOD units in Northern Ireland, mainland Britain and Iraq from the 1970s to 2019.", "summary": "A remote-controlled bomb-disposal robot invented by a retired British Army officer for use in Northern Ireland, developed through many marks (Mk7, Mk8 and later).", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-8d2cc037ca", "hs-aee6d6607d", "hs-ee7f31baf1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1972", "event": "Lt-Col Peter Miller adapted an electric wheelbarrow into a bomb-disposal robot; regularly deployed in Northern Ireland by October 1972", "url": "https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/194511128/Safe.pdf" }, "released": { "date": "2019", "note": "Withdrawn from British Army service in 2019, replaced by the L3Harris T7" }, "components": { "actuators": "Began as a remotely controlled, electrically powered wheelbarrow chassis; later versions improved manoeuvrability.", "hands": "Carried disruptor tools such as the Pigstick water-jet disruptor; later variants added better object handling.", "sensors": "Cameras for remote viewing; later Northrop Grumman variants added chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear sensors.", "other": "Let bomb-disposal officers deal with IEDs remotely instead of making the 'long walk'.", "sources": [ "hs-f7aeb79c6a", "hs-aee6d6607d" ] }, "production": { "built": "Hundreds; more than 400 were destroyed in operations", "sold": "Military supply; later variants produced by Northrop Grumman", "where": "United Kingdom", "customers": "British Army bomb-disposal units (321 EOD in Northern Ireland, 11 EOD Regiment) in Northern Ireland, mainland Britain and Iraq; retired in 2019" }, "news": [ { "date": "2017-09-13", "title": "UK orders T7 robots to replace Wheelbarrow", "summary": "The UK MOD announced a contract worth up to £55m for 56 Harris T7 bomb-disposal robots, which went on to replace Wheelbarrow in British Army service.", "publisher": "Defence Equipment & Support (UK MOD)", "url": "https://des.mod.uk/55m-harris-t7-contract-bomb-disposal-robots-army" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Bomb-disposal teams operated Wheelbarrow remotely to handle explosive ordnance disposal tasks.", "video": { "id": "ow8R9MHZzAc", "title": "The Wheelbarrow robot | Bomb Disposal Robot | Bomb Disposal | British army | 1980s Technology | 1981", "channel": "Thames News" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/mvee-wheelbarrow-1972-1.jpg", "author": "The wub", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wheelbarrow_Mk_VIIa_bomb_disposal_robot,_1983_-_National_Army_Museum.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 800, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "tsukuba-mel-autonomous-car-1977", "name": "Tsukuba self-driving car", "maker": "Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (MITI)", "makerId": "tsukuba-mechanical-engineering-laboratory", "country": "Japan", "year": 1977, "date": "1977", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 30, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Often cited as the first semi-autonomous car that did not need wires under the road.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An experimental car from a Japanese government lab that followed white street markings using two video cameras, without any guide wires buried in the road.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-998b71a4d1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1977", "event": "Demonstrated by the Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Test track, Japan", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/tsukuba-mel-autonomous-car-1977.jpg", "author": "Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (MITI)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aist.go.jp/Portals/0/resource_images/aist_j/aistinfo/aist_link/link_topics/20160703/photo02.jpg", "page": "https://www.aist.go.jp/Portals/0/resource_images/aist_j/aistinfo/aist_link/link_topics/20160703/photo02.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 920, "h": 323 } }, { "id": "brokk-250-1981", "name": "Brokk 250", "maker": "Brokk", "makerId": "brokk", "country": "Sweden", "year": 1981, "date": "1981", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "construction", "demolition", "breaking concrete and refractory" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Brokk's 1976 prototype is described as the world's first remote-controlled demolition machine, and the 1981 Brokk 250 as the first mass-produced one.", "deployments": "Grew out of furnace-cleaning work at the Ronnskar metal plant in Sweden; Brokk machines are now sold worldwide.", "summary": "A tracked demolition machine with a breaker arm that an operator controls by remote from a safe distance, born from a 1976 prototype built by two brothers in Skelleftea.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1bb07032ec", "hs-e1a9612ba3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1981", "event": "Brokk 250 reaches the market (prototype built 1976)", "url": "https://www.brokk.com/about-brokk/history/" }, "released": { "date": "1981", "note": "First serial-produced Brokk" }, "autonomy": "remote", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/brokk-250-1981.jpg", "author": "Brokk", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.brokk.com/us/about-brokk/history/", "page": "https://www.brokk.com/us/about-brokk/history/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "cmu-leg-lab-3d-one-legged-hopper-1983", "name": "3D One-Legged Hopping Machine", "maker": "Carnegie Mellon University Leg Lab (Marc Raibert)", "makerId": "carnegie-mellon-university-leg-lab", "country": "United States", "year": 1983, "date": "1983", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "dynamic balance" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research", "defence-research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Showed that a robot could balance actively by hopping on a single leg in three dimensions, a foundation for later dynamic legged robots including Boston Dynamics' machines.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A one-legged robot with a pneumatic leg and hydraulic hip that hopped freely on an open floor, controlling hopping height, speed and body attitude separately. The work was funded by DARPA and published in 1984.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-58c60bcaca", "hs-39c150aa48" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1983", "event": "Built at CMU's Leg Lab; described in DARPA report CMU-RI-TR-83-01", "url": "https://www.ri.cmu.edu/publications/dynamically-stable-legged-locomotion-second-report-to-darpa-october-11981-december-311982" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research machine. The Leg Lab moved to MIT in 1986." }, "components": { "actuators": "A simple pneumatic springy leg positioned by a hydraulic hip.", "sensors": "Not detailed in the sources used.", "compute": "Off-board computer running a three-part controller (hopping height, forward speed, body attitude).", "software": "Raibert's decomposed balance controller, generalised from the earlier planar (2D) hopper; let the machine hop in place, run at a set speed and follow a simple path without support.", "other": "Ran and balanced on an open floor with no mechanical constraint; described in CMU-RI-TR-83-01 and in the International Journal of Robotics Research (June 1984).", "sources": [ "hs-39c150aa48", "hs-58c60bcaca", "hs-91afb2be77" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research machine (one)", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Carnegie Mellon University Leg Lab, Pittsburgh; the lab moved to MIT in 1986", "customers": "DARPA-funded research" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Its controller kept it balanced and hopping on its own while an operator could set the speed and direction it travelled.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cmu-leg-lab-3d-one-legged-hopper-1983.jpg", "author": "Carnegie Mellon University Leg Lab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/leglab/robots/3D_hopper/3D_hopper.html", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201103182750im_/http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/leglab/robots/3D_hopper/3D_hopper.jpeg", "kind": "maker", "w": 377, "h": 526 } }, { "id": "odetics-odex-1-1983", "name": "ODEX I (Functionoid)", "maker": "Odetics, Inc.", "makerId": "odetics", "country": "United States", "year": 1983, "date": "1983", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "carrying loads", "hazardous environments", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "industrial", "defence-research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 198, "weightKg": 136, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 408, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "An early self-contained six-legged robot that could lift far more than its own weight, shown walking onto and moving a pickup truck.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A remote-controlled hexapod with an alternating tripod gait whose legs could reconfigure its body height (about 91-198 cm) and double as manipulators. Odetics pitched it for nuclear and other hazardous sites.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-48bb3ed526", "hs-d6c7456829", "hs-8dffd7c6a5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1983", "event": "Unveiled by Odetics after 15 months of development (some sources say 1984)", "url": "https://cyberneticzoo.com/walking-machines/1983-odex-1-functionoid-walking-robot-american/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Demonstrator. Weight is given as 136-168 kg across sources; payload 408 kg is the carrying figure at walking speed (it could lift about 950 kg vertically)." }, "components": { "actuators": "Six legs walking with an alternating tripod gait; the legs could also be used as manipulators.", "hands": "No separate hand; legs doubled as manipulators. Each leg could lift about 400-450 lb.", "compute": "On-board computer, operated remotely.", "other": "Could change shape from tall and narrow to short and wide (height about 36-78 in, width 21-105 in) and climb stairs. Weight reported as 300-370 lb. Later ODEX II and ODEX III followed.", "sources": [ "hs-48bb3ed526", "hs-8dffd7c6a5" ] }, "production": { "built": "Demonstrator; ODEX II and ODEX III followed", "sold": "not sold as a product", "where": "Odetics Inc., Anaheim, California", "customers": "Shown at the National Museum of American History (1986) and Boston's Museum of Science (1987); one unit later went to Cal State Fullerton. ODEX II was developed for Savannah River nuclear labs" }, "news": [ { "date": "2018-04-04", "title": "ODEX 1 sits idle at Cal State Fullerton", "summary": "The student paper reported the 35-year-old walking robot was gathering dust in a CSUF engineering lab and needed repair.", "publisher": "Daily Titan", "url": "https://dailytitan.com/lifestyle/defunct-aging-robot-odex-1-awaits-fate-in-csuf-mechanical-engineering-lab/article_aed15cb7-b1b5-5ec9-a261-6ca3ec18708b.html" }, { "date": "2010-03-08", "title": "Make recalls the 1984 Odetics hexapod", "summary": "Make magazine highlighted ODEX's light weight relative to the loads it could lift and carry.", "publisher": "Make:", "url": "https://makezine.com/?p=75655" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "An operator drove it by radio while its onboard computers coordinated the six legs and the tripod gait." }, { "id": "kajima-tokimec-mark-concrete-finishing-robot-1984", "name": "MARK series concrete floor finishing robot", "maker": "Kajima Corporation and Tokimec", "makerId": "kajima", "country": "Japan", "year": 1984, "date": "1984", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "construction", "levelling and trowelling concrete slabs" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "An early Japanese site robot that automated trowelling of fresh concrete floors.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A mobile robot designed in 1984 to level and trowel concrete slabs on building sites for consistent finish with fewer skilled finishers.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-ef77c8087a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1984", "event": "Mark I concrete floor-slab finishing robot in use at construction sites", "url": "https://www.iaarc.org/publications/fulltext/The_development_and_practice_test_of_the_Mark_mobile_robot_for_concrete_floor_slab_finishing.PDF" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Deployment years not found" }, "autonomy": "assisted" }, { "id": "ohio-state-adaptive-suspension-vehicle-1985", "name": "Adaptive Suspension Vehicle (ASV)", "maker": "Ohio State University", "makerId": "ohio-state-university", "country": "United States", "year": 1985, "date": "1985-12", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "off-road transport", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "defence-research", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 300, "weightKg": 2700, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 13, "payloadKg": 220, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the largest computer-coordinated walking machines ever built: a rider steered while 17 onboard computers placed its six legs.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A three-tonne, six-legged walker funded by DARPA from 1981, powered by a 900cc motorcycle engine driving hydraulic pumps. It took its first steps in late 1985 and the programme ended around 1990.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9d9f50d5a7", "hs-b872257bef", "hs-f8e7ac7292" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1985-12", "event": "First steps at Ohio State (some sources say 1986)", "url": "https://shvachko.net/?p=1088" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research vehicle; speed is the reported 3.6 m/s maximum (cruise 2.25 m/s). Present location unknown." }, "components": { "actuators": "Two-stage hydraulic system: a 900 cc motorcycle engine (about 91 hp) and a flywheel drive 18 variable-displacement pumps (three per leg); pantograph legs.", "sensors": "82 sensed control variables; foot pressure sensors; a 128x128-pixel scanning rangefinder above the cab for footing selection.", "compute": "17 Intel 86/30 single-board computers (six for the legs); about 150,000 lines of Pascal.", "software": "Supervisory control by an on-board operator using joystick and keypad; six modes including precision footing, terrain following and cruise/dash.", "other": "About 5.2 m long, 2.7 t, 220 kg payload; cruise about 2.25 m/s, maximum 3.6 m/s (reported). DARPA funded roughly $1 million a year.", "sources": [ "hs-b872257bef", "hs-9d9f50d5a7" ] }, "production": { "built": "One research vehicle", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio", "customers": "DARPA / US Army research programme (1981-1990)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-09-08", "title": "Gigazine revisits the Army's six-legged walker", "summary": "Gigazine described the 1980s Army and Ohio State project to build a giant six-legged walking vehicle.", "publisher": "GIGAZINE", "url": "https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20200908-army-osu-six-legged-walking-truck" }, { "date": "2020-09-07", "title": "The Drive on the 1980s walking truck", "summary": "The Drive recounted how DARPA and Ohio State built the ASV, detailing its engine, flywheel, pumps and 17 computers.", "publisher": "The Drive", "url": "https://www.thedrive.com/news/36157/the-us-army-spent-millions-developing-giant-six-legged-walking-trucks-in-the-1980s" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "A driver in the cab steered with a joystick while onboard computers placed the six legs and kept the body level.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ohio-state-adaptive-suspension-vehicle-1985.jpg", "author": "Ohio State University", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://library.osu.edu/site/archives/files/2012/11/1986_automobile_research_testing.jpg", "page": "https://library.osu.edu/site/archives/files/2012/11/1986_automobile_research_testing.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 889, "h": 576 } }, { "id": "cmu-navlab-1-1986", "name": "Navlab 1", "maker": "Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute", "makerId": "carnegie-mellon-university-institute", "country": "United States", "year": 1986, "date": "1986", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 32, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The first of CMU's 11 Navlab vehicles, part of a DARPA-funded programme begun in 1984.", "deployments": "Reached about 32 km/h once its software matured in the late 1980s; destroyed by fire in 1989.", "summary": "A Chevrolet panel van packed with racks of computers, including a Warp supercomputer and Sun workstations, used to develop vision-based road following.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-5925332c21" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1986", "event": "Chevy panel van converted into Navlab 1 at Carnegie Mellon", "url": "https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~tjochem/nhaa/navlab5_details.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Pittsburgh area (research)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/cmu-navlab-1-1986-1.jpg", "author": "Firefly4342", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Navlab-1-5-autonomous-vehicles.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "unibw-vamors-1986", "name": "VaMoRs", "maker": "Bundeswehr University Munich (Ernst Dickmanns)", "makerId": "bundeswehr-university-munich", "country": "Germany", "year": 1986, "date": "1986-12", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 96, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first vision-guided road vehicles; it drove itself in 1986 and reached 96 km/h on traffic-free roads by 1987.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A 5-tonne Mercedes-Benz van rebuilt so computers could steer, accelerate and brake from real-time camera images.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-ff10f85d59", "hs-270d2425a6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1986-12", "event": "Autonomous VaMoRs demonstration to Daimler-Benz on a skidpan", "url": "https://dyna-vision.de/application-areas-and-tasks/road-vehicle-guidance/skidpan-demo-to-daimler-benz-ag-in-1986/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Traffic-free roads, Germany (research)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/unibw-vamors-1986.jpg", "author": "Bundeswehr University Munich", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://dyna-vision.de/home/review-2020/firsts-in-real-time-vision-with-the-test-vehicle-vamors-1986-to-2003/", "page": "https://dyna-vision.de/home/review-2020/firsts-in-real-time-vision-with-the-test-vehicle-vamors-1986-to-2003/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 723 } }, { "id": "mit-genghis-1989", "name": "Genghis", "maker": "MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (Rodney Brooks)", "makerId": "mit-artificial-intelligence-laboratory", "country": "United States", "year": 1989, "date": "1989", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "planetary exploration studies" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Demonstrated Brooks' 'subsumption architecture': insect-like walking emerging from simple layered controllers with no central planner.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A one-kilogram six-legged insect robot started in 1988 after a NASA JPL workshop on micro-spacecraft. It is now held by the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e33efa975b", "hs-dbebca29ad", "hs-7fa7c9b165", "hs-989bcbaf96" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1989", "event": "Built at MIT AI Lab", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research robot; small (35 cm long) but historically important. Its ideas led to iRobot's founding." }, "components": { "actuators": "12 position-controllable model-airplane servomotors (two per leg); 12 DoF.", "sensors": "12 force sensors, six pyroelectric infrared sensors, two inclinometers and two touch whiskers; each leg sensed its own obstacles.", "compute": "Four on-board 8-bit microprocessors on a 62.5 kbaud token ring; 1 KB RAM and 10 KB EPROM in total.", "battery": "Three silver-zinc batteries.", "software": "Rodney Brooks's subsumption architecture: eight layered behaviours (stand up, walk, force balancing, leg lifting, whiskers, pitch stabilisation, prowling, steered prowling) with no central planner.", "other": "About 1 kg and 35 cm long. Now at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.", "sources": [ "hs-e33efa975b" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot (Genghis II followed)", "sold": "not sold", "where": "MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts", "customers": "None; NASA JPL micro-spacecraft workshop motivated the project" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It walked over rough ground using distributed sensor-to-motor control and followed people detected by infrared sensors.", "video": { "id": "-6piNZBFdfY", "title": "Rodney Brook's Genghis Robot First Steps", "channel": "IEEE Spectrum (@ieeespectrum)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mit-genghis-1989.jpg", "author": "MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (Rodney Brooks)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/genghis/GeoGenghis.jpg", "page": "http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/genghis/GeoGenghis.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 288, "h": 278 } }, { "id": "teledyne-webb-slocum-glider", "name": "Slocum glider", "maker": "Teledyne Webb Research", "makerId": "teledyne-webb-research", "country": "United States", "year": 1989, "date": "1989", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ocean monitoring" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "underwater", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "An early Slocum electric glider cost comparison lists an $85,000 initial investment (Rutgers University)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "A Rutgers Slocum-type glider crossed the Atlantic in 2009, one of several glider transatlantic journeys.", "deployments": "Widely used by oceanographers; Slocum, Spray and Seaglider vehicles have all crossed the Atlantic.", "summary": "A buoyancy-driven underwater glider that dives and climbs in a sawtooth path for weeks or months, surfacing to send data and get new waypoints by satellite. It was conceived by Doug Webb and Henry Stommel.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5204d9780d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1989", "event": "Concept published by Henry Stommel in Oceanography", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Worldwide oceans", "since": null, "fleet": "Not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/teledyne-webb-slocum-glider-1.jpg", "author": "Antti Leppänen", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slocum_underwater_glider.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 663 } }, { "id": "cmu-ambler-1990", "name": "Ambler", "maker": "Carnegie Mellon University Field Robotics Center (with NASA JPL)", "makerId": "carnegie-mellon-university-field-center", "country": "United States", "year": 1990, "date": "1990", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "planetary exploration research", "walking in rough terrain" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 350, "weightKg": 2500, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 0.0, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Used a unique 'circulating gait' in which trailing legs swung past the body to the front, and walked autonomously over boulders for NASA in 1990.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A huge six-legged autonomous walker built from 1988 to test whether legged rovers suit Mars-like terrain. Its telescoping vertical legs kept its body level while it walked very slowly.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-dbe07ca5f4", "hs-588610fc03", "hs-dc2c4a30d1", "hs-827a6e8c18" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1990", "event": "Autonomous walking demonstration for NASA (about 25 autonomous steps over sand, boulders and a trench)", "url": "https://ri.cmu.edu/?p=13290" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research testbed 1988-91. Height is given as 3.5 m (technical) or about 5 m; speed about 35 cm per minute." }, "components": { "actuators": "Six orthogonal legs that swing horizontally and telescope vertically; the rear leg could pass all others.", "sensors": "Laser rangefinder used to build terrain maps (kept level by the upright body).", "battery": "Drew about 1,400 W standing and about 4,000 W walking (reported).", "software": "Autonomous terrain mapping, footstep planning and balance control.", "other": "About 3.5 m tall (other accounts say about 5 m), up to 7 m wide and 2,500 kg; walked about 35 cm per minute and could step over 1 m obstacles.", "sources": [ "hs-588610fc03", "hs-06e85006ab" ] }, "production": { "built": "One research testbed", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Carnegie Mellon University Field Robotics Center, Pittsburgh (with NASA JPL)", "customers": "NASA planetary-exploration research" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It walked by itself, planning its own footholds and route from laser scans of the terrain, while researchers monitored the tests.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cmu-ambler-1990.jpg", "author": "Carnegie Mellon University Field Robotics Center", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.ri.cmu.edu/robot/ambler/", "page": "https://www.ri.cmu.edu/robot/ambler/", "kind": "maker", "w": 640, "h": 432 } }, { "id": "cmu-navlab-2-1990", "name": "Navlab 2", "maker": "Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute", "makerId": "carnegie-mellon-university-institute", "country": "United States", "year": 1990, "date": "1990", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 110, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Drove at about 10 km/h off-road and up to about 110 km/h on roads.", "summary": "A US Army HMMWV converted by CMU for semi-autonomous driving on rough ground and roads.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-5925332c21" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1990", "event": "HMMWV-based Navlab 2 built at Carnegie Mellon", "url": "https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~tjochem/nhaa/navlab5_details.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Pittsburgh area (research)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cmu-navlab-2-1990.jpg", "author": "Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/ahs/images/navlab_1_5_images/navlab2.color.small.gif", "page": "https://www.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/ahs/images/navlab_1_5_images/navlab2.color.small.gif", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "cmu-dante-1992", "name": "Dante", "maker": "Carnegie Mellon University Field Robotics Center (for NASA)", "makerId": "carnegie-mellon-university-field-center", "country": "United States", "year": 1992, "date": "1992", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "volcano exploration", "scientific sampling" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "An early attempt to send an autonomous walking robot into an active volcano (Mount Erebus, Antarctica).", "deployments": "Descended into Mount Erebus crater in 1992 until its communications tether failed and the mission ended early.", "summary": "An eight-legged frame walker that rappelled down steep slopes on a tensioned tether. It was the predecessor of Dante II.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e63011226e", "hs-2dd9b4da89" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1992", "event": "Mount Erebus expedition, Antarctica", "url": "https://cyberneticzoo.com/walking-machines/1992-4-dante-dante-ii-john-e-bares-william-red-whittaker-american/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research robot." }, "components": { "actuators": "Eight pantographic legs in two frames of four (inner and outer) walking as a framewalker; each leg could adjust its height. Tensioned tether used to rappel on steep slopes.", "sensors": "Scanning laser rangefinder and trinocular camera system; science instruments for gas composition, radioactivity and magma temperature.", "compute": "Some computers off-board at a base station, linked by fibre-optic cable; on-board planning chose safe paths.", "other": "Built in about 10 months for an expedition into Mount Erebus, Antarctica.", "sources": [ "hs-e63011226e" ] }, "production": { "built": "One robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Carnegie Mellon University Field Robotics Center, Pittsburgh", "customers": "NASA-sponsored volcano exploration" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Operators at a base station linked by a fibre tether monitored and commanded it while its onboard software sequenced the legs and chose safe footholds.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cmu-dante-1992.jpg", "author": "Carnegie Mellon University Field Robotics Center (for NASA)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.ri.cmu.edu/app/uploads/2018/11/1992_Dante-1-web-history.jpg", "page": "https://www.ri.cmu.edu/app/uploads/2018/11/1992_Dante-1-web-history.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 290, "h": 427 } }, { "id": "whoi-abe-1994", "name": "ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer)", "maker": "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution", "makerId": "woods-hole-oceanographic-institution", "country": "United States", "year": 1994, "date": "1994", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "deep-sea mapping", "hydrothermal vent search" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "underwater", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "In 2004 it autonomously found and located a hydrothermal vent by tracking chemical traces in its plume.", "deployments": "Completed 222 missions from 1996 until it was lost at about 3,000 m off Chile on 5 March 2010.", "summary": "A deep-diving AUV rated to 4,500 m that mapped lava flows and vent fields on its own, including multi-site missions from 2000. Its successor is Sentry.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-70d30f1f67" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1994", "event": "Developed at WHOI; first science dive 1996", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Juan de Fuca Ridge, East Pacific Rise, Chile triple junction and other mid-ocean ridges", "since": "1996", "fleet": "1 (lost 2010)", "usage": "222 research dives, 1995–2010; lost during its 222nd dive on March 5, 2010 (WHOI, 2010).", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/whoi-abe-1994.jpg", "author": "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.whoi.edu/what-we-do/explore/underwater-vehicles/auvs/", "page": "https://www.whoi.edu/what-we-do/explore/underwater-vehicles/auvs/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "ise-theseus-1995", "name": "Theseus", "maker": "International Submarine Engineering for Defence Research Establishment Pacific", "makerId": "international-submarine-engineering", "country": "Canada", "year": 1995, "date": "1994", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "under-ice fibre-optic cable laying", "research" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "underwater", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 8600, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Government research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Laid fibre-optic cable under Arctic ice to an acoustic array about 180 km offshore in 1996, a landmark long-range autonomous mission.", "deployments": "First Arctic deployment in spring 1995; in 1996 it delivered cable about 180 km under the ice in just over 24 hours.", "summary": "A 10.7 m battery-powered AUV built to run long missions under Arctic sea ice by itself, paying out fibre-optic cable as it went. It was designed for 450 km missions on silver-zinc batteries.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-eaa5d255e5" ], "canada": "Built by International Submarine Engineering of Port Coquitlam, BC, for Canada's Defence Research Establishment Pacific.", "firstShown": { "date": "1994", "event": "Sea trials began (summer 1994)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Canadian Arctic", "since": "1995", "fleet": "1", "usage": "175 km one-way cable-laying transect under ice in April 1996 (Marine Technology News, 2016)", "rangeKm": 450 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/ise-theseus-1995-1.jpg", "author": "Bruce butler", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theseus_AUV.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "cmu-dante-ii-1994", "name": "Dante II", "maker": "Carnegie Mellon University Field Robotics Center (for NASA)", "makerId": "carnegie-mellon-university-field-center", "country": "United States", "year": 1994, "date": "1994-07", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "volcano exploration", "gas sampling" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 305, "weightKg": 771, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 0.1, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 1700000, "priceNote": "about $1.7 million reported cost; never sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Explored the crater of Alaska's Mount Spurr for more than five days under supervised autonomy, with operators about 120 km away.", "deployments": "Sampled high-temperature fumarole gases inside Mount Spurr in July 1994, then toppled on the climb out and was recovered by helicopter.", "summary": "An eight-legged, tethered walking robot that rappelled into an active volcano to sample gases. It walked about 1 metre per minute.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-005ccf5fe0", "hs-8a048f0ac3", "hs-96e28f964b", "hs-e5aedfaa09" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1994-07", "event": "Mount Spurr volcano mission, Alaska", "url": "https://www.ri.cmu.edu/robot/dante-ii/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research robot." }, "components": { "actuators": "Eight-legged framewalker with a combined walking and rappelling tether system.", "sensors": "Scanning laser rangefinder, video cameras and gas-sampling instruments.", "compute": "Multi-level control; operators about 120 km away in Anchorage used supervised autonomy and direct teleoperation, with data relayed by satellite.", "software": "Supervised autonomous control plus teleoperation; computer-generated terrain displays for the operators.", "other": "Explored the Mount Spurr crater alone for more than five days in July 1994 and sampled high-temperature fumarole gases.", "sources": [ "hs-005ccf5fe0", "hs-8a048f0ac3", "hs-96e28f964b", "hs-e63011226e" ] }, "production": { "built": "One robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Carnegie Mellon University Field Robotics Center, Pittsburgh", "customers": "NASA" }, "news": [ { "date": "1994-09-01", "title": "NASA releases Dante's Volcano video", "summary": "A NASA video record documents Dante II exploring the Mount Spurr crater under remote control from about 80 miles away.", "publisher": "NASA Technical Reports Server", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19950004572" }, { "date": "1994-08-09", "title": "Stuck robot may need human help", "summary": "Newspaper report that Dante II had become stuck while climbing out of the volcano and might need a human-assisted recovery.", "publisher": "Tampa Bay Times", "url": "https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1994/08/09/stuck-robot-may-get-some-human-help/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Remote operators gave it commands and could take over, while it could also walk short stretches by itself, choosing footholds from laser scans.", "video": { "id": "Spe9jivtwZA", "title": "Dante's Volcano", "channel": "NASA STI Program" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cmu-dante-ii-1994.jpg", "author": "Carnegie Mellon University Field Robotics Center", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.ri.cmu.edu/project/dante-ii/", "page": "https://www.ri.cmu.edu/project/dante-ii/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 626 } }, { "id": "daimler-vita-2-1994", "name": "VITA-2", "maker": "Daimler-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS)", "makerId": "daimler-benz", "country": "Germany", "year": 1994, "date": "1994-10", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 130, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Shared the October 1994 PROMETHEUS demonstration with VaMP, driving more than 1,000 km in normal Paris-area traffic at up to 130 km/h.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Daimler-Benz's autonomous Mercedes S-Class, the twin of VaMP, built on the same Bundeswehr University vision approach.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-35b6213da7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1994-10", "event": "Final PROMETHEUS presentation near Paris", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-48847-8_3" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Autoroute A1 near Paris (1994)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "unibw-vamp-1994", "name": "VaMP", "maker": "Bundeswehr University Munich with Mercedes-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS)", "makerId": "bundeswehr-university-munich", "country": "Germany", "year": 1994, "date": "1994-10", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 175, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "With its twin VITA-2 it drove over 1,000 km in heavy Paris-area motorway traffic in October 1994, changing lanes and overtaking after the safety driver approved.", "deployments": "In 1995 it drove Munich to Denmark and back at up to about 175 km/h, autonomous for about 95% of the distance; on display at the Deutsches Museum since 2006.", "summary": "A Mercedes 500 SEL re-engineered for computer control, using four saccadic cameras and around 60 transputers, with no GPS.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-49e0ead0e7", "hs-ff10f85d59" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1994-10", "event": "Final PROMETHEUS demonstration near Paris", "url": "https://dyna-vision.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/2015-ContribPart-II-to-Visual-Auton.-Driving-EDD.pdf" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Autoroute A1 near Paris (1994); German and Danish motorways (1995)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "Over 1,000 km in 1994; about 1,600-1,760 km Munich-Denmark round trip in 1995 (sources differ)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/unibw-vamp-1994.jpg", "author": "Bundeswehr University Munich with Mercedes-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.unibw.de/tas-en/equipment/historical-vehicles/@@cropped-hero?timestamp=2018-11-15T11:08:01+01:00", "page": "https://www.unibw.de/tas-en/equipment/historical-vehicles/@@cropped-hero?timestamp=2018-11-15T11:08:01+01:00", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 320 } }, { "id": "husqvarna-solar-mower-1995", "name": "Husqvarna Solar Mower", "maker": "Husqvarna", "makerId": "husqvarna", "country": "Sweden", "year": 1995, "date": "1995", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "lawn mowing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Marketed from 1995 as the first fully solar-powered robotic lawn mower, based on André Collens' 1992 patent.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A solar-powered robot mower that roamed lawns inside a boundary; robot mowers became the second-largest home robot category by 2005.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b372b3d724" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1995", "event": "Husqvarna Solar Mower introduced commercially", "url": "https://www.husqvarna.com/uk/learn-and-discover/press-room/automower-30-year-anniversary/" }, "released": { "date": "1995", "note": "" }, "components": { "actuators": "Very low-power cutting system; the design reportedly cut grass with about 40 W.", "battery": "Powered entirely by solar cells on the body (no mains charging), which Husqvarna calls unique for its time.", "other": "Nicknamed 'the turtle'. Based on an idea by Belgian inventor André Colens; Husqvarna's team began work around 1992. Succeeded in 1998 by the battery-powered Solar Hybrid, the first Automower.", "sources": [ "hs-59afd633f9", "hs-c926d3503d", "hs-b372b3d724" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold commercially from 1995; Husqvarna calls it the first commercial robotic mower. Unit numbers not published", "where": "Sweden (Husqvarna)", "customers": "Consumers, mainly in Europe; a 1995 unit was still mowing in Motala, Sweden in 2025" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It roamed and mowed the lawn by itself inside a boundary wire, powered by its solar panels.", "video": { "id": "G0MMCUI1FAY", "title": "The world’s oldest robotic mower has been found", "channel": "Husqvarna" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/husqvarna-solar-mower-1995.jpg", "author": "Husqvarna", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.husqvarna.com/uk/learn-and-discover/press-room/automower-30-year-anniversary/", "page": "https://www.husqvarna.com/uk/learn-and-discover/press-room/automower-30-year-anniversary/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 562 } }, { "id": "whoi-remus-1995", "name": "REMUS (original)", "maker": "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Oceanographic Systems Lab); Hydroid from 2001", "makerId": "woods-hole-oceanographic-institution-hydroid-from-2001", "country": "United States", "year": 1995, "date": "1995", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "coastal survey", "mine detection" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "underwater", "domain": [ "research", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "No public price", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Used by the US Navy in 2003 to find mines in the Iraqi port of Umm Qasr, an early combat use of an AUV.", "deployments": "First vehicle built in 1995; used for mine detection at Umm Qasr in 2003; a custom version surveyed 45 miles of the Delaware Aqueduct for leaks.", "summary": "A small torpedo-shaped AUV that runs pre-programmed survey lines on its own with sonar and ocean sensors. It started the REMUS family later built by Hydroid, which HII bought in 2020.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9bc8c3766a", "hs-bb19c005b1", "hs-0b459ebe4c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1995", "event": "First REMUS built at WHOI", "url": "https://www.whoi.edu/main/remus" }, "released": { "date": "2001", "note": "Hydroid began manufacturing REMUS models" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "US coastal waters, Persian Gulf (2003) and navies worldwide", "since": "1995", "fleet": "Not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/whoi-remus-1995-1.jpg", "author": "Hunini", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JMSDF_OZZ-1_UUV_(REMUS_100)_left_side_view_at_JGSDF_Camp_Uji_September_14,_2024.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "cmu-navlab-5-1995", "name": "Navlab 5", "maker": "Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute", "makerId": "carnegie-mellon-university-institute", "country": "United States", "year": 1995, "date": "1995-07", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its July 1995 'No Hands Across America' trip from Pittsburgh to San Diego was steered automatically for about 98% of the way.", "deployments": "Steered itself for all but about 50 of roughly 2,850 miles in 1995; inducted into the Robot Hall of Fame.", "summary": "A 1990 Pontiac Trans Sport minivan whose neural-network vision system steered while people handled throttle and brakes.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-5925332c21", "hs-a103167f54" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1995-07", "event": "No Hands Across America cross-country drive", "url": "https://csd.cmu.edu/news/then-and-now-the-2850mile-nohands-road-trip" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "US interstates, Pittsburgh to San Diego (1995 trip)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "About 2,850 miles, roughly 98% steered automatically (CMU, 1995)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/cmu-navlab-5-1995-1.jpg", "author": "Firefly4342", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Navlab-1-5-autonomous-vehicles.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "silsoe-research-institute-driverless-tractor-1994", "name": "Driverless vegetable tractor", "maker": "Silsoe Research Institute", "makerId": "silsoe-research-institute", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 1996, "date": "1996", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "vegetable and root crop field work", "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "An early use of machine vision to guide a driverless farm tractor.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A small research tractor for vegetable and root crops that used camera image analysis to steer itself.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-5de4893b4f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1996", "event": "Public demonstration of autonomous spot spraying of individual cauliflower plants, 1996", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_tractor" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research only" }, "autonomy": "autonomous" }, { "id": "electrolux-trilobite-2001", "name": "Trilobite", "maker": "Electrolux", "makerId": "electrolux", "country": "Sweden", "year": 1997, "date": "1997-12-01", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "home floor vacuuming" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 1800, "priceNote": "About SEK 14,000 planned Swedish retail price (Electrolux Group, November 2001).", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Electrolux introduced the first robot vacuum in 1996; the Trilobite relaunch in 2001 is one of the first sold robot vacuums.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An early round robot vacuum that struggled with collisions and coverage and was later dropped.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b9ca727ff9", "hs-61738a7492" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1997-12-01", "event": "Prototype formally announced by Electrolux", "url": "https://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/?p=4359" }, "released": { "date": "2001", "note": "" }, "components": { "actuators": "Two drive wheels plus casters; vacuum and removable roller brush.", "sensors": "Ultrasonic sensors to map rooms and avoid obstacles; infrared cliff sensors added on the Mark 2 (ZA2); magnetic strips mark no-go areas.", "battery": "About one hour between charges; returns to its base to recharge.", "other": "About 2 kg, 35 cm across, 13 cm tall. Followed in 2016 by Electrolux's MotionSense.", "sources": [ "hs-b9ca727ff9", "hs-61738a7492" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Commercially launched in 2001; Trilobite version 2.0 was developed in 2003 for introduction in 2004 (Electrolux Group, company history and 2004 AGM speech).", "where": "Sweden (Electrolux)", "customers": "Consumers" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/electrolux-trilobite-2001.jpg", "author": "Patrik Tschudin", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electrolux_trilobite.jpg", "article": "Electrolux Trilobite", "w": 500, "h": 333 }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It vacuumed rooms by itself, using ultrasonic sensing to steer around furniture and returning to its base to charge." }, { "id": "parma-argo-1998", "name": "ARGO", "maker": "University of Parma (Alberto Broggi's group, later VisLab)", "makerId": "university-of-parma", "country": "Italy", "year": 1998, "date": "1998", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its 1998 'MilleMiglia in Automatico' tour covered about 1,900-2,000 km of Italian roads in six days, driving automatically about 94% of the time.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A modified Lancia Thema that steered using two low-cost cameras and stereo vision running on an ordinary 200 MHz Pentium PC.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-1f7d47b4ba" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1998", "event": "MilleMiglia in Automatico tour", "url": "https://www.ce.unipr.it/people/broggi/publications/spie99.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Northern Italy (1998 tour)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "About 2,000 km on Italian public roads in June 1998 (Broggi, Bertozzi and Fascioli, 1999).", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/parma-argo-1998.jpg", "author": "University of Parma", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://vislab.it/argo/", "page": "https://vislab.it/argo/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 657 } }, { "id": "northrop-grumman-rq-4-global-hawk-1998", "name": "RQ-4 Global Hawk", "maker": "Northrop Grumman", "makerId": "northrop-grumman", "country": "United States", "year": 1998, "date": "1998-02-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "high-altitude reconnaissance", "surveillance" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "military-aircraft", "domain": [ "defense" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 14628, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 629, "payloadKg": 1360, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Average procurement unit cost was US$122.8 million in FY2014 (Congressional Research Service, 2022).", "hands": "none", "firsts": "On 24 April 2001 it became the first pilotless aircraft to fly across the Pacific, non-stop from California to South Australia in about 22 hours.", "deployments": "In US Air Force service since 2001, also flown by NATO, South Korea and Japan; over 320,000 fleet flight hours (Northrop Grumman).", "summary": "A large jet surveillance drone that flies pre-programmed missions on its own, including takeoff and landing, with crews on the ground monitoring and able to take control; it can stay up for more than 30 hours.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-eaf7cfe07c", "hs-b4abce7d94" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1998-02-28", "event": "First flight, Edwards Air Force Base", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2001-11", "note": "in military service; USAF announced plans in 2022 to retire it around 2027" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "US Air Force, NATO (Sigonella), South Korea, Japan", "since": "2001", "fleet": "not confirmed for 2026 in sources opened", "usage": "more than 320,000 flight hours (Northrop Grumman)", "rangeKm": 22800 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/northrop-grumman-rq-4-global-hawk-1998-1.jpg", "author": "U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Ramon Adelan", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RQ-4_Global_Hawk_at_NAS_Sigonella_(4909456).jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RQ-4_Global_Hawk_at_NAS_Sigonella_(4909456).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "plustech-walking-forest-machine-1999", "name": "Walking Forest Machine (Plusjack)", "maker": "Plustech Oy (Timberjack R&D unit, later John Deere)", "makerId": "plustech-oy", "country": "Finland", "year": 1999, "date": "1999", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "timber harvesting", "forestry" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "agriculture", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 450, "weightKg": 13000, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "The best-known six-legged walking harvester: a 13-tonne forestry machine that could walk sideways, turn in place and step over obstacles.", "deployments": "Three units were built for testing and demonstration; John Deere gave the last one to Lusto, the Finnish Forest Museum, in 2011.", "summary": "A driver-operated six-legged logging machine whose walking motion was inspired by ants, meant to tread lightly on forest soil. It never entered series production.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b85ee2e762", "hs-ebe9fd0ecb", "hs-3b9e4cad06" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1999", "event": "Developed by Plustech in Finland (sources give dates from 1995 to 1999)", "url": "https://shvachko.net/?p=1012" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Never produced; date uncertain (1990s)." }, "components": { "actuators": "Six articulated hydraulic legs; can walk forward, backward, sideways and diagonally, turn in place and step over obstacles.", "hands": "Timberjack harvester head on a crane (loader) for felling and handling logs.", "compute": "On-board computer controls direction, speed, step height, gait and ground clearance; Timberjack measuring and control system runs the harvester head.", "software": "Single-joystick operator control; Timberjack Total Machine Control regulates loader and engine.", "other": "About 13 t, 5.75 m long, 2.75 m wide; changeable 'shoes' adjust ground pressure to limit soil damage.", "sources": [ "hs-b85ee2e762", "hs-514d88b56d" ] }, "production": { "built": "Three units for testing and demonstration", "sold": "never put into series production", "where": "Finland (Plustech Oy, Timberjack R&D unit)", "customers": "None; John Deere gave the last unit to Lusto, the Finnish Forest Museum, in 2011" }, "news": [ { "date": "2005-03-15", "title": "Defense Tech spots the giant forest walker", "summary": "Military.com's Defense Tech blog described the John Deere subsidiary's six-legged log-hauling machine and its low-impact design.", "publisher": "Military.com", "url": "https://www.military.com/defensetech/2005/03/15/giant-spiderbot-steps-out" }, { "date": "2002-06-19", "title": "Six-legged Finnish logging machine", "summary": "Boing Boing highlighted the Timberjack walking harvester and how it adapts its steps to the forest floor.", "publisher": "Boing Boing", "url": "https://boingboing.net/2002/06/19/insectoid-sixlegged.html" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "A driver in the cab steered it with a joystick while its computer worked out how to move and place the six legs.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/plustech-walking-forest-machine-1999-1.jpg", "author": "Antti Leppänen", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Timberjack_walking_forest_harvester_in_Lusto_forest_museum.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "parkshuttle-gen1-1999", "name": "ParkShuttle Generation I", "maker": "ParkShuttle (Rivium) programme", "makerId": "parkshuttle-programme", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 1999, "date": "1999-02", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the earliest driverless road vehicles in public service, running on its own lane between Rotterdam and Capelle aan den IJssel.", "deployments": "Carried passengers from February 1999 to 2001 between Kralingse Zoom metro station and Rivium business park.", "summary": "The first ParkShuttle vehicles, which followed magnets in a dedicated roadway with no driver. An evaluation found they needed more capacity and reliability.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c6e2677664" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1999-02", "event": "Start of service, Capelle aan den IJssel", "url": "https://westland.bestuurlijkeinformatie.nl/Document/View/bda7fab9-8f88-484f-a682-f5c1855ce7b4" }, "released": { "date": "1999-02", "note": "Public transit service" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Capelle aan den IJssel / Rotterdam (Rivium)", "since": "1999-02", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "sony-aibo-ers-110-1999", "name": "AIBO ERS-110", "maker": "Sony", "makerId": "sony", "country": "Japan", "year": 1999, "date": "1999-05-11", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "companionship", "entertainment" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "entertainment" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1.6, "dof": 18, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 2500, "priceNote": "250,000 yen (about US$2,500) at launch", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The IEEE recognises AIBO as the first mass-market consumer entertainment robot; the first run sold out online in about 20 minutes.", "deployments": "Limited run of 5,000 units (3,000 Japan, 2,000 US) sold from 1 June 1999.", "summary": "Sony's first AIBO robot dog, with 18 degrees of freedom and an approximate weight of 1.6 kg including battery and Memory Stick, announced in May 1999 as a limited online edition.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4f933492fa", "hs-914ece7f8e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1999-05-11", "event": "Sony announces the first AIBO, ERS-110", "url": "https://www.sony.jp/products/Consumer/aibo/aibostory/aboutaibo/story/09/093.html" }, "released": { "date": "1999-06-01", "note": "online sale, 5,000 units" }, "components": { "actuators": "Small motors driving 18 joints in the legs, neck, tail and jaw (Sony's description); later models list 20 DoF.", "sensors": "Colour camera, range finder, microphones, touch sensors, acceleration and angular-velocity sensors.", "compute": "64-bit RISC processor with 16 MB RAM; Sony's Aperios real-time OS; software on Memory Stick.", "battery": "Lithium-ion pack (about 1.5 hours of play per charge for early models).", "software": "OPEN-R modular architecture; behaviours driven by instincts and emotions. A non-commercial OPEN-R SDK came later.", "other": "Designed by artist Hajime Sorayama; won Japan's Good Design Grand Prize. Used in RoboCup's four-legged league in 1999-2000.", "sources": [ "hs-bc5d2675e0", "hs-4f933492fa" ] }, "production": { "built": "5,000 units (3,000 for Japan, 2,000 for the US)", "sold": "Sold out; the Japanese allocation went in about 20 minutes on 1 June 1999. ERS-110 and ERS-111 together sold about 65,000", "where": "Japan (Sony)", "customers": "Consumers in Japan and the US; universities and RoboCup teams" }, "news": [ { "date": "2015-02-26", "title": "Sony ends Aibo repair service", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum reported that Sony had stopped maintaining the original Aibo dogs, citing a lack of spare parts, leaving owners to independent repair shops.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/sony-halts-support-for-aibo-still-one-of-the-best-robot-toys-ever" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "In autonomous mode, it walked and reacted to its surroundings using its own programmed judgement; separate game and performance modes accepted user commands.", "video": { "id": "H--iR2KGq_o", "title": "JAPAN: SONY ROBOTIC DOG AIBO TO GO ON SALE", "channel": "AP Archive" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/sony-aibo-ers-110-1999-1.jpg", "author": "Morgan from Montreal, Quebec, Canada", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AIBO_ERS-111_-_July_2010.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 670 } }, { "id": "sony-aibo-ers-111-1999", "name": "AIBO ERS-111", "maker": "Sony", "makerId": "sony", "country": "Japan", "year": 1999, "date": "1999-11", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "companionship", "entertainment" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "entertainment" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 2500, "priceNote": "250,000 yen (about US$2,500), same as ERS-110", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "About 40,000 units made.", "summary": "An improved first-generation AIBO with reshaped ears and a shorter tail, sold in much larger numbers than the ERS-110.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d6131d6dc4", "hs-fe90c60aca" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "1999-11", "event": "Sony opened orders for ERS-111; shipping planned by late December 1999", "url": "https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/News/Press/199910/99-076/" }, "released": { "date": "1999-11", "note": "general sale" }, "components": { "actuators": "Same mechanism as the ERS-110 with reshaped ears and a shorter tail.", "sensors": "As ERS-110: camera, microphones, touch, range and motion sensors.", "compute": "64-bit RISC processor, Aperios OS, Memory Stick software.", "software": "AIBOware packages (for example Life and Explorer); OPEN-R.", "other": "Released because demand far exceeded the ERS-110's limited run; offered in metallic black or silver.", "sources": [ "hs-bc5d2675e0", "hs-d6131d6dc4" ] }, "production": { "built": "About 40,000 units", "sold": "General sale at the ERS-110 price", "where": "Japan (Sony)", "customers": "Consumers" }, "news": [ { "date": "2015-02-26", "title": "Sony ends Aibo repair service", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum reported that Sony had stopped maintaining the original Aibo dogs, citing a lack of spare parts, leaving owners to independent repair shops.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/sony-halts-support-for-aibo-still-one-of-the-best-robot-toys-ever" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It behaved as a pet on its own, walking, reacting and playing without anyone controlling it.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/sony-aibo-ers-111-1999-1.jpg", "author": "Morgan from Montreal, Quebec, Canada", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AIBO_ERS-111_-_July_2010.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 670 } }, { "id": "asi-chaos-2000", "name": "Chaos", "maker": "Autonomous Solutions Inc. (ASI)", "makerId": "autonomous-solutions", "country": "United States", "year": 2000, "date": "2000", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "reconnaissance and surveillance", "search and rescue", "carrying loads over rough ground" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "industrial", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 23, "weightKg": 60, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 10.5, "payloadKg": 45, "batteryHours": 4, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A low, rugged tracked robot with four track arms that each rotate on their own, letting it climb rocks, logs and stairs. ASI first built it for the US military under a small-business research grant and has revised it several times since 2000.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-19818b202b", "hs-c2da42165d", "hs-d8c19a9d6c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2000", "event": "First version built under a US Small Business Innovation Research grant (); exact first public showing not found", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": null }, "components": { "actuators": "Eight Parker Bayside frameless motors; four independently controlled track arms (flippers).", "hands": "Payload-dependent; can carry robotic or surveillance payloads (manipulator optional).", "sensors": "Video camera with 10x optical zoom.", "compute": "Motorola MPC565 32-bit processor.", "battery": "56 V military-grade lithium-ion pack; about 4 hours with a 45 kg payload; range up to 42 km.", "materials": "Aluminium body with rubber tracks.", "software": "MicroC/OS-II real-time OS.", "other": "About 60-69 kg; can carry a 90 kg person up stairs. Five major revisions since 2000.", "sources": [] }, "production": { "built": "Not published", "where": "Autonomous Solutions Inc., Utah, USA", "customers": "First version funded by a US Small Business Innovation Research grant" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Normally driven with a handheld control unit, although the maker's control software also offers waypoint and other autonomous modes.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/asi-chaos-2000.jpg", "author": "Autonomous Solutions Inc. (ASI)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://asirobots.com/asis-chaos-high-mobility-robot-to-be-configured-for-persistent-stare-mission/", "page": "https://asirobots.com/asis-chaos-high-mobility-robot-to-be-configured-for-persistent-stare-mission/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "foster-miller-talon-2000", "name": "TALON", "maker": "Foster-Miller (QinetiQ North America)", "makerId": "foster-miller", "country": "United States", "year": 2000, "date": "2000", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "bomb disposal", "reconnaissance", "hazmat detection" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Widely used by US forces for IED disposal in Iraq and Afghanistan.", "summary": "A small tracked robot in military service since 2000, mainly for clearing roadside bombs, with reconnaissance, hazmat and coastal versions.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9a02a84457", "hs-0acc9f4c32" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2000", "event": "TALON began supporting military operations in Bosnia", "url": "https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2004/12/mil-041203-arnews01.htm" }, "released": { "date": "2000", "note": "In service since 2000" }, "components": { "actuators": "Electric tracked chassis; climbs stairs and runs through sand, water and snow.", "hands": "EOD version carries a robotic manipulator arm; reconnaissance versions omit it.", "sensors": "Colour, black-and-white, infrared and night-vision cameras; HAZMAT version adds chemical, gas, temperature and radiation sensors.", "battery": "About 8.5 hours at normal speed; up to seven days on standby (lithium-ion).", "software": "Remote control by two-way radio or fibre-optic link from a portable or wearable operator control unit.", "other": "Under 45 kg (27 kg reconnaissance version); range up to about 1,200 m. Withstands repeated decontamination; worked 45 days at Ground Zero after 9/11.", "sources": [ "hs-9a02a84457", "hs-c015912c86" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Military and public-safety sales", "where": "United States (Foster-Miller, later QinetiQ North America; sustainment parts made in Franklin, Massachusetts)", "customers": "US Army (353 Talon IV units being refurbished in 2014), US forces in Bosnia, Iraq and Afghanistan; maker cites about 20,000 EOD missions" }, "news": [ { "date": "2019-02-06", "title": "Army keeps TALON fleet running", "summary": "The US Army awarded QinetiQ North America a $90m contract to maintain, upgrade and service its fielded TALON robots through December 2023.", "publisher": "Army Technology", "url": "https://www.army-technology.com/news/qinetiq-north-america-talon-robots/" }, { "date": "2019-02-05", "title": "$90m TALON sustainment deal", "summary": "Military Embedded Systems reported the IDIQ sustainment award and that parts would be made in Franklin, Massachusetts.", "publisher": "Military Embedded Systems", "url": "https://militaryembedded.com/news/robotic-systems-contract-for-90-million-signed-between-qinetiq-and-u-s-army" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "A soldier or operator controls TALON from a portable Tactical Robot Controller.", "video": { "id": "rf7zj_L214Y", "title": "Introducing TALON VI", "channel": "QinetiQ" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/foster-miller-talon-2000.jpg", "author": "Foster-Miller (QinetiQ North America)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/EOD_robot_talon_IV.JPG", "page": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/EOD_robot_talon_IV.JPG", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "sony-aibo-ers-210-2000", "name": "AIBO ERS-210", "maker": "Sony", "makerId": "sony", "country": "Japan", "year": 2000, "date": "2000-10-12", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "companionship", "entertainment" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "entertainment" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 1500, "priceNote": "about US$1,500 at launch, later under $1,000", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The best-selling AIBO model, and the first with speech recognition.", "deployments": "Over 65,000 units sold.", "summary": "Second-generation AIBO with a lion-cub look, speech recognition and a lower price. An ERS-210A update fixed a drooping-head fault and added a faster CPU.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-89d5fd9dda", "hs-1a2f9b1e0a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2000-10-12", "event": "Sony announces the second-generation ERS-210", "url": "https://www.sony.jp/products/Consumer/aibo/aibostory/aboutaibo/story/09/093.html" }, "released": { "date": "2000", "note": "Orders opened November 16, 2000; delivery planned for early December (Sony, 2000)" }, "components": { "actuators": "Second-generation leg, head and tail actuators; a later 'Super Core' ERS-210A fixed a head-clutch drooping fault.", "sensors": "Camera, microphones, touch sensors; added voice recognition.", "compute": "RISC processor (faster CPU in the ERS-210A); PC Card slot.", "software": "Speech recognition; AIBOware; OPEN-R SDK, R-CODE.", "other": "Lion-cub-inspired design. Optional wireless LAN card linked it to a PC. Used in RoboCup 2001-2003 (ERS-210/210A).", "sources": [ "hs-bc5d2675e0", "hs-89d5fd9dda" ] }, "production": { "where": "Japan (Sony)", "customers": "Consumers; RoboCup teams and universities" }, "news": [ { "date": "2015-02-26", "title": "Sony ends Aibo repair service", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum reported that Sony had stopped maintaining the original Aibo dogs, citing a lack of spare parts, leaving owners to independent repair shops.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/sony-halts-support-for-aibo-still-one-of-the-best-robot-toys-ever" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "With AIBO Life software, it acted as a pet using its own judgement, learned through interaction and recognized spoken words.", "video": { "id": "Bt5_iTTxxJ8", "title": "JAPAN: NEW ROBOT PET AIBO (V)", "channel": "AP Archive" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/sony-aibo-ers-210-2000.jpg", "author": "Sony Group Corporation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/55497864@N00/48000740917", "page": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/55497864@N00/48000740917", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "gottwald-agv-diesel-electric-2001", "name": "Gottwald / Konecranes diesel-electric AGV", "maker": "Gottwald Port Technology (now Konecranes)", "makerId": "gottwald-port", "country": "Germany", "year": 2001, "date": "2001", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "container moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "ports", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "ECT's Delta terminal was the first container terminal fully equipped with Gottwald AGVs.", "deployments": "ECT Rotterdam signed for 96 diesel-electric AGVs in 2005 and took 22 more in 2011; Konecranes says they gave two decades of service before a 2025 switch toward battery units.", "summary": "A driverless container carrier that follows transponders set in the yard pavement between quay cranes and the stacks, powered by a diesel-electric drive. Rotterdam's ECT and Hamburg's Altenwerder terminal were the early large users.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6fbbe1a1d9", "hs-9f12afbab9", "hs-e3a8ea3af4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2001", "event": "First HHLA Altenwerder AGV deal with Gottwald", "url": "https://konecranes.com/press-releases/konecranes-receives-6th-order-in-5-years-for-additional-agvs-to-cta-in-hamburg" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Hutchison Ports ECT Rotterdam (Maasvlakte, Delta and Euromax), Port of Rotterdam; HHLA Container Terminal Altenwerder (CTA), Hamburg", "since": null, "fleet": "96 ordered for ECT in 2005 plus 22 in 2011 (Konecranes / Demag Cranes); current count not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/gottwald-agv-diesel-electric-2001-1.jpg", "author": "Wolfgang Klein", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HHLA_CTA_Presseinfo_Automated_Guided_Vehicle,_AGV_-2.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "rhex-consortium-rhex-2001", "name": "RHex", "maker": "DARPA-funded consortium (University of Michigan, McGill University and others); commercial version by Boston Dynamics", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2001, "date": "2001", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "rough-terrain mobility", "research", "reconnaissance" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research", "defence-research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 20, "weightKg": 12.5, "dof": 6, "speedKmh": 9.7, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 6, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Showed that six simple, springy rotating legs (one motor each) could carry a small robot fast over rough ground, inspiring a long family of robots.", "deployments": "Boston Dynamics sold a ruggedised commercial version (listed in its legacy robots from 2007); the X-RHex research version continues at the University of Pennsylvania.", "summary": "A cockroach-inspired hexapod whose curved, compliant legs spin like spokes, letting it run, climb and cross mud. Specs shown are for the Boston Dynamics commercial version.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f9b0f313d5", "hs-b17698765f" ], "canada": "McGill University in Montreal was part of the original consortium that built RHex.", "firstShown": { "date": "2001", "event": "Original RHex completed by the consortium (built 1999-2001)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2007", "note": "Boston Dynamics commercial version listed with a 2007 date on its legacy page." }, "components": { "actuators": "Six DC motors, one per compliant C-shaped leg (6 DoF).", "sensors": "Cameras, gyroscope, accelerometer; motor position, current and temperature sensing; optional payload sensors.", "compute": "Intel-based main computer plus optional payload computer.", "battery": "Two 144 Wh lithium-polymer packs, about 6 hours (commercial version).", "materials": "Aluminium and carbon-fibre body; dust- and waterproof commercial version.", "software": "Linux; control code in C, Python or Matlab.", "other": "About 12.5 kg (8.6 kg X-RHex); over 2.7 m/s in some versions; climbs slopes over 45 degrees, swims and climbs stairs. Family includes Rugged RHex, X-RHex, T-RHex and MiniRHex.", "sources": [ "hs-f0c9ee1cd4", "hs-09dfeb4631" ] }, "production": { "built": "Multiple research and commercial units", "sold": "A ruggedised commercial version was sold by Boston Dynamics (listed with 2007 on its history page)", "where": "University of Michigan, McGill and partners; commercial version Boston Dynamics, Massachusetts", "customers": "DARPA (about $5 million over five years from 1998); University of Pennsylvania Kod*Lab continues X-RHex research" }, "news": [ { "date": "2013-07-23", "title": "RHex does parkour at Penn", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum covered Penn's X-RHex Lite leaping gaps and climbing obstacles across campus, from an ICRA 2013 paper.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/rhex-does-parkour-all-over-upenn" }, { "date": "2013-05-08", "title": "RHex shows acrobatic leaps", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum showed video of a RHex variant performing jumps and flips.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/upenn-kodlab-rhex-legged-robot-leaping" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/rhex-consortium-rhex-2001.jpg", "author": "Gadlopes at English Wikipedia", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rhex.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rhex.jpg", "article": "Rhex", "w": 500, "h": 426 }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Usually steered by an operator with a remote control while its spinning legs and gait handle rough ground on their own; labs also tested autonomous behaviours." }, { "id": "sony-aibo-ers-31x-2001", "name": "AIBO ERS-31x (Latte, Macaron, Pug)", "maker": "Sony", "makerId": "sony", "country": "Japan", "year": 2001, "date": "2001-09-05", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "companionship", "entertainment" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "entertainment" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 950, "priceNote": "98,000 yen (about US$950); the Pug was $200 cheaper", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Won a Good Design Award; the cheapest AIBO line.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Round-headed, lower-cost AIBO variants. A Japan-only ERS-31xB version added Bluetooth.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3719083334", "hs-f5e9366051" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2001-09-05", "event": "Sony announces ERS-311/312 Latte and Macaron (the ERS-31L Pug followed on 2002-05-16)", "url": "https://www.sony.jp/products/Consumer/aibo/aibostory/aboutaibo/story/09/093.html" }, "released": { "date": "2001", "note": "general sale" }, "components": { "actuators": "Simplified body; same body shape across Latte (ERS-311), Macaron (ERS-312) and Pug (ERS-31L).", "sensors": "Camera, microphones and touch sensing (details not given in sources used).", "software": "Character-focused AIBOware; ERS-31xB versions linked by Bluetooth to a handheld 'handy viewer' sold in Japan.", "other": "Sony says this line put personality ahead of new functions. Bodies designed by Katsura Moshino (Good Design Award).", "sources": [ "hs-bc5d2675e0", "hs-3719083334" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Unit numbers not published", "where": "Japan (Sony)", "customers": "Consumers" }, "news": [ { "date": "2015-02-26", "title": "Sony ends Aibo repair service", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum reported that Sony had stopped maintaining the original Aibo dogs, citing a lack of spare parts, leaving owners to independent repair shops.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/sony-halts-support-for-aibo-still-one-of-the-best-robot-toys-ever" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It acted as a pet on its own, walking and reacting without anyone controlling it.", "video": { "id": "ME3JY2vzG7o", "title": "Sony introduces a bear version of Aibo dog-like robot.", "channel": "AP Archive" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/sony-aibo-ers-31x-2001.jpg", "author": "Sony", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/News/Press/200109/01-0905E/ithc980000018fzh-img/aibo1.jpg", "page": "https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/News/Press/200109/01-0905E/ithc980000018fzh-img/aibo1.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 410, "h": 157 } }, { "id": "sony-aibo-ers-220-2001", "name": "AIBO ERS-220", "maker": "Sony", "makerId": "sony", "country": "Japan", "year": 2001, "date": "2001-11-08", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "companionship", "entertainment" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "entertainment" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 29.6, "weightKg": 1.5, "dof": 16, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 1.5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "180,000 yen at launch", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "5,000-7,000 units sold.", "summary": "A chrome, space-themed AIBO with a retractable headlight and optional wireless LAN. Sales were small.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3719083334", "hs-64d1e2396f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2001-11-08", "event": "Sony announces the ERS-220", "url": "https://www.sony.jp/products/Consumer/aibo/aibostory/aboutaibo/story/09/093.html" }, "released": { "date": "2001", "note": "November 2001 (Sony Press Room robot archive)" }, "components": { "actuators": "16 DoF drive units; retractable headlight.", "sensors": "Camera, microphones, touch sensors; coloured LEDs.", "compute": "RISC processor; improved CPU in the later ERS-220A.", "battery": "About 1.5 hours per charge (2.5+ hours with a re-celled pack).", "materials": "Chrome-finish shell designed by Shoji Kawamori (Good Design Award).", "software": "AIBOware; remote operation possible through an optional wireless LAN card.", "other": "29.6 cm tall, 1.5 kg.", "sources": [ "hs-bc5d2675e0", "hs-3719083334" ] }, "production": { "where": "Japan (Sony)", "customers": "Consumers" }, "news": [ { "date": "2015-02-26", "title": "Sony ends Aibo repair service", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum reported that Sony had stopped maintaining the original Aibo dogs, citing a lack of spare parts, leaving owners to independent repair shops.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/sony-halts-support-for-aibo-still-one-of-the-best-robot-toys-ever" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "With AIBO Explorer or Hello AIBO software, it moved and reacted autonomously; optional software also allowed remote control.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/sony-aibo-ers-220-2001-1.jpg", "author": "NickeldimeC", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_AIBO_ERS-220.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 719, "h": 479 } }, { "id": "irobot-packbot-2002", "name": "PackBot", "maker": "iRobot (later Endeavor Robotics, now Teledyne FLIR)", "makerId": "irobot", "country": "United States", "year": 2002, "date": "2002", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "bomb disposal", "reconnaissance", "hazmat detection", "search and rescue" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 14.3, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 9.3, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Contracts: $4.4M for 27 PackBot 510s plus spares (2011); $7.2M for 30 robots (Brazil, 2014). No list price.", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Searched the World Trade Center debris in 2001 and entered the damaged Fukushima plant in 2011.", "deployments": "More than 2,000 used in Iraq and Afghanistan; Canada and Brazil bought units in 2014.", "summary": "A small, rugged tracked robot with flippers and an arm, grown out of a 1998 DARPA contract. It became the best-known small military robot of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-0058dc14ff", "hs-798d22ea34" ], "canada": "Canada's Department of National Defence signed a $9.6M PackBot contract in 2014.", "firstShown": { "date": "2002", "event": "First deployed with US troops in Afghanistan", "url": "https://defense.flir.com/about/news/flir-wins-contracts-to-provide-ground-robots-to-norway-defense-and-police-units/" }, "released": { "date": "2002", "note": "Fielded from 2002; current model line is the 510 family" }, "components": { "actuators": "Electric tracked chassis with flippers; zero-radius turns, climbs 60-degree inclines and stairs, fords about 3 ft of water. PackBot 510 tops out at 9.3 km/h.", "hands": "Manipulator arm on EOD and other kits (the USMC RC2 version has a longer, stronger arm); Scout version had no arm.", "sensors": "Four cameras with night vision, zoom and illumination (510); kits add the Fido explosives sniffer, HazMat air samplers and the REDOWL acoustic gunshot locator.", "battery": "Dual BB-2590/U lithium-ion batteries for 4 to 8 hours; an add-on power pod extends this to about 12 hours.", "software": "Remote control by radio (about 1,000 m) or fibre-optic spool; video-game style hand controller on the 510.", "other": "PackBot 510 weighs about 14.3 kg; more than 40 accessories. Two units surveyed Fukushima Daiichi in 2011.", "sources": [ "hs-0058dc14ff", "hs-2f4c42b97b", "hs-b43174ddc9", "hs-23aa998370" ] }, "production": { "built": "More than 4,000 PackBots fielded since 2002 (trade press, 2019); maker Endeavor had shipped more than 7,000 UGVs of all types", "sold": "Sold to militaries and agencies in more than 25 countries; e.g. 27 PackBot 510s for $4.4m (2011), 30 units to Brazil for $7.2m (2014)", "where": "United States (iRobot, Bedford MA; then Endeavor Robotics, Chelmsford MA; now Teledyne FLIR)", "customers": "US Army and Marine Corps (2,000+ used in Iraq and Afghanistan), Canadian DND ($9.6m, 2014), Brazilian government (2014 World Cup security); two units sent to the Fukushima Daiichi plant in 2011" }, "news": [ { "date": "2019-02-22", "title": "FLIR buys PackBot maker", "summary": "Vision Systems Design reported FLIR's $385m cash purchase of Endeavor Robotics, which had shipped more than 7,000 ground robots to over 55 countries.", "publisher": "Vision Systems Design", "url": "https://www.vision-systems.com/unmanned/article/16748319/flir-acquires-unmanned-ground-vehicle-company-endeavor-robotics" }, { "date": "2019-02-15", "title": "FLIR agrees to acquire Endeavor Robotics", "summary": "FLIR signed a deal to buy Endeavor, formerly iRobot's defence unit, from Arlington Capital Partners for $385m.", "publisher": "Inside Unmanned Systems", "url": "https://insideunmannedsystems.com/flir-acquires-endeavor-robotics/" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/irobot-packbot-2002.jpg", "author": "Noah Wulf", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IRobot_510_PackBot_-_2022_STEM_Event.jpg", "article": "File:IRobot 510 PackBot - 2022 STEM Event.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 375 }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Operators use a game-style hand controller and receive video, audio and sensor data from the robot." }, { "id": "irobot-roomba-2002", "name": "Roomba (original)", "maker": "iRobot", "makerId": "irobot", "country": "United States", "year": 2002, "date": "2002-09-18", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "home floor vacuuming" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 199, "priceNote": "About $199 at launch (TechCrunch); sold as the Roomba Intelligent FloorVac.", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The first commercially successful robot vacuum.", "deployments": "iRobot has sold more than 50 million consumer robots since 2002 (all models).", "summary": "A low disc-shaped vacuum that cleaned in random patterns and bumped its way around furniture.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e5d6d10360", "hs-7cebeff50b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2002-09-18", "event": "Introduced to the U.S. market", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/2002-09-18-iRobot-Introduces-Roomba-Intelligent-FloorVac-The-First-Automatic-Floor-Cleaner-In-The-U-S" }, "released": { "date": "2002-09", "note": "" }, "components": { "actuators": "Two drive wheels; counter-rotating brushes and side brush; vacuum.", "sensors": "Front contact bumper, infrared obstacle sensor, infrared cliff sensors; Virtual Wall infrared beacon accessory.", "battery": "Rechargeable pack running about 90 minutes; the original charger took overnight (a faster $69 charger was planned).", "software": "iAdapt-style reactive behaviours (spiral, wall-follow, random bounce) based on Rodney Brooks's insect-like control; user set room size with three buttons.", "other": "About 2.7 kg (six pounds). First generation came as silver Roomba, blue Roomba Pro and maroon Roomba Pro Elite.", "sources": [ "hs-e5d6d10360", "hs-4604ed4a35" ] }, "production": { "built": "About 1 million Roombas sold by 2004 (Fortune, 2013).", "sold": "Retail at about $199 (sold as the Roomba Intelligent FloorVac). iRobot later reported more than 50 million robots sold across all models", "where": "Designed by iRobot, Massachusetts", "customers": "Consumers; first sold through Brookstone, Hammacher Schlemmer and The Sharper Image" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-12-15", "title": "Roomba maker files for bankruptcy", "summary": "A3 reported iRobot had entered Chapter 11, with China-based suppliers set to take over the company.", "publisher": "Association for Advancing Automation (A3)", "url": "https://www.automate.org/industry-insights/irobot-files-for-bankruptcy" }, { "date": "2017-03-08", "title": "How iRobot got to the Roomba", "summary": "TechCrunch traced iRobot's path from defence robots to the $199 Roomba sold through specialty retailers in 2002.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/08/colin-angle-interview/" }, { "date": "2002-09-23", "title": "iRobot bets on a cheap cleaning robot", "summary": "A newspaper report on the new Roomba described its infrared navigation, six-pound weight and roughly 90-minute battery.", "publisher": "New York Times News Service (copy hosted by CMU Field Robotics Center)", "url": "https://frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/talks/Extras/roomba.colin.html" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/irobot-roomba-2002.jpg", "author": "Larry D. Moore", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roomba_original.jpg", "article": "Roomba", "w": 500, "h": 461 }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It cleaned floors automatically, alternating spirals, straight runs and wall following, with sensors to avoid stairs." }, { "id": "kiva-systems-drive-unit-2003", "name": "Kiva drive unit", "maker": "Kiva Systems (now Amazon Robotics)", "makerId": "kiva-systems", "country": "United States", "year": 2003, "date": "2003", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "goods-to-person order fulfilment", "lifting and moving storage pods" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.7, "payloadKg": 454, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold separately after 2012; Amazon bought Kiva for about $775 million in cash", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its robots popularised the goods-to-person warehouse model in which squat robots carry whole shelving pods to a seated picker.", "deployments": "Used by retailers such as Gap, Walgreens and Staples before Amazon bought Kiva in 2012 and stopped outside sales.", "summary": "A low, square robot that slides under a shelving pod, lifts it and drives it to a human picker by following barcodes on the floor. The smaller model lifted about 1,000 lb and a larger pallet model about 3,000 lb; top speed was 1.3 m/s.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-7b0fddadb6", "hs-143a445d8d", "hs-94315d6224" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2003", "event": "Kiva Systems co-founded by Mick Mountz, Peter Wurman and Raffaello D'Andrea; exact first public robot showing remains unverified", "url": "https://news.mit.edu/2024/mit-corporation-elects-10-term-members-two-life-members-0531" }, "released": { "date": "2012-03", "note": "Commercial with outside retailers until Amazon's March 2012 acquisition; renamed Amazon Robotics in August 2015" }, "components": { "actuators": "Battery-powered drive unit that slides under a storage pod and lifts it with a corkscrew action; top speed about 1.3 m/s.", "sensors": "Reads bar-code stickers on the floor for navigation; collision-avoidance sensor.", "battery": "Recharged for about five minutes each hour.", "software": "Central Kiva software assigns the nearest robot to fetch the pod holding each ordered item and bring it to a picker.", "other": "Two models: a small unit (about 0.6 x 0.76 m, 46 cm tall) lifting 450 kg, and a larger unit carrying pallets up to about 1,400 kg. Distinctive orange.", "sources": [ "hs-7b0fddadb6", "hs-143a445d8d" ] }, "production": { "built": "Not disclosed; Amazon reported more than 200,000 warehouse drives by 2019 (descendants included)", "sold": "Sold to outside retailers until Amazon bought Kiva for about $775 million (deal announced 19 March 2012); outside sales then stopped", "where": "Kiva Systems, North Reading, Massachusetts", "customers": "Gap, Walgreens, Staples, Gilt Groupe, Office Depot, Crate & Barrel, Saks Fifth Avenue, Amazon" }, "news": [ { "date": "2012-03-19", "title": "Amazon to buy Kiva Systems", "summary": "Amazon announced it would acquire Kiva for about $775 million in cash, keeping its headquarters in North Reading.", "publisher": "Amazon.com (via SEC filing)", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001018724/000119312512122135/d318297dex991.htm" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Directed by central software, it found, lifted and delivered shelving pods by itself, following floor barcodes.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/kiva-systems-drive-unit-2003-1.jpg", "author": "Auledas", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BRS2_Amazon_fulfilment_centre_drive_unit_robot.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "us-navy-spartan-scout-2003", "name": "Spartan Scout", "maker": "US Navy", "makerId": "us-navy", "country": "United States", "year": 2003, "date": "2003", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "surface surveillance", "force protection" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Military demonstrator, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the earliest US Navy uncrewed surface vessels demonstrated from a warship.", "deployments": "Demonstrated in late 2003, including a deployment aboard the cruiser USS Gettysburg.", "summary": "A 7 m rigid-hull boat launched by a two-person crew that could then work autonomously or semi-autonomously for surveillance and force protection. Its current status is not documented.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ba29186f3d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2003", "event": "Demonstration deployment", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "US Navy test deployments (USS Gettysburg)", "since": "2003", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "telerob-teodor-2003", "name": "tEODor", "maker": "telerob (now an AeroVironment subsidiary)", "makerId": "telerob", "country": "Germany", "year": 2003, "date": "2003", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "bomb disposal" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 360, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 3, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A heavy tracked bomb-disposal robot with a manipulator arm, in German Army use since 2003.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8d684055b8", "hs-f21607063d", "hs-86a6591d06" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2003", "event": "In German Army service since 2003 (first showing earlier, not sourced)", "url": "https://open.icm.edu.pl/bitstreams/09b8f9ca-823f-44fa-93b5-251a5e53d9f2/download" }, "released": { "date": "2003", "note": "German Army reported to hold 73 units (undated document)" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tracked heavy EOD vehicle (drive details not in sources used).", "hands": "Manipulator arm for handling and moving suspect devices.", "sensors": "Cameras used to inspect devices from a distance.", "software": "Remotely operated by bomb technicians.", "other": "Current version is sold as tEODor EVO by AeroVironment.", "sources": [ "hs-8d684055b8", "hs-d2a81abcfe" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold to EOD, police and military users; Telerob reports customers in 45 countries (all products)", "where": "Telerob, Ostfildern near Stuttgart, Germany (AeroVironment subsidiary since May 2021)", "customers": "German Army (reported), EOD teams; a tEODor EVO was used at Leipzig/Halle Airport to deal with a drone carrying an IED (AV, 2026)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-09-09", "title": "tEODor EVO used on airport drone bomb", "summary": "Telerob's managing director wrote that a tEODor EVO let technicians inspect and handle an IED-carrying drone found at Leipzig/Halle Airport from a safe distance.", "publisher": "AeroVironment", "url": "https://www.avinc.com/avinc_product_family/teodor/" }, { "date": "2021-05-05", "title": "AeroVironment completes Telerob purchase", "summary": "AeroVironment closed its all-cash acquisition of Telerob, maker of the telemax and tEODor EVO robots, for about $45.4 million.", "publisher": "Robotics 24/7", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/aerovironment_completes_acquisition_of_unmanned_ground_vehicle_provider_telerob" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/telerob-teodor-2003.jpg", "author": "Outisnn", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telerob_tEODor_Ej%C3%A9rcito_espa%C3%B1ol_(2).jpg", "article": "File:Telerob tEODor Ejército español (2).jpg", "w": 500, "h": 627 }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Bomb-disposal operators drive it and control its arm and tools remotely by cable or radio." }, { "id": "sony-aibo-ers-7-2003", "name": "AIBO ERS-7", "maker": "Sony", "makerId": "sony", "country": "Japan", "year": 2003, "date": "2003-09-04", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "companionship", "entertainment", "robot soccer research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "entertainment", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 27.8, "weightKg": 1.6, "dof": 20, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 1.5, "priceUsd": 1600, "priceNote": "¥185,000 in Japan at launch; about $1,600 in the US. The 2004 ERS-7M2 was about $1,900.", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The last AIBO line before Sony shut the product down in 2006; AIBO was the RoboCup four-legged league platform from 1999 to 2008.", "deployments": "About 45,000 units across the M1, M2 and M3 versions; support for the ERS-7M3 ended in March 2013.", "summary": "Third-generation AIBO with Wi-Fi, an LED face display and self-docking to charge. It was widely used in university robot-soccer research.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b6a91bd4a0", "hs-914ece7f8e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2003-09-04", "event": "Sony Marketing announces the ERS-7", "url": "https://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/0309/04/nj00_newaibo.html" }, "released": { "date": "2003-11", "note": "Shipping in Japan from early November 2003" }, "components": { "actuators": "Newly developed quieter 'silent servo' system; 20 DoF (head 3, mouth 1, legs 3x4, ears 1x2, tail 2); clicking ear actuators.", "hands": "Mouth can grip its AIBOne bone toy.", "sensors": "350,000-pixel CMOS camera with visual pattern recognition (AIBO Cards, charging-station markers), new touch sensors on head and back, chest distance sensor, infrared sensors, two microphones, accelerometer.", "compute": "64-bit RISC processor, 64 MB RAM; built-in 802.11b Wi-Fi.", "battery": "Lithium-ion; finds its Energy Station and recharges itself.", "software": "AIBO MIND (MIND 2 and 3 added AIBO Entertainment Player, video recording and e-mail photos); SIFT-based vision from Evolution Robotics; R-CODE, OPEN-R SDK and AIBO Remote Framework.", "other": "28 LEDs in the face ('Illume-Face'); 64-voice MIDI sound. Used in RoboCup 2004-2008.", "sources": [ "hs-bc5d2675e0", "hs-b6a91bd4a0", "hs-812fbe6e08" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Japan price ¥185,000 at launch; the 2004 ERS-7M2 cost about $1,900 in the US", "where": "Japan (Sony)", "customers": "Consumers; universities and RoboCup teams" }, "news": [ { "date": "2015-02-26", "title": "Sony ends Aibo repair service", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum reported Sony had stopped maintaining the old Aibo dogs, the ERS-7 being the most advanced.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/sony-halts-support-for-aibo-still-one-of-the-best-robot-toys-ever" }, { "date": "2004-10-06", "title": "Sony upgrades ERS-7 to the M2", "summary": "Sony Electronics announced the ERS-7M2 in pearl white and black with MIND 2 software, video recording and PC control.", "publisher": "Sony Electronics (PR Newswire)", "url": "https://sony.mediaroom.com/2004-10-06-Sonys-Third-Generation-AIBO-Entertainment-Robot-Grows-Up-With-Upgraded-Software-and-New-Hue" }, { "date": "2003-09-04", "title": "Sony unveils the ERS-7", "summary": "Sony Marketing announced the dog-shaped ERS-7 with LED face, new sensors and Wi-Fi, shipping in November at ¥185,000.", "publisher": "ITmedia", "url": "https://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/0309/04/nj00_newaibo.html" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It acted as a pet on its own and walked back to its dock to recharge by itself.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/sony-aibo-ers-7-2003-1.jpg", "author": "Stuart Caie", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AIBO_ERS-7_following_pink_ball_held_by_child.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "cmu-gladiator-2005", "name": "Gladiator Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle", "maker": "Carnegie Mellon NREC with United Defense Industries (for the US Marine Corps)", "makerId": "carnegie-mellon-nrec", "country": "United States", "year": 2005, "date": "2004", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "reconnaissance", "armed support", "breaching" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "defence-research" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 726, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "System development contract worth over $26M; no unit price.", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A wheeled Marine Corps robot designed in 2005 for scouting and fire support. Six pre-production vehicles were built in 2007 but the Marines did not proceed to production.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-991bfcf800", "hs-09c19623cb" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2004", "event": "CMU-led Gladiator prototype demonstrations in February and July 2004", "url": "https://www.ri.cmu.edu/project/gladiator/" }, "released": { "date": "2007", "note": "Six pre-production units built; later units refitted for cargo" }, "components": { "actuators": "Concept models included a diesel tracked vehicle and two six-wheeled hybrid-electric vehicles; production design details not given in sources used.", "sensors": "Day, night and thermal imaging relayed to the operator.", "other": "Armoured against rounds up to 7.62 mm; modular payload interfaces (loudspeaker, siren/dazzler, searchlight). Sized so one fits in a Humvee.", "sources": [ "hs-991bfcf800" ] }, "production": { "built": "Six pre-production units in 2007", "sold": "Marines chose not to enter production", "where": "Carnegie Mellon NREC with United Defense Industries, Pittsburgh", "customers": "US Marine Corps ($26m+ SDD contract, Feb 2005); units later passed to the Army and Cybernet Systems for autonomous resupply work" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/cmu-gladiator-2005.jpg", "author": "", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gladiator_240G.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gladiator_240G.jpg", "article": "Unmanned ground vehicle", "w": 500, "h": 329 }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Marines were to drive it and operate its payloads remotely from a portable control unit." }, { "id": "sandvik-automine-loaders-trucks-2004", "name": "AutoMine (automated underground loaders and trucks)", "maker": "Sandvik", "makerId": "sandvik", "country": "Sweden", "year": 2004, "date": "2004-08", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ore loading", "underground haulage", "dumping" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 38000, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "sold as an automation system for Sandvik loaders and trucks", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Among the first commercial automation systems for underground mining loaders and trucks, first delivered to a South American mine in August 2004.", "deployments": "After the 2004 South American installation, systems went to mines in North America, Africa (De Beers Finsch) and Europe; Sandvik said its automated loaders had logged over 2 million underground hours by 2018.", "summary": "Sandvik's AutoMine lets underground loaders and haul trucks drive the tunnels on their own using lasers, gyroscopes and learned routes where GPS does not work, while operators in a control room supervise and handle bucket filling. Development began in 1999 and hauling automation was added in 2001; the 38-tonne loader in Sandvik's 2018 film is 11 m long.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-dd38b552e0", "hs-638ab3657d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2004-08", "event": "First commercial AutoMine delivery, South America", "url": "https://www.ausimm.com/publications/conference-proceedings/tenth-underground-operators-conference-2008/automated-loading-and-hauling-experiences-at-de-beers-finsch-mine/" }, "released": { "date": "2004-08", "note": "first delivery; commercially available from about 2001" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "underground mines in South America, North America, Africa and Europe", "since": "2004-08", "fleet": null, "usage": "over 2 million operating hours by automated loaders (Sandvik, Sept 2018)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/sandvik-automine-loaders-trucks-2004.jpg", "author": "Sandvik", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/a-sandvik-automated-lhd-proves-its-precision-in-a-glass-labyrinth-2018-09-19", "page": "https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/a-sandvik-automated-lhd-proves-its-precision-in-a-glass-labyrinth-2018-09-19", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "toyota-i-foot-2004", "name": "i-foot", "maker": "Toyota", "makerId": "toyota", "country": "Japan", "year": 2004, "date": "2004-12", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "personal mobility", "demonstration" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "consumer", "entertainment" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 236, "weightKg": 200, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 1.4, "payloadKg": 60, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A rideable two-legged walking chair that could climb stairs, using bird-like backward-bending knees.", "deployments": "Performed 2,550 shows over 180 days at the Toyota Group Pavilion at Expo 2005 Aichi.", "summary": "An egg-shaped seat on two legs, steered by its passenger with a joystick, built to show off Toyota's balance and walking control. It carried one passenger up to 60 kg.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4c8db7313b", "hs-5719eb1d3e", "hs-857549c2af" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2004-12", "event": "Unveiled by Toyota ahead of Expo 2005 Aichi", "url": "https://newatlas.com/go/3538/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Show machine only. Height, weight and speed are press-reported figures." }, "components": { "actuators": "Two legs carrying an egg-shaped seat capsule that can be raised and lowered.", "software": "Rider steers with a joystick.", "other": "Personal walking robot for one rider (maximum rider weight about 60 kg); top speed about 1.35 km/h.", "sources": [ "hs-4c8db7313b", "hs-5719eb1d3e" ] }, "production": { "built": "Show units", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Japan (Toyota)", "customers": "Performed alongside 12 i-units at the Toyota Group Pavilion, Expo 2005 Aichi" }, "news": [ { "date": "2004-12-04", "title": "Toyota shows i-unit and walking i-foot for Expo 2005", "summary": "New Atlas previewed Toyota's Expo 2005 line-up, including the mountable walking i-foot robot performing with i-unit vehicles.", "publisher": "New Atlas", "url": "https://newatlas.com/go/3538/" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/toyota-i-foot-2004.jpg", "author": "wHyC@Re (Picasa user)", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_i-foot.JPG", "article": "File:Toyota i-foot.JPG", "w": 340, "h": 512 }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "The seated passenger controlled its walking direction and speed with a joystick." }, { "id": "foster-miller-swords-2004", "name": "SWORDS (armed TALON)", "maker": "Foster-Miller (QinetiQ North America)", "makerId": "foster-miller", "country": "United States", "year": 2004, "date": "2004-12-03", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "guard", "combat support (armed)" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 230000, "priceNote": "About $230,000 per system to produce in 2004; the project’s lead integrator estimated production could reduce this to $150,000–180,000 (Army News Service, 2004).", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The first armed ground robots deployed to a war zone (Iraq, 2007).", "deployments": "Three units sent to Iraq in 2007; not authorised to fire in combat.", "summary": "An armed version of the TALON built for the US Army. Three were sent to Iraq in 2007, but the Army never authorised their use in combat.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e59ffa9b01", "hs-33f06098f8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2004-12-03", "event": "SWORDS was demonstrated at the 2004 Army Science Conference, as reported on December 3", "url": "https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2004/12/mil-041203-arnews01.htm" }, "released": { "date": "2007-08", "note": "Three units deployed to Iraq in August 2007; funding stopped after those three" }, "components": { "actuators": "Standard TALON tracked chassis.", "hands": "Weapon mount instead of an arm; public sources list rifles, machine guns and grenade launchers among options.", "sensors": "TALON camera suite.", "software": "Not autonomous; a soldier drove and aimed it from a small control console.", "sources": [ "hs-e59ffa9b01" ] }, "production": { "built": "Small numbers; three units deployed to Iraq in 2007", "sold": "Unit price reported as $230,000; the Army stopped funding after the first three deployed units", "where": "United States (Foster-Miller / QinetiQ North America)", "customers": "US Army; one is in the Smithsonian collection (2013) and one at the National Infantry Museum" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/foster-miller-swords-2004.jpg", "author": "USGov", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foster-Miller_TALON_SWORDS.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foster-Miller_TALON_SWORDS.jpg", "article": "File:Foster-Miller TALON SWORDS.jpg", "w": 457, "h": 295 }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "A soldier remotely controlled the rifle-equipped SWORDS robot through a terminal." }, { "id": "tokyo-tech-hibot-acm-r5h-2005", "name": "ACM-R5H", "maker": "Tokyo Institute of Technology (Hirose lab); product version by HiBot", "makerId": "tokyo-institute-of-product-version-by-hibot", "country": "Japan", "year": 2005, "date": "2005", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "inspection", "search and rescue", "research" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "snake", "domain": [ "research", "inspection", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 12, "weightKg": 7, "dof": 18, "speedKmh": 1.4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "An amphibious, modular snake robot that can both slither on land and swim.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A waterproof snake robot made of segments that each carry their own battery and motors, so it can be lengthened or shortened. Specs are for a 9-segment, 170 cm snake.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-143e2192d5", "hs-48e90d0026", "hs-8cdc3b5832" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2005", "event": "First ACM-R5H prototype completed at Tokyo Tech", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2010", "note": "Product version developed by Tokyo Tech spin-off HiBot; now discontinued." }, "components": { "actuators": "Two DC servomotors per segment (18 DoF for a nine-segment snake); passive wheels/fins.", "sensors": "CCD cameras in head and tail segments; payload compartments for extra sensors.", "compute": "HiBot Mini2Axes SH2 microcontroller in each segment; head with ARM Cortex-M4 and Wi-Fi.", "battery": "Each segment carries its own battery and charger.", "materials": "Aluminium, rubber and plastic; amphibious, dust- and water-resistant.", "other": "About 1.7 m and 7 kg for nine segments; modular length.", "sources": [ "hs-143e2192d5" ] }, "production": { "built": "Prototype 2005; product version by HiBot from 2010", "sold": "Offered commercially by HiBot; numbers not published (now discontinued)", "where": "Tokyo, Japan", "customers": "Not published" }, "news": [ { "date": "2013-11-05", "title": "HiBot shows new amphibious snake", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum previewed HiBot's more modular ACM-R5H with an ARM Cortex-M4 controller at iREX 2013 in Tokyo.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/hibot-demos-new-amphibious-snake-robot" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "An operator steered it by remote control while its onboard control generated the snake-like body waves that move it on land and in water.", "video": { "id": "PC2hsu0jTbo", "title": "HiBot NEW ACM-R5H amphibious snake robot", "channel": "Michele Guarnieri" } }, { "id": "nasa-jpl-athlete-2005", "name": "ATHLETE (All-Terrain Hex-Limbed Extra-Terrestrial Explorer)", "maker": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "makerId": "nasa-jet-propulsion-laboratory", "country": "United States", "year": 2005, "date": "2005", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "lunar cargo handling", "planetary exploration research" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 200, "weightKg": 850, "dof": 42, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 300, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A six-limbed 'wheel-on-leg' rover that drives on wheels but can lock them and walk out of soft or steep ground.", "deployments": "Two identical first-generation prototypes were built in 2005; JPL says one remains operational.", "summary": "A lunar-cargo testbed with six 6-DOF limbs, each ending in a powered wheel, built under NASA's Human-Robot Systems project. It is 2.75 m wide.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-a5837ea657", "hs-0cb4c6fa98", "hs-89f5b7e92a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2005", "event": "First-generation prototypes built at JPL", "url": "https://robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/how-we-do-it/systems/the-athlete-rover/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research testbed; a 10 km/h design goal is mentioned but not a demonstrated speed." }, "components": { "actuators": "Six 6-DoF limbs, each ending in a 1-DoF powered wheel; wheels lock to act as feet for walking.", "hands": "Quick-disconnect tool adapters on the limbs; tools drawn from a 'tool belt' and driven by the wheel motor (drilling, gripping).", "other": "First-generation prototype about 2.75 m wide, just over 2 m tall, about 850 kg, 300 kg payload in Earth gravity. Designed for lunar cargo handling.", "sources": [ "hs-a5837ea657", "hs-0cb4c6fa98" ] }, "production": { "built": "Two identical first-generation prototypes in 2005; one still operational (JPL)", "sold": "not sold", "where": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California", "customers": "NASA research with Johnson and Ames centres, Stanford and Boeing" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/nasa-jpl-athlete-2005.jpg", "author": "NASA/JPL", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ATHLETE_robot_climbing_a_hill.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ATHLETE_robot_climbing_a_hill.jpg", "article": "ATHLETE", "w": 500, "h": 375 }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Operators directed it from a workstation or handheld controller while onboard software coordinated its wheel and limb motions." }, { "id": "autostore-grid-robot-2005", "name": "AutoStore grid robot (first commercial system)", "maker": "AutoStore (Hatteland)", "makerId": "autostore", "country": "Norway", "year": 2005, "date": "2005", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "cube storage and retrieval of bins" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "First commercial AutoStore cube-storage system, installed at Norwegian security supplier Elotec.", "deployments": "AutoStore reported nearly 1,950 systems in more than 60 countries by 2026.", "summary": "Robots drive on a grid on top of stacked bins and dig out the bin needed, delivering it to a port. Later generations are the Red Line R5 and Black Line B1.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-04917ec019", "hs-955123496f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2005", "event": "First AutoStore warehouse installation at Elotec, designed and delivered by Element Logic", "url": "https://www.elementlogic.net/dk/nyheder/verdens-storste-autostore-distributor-i-2020/" }, "released": { "date": "2005", "note": "" }, "components": { "actuators": "Battery-powered wheeled robots that run on top of an aluminium cube grid and lift bins from stacks below.", "software": "Central control; later Qubit/CubeVerse software and AI tools.", "other": "Goods-to-person cube storage removes aisles; AutoStore claims up to 400% denser storage and that ten robots use as much energy as one vacuum cleaner.", "sources": [ "hs-04917ec019" ] }, "production": { "built": "AutoStore reports nearly 1,950 systems in over 60 countries (2026, all robot generations)", "sold": "First commercial system installed in 2005 at Elotec, a Norwegian security-equipment supplier", "where": "Nedre Vats, Norway", "customers": "Elotec (first); later users include CVS (Hainesport, NJ)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Robots on the grid fetch and deliver bins by themselves under the system's control software.", "video": { "id": "UrCsjGZxrDw", "title": "AutoStore | 20 Years of Elotec: The Warehouse That Changed Everything", "channel": "AutoStore" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/autostore-grid-robot-2005-1.jpg", "author": "Euku", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AutoStore_robots_on_the_grid.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-bigdog-2005", "name": "BigDog", "maker": "Boston Dynamics (with Foster-Miller, NASA JPL and Harvard; DARPA-funded)", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2005, "date": "2005", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "carrying loads", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "defence-research", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 76, "weightKg": 110, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 6.4, "payloadKg": 150, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "DARPA-funded research robot, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The first widely seen dynamically balanced quadruped robot built for a military load-carrying role.", "deployments": "Field trials only; the programme was discontinued at the end of 2013.", "summary": "A petrol-powered four-legged robot mule funded by DARPA to carry soldiers' gear over rough ground. Famous for recovering its balance when kicked or on ice.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-453289a379", "hs-09dfeb4631", "hs-11e658211a", "hs-acf485fc8c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2005", "event": "Publicly described in February 2005", "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/feb/24/onlinesupplement.insideit3" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research only; shelved because the engine was too loud for combat" }, "components": { "actuators": "16 hydraulic actuators (four per leg), each with cylinder, servo valve, position and force sensors; pump driven by a 15 hp single-cylinder two-stroke engine (about 9,000 rpm).", "sensors": "About 50 sensors: joint position and force, ground contact, laser gyroscope, stereo vision, LIDAR, hydraulic pressure and temperature.", "compute": "Ruggedised PC/104 stack: Pentium M running QNX for sensing and control, plus a Core Duo for vision.", "battery": "Petrol engine (no battery power for locomotion); noise was the main reason it was shelved.", "software": "QNX real-time OS with custom C++ control; dynamic balance.", "other": "About 110 kg, 0.76 m tall; carried up to 150 kg and climbed 35-degree slopes; a 2013 version added an arm that threw objects.", "sources": [ "hs-09dfeb4631" ] }, "production": { "built": "Several versions", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Boston Dynamics, Waltham, Massachusetts (with Foster-Miller, NASA JPL and Harvard)", "customers": "DARPA-funded; programme ended in December 2013" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/boston-dynamics-bigdog-2005.jpg", "author": "U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. M. L. Meier.", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Big_dog_military_robots.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Big_dog_military_robots.jpg", "article": "File:Big dog military robots.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 368 }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "An operator commanded its speed, direction and gait through a control unit, while onboard algorithms coordinated its posture and walking on uneven terrain." }, { "id": "komatsu-frontrunner-ahs-2008", "name": "Komatsu FrontRunner AHS (930E, 980E, 830E)", "maker": "Komatsu", "makerId": "komatsu", "country": "Japan", "year": 2008, "date": "2005", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ore haulage", "overburden haulage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "World's first commercial autonomous haulage deployment, at Codelco's Gaby copper mine in Chile in January 2008.", "deployments": "By February 2024 about 700 trucks ran at 23 mines in five countries, Komatsu's 500th Australian AHS truck started in September 2025, and its 1,000th truck went to Nevada Gold Mines in 2026.", "summary": "Komatsu's autonomous haulage system for its ultra-class electric-drive mine trucks such as the 290-tonne 930E and the larger 980E. It is the largest autonomous haul fleet from a truck maker.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-cf2d5815fa", "hs-4faa5484b6", "hs-1a491ec054", "hs-1429eb41f9", "hs-05ed80666f" ], "canada": "Suncor's Base Plant runs 140 autonomous trucks and Fort Hills at least 47, mainly Komatsu (International Mining, Nov 2025).", "firstShown": { "date": "2005", "event": "Trials at Codelco's Radomiro Tomic mine, Chile", "url": "https://im-mining.com/?p=101734" }, "released": { "date": "2008-01", "note": "First commercial deployment at Codelco Gaby, Chile" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Pilbara (Western Australia), Chile (Atacama), Nevada Gold Mines (USA), Alberta oil sands (Canada), and other sites in the Americas and Europe", "since": "2008-01", "fleet": "1,000th autonomous truck commissioned (a 930E-5AT at Nevada Gold Mines), per Skillings, May 2026; Komatsu said 900+ commissioned as of Oct 2025", "usage": "More than 10 billion tons moved as of Oct 2025 (Komatsu); more than 11.5 billion tonnes reported by Skillings in May 2026", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/komatsu-frontrunner-ahs-2008.jpg", "author": "Komatsu", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.komatsu.com/en-us/technology/smart-mining/loading-and-haulage/autonomous-haulage-system", "page": "https://www.komatsu.com/en-us/technology/smart-mining/loading-and-haulage/autonomous-haulage-system", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-littledog-2005", "name": "LittleDog", "maker": "Boston Dynamics", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2005, "date": "2005-03", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research", "defence-research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 14, "weightKg": 2.2, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 0.5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "supplied to DARPA Learning Locomotion research teams, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "A standard research testbed that let many universities compete on legged-robot learning software on the same hardware.", "deployments": "Used by funded teams (for example MIT and Stanford) in DARPA's Learning Locomotion programme from 2005.", "summary": "A small electric quadruped with three motors per leg, built for DARPA so university teams could develop rough-terrain walking algorithms. 2005 press reports gave 3 kg; Scientific American later gave 2.2 kg.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-7654c514af", "hs-02212fcc4d", "hs-e04c00fbf5", "hs-d3e073c6a3", "hs-f9b0f313d5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2005-03", "event": "DARPA Learning Locomotion programme announcement", "url": "https://www.engadget.com/2005-03-09-darpa-to-teach-robo-puppies-to-toddle.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "research units only" }, "components": { "actuators": "Three electric motors per leg (12 total).", "sensors": "Joint angles, motor currents, body orientation and foot contact; teams also used stereo vision and motion capture.", "compute": "On-board PC-class computer; teams accessed it through the Boston Dynamics Robot API.", "battery": "Lithium-polymer, about 30 minutes of continuous operation.", "software": "Common hardware; each research team wrote its own learning and planning software, shipped to DARPA for blind tests.", "other": "About 30 x 18 cm, 14 cm tall, 2.2 kg.", "sources": [ "hs-aa3170be96", "hs-d3e073c6a3" ] }, "production": { "built": "Multiple identical units for the funded teams", "sold": "DARPA paid Boston Dynamics more than $1.6 million to design and build the platform", "where": "Boston Dynamics, Massachusetts", "customers": "DARPA Learning Locomotion teams: Carnegie Mellon, IHMC, MIT, Stanford, USC and University of Pennsylvania" }, "news": [ { "date": "2008-04-15", "title": "DARPA's LittleDog moves to phase three", "summary": "Scientific American described how six university teams programme identical LittleDogs and are tested on terrain they have never seen.", "publisher": "Scientific American", "url": "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/littledog-darpa/" }, { "date": "2005-03-09", "title": "DARPA to teach robot dogs to walk", "summary": "Engadget reported DARPA's plan to fund small legged robots that learn to cross rough terrain.", "publisher": "Engadget", "url": "https://www.engadget.com/2005-03-09-darpa-to-teach-robo-puppies-to-toddle.html" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "University teams wrote software that made it plan and walk across rough terrain boards by itself, using lab motion-capture data.", "video": { "id": "UIipbi0cAVE", "title": "LittleDog", "channel": "Boston Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/boston-dynamics-littledog-2005.jpg", "author": "Boston Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/2015/http://www.bostondynamics.com/robot_littledog.html", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/2015/http://www.bostondynamics.com/robot_littledog.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 512, "h": 367 } }, { "id": "drdo-daksh-2005", "name": "Daksh", "maker": "DRDO R&DE (Engineers) with Tata Motors, Theta Controls, BEL and Dynalog", "makerId": "drdo-r-de", "country": "India", "year": 2005, "date": "2005-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "bomb disposal", "CBRN survey" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "About ₹80 lakh per unit plus ₹25 lakh for the carrier vehicle (Bangalore Mirror, 2009); USD not converted.", "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Indian Army ordered 20 units in limited series production; also used by police bomb squads.", "summary": "An Indian remote-controlled bomb-disposal robot that finds, handles and destroys hazardous objects; it also carries a water-jet disruptor and a door-breaching shotgun.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6c969da139" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2005-05", "event": "Development completed", "url": "https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bomb-buster-robot-ready-to-roll/articleshow/22202964.cms" }, "released": { "date": "2011-12-19", "note": "First five handed to Indian Army combat engineers" }, "components": { "actuators": "Battery-electric wheeled vehicle; climbs stairs and 40-degree slopes, crosses narrow corridors and can tow vehicles.", "hands": "Robotic arm lifting about 20 kg with 2.5 m reach (4 m with extension).", "sensors": "Portable X-ray device, two cameras with 22x zoom, laser pointer; motorised pan-tilt platform.", "battery": "About 3 hours of continuous operation.", "software": "Remote control from a master control station: fibre-optic (100 m) or wireless (500 m line of sight).", "other": "Water-jet disruptor to defuse bombs; shotgun to open locked doors. About 90% indigenous components. Variants: Daksh Mini and Daksh Scout.", "sources": [ "hs-6c969da139" ] }, "production": { "built": "Limited series production order of 20 for the Army; first five delivered 19 December 2011", "sold": "About ₹80 lakh per unit plus ₹25 lakh for its carrier vehicle (reported)", "where": "India; production transferred to Dynalog India, Theta Controls and Bharat Electronics", "customers": "Indian Army bomb-disposal units; also police and paramilitary BDUs" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/drdo-daksh-2005.jpg", "author": "Biswarup Ganguly", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Daksh_-_Remotely_Operated_Vehicle_-_DRDO_-_Pride_of_India_-_Exhibition_-_100th_Indian_Science_Congress_-_Kolkata_2013-01-03_2570.JPG", "article": "File:Daksh - Remotely Operated Vehicle - DRDO - Pride of India - Exhibition - 100th Indian Science Congress - Kolkata 2013-01-03 2570.JPG", "w": 500, "h": 753 }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Operators drive it and work its arm and disruptor remotely by cable or radio." }, { "id": "vecna-bear-2005", "name": "BEAR (Battlefield Extraction-Assist Robot)", "maker": "Vecna Robotics", "makerId": "vecna", "country": "United States", "year": 2005, "date": "2005-08-29", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "casualty extraction", "lifting" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "defence-research", "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 180, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 1, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A tall rescue robot with tracked legs and hydraulic arms meant to carry wounded soldiers out of danger. It was tested with soldiers in 2010.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e09991a3d2", "hs-476c914a9c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2005-08-29", "event": "BEAR prototype demonstrated near TATRC at Fort Detrick", "url": "https://asc.army.mil/docs/pubs/alt/archives/2006/Jan-Mar_2006.pdf" }, "released": { "date": "2011", "note": "Development and testing reported wrapped up in 2011" }, "components": { "actuators": "Hydraulic upper body (3,000 psi) lifting about 500 lb; electrically driven tracked legs, later independent.", "hands": "Strong hands able to hold an egg without breaking it; later touch and pressure sensors on the hands.", "sensors": "Infrared, night-vision and optical cameras, microphone; later chemical and biological agent sensors.", "battery": "About one hour for the tracked legs (doubling planned).", "materials": "Steel frame (replaced aluminium); fire-resistant treads and battery.", "software": "Teleoperation, then higher-level commands; iGlove gesture control and a rifle-grip controller.", "other": "About six feet tall with a teddy-bear face; dynamic balance while carrying loads.", "sources": [ "hs-e09991a3d2" ] }, "production": { "built": "Prototypes through nine development stages", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Vecna's Cambridge Research Laboratory, Massachusetts", "customers": "Funded mainly by Vecna R&D, plus US Army, Navy, Air Force, DARPA and a $1m congressional grant (2007); tested at Fort Benning in 2010" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Soldiers controlled it remotely; it could stand and balance on its dual-track mobility system, while more advanced semi-autonomous behavior was under development.", "video": { "id": "8rdRxV-qn3w", "title": "BEAR Robot Overview", "channel": "VecnaTechnologies" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/vecna-bear-2005-1.jpg", "author": "VIA Gallery from Hsintien, Taiwan", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38935167", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "cmu-h1ghlander-2005", "name": "H1ghlander", "maker": "Carnegie Mellon University Red Team", "makerId": "carnegie-mellon-university-red-team", "country": "United States", "year": 2005, "date": "2005-10-08", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "DARPA Grand Challenge" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Finished the 212 km course in 7 h 14 min on 8 October 2005.", "summary": "A modified Hummer H1 that took third place for CMU's Red Team in the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-9f67757421" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2005-10-08", "event": "H1ghlander competes in the DARPA Grand Challenge, finishing third", "url": "https://www.cmu.edu/cmnews/extra/051009_redteam.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "DARPA Grand Challenge course", "since": "2005-10-08", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/cmu-h1ghlander-2005-1.jpg", "author": "Unknown author", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Highlanderstart.JPG", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Highlanderstart.JPG", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 652 } }, { "id": "cmu-sandstorm-2005", "name": "Sandstorm", "maker": "Carnegie Mellon University Red Team", "makerId": "carnegie-mellon-university-red-team", "country": "United States", "year": 2005, "date": "2005-10-08", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "DARPA Grand Challenge" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Finished the 212 km course in 7 h 04 min, about 11 minutes behind Stanley, on 8 October 2005.", "summary": "A converted military Humvee from CMU's Red Team that finished second in the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-9f67757421" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2005-10-08", "event": "DARPA Grand Challenge", "url": "https://www.cmu.edu/cmnews/extra/051008_redteam.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "DARPA Grand Challenge course", "since": "2005-10-08", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/cmu-sandstorm-2005-1.jpg", "author": "Unknown author", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CMU_Sandstorm.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 558 } }, { "id": "stanford-stanley-2005", "name": "Stanley", "maker": "Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University) with Volkswagen ERL", "makerId": "stanford-racing-team", "country": "United States", "year": 2005, "date": "2005-10-08", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "DARPA Grand Challenge" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge and its $2 million prize, covering the 212 km desert course in 6 h 53 min on 8 October 2005.", "deployments": "Now in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.", "summary": "A diesel Volkswagen Touareg with five roof lidars, GPS, a camera and seven Pentium M computers running Linux, built to cross the desert with no one inside.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-c9a368a195", "hs-6838bec5e4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2005-10-08", "event": "DARPA Grand Challenge race, Nevada", "url": "https://robots.stanford.edu/papers/thrun.stanley05.pdf" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "DARPA Grand Challenge course, California/Nevada desert", "since": "2005-10-08", "fleet": null, "usage": "212 km in 6 h 53 min at an average 30.7 km/h (DARPA, 2005)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/stanford-stanley-2005-1.jpg", "author": "Unknown author", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stanley2.JPG", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stanley2.JPG", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 652 } }, { "id": "kalmar-autostrad-2005", "name": "Kalmar AutoStrad automated straddle carrier", "maker": "Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024) with Patrick Terminals", "makerId": "kalmar", "country": "Finland", "year": 2005, "date": "2005-12", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "container moving", "container stacking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "ports", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Patrick's Fisherman Islands terminal in Brisbane was the world's first AutoStrad terminal, in full commercial operation from December 2005.", "deployments": "Brisbane opened with 18 automated straddle carriers and reached 27 by 2008; in July 2026 Patrick ordered 12 hybrid AutoStrads for its Sydney AutoStrad terminal, due by Q2 2027.", "summary": "Driverless straddle carriers that pick up, carry and stack containers in the yard without anyone on board, steered by Kalmar navigation and a central job system. Patrick Terminals uses them in Brisbane and Sydney.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-7673a2dac7", "hs-441a12f906", "hs-45fbaf7542" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2005-12", "event": "Patrick Fisherman Islands terminal, Brisbane, opens for full-scale operations", "url": "https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/kalmar_industries_ab_/pressreleases/a-further-five-kalmar-edrive-autostrads-to-expand-patrick-s-brisbane-operation-114914" }, "released": { "date": "2005-12", "note": "Commercial operation at Brisbane" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Patrick Terminals Brisbane (Fisherman Islands) and Sydney (Port Botany), Australia", "since": "2005-12", "fleet": "27 at Brisbane after a Dec 2008 order (Cargotec); 12 hybrid AutoStrads ordered for Sydney in July 2026 (Kalmar); no current total published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kalmar-autostrad-2005.jpg", "author": "Kalmar", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.kalmarglobal.com/equipment/straddle-carriers/autostrad-automated-straddle-carrier/", "page": "https://www.kalmarglobal.com/equipment/straddle-carriers/autostrad-automated-straddle-carrier/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 525 } }, { "id": "hydro-quebec-linescout-2006", "name": "LineScout", "maker": "Hydro-Quebec (IREQ research institute)", "makerId": "hydro-quebec", "country": "Canada", "year": 2006, "date": "2006", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "live power line inspection", "line repair", "crossing obstacles on conductors" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "inspection", "domain": [ "inspection", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 85, "weightKg": 112, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 3.6, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "licensed by Hydro-Quebec to utilities", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "One of the first robots to travel along energized high-voltage transmission lines (up to 735 kV) and cross obstacles such as spacers to inspect and repair them.", "deployments": "Used on Hydro-Quebec's live lines since about 2006, tested by BC Hydro, National Grid (UK), utilities in China and NYPA in 2015 (T&D World, 2015).", "summary": "A remote-controlled robot that rolls along live transmission conductors on pulleys, with a three-axis arm carrying a high-definition camera, thermal imager and repair tools, driven from the ground with two joysticks. It grew out of Hydro-Quebec's work after the 1998 ice storm and was followed by LineRanger.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-cf057dcd99", "hs-e3eda9a739" ], "canada": "Developed by Hydro-Quebec's IREQ research institute in Quebec, with BC Hydro support.", "firstShown": { "date": "2006", "event": "First use on energized Hydro-Quebec lines", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "used in-house and licensed to other utilities" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hydro-quebec-linescout-2006.jpg", "author": "Hydro-Quebec", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/linescout-robot-climbs-on-live-power-lines-to-inspect-them", "page": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/linescout-robot-climbs-on-live-power-lines-to-inspect-them", "kind": "maker", "w": 750, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-rise-2006", "name": "RiSE", "maker": "Boston Dynamics", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2006, "date": "2006", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "climbing", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 0.2, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A legged robot that climbed walls, trees and fences without suction or magnets, using about 50 tiny hooks on each foot.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An insect-like six-legged climbing robot that moved up vertical surfaces at about 5 cm per second.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-f9b0f313d5", "hs-147f82a4fe" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2006", "event": "Listed by Boston Dynamics with a 2006 date", "url": "https://bostondynamics.com/legacy/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research robot." }, "components": { "actuators": "Six lightweight legs with strong actuators.", "hands": "No hands; each foot carried about 50 fishing hooks for gripping rough vertical surfaces.", "other": "Climbed without special adhesion at about 5 cm/s (Boston Dynamics).", "sources": [ "hs-09dfeb4631" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Boston Dynamics, Massachusetts", "customers": "Research programme (partners not named on the page used)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Its research teams developed gaits that let it climb walls, trees and poles by itself, adjusting to what its sensors felt.", "video": { "id": "MZGGL20g99A", "title": "RISE", "channel": "Boston Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/boston-dynamics-rise-2006.jpg", "author": "Boston Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://bostondynamics.com/about/history/", "page": "https://bostondynamics.com/about/history/", "kind": "maker", "w": 940, "h": 628 } }, { "id": "whoi-sentry-2006", "name": "Sentry", "maker": "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution", "makerId": "woods-hole-oceanographic-institution", "country": "United States", "year": 2006, "date": "2006-04", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "deep-sea mapping", "environmental sampling" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "underwater", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Mapped the underwater oil plume from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill.", "deployments": "First deep-sea trials off Bermuda in April 2006; made 19 dives into the Deepwater Horizon plume in 2010, taking about 5,800 mass-spectrometer readings.", "summary": "A 6,000 m-rated AUV that flies preplanned survey patterns near the seafloor by itself, carrying sonar and chemical sensors. It replaced ABE.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-21dca7a7ad" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2006-04", "event": "Deep-sea trials off Bermuda", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and other research areas", "since": "2006", "fleet": "1", "usage": "Mapped the Deepwater Horizon underwater hydrocarbon plume in June 2010 (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)", "rangeKm": 100 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/whoi-sentry-2006.jpg", "author": "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.whoi.edu/what-we-do/explore/underwater-vehicles/auvs/sentry/", "page": "https://www.whoi.edu/what-we-do/explore/underwater-vehicles/auvs/sentry/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "darpa-cmu-crusher-2006", "name": "Crusher", "maker": "Carnegie Mellon University NREC (for DARPA)", "makerId": "carnegie-mellon-university-nrec", "country": "United States", "year": 2006, "date": "2006-04-28", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "autonomous off-road mobility" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "defence-research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 6000, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 42, "payloadKg": 3600, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A six-wheeled, six-tonne autonomous off-road research vehicle built for DARPA to test how robots could cross rough terrain on their own.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e1d18e3d4b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2006-04-28", "event": "CMU NREC announces the unveiling of Crusher", "url": "https://www.cmu.edu/cmnews/extra/060428_crusher.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research platform only; never put into service" }, "components": { "actuators": "Hybrid diesel-electric drive (a VW Jetta diesel engine recharges the battery); suspension raises and lowers about 76 cm; wheels 1.26 m diameter.", "sensors": "Five 1.9-megapixel colour cameras giving a 200-degree view, plus perception sensors.", "materials": "Aluminium and titanium space frame with skid plates.", "software": "GPS waypoint autonomy that finds its own path around obstacles; operators also used video-game controllers.", "other": "About 6,000 kg; carries 3,600 kg of armour and cargo; up to 42 km/h for short bursts. Data link was a 1 km fibre-optic cable in tests.", "sources": [ "hs-e1d18e3d4b" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research prototypes", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Carnegie Mellon NREC, Pittsburgh", "customers": "DARPA UPI programme; no plans to put it into service" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drove itself across challenging off-road terrain.", "video": { "id": "vk_-JqoGGQA", "title": "Crusher", "channel": "National Robotics Engineering Center" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/darpa-cmu-crusher-2006.jpg", "author": "National Robotics Engineering Center (NREC), Carnegie Mellon University", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.nrec.ri.cmu.edu/solutions/defense/crusher/", "page": "https://www.nrec.ri.cmu.edu/solutions/defense/crusher/", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "2getthere-parkshuttle-gen2-2006", "name": "ParkShuttle II", "maker": "2getthere (chassis by Spijkstaal)", "makerId": "2getthere", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2006, "date": "2006-12-01", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 32, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Ran the extended dual-lane Rivium line from 1 December 2006 until new vehicles replaced it in November 2022.", "summary": "Second-generation driverless ParkShuttle carrying up to 22 passengers on a dedicated 1.8 km lane with five stations, operated by Connexxion.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c6e2677664" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2006-12-01", "event": "Official opening of extended line", "url": "https://westland.bestuurlijkeinformatie.nl/Document/View/bda7fab9-8f88-484f-a682-f5c1855ce7b4" }, "released": { "date": "2006-12-01", "note": "Public transit service" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Capelle aan den IJssel / Rotterdam (Rivium)", "since": "2006-12", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/2getthere-parkshuttle-gen2-2006-1.jpg", "author": "Maurits Vink", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parkshuttle.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parkshuttle.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "lockheed-xm1219-arv-2007", "name": "XM1219 Armed Robotic Vehicle (MULE family)", "maker": "Lockheed Martin and Boeing (US Army Future Combat Systems)", "makerId": "lockheed-martin", "country": "United States", "year": 2007, "date": "2007", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "armed reconnaissance", "anti-armour" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "defence-research" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 2300, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 2.3-tonne six-wheeled robot from the Army's Future Combat Systems programme, built on the MULE platform. Cancelled in 2011.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-906fa0b44c", "hs-423b395118" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2007", "event": "ARV variant of the MULE pictured 2007", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM1219_armed_robotic_vehicle" }, "released": { "date": "2011-07", "note": "Cancelled July 2011 over mobility concerns" }, "components": { "actuators": "MULE wheeled platform; climbs steps over 1 m, crosses 1 m gaps, fords 0.5 m water.", "hands": "None; public sources say it was to carry anti-tank, anti-personnel and RSTA systems.", "software": "Remotely operated by networked soldiers; controlled with a modified Xbox 360 controller.", "other": "Transportable in a C-130 or CH-47 and sling-loaded under a UH-60.", "sources": [ "hs-906fa0b44c" ] }, "production": { "built": "Prototype development only", "sold": "not sold; cancelled July 2011 over mobility concerns", "where": "United States (Lockheed Martin)", "customers": "US Army Future Combat Systems" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It was designed for semi-autonomous navigation and remote operation, with human authorization required for weapon firing.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/lockheed-xm1219-arv-2007-1.jpg", "author": "US Army", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ARV-A-L.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ARV-A-L.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "cmu-boss-2007", "name": "Boss", "maker": "Tartan Racing (Carnegie Mellon University and General Motors)", "makerId": "tartan-racing", "country": "United States", "year": 2007, "date": "2007-11-03", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "DARPA Urban Challenge" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Won the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge and its $2 million prize, finishing in 4 h 10 min on 3 November 2007.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A modified Chevrolet Tahoe that drove itself through a mock town of traffic, intersections and parking lots with no one aboard.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-bd21dd5417", "hs-91572ca00e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2007-11-03", "event": "DARPA Urban Challenge, Victorville, California", "url": "https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~tartanrace/blog/oldentries.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Former George Air Force Base, Victorville, California", "since": "2007-11-03", "fleet": null, "usage": "About 89-96 km of urban missions at about 22 km/h average (DARPA, 2007)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/cmu-boss-2007-1.jpg", "author": "Daderot", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnegie_Mellon_Boss_self-driving_automobile_-_D60_Symposium_-_Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_-_DSC05585.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 634 } }, { "id": "stanford-junior-2007", "name": "Junior", "maker": "Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University)", "makerId": "stanford-racing-team", "country": "United States", "year": 2007, "date": "2007-11-03", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "DARPA Urban Challenge" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Took second place and a $1 million prize in the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge, finishing in 4 h 29 min.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A 2006 Volkswagen Passat wagon built by Stanford as Stanley's successor for urban driving.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-6bbfad7207" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2007-11-03", "event": "DARPA Urban Challenge, Victorville, California", "url": "https://cs.stanford.edu/groups/manips/publications/pdfs/Montemerlo_2008_FSR.pdf" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Former George Air Force Base, Victorville, California", "since": "2007-11-03", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/stanford-junior-2007-1.jpg", "author": "Steve Jurvetson", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hands-free_Driving.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 716 } }, { "id": "petrobras-chico-mendes-2008", "name": "Chico Mendes hybrid environmental robot (Chico)", "maker": "Petrobras", "makerId": "petrobras", "country": "Brazil", "year": 2008, "date": "2008", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "environmental monitoring of oil and gas pipelines in the Amazon", "water and gas sampling" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "inspection", "domain": [ "inspection", "industrial", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 105, "weightKg": 150, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": "An amphibious wheeled robot built to watch over pipelines in flooded Amazon terrain that boats and people struggle to reach.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A semi-autonomous amphibious robot with big wheels that drives over sand, mud and flooded ground and can float. It carries gas, water-quality and depth sensors plus a small arm, and runs on batteries topped up by solar panels.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d7e767ed13" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2008", "event": null, "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research project at Petrobras's R&D centre" }, "components": { "actuators": "DC motors driving reconfigurable wheel-legs; amphibious.", "hands": "3-DoF manipulator arm.", "sensors": "Explosimeter for methane and flammable gas, water-quality and depth sensors, GPS, IMU, infrared obstacle sensors.", "compute": "PC/104 board with a 500 MHz CPU.", "battery": "Battery plus solar array.", "materials": "Aluminium, acrylic, fibreglass and thermoplastics.", "software": "Linux; semi-autonomous or operator control.", "other": "About 150 kg; 5 km/h. Built to monitor oil pipelines in the Amazon.", "sources": [] }, "production": { "built": "Research prototypes (a smaller version also built)", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Petrobras R&D centre, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil", "customers": "Petrobras internal use; trials on the Solimões and Amazon rivers" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Operators drove it by radio while its onboard computer adjusted the wheel-leg traction and suspension to the ground." }, { "id": "lely-juno-2008", "name": "Juno", "maker": "Lely", "makerId": "lely", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2008, "date": "2008", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "feed pushing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Lely's first autonomous barn feed pusher.", "deployments": "More than 13,000 Juno units installed worldwide (Lely Center Mid-Atlantic, October 2022).", "summary": "A barn robot that pushes feed back to the cows at regular intervals; later versions are the J1 (2018) and J2 (2022), and a Juno 100 came in 2011.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4fbc8867d7", "hs-27ff1e79f4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2008", "event": "Launch, 2008", "url": "https://www.fwi.co.uk/livestock/livestock-feed-nutrition/lely-launches-automatic-feed-pusher" }, "released": { "date": "2008", "note": "Refreshed as J1 (2018) and J2 (2022)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/lely-juno-2008-1.jpg", "author": "Eppenga", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lely_Juno_150.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 800, "h": 532 } }, { "id": "kalmar-autoshuttle-2008", "name": "Kalmar AutoShuttle", "maker": "Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024)", "makerId": "kalmar", "country": "Finland", "year": 2008, "date": "2008-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "container moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "ports", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Kalmar called it the industry's first fully automated one-over-one shuttle carrier.", "deployments": "VICT at Webb Dock East, Melbourne, ran 11 AutoShuttles and ordered six more in March 2021.", "summary": "A driverless one-over-one shuttle carrier that lifts its own containers and runs them between ship-to-shore cranes and automated stacking cranes. It is the horizontal transport at VICT in Melbourne, Australia's first fully automated container terminal.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a15648ca9d", "hs-0e2eb85af9", "hs-aad9ebcac4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2008-01", "event": "Kalmar product launch", "url": "https://cargotec.com/en/old-news/2008-01-30" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Victoria International Container Terminal (VICT), Webb Dock East, Port of Melbourne, Australia", "since": null, "fleet": "11 at VICT plus 6 ordered, 17 total (Kalmar, March 2021)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kalmar-autoshuttle-2008.jpg", "author": "Kalmar", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.kalmarglobal.com/equipment/straddle-carriers/autostrad-automated-straddle-carrier/", "page": "https://www.kalmarglobal.com/equipment/straddle-carriers/autostrad-automated-straddle-carrier/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 525 } }, { "id": "aethon-tug-2008", "name": "TUG", "maker": "Aethon (ST Engineering Aethon)", "makerId": "aethon", "country": "United States", "year": 2008, "date": "2008-03-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "hospital delivery of medicines, linens, meals and waste" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "healthcare" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 6, "priceUsd": 105000, "priceNote": "$105,000 to buy or $1,500 per month to lease (Machine Design, 2008).", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the earliest widely deployed autonomous hospital delivery robots.", "deployments": "Used in more than 100 hospitals by 2008 and 140 hospitals plus 40 VA medical centres by 2020.", "summary": "An autonomous tug that pulls carts of supplies around hospitals and rides elevators. Early versions ran six hours on lead-acid batteries.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-47356254f0", "hs-ca2b430406", "hs-c349bb05b4", "hs-04c473c8a0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2008-03-01", "event": "Earliest sourced description (Machine Design); Aethon founded 2001, launch year not found", "url": "https://www.machinedesign.com/archive/robots-making-rounds" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Exact launch year not confirmed" }, "components": { "actuators": "Two independent DC gearmotors; tows or carries interchangeable carts.", "sensors": "Infrared and ultrasonic 'light whiskers'; RFID tracking option.", "compute": "On-board computer with a detailed facility map; touchscreen user interface; wireless links to open doors and call elevators.", "battery": "Four lead-acid batteries for about six hours; full charge in four hours or less (2008 model).", "software": "Navigation software plans routes, tracks location and avoids obstacles; announces when it is waiting to proceed.", "sources": [ "hs-66b1fb968e", "hs-04c473c8a0" ] }, "production": { "sold": "More than 100 hospitals by 2008; $105,000 to buy or $1,500 per month to lease (2008)", "where": "Aethon, Pittsburgh (ST Engineering Aethon)", "customers": "Hospitals including Parkview Regional Medical Center (11 TUGs replaced its original 2012 fleet in 2024)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-01-15", "title": "Parkview replaces its TUG fleet", "summary": "Parkview Regional Medical Center said 11 new TUGs replaced its 2012 fleet after the robots made 41,510 deliveries in 2023.", "publisher": "Parkview Health", "url": "https://www.parkview.com/news/results/01152024-newest-fleet-of-robots-continue-supporting-safety-and-efficiency-at-prmc" }, { "date": "2008-03-01", "title": "Hospital courier robots", "summary": "Machine Design described the TUG's sensors, batteries and pricing and said it worked in over 100 hospitals.", "publisher": "Machine Design", "url": "https://www.machinedesign.com/archive/article/21826528/robots-making-rounds" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives itself through hospital corridors and calls lifts to deliver carts, with no one at the controls.", "video": { "id": "kCDJObCNufg", "title": "Aethon TUG Robot", "channel": "ST Engineering, Aethon" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/aethon-tug-2008.jpg", "author": "Aethon", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://aethon.com/hospital-robots-healthcare/", "page": "https://aethon.com/hospital-robots-healthcare/", "kind": "maker", "w": 888, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "qinetiq-maars-2008", "name": "MAARS (Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System)", "maker": "QinetiQ North America", "makerId": "qinetiq-north-america", "country": "United States", "year": 2008, "date": "2008-06", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "reconnaissance", "armed support", "bomb disposal (arm option)" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "defence-research" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 167, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 11.3, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "The successor to SWORDS: a tracked robot with a turret that can carry weapons or swap them for a manipulator arm. Evaluated by the US Army and Marine Corps.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9789fd603f", "hs-f9c24c221c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2008-06", "event": "First MAARS shipped to the US military", "url": "https://www.spacewar.com/reports/QinetiQ_North_America_Ships_First_MAARS_Robot_999.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Tested at Fort Benning 2013 and shown to the Marine Corps 2015; no production fielding reported" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tracked chassis larger than TALON; about 11 km/h.", "hands": "Weapon turret can be swapped for a manipulator arm lifting about 54 kg.", "sensors": "Seven cameras with day and thermal modes; gunfire detection system.", "battery": "3 to 12 hours, with sleep mode up to a week.", "software": "Remote control from about 800-1,000 m; armed versions always had a human controller.", "other": "About 167 kg fully loaded; loudspeaker, siren and laser dazzler for non-lethal use. Public sources list a machine gun and grenade launchers as armament.", "sources": [ "hs-9789fd603f" ] }, "production": { "built": "Small numbers; first unit shipped in June 2008", "sold": "Demonstration and evaluation units", "where": "United States (QinetiQ North America)", "customers": "US military EOD/LIC programme; tested at Fort Benning (October 2013) and shown to the Marine Corps (January 2015)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/qinetiq-maars-2008.jpg", "author": "U.S. Marine Corps photo by CJ Lin", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MAARS.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MAARS.jpg", "article": "Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System", "w": 500, "h": 332 }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "It operates only when receiving coded instructions from its operator, including commands for its weapons." }, { "id": "eth-zurich-alof-2009", "name": "ALoF", "maker": "ETH Zurich", "makerId": "eth-zurich", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2009, "date": "2009", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "ETH Zurich's first walking robot and the earliest ancestor of ANYmal.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An early four-legged research robot from ETH Zurich that started the lab's line of quadrupeds.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-67c0d633c1", "hs-1b19564af1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2009", "event": "ETH Zurich unveiling", "url": "https://www.ust-media.com/ust-magazine/UST040/23/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "research only" }, "components": { "other": "ETH Zurich's first walking robot, unveiled in 2009 after an exploratory project started by Roland Siegwart; ANYbotics describes it as the first real ancestor of ANYmal. Detailed specifications not found in sources opened.", "sources": [ "hs-67c0d633c1" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research prototype", "sold": "not sold", "where": "ETH Zurich, Switzerland", "customers": "None; lineage continued in StarlETH and ANYmal (ANYbotics, spun out in 2016)" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers commanded where it went while its own controller planned the leg motions; it was trialled in an ESA lunar robotics challenge.", "video": { "id": "F5HsFyirhZI", "title": "ALoF maneuver collection", "channel": "aslteam" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/eth-zurich-alof-2009.jpg", "author": "ETH Zurich", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://asl.ethz.ch/the-lab/robots/_jcr_content/par/slideshow/images/image-2.imageformat.lightbox.381179373.jpg", "page": "https://asl.ethz.ch/the-lab/robots/_jcr_content/par/slideshow/images/image-2.imageformat.lightbox.381179373.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "vislab-braive-2009", "name": "BRAiVE", "maker": "VisLab (University of Parma)", "makerId": "vislab", "country": "Italy", "year": 2009, "date": "2009", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "On 12 July 2013 (the PROUD test) it drove about 20 minutes through downtown Parma in working-day traffic, handling roundabouts, lights and crossings with no human intervention.", "deployments": null, "summary": "VisLab's successor to ARGO, a car with sensors built into the body that was shown in 2009 and later used for driverless trials in Parma.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-03474febb2" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2009", "event": "Displayed at the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 3–5 June 2009, Xi'an, China", "url": "https://www.ce.unipr.it/people/cattani/publications-pdf/asi2009.pdf" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Parma, Italy (2013 PROUD test)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/vislab-braive-2009.jpg", "author": "VisLab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.vislab.it/milestones/", "page": "https://www.vislab.it/milestones/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "berkeley-dash-2009", "name": "DASH (Dynamic Autonomous Sprawled Hexapod)", "maker": "UC Berkeley Biomimetic Millisystems Lab", "makerId": "uc-berkeley-biomimetic-millisystems-lab", "country": "United States", "year": 2009, "date": "2009", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "search and rescue research", "study of fast insect-like running" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 0.016, "dof": 2, "speedKmh": 5.4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "About $100 in parts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "A 16-gram, cockroach-inspired paper-composite robot that runs about 15 body lengths per second and survives big falls, showing how cheap folded robots could move fast.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A palm-sized six-legged running robot made by Paul Birkmeyer and Ronald Fearing. One motor drives all the legs through flexible folded joints, and it led to the climbing robot CLASH.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a8ddec786e", "hs-d458327b69" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2009", "event": "Built at UC Berkeley's Biomimetic Millisystems Lab in 2009 ()", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research robot, not sold; parts cost about $100" }, "components": { "actuators": "One brushed DC motor drives all six legs; a shape-memory-alloy actuator bends the body to steer (2 DoF).", "sensors": "Three-axis accelerometer and gyroscope; optional phone camera.", "compute": "40 MHz microcontroller with custom firmware.", "battery": "3.7 V 50 mAh lithium-polymer; 30 minutes to several hours.", "materials": "Folded paper-composite body with polymer flexure joints (built by rapid prototyping).", "other": "16 g, 10 cm long; runs at about 1.5 m/s (15 body lengths per second) and survives large falls. Followed by the climbing robot CLASH.", "sources": [ "hs-d3f9830dcc" ] }, "production": { "built": "Several dozen revisions in the lab", "sold": "not sold (parts cost about $100)", "where": "UC Berkeley Biomimetic Millisystems Lab (Paul Birkmeyer, Ronald Fearing)", "customers": "None" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "A person steered it by remote control while it ran with an open-loop gait; 'autonomous' in its name refers to carrying its own power.", "video": { "id": "UjGIJR5Mxjo", "title": "DASH - Resilient High Speed 16 gram Hexapedal Robot", "channel": "BiomimeticMillisys (lab channel)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/berkeley-dash-2009.jpg", "author": "UC Berkeley Biomimetic Millisystems Lab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ronf/Ambulation/", "page": "https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ronf/Ambulation/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 848 } }, { "id": "nasa-jpl-tri-athlete-2009", "name": "Tri-ATHLETE (ATHLETE second generation)", "maker": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "makerId": "nasa-jet-propulsion-laboratory", "country": "United States", "year": 2009, "date": "2009", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "lunar cargo handling", "planetary exploration research" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 400, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 450, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Two independent three-limbed robots that dock to either side of a cargo pallet to form one six-limbed walking vehicle.", "deployments": null, "summary": "The second ATHLETE generation, built at half the expected lunar scale to demonstrate moving and placing cargo. Each Tri-ATHLETE can undock and leave on its own.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-a5837ea657", "hs-89f5b7e92a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2009", "event": "Second-generation prototype constructed at JPL", "url": "https://robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/how-we-do-it/systems/the-athlete-rover/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research testbed." }, "components": { "actuators": "Two independent three-limbed robots; each limb has a powered wheel and enough DoF to act as a leg or manipulator.", "hands": "Limbs use quick-disconnect tool adapters; wheel motor (about 1 hp) powers tools.", "other": "Two Tri-ATHLETEs dock to opposite sides of a cargo pallet to form a six-limbed vehicle, move it, then undock. Half lunar scale: stands just over 4 m tall with a 450 kg payload in Earth gravity. A low-gravity testbed was added in 2012.", "sources": [ "hs-a5837ea657", "hs-0cb4c6fa98" ] }, "production": { "built": "One second-generation system (two Tri-ATHLETEs)", "sold": "not sold", "where": "NASA JPL, Pasadena, California", "customers": "NASA lunar surface systems research" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Operators directed it through workstation or handheld controls; two Tri-ATHLETE units docked to a cargo pallet used coordinated onboard control of all six limbs.", "video": { "id": "n_Bs8dAJsHE", "title": "Athlete of the Future", "channel": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/nasa-jpl-tri-athlete-2009-1.jpg", "author": "NASA", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tri-ATHLETE_(2010).jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tri-ATHLETE_(2010).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "liquid-robotics-wave-glider-2009", "name": "Wave Glider", "maker": "Liquid Robotics (Boeing subsidiary since 2016)", "makerId": "liquid", "country": "United States", "year": 2009, "date": "2009-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ocean monitoring", "maritime surveillance" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "research", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "No public price", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Wave Glider Benjamin Franklin set a Guinness record for the longest journey by an unmanned autonomous surface vehicle, about 7,939 nautical miles from San Francisco to Australia, arriving 14 February 2013.", "deployments": "An 82-day Hawaii-San Diego trip in 2009 covered over 2,500 miles; fleet totals exceed 1.4 million nautical miles and 32,000 vehicle-days at sea.", "summary": "A surfboard-sized float tethered to an underwater wing unit that turns wave motion into forward thrust, with solar panels for its electronics. It can follow a programmed route autonomously or be piloted remotely over satellite or cellular links.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3325ddf2ed" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2009-01", "event": "Endurance testing began (invented 2005)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Sold and leased by Liquid Robotics" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Pacific Ocean and worldwide deployments", "since": "2009", "fleet": "Not published", "usage": "Over 1.4 million nautical miles at sea (Liquid Robotics, October 2017).", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/liquid-robotics-wave-glider-2009-1.jpg", "author": "NOAA PMEL from USA", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_wave_glider_(NOAA_2011).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 768, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "whoi-nereus-2009", "name": "Nereus", "maker": "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution", "makerId": "woods-hole-oceanographic-institution", "country": "United States", "year": 2009, "date": "2009-05", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "full-ocean-depth exploration" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "underwater", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Reached the bottom of Challenger Deep (10,902 m) in May 2009, then the deepest-diving vehicle in operation.", "deployments": "Dived to Challenger Deep in 2009; lost on 10 May 2014 at about 9,900 m in the Kermadec Trench, apparently by implosion.", "summary": "A hybrid vehicle that could swim untethered in a free autonomous mode to survey the seafloor, or switch to a hair-thin fibre tether for remote control from the ship.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-31d51b334c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2009-05", "event": "Challenger Deep dive", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Mariana Trench, Kermadec Trench", "since": "2009", "fleet": "1 (lost 2014)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/whoi-nereus-2009-1.jpg", "author": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nereus_(underwater_vehicle)_hydro20100720-full.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nereus_(underwater_vehicle)_hydro20100720-full.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 806, "h": 824 } }, { "id": "hibot-expliner-2010", "name": "Expliner", "maker": "HiBot", "makerId": "hibot", "country": "Japan", "year": 2010, "date": "2010", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "power line inspection" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "inspection", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Rolled along live high-voltage transmission lines and crossed spacers and clamps, so lines did not need to be switched off for inspection.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A robot that travels on a pair of overhead power cables, taking 360-degree images to spot damage. It was trialled on Japanese transmission lines.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ae73f71b3d", "hs-70545b15c4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2010", "event": "Introduced by HiBot", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2010", "note": "Now discontinued." }, "components": { "actuators": "Six 200 W brushless DC motors and six 40 W DC motors (12 DoF); rolls along a pair of live transmission cables and crosses spacers and clamps.", "sensors": "Arrays of CCD cameras with mirrors for 360-degree cable images, HD camera, infrared camera, proximity sensors, gyro, accelerometer, lasers.", "compute": "Ten SH-2 32-bit RISC microcontrollers, an ARM M4 board and an 8-channel video acquisition board with SSD.", "battery": "12 V 40 Ah lead-acid batteries; about 8 hours.", "materials": "Aluminium and carbon fibre.", "other": "About 95 kg; 1.68 km/h. Inspects high-voltage lines without switching them off.", "sources": [] }, "production": { "built": "Not published", "sold": "Offered by HiBot (now discontinued)", "where": "HiBot, Tokyo, Japan", "customers": "Trials on Japanese transmission lines (operator not named in sources used)" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Line crews drove it along the power cables by remote control while it shifted its own weight to get past obstacles.", "video": { "id": "ueYWzmuYD_0", "title": "Expliner", "channel": "hibot Corporation" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hibot-expliner-2010.jpg", "author": "HiBot", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://hibot.co.jp/about/#history", "page": "https://hibot.co.jp/about/#history", "kind": "maker", "w": 582, "h": 316 } }, { "id": "neato-xv-11-2010", "name": "XV-11", "maker": "Neato Robotics", "makerId": "neato", "country": "United States", "year": 2010, "date": "2010", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "home floor vacuuming" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 400, "priceNote": "About $400 at launch (IEEE Spectrum)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first robot vacuums to map rooms with a spinning laser distance sensor (lidar) and clean in straight lines instead of bouncing around at random.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Neato's first robot vacuum, a D-shaped machine with a rotating laser turret on top that built a map of the room as it cleaned.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a4fba87a8d", "hs-fae6d55fdf", "hs-64805b5663" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2010", "event": "Released and reviewed in 2010 (exact launch date not found)", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/neato-robotics" }, "released": { "date": "2010", "note": "Followed by XV Signature models and replaced by the Botvac line in 2014." }, "components": { "actuators": "Two drive motors, a brush motor and a vacuum blower.", "sensors": "360-degree laser distance sensor (lidar) for 2D mapping, optical drop sensors, wall-following proximity sensor, Hall-effect sensors for boundary strips, accelerometer, bump switches, wheel encoders.", "compute": "Custom control board; Linux-based navigation software.", "battery": "3,200 mAh NiMH; about 60 minutes depending on floor (XV Signature Pro figures).", "materials": "ABS plastic; D-shaped body for corners.", "software": "Systematic back-and-forth cleaning from its lidar map; updates by web download or USB; limited hobbyist API.", "other": "The lidar hardware reportedly cost about $25, letting Neato sell a mapping robot for about $400 in 2010.", "sources": [ "hs-a4fba87a8d" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold to consumers from 2010; numbers not published", "where": "Neato Robotics, USA (owned by Vorwerk from 2017)", "customers": "Consumers" }, "news": [ { "date": "2023-05-01", "title": "Vorwerk closes Neato Robotics", "summary": "Parent company Vorwerk said it would shut Neato as part of a robotics restructuring, promising five years of parts and cloud support.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/neato-robotics" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It used a laser to map the room and plan an efficient automatic cleaning path.", "video": { "id": "vnKxzxz-RHw", "title": "The Best Robot Vacuum | Neato Robotics", "channel": "Neato Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/neato-xv-11-2010-1.jpg", "author": "Autopilot", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neato_XV-11.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "husqvarna-dxr-140-2010", "name": "DXR 140", "maker": "Husqvarna", "makerId": "husqvarna", "country": "Sweden", "year": 2010, "date": "2010-04", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "construction", "demolition" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 960, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Husqvarna's third and smallest remote-controlled demolition robot, 960 kg and 77 cm wide so it fits through doorways and lifts, with a 15 kW motor and 360-degree boom. Husqvarna's first, the DXR 310, went on sale in 2009.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-96279fd63a", "hs-1bc0f3e89c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2010-04", "event": "Unveiled at Bauma 2010, Munich", "url": "https://www.khl.com/news/husqvarna-launches-light-weight-demolition-robot/1055736.article" }, "released": { "date": "2010", "note": "Status as of 2026 inferred from age, not confirmed by the maker" }, "autonomy": "remote", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/husqvarna-dxr-140-2010-1.jpg", "author": "I would appreciate being notified if you use my work outside Wikimedia.\nDo not copy this image illegally by ignoring the", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Building_Fairs_Brno_2011_(101).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "vislab-viac-2010", "name": "VIAC vans (VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge)", "maker": "VisLab (University of Parma)", "makerId": "vislab", "country": "Italy", "year": 2010, "date": "2010-07-20", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Completed what is described as the first intercontinental autonomous road trip, about 15,900 km from 20 July to 28 October 2010.", "deployments": "Needed human help a few times, including in a traffic jam and at toll booths.", "summary": "Four electric vans that drove from Parma to the Shanghai World Expo in 2010 to test VisLab's perception systems over a huge range of roads.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-09772235cc" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2010-07-20", "event": "Departure from Parma", "url": "https://www.ambarella.com/blog/celebrating-the-10-year-anniversary-of-viac/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Italy to Shanghai, China (2010)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "About 15,900 km over three months (VisLab, 2010)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/vislab-viac-2010.jpg", "author": "VisLab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://vislab.it/viac/", "page": "https://vislab.it/viac/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "google-toyota-prius-2009", "name": "Google self-driving Toyota Prius", "maker": "Google (Project Chauffeur, later Waymo)", "makerId": "google", "country": "United States", "year": 2009, "date": "2010-10", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "In May 2012 Nevada licensed a modified Prius as the first self-driven car licensed in the US.", "deployments": "The project was revealed in October 2010 with seven cars; by August 2012 the fleet had driven about 300,000 miles with no machine-caused accidents.", "summary": "Toyota Prius hybrids fitted by Google's secret self-driving project, started at Google X in January 2009.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-3d375ae90b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2010-10", "event": "Google reveals its self-driving project", "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2010/oct/09/google-driverless-cars-future" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "California and Nevada public roads (testing with safety drivers)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "About 300,000 miles by August 2012 across the fleet (Google)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/google-toyota-prius-2009-1.jpg", "author": "Flckr user jurvetson (Steve Jurvetson). Trimmed and retouched with PS9 by Mariordo", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jurvetson_Google_driverless_car_trimmed.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "clearpath-husky-2011", "name": "Husky (A200)", "maker": "Clearpath Robotics (now part of Rockwell Automation)", "makerId": "clearpath", "country": "Canada", "year": 2011, "date": "2011", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "research platform", "field robotics", "agriculture and mining trials", "inspection" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research", "domain": [ "research", "agriculture", "inspection" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 39, "weightKg": 50, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 3.6, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used in a NASA-funded HI-SEAS Mars-analog study in Hawaii in 2013 and in university projects such as Örebro University's gas-sensing Gasbot (2013).", "summary": "A four-wheel, skid-steer outdoor robot about the size of a large suitcase that labs fit with their own sensors and arms for field research. It grew out of the founders' student project on low-cost robots for clearing minefields; the A200 version was sold for over a decade before the Husky A300 replaced it in 2024.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b73ed6c031", "hs-f3883edbfa", "hs-3b6b07131a", "hs-12ddbe0617", "hs-4f5fca6553", "hs-7dae0afe52" ], "canada": "Designed and built by Clearpath Robotics of Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, founded by University of Waterloo graduates.", "firstShown": { "date": "2011", "event": "Year given (exact first public showing not found)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2012-05", "note": "Husky A200 demonstrated live at ICRA 2012 and selling to research labs by then; replaced by the Husky A300 announced in October 2024 (the A200 still appears in Clearpath's menu as the base of its 'Husky A200 Observer' inspection system)" }, "components": { "actuators": "Four-wheeled, DC motors; about 3.6 km/h (1 m/s).", "hands": "No arm as standard; manipulators are optional payloads.", "sensors": "IMU, wheel odometry, battery voltage and motor-current sensing; customers add GPS, stereo cameras, lidar and arms.", "compute": "Computer and sensor payloads to customer order.", "battery": "24 V 20 Ah sealed lead-acid, about 8 hours; 5, 12 and 24 V payload power.", "materials": "Aluminium with a standard slotted-rail frame for payloads.", "software": "ROS (Clearpath demonstrated ROS and NI LabVIEW versions at ICRA 2012); C++ and Python.", "other": "About 50 kg; 99 x 67 x 39 cm. Replaced by the Husky A300 (2 m/s, 100 kg payload, up to 12 h) announced in October 2024.", "sources": [ "hs-b73ed6c031", "hs-903f6b1ab0" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Widely sold to research labs; numbers not published", "where": "Clearpath Robotics, Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (Rockwell Automation since 2023)", "customers": "NASA-funded HI-SEAS Mars analogue study with Cornell, University of Hawaii and CMU (2013); University of Coimbra demining project" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-10-15", "title": "Clearpath launches Husky A300", "summary": "Clearpath, now part of Rockwell Automation, announced the next-generation Husky A300 with brushless motors, 2 m/s speed and 100 kg payload.", "publisher": "Clearpath Robotics", "url": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/blog/2024/10/clearpath-robotics-announces-husky-a300/" }, { "date": "2023-09-06", "title": "Rockwell buys Clearpath", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum reported Rockwell Automation's purchase of Clearpath and OTTO Motors and asked what happens to research robots like Husky.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/clearpath-robotics-acquired" }, { "date": "2014-01-23", "title": "Husky becomes a landmine detector", "summary": "University of Coimbra fitted a donated Husky with GPS, stereo vision, a laser and a metal-detector arm for humanitarian demining research.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/husky-robot-takes-on-landmine-detection-while-humans-stay-very-very-far-away" }, { "date": "2013-01-16", "title": "Husky trains for NASA HI-SEAS", "summary": "Clearpath said a Husky A200 joined crew training in Utah ahead of the four-month HI-SEAS Mars simulation in Hawaii.", "publisher": "Clearpath Robotics", "url": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/blog/2013/01/husky-nasa-hi-seas-study/" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "It ships to be driven with a gamepad; research labs add their own software to test autonomy, so autonomy depends on the user.", "video": { "id": "XRYusHTtaN0", "title": "Husky UGV - Mobile Robotic Platform", "channel": "Clearpath Robotics by Rockwell Automation" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/clearpath-husky-2011.jpg", "author": "Clearpath Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220121113931/https://clearpathrobotics.com/husky-unmanned-ground-vehicle-robot/", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220121113931/https://clearpathrobotics.com/husky-unmanned-ground-vehicle-robot/", "kind": "maker", "w": 510, "h": 440 } }, { "id": "iit-hyq-2011", "name": "HyQ", "maker": "Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)", "makerId": "istituto-italiano-di-tecnologia", "country": "Italy", "year": 2011, "date": "2011", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 100, "weightKg": 80, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research robot; development cost about $1.2 million", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first versatile hydraulic research quadruped platforms outside the US.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A tethered hydraulic quadruped ('HyQ' means hydraulic quadruped) that could trot, jump more than 20 cm and kick. IIT papers describe it as an 80 kg robot.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-cd57c4e19c", "hs-9482de254d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2011", "event": "IIT research presentation", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "research only" }, "components": { "actuators": "Eight hydraulic cylinders with high-performance servovalves plus four brushless DC motors with harmonic drives; torque-controlled, actively compliant legs (12 DoF).", "sensors": "Stereo cameras, laser range finder, IMU (Microstrain, 1 kHz), joint force-torque sensors and high-resolution encoders.", "compute": "PC/104 embedded computer with data-acquisition boards.", "battery": "Tethered hydraulic and electrical power in the reported tests.", "materials": "Aerospace-grade aluminium alloy and stainless steel.", "software": "Xenomai real-time Linux with the SL simulation and control package; reactive balance and stepping.", "other": "About 70 kg, 1 m long; trotted at up to 2 m/s outdoors in 2012 and jumps over 20 cm. Successor HyQReal (2019) pulled a 3-tonne aircraft.", "sources": [ "hs-76b0c54535" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot (HyQ2Max and HyQReal followed)", "sold": "not sold; development cost about $1.2 million", "where": "Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy", "customers": "None (research)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2014-03-14", "title": "HyQ returns with new tricks", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum showed HyQ's latest locomotion skills from IIT's Dynamic Legged Systems lab.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/hyq-quadruped-robot-is-back-with-even-more-tricks" }, { "date": "2013-07-31", "title": "HyQ learns to avoid stumbles", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum reported a step-reflex that lets HyQ recover from trips, and its visit to London.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/hyq-quadruped-robot-step-reflex" }, { "date": "2012-05-14", "title": "HyQ's first outdoor run", "summary": "IIT took HyQ outside for the first time, reaching 2 m/s on a concrete track using IMU-based balance control.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/italian-quadruped-robot-goes-for-a-walk" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers commanded its speed and direction while its controllers kept it balanced while trotting and jumping.", "video": { "id": "AnwetZpRtFE", "title": "HyQ - IIT's Hydraulic Quadruped Robot - Balancing and First Outdoor Tests", "channel": "Dynamic Legged Systems lab (IIT DLS, @DynamicLeggedSystemslab)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/iit-hyq-2011.jpg", "author": "Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://dls.iit.it/web/dynamic-legged-systems/hyq", "page": "https://dls.iit.it/web/dynamic-legged-systems/hyq", "kind": "maker", "w": 500, "h": 500 } }, { "id": "konecranes-gottwald-battery-agv-2011", "name": "Konecranes Gottwald battery AGV (lead-acid and Li-ion)", "maker": "Konecranes", "makerId": "konecranes", "country": "Finland", "year": 2011, "date": "2011", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "container moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "ports", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The lead-acid units delivered to HHLA Altenwerder in 2011 were described as the first battery-driven AGVs on the market.", "deployments": "HHLA's 116-unit Li-ion order for Burchardkai (deliveries 2022-2025) takes its Konecranes AGV fleet past 200, LBCT in Long Beach ran 72 and ordered 30 more in 2020, and ECT Euromax ordered 42 Li-ion AGVs in 2025.", "summary": "The battery-electric version of the Gottwald AGV, first with lead-acid packs swapped at exchange stations and since 2017 with lithium-ion packs that fast-charge at automated stations. It now runs at Hamburg, Rotterdam and Long Beach.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-527daa5bb5", "hs-e3a8ea3af4", "hs-535b70c94c", "hs-6fbbe1a1d9", "hs-12adeabb5d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2011", "event": "Lead-acid battery AGVs delivered to HHLA Container Terminal Altenwerder", "url": "https://cyprusshippingnews.com/2022/06/16/konecranes-puts-the-battery-in-big-container-handling-machines/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "HHLA Altenwerder (CTA) and Burchardkai (CTB), Hamburg; Long Beach Container Terminal (LBCT), Middle Harbor, Long Beach; ECT Euromax, Rotterdam (on order)", "since": "2011", "fleet": "More than 200 at HHLA once CTB deliveries finish (Konecranes, Oct 2024); 95 Li-ion at CTA after 2023 deliveries; 72 at LBCT plus 30 ordered (Konecranes, May 2020); 42 ordered for ECT Euromax (July 2025)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/konecranes-gottwald-battery-agv-2011.jpg", "author": "Konecranes", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.konecranes.com/port-equipment-services/container-handling-equipment/automated-guided-vehicles", "page": "https://www.konecranes.com/port-equipment-services/container-handling-equipment/automated-guided-vehicles", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 541 } }, { "id": "northrop-grumman-x-47b-2011", "name": "X-47B", "maker": "Northrop Grumman", "makerId": "northrop-grumman", "country": "United States", "year": 2011, "date": "2011-02-04", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "carrier-based uncrewed flight demonstration" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "military-aircraft", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 20185, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research demonstrator, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "First uncrewed aircraft catapulted from (May 2013) and arrested-landed on (July 2013) an aircraft carrier at sea, and in April 2015 the first fully autonomous aerial refuelling.", "deployments": "The US Navy’s two-aircraft X-47B demonstration program began flight testing in February 2011 and completed its final test objective, autonomous aerial refueling, in April 2015 (NAVAIR, 2011, 2015).", "summary": "A tailless jet demonstrator that flew under computer control, with operators directing it from the carrier and three navigation systems cross-checking each other during landings.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-51fa6c247c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2011-02-04", "event": "First flight, Edwards Air Force Base", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "demonstrator programme ended 2015" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Edwards AFB; USS George H.W. Bush and other carriers, Atlantic", "since": "2011-02-04", "fleet": "two demonstrators, retired", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 3900 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/northrop-grumman-x-47b-2011-1.jpg", "author": "Northrop Grumman", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_U.S._Navy_X-47B_Unmanned_Combat_Air_System_(UCAS)_demonstrator_completes_its_first_shore-based_arrested_landing_at_Naval_Air_Staion,_Patuxent_River,_Md.,_May_4,_2013_130504-N-ZZ999-101.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_U.S._Navy_X-47B_Unmanned_Combat_Air_System_(UCAS)_demonstrator_completes_its_first_shore-based_arrested_landing_at_Naval_Air_Staion,_Patuxent_River,_Md.,_May_4,_2013_130504-N-ZZ999-101.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "fendt-guideconnect-2011", "name": "GuideConnect", "maker": "Fendt (AGCO)", "makerId": "fendt", "country": "Germany", "year": 2011, "date": "2011-11", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "field work in tandem" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A two-tractor system in which a driverless tractor mirrors an operator-driven lead tractor, shown at Agritechnica in Hanover.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-b4bbafc5d7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2011-11", "event": "Agritechnica 2011", "url": "https://www.terre-net.fr/2011/article/75773/systeme-guideconnect-y-a-t-il-un-chauffeur-dans-le-tracteur-" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "No commercial release found" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/fendt-guideconnect-2011.jpg", "author": "Fendt", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.fast.kit.edu/english/mobima/287_eda.php", "page": "https://www.fast.kit.edu/english/mobima/287_eda.php", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 467 } }, { "id": "nasa-jpl-lemur-3-2011", "name": "LEMUR 3 (Freeclimber)", "maker": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "makerId": "nasa-jet-propulsion-laboratory", "country": "United States", "year": 2011, "date": "2011-12", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "climbing", "planetary exploration research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": 28, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": "A four-limbed climbing robot that grips rock with microspine grippers made of thousands of tiny hooks.", "deployments": null, "summary": "The third robot in JPL's LEMUR (Legged Excursion Mechanical Utility Robot) line, built to walk, crawl and climb in extreme terrain for possible Mars, Moon and small-body missions. Each of its four limbs has seven degrees of freedom.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d414392193", "hs-5992876957", "hs-47ffbb13ee" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2011-12", "event": "Listed by JPL as in development since 2011", "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/robotics-at-jpl/freeclimber-lemur-3/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Earlier six-limbed LEMUR I and LEMUR II (early 2000s) were built for space-truss assembly and inspection." }, "components": { "actuators": "Four limbs with seven DoF each.", "hands": "Microspine grippers using thousands of small hooks to grip rough rock.", "sensors": "JPL lists seven sets of stereo cameras and a lidar (the page appears to share this text with RoboSimian).", "other": "Crawls, walks and climbs; aimed at cliffs and caves on Mars, the Moon and small bodies. Sponsored by NASA's Science Mission Directorate.", "sources": [ "hs-d414392193" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "NASA JPL, Pasadena, California", "customers": "NASA research" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "In field tests researchers set a target point and it chose its own climbing path with lidar, anchored by a safety cable.", "video": { "id": "8Zdj66ljk0I", "title": "LEMUR 3 Climbing Robot", "channel": "Aaron Parness" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/nasa-jpl-lemur-3-2011.jpg", "author": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/how-we-do-it/systems/the-lemur-robots/", "page": "https://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/how-we-do-it/systems/the-lemur-robots/", "kind": "maker", "w": 590, "h": 590 } }, { "id": "lockheed-kaman-unmanned-k-max-2011", "name": "Unmanned K-MAX", "maker": "Kaman Aerospace and Lockheed Martin", "makerId": "kaman-aerospace", "country": "United States", "year": 2011, "date": "2011-12", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "military cargo resupply" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "cargo-aircraft", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 185, "payloadKg": 2722, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "military programme; not sold commercially as uncrewed", "hands": "none", "firsts": "First uncrewed helicopter to fly routine cargo resupply in a war zone, starting with a delivery to a US Marine outpost in Afghanistan in December 2011.", "deployments": "Deployed with the US Marine Corps in Afghanistan from 2011 to 2014; delivered more than 4.5 million lb of cargo before returning to the United States (Lockheed Martin, July 2014).", "summary": "A cargo helicopter modified by Lockheed Martin to fly itself to preset waypoints, mostly at night, carrying slung loads; ground crews hooked up the cargo and an operator could take remote control.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a4b8dfc239", "hs-b8fbbb5b5f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2011-12", "event": "First autonomous combat resupply delivery, Afghanistan", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2011-12", "note": "military user evaluation deployment" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Helmand, Afghanistan (US Marine Corps)", "since": "2011-12", "fleet": "Two K-MAX air vehicles and three remote-control ground stations included in the US Navy contract for the Marine Corps (Lockheed Martin, December 2010).", "usage": "Thousands of delivery missions and more than 4.5 million lb of cargo during the Afghanistan deployment (Lockheed Martin, July 2014).", "rangeKm": 560 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/lockheed-kaman-unmanned-k-max-2011-1.jpg", "author": "Cpl. Justin M. Boling", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USMC-111215-M-JU941-001.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USMC-111215-M-JU941-001.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "dfki-charlie-2012", "name": "Charlie", "maker": "DFKI Robotics Innovation Center", "makerId": "dfki-innovation-center", "country": "Germany", "year": 2012, "date": "2012", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research on four-legged and upright walking", "testing an actuated robot spine" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 75, "weightKg": 18, "dof": 36, "speedKmh": 1, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 1, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "An ape-like research robot with a sensor-rich, six-axis bending spine, built to study how a machine can switch between walking on four limbs and standing on two.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A four-limbed, ape-shaped walking robot from the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Bremen. It mostly walks on all fours but can rise onto its hind legs, and its feet and spine are packed with force sensors.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-5efb24ccf9", "hs-dc6354a634", "hs-05cd7e9779" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2012", "event": "Listed as 2012; IEEE Spectrum covered the iStruct robot ape in June 2013", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Lab research platform, never sold" }, "components": { "actuators": "Brushless DC motors: RoboDrive motors with HarmonicDrive gears (1:50 and 1:80) plus Faulhaber BLDC motors; actuated multi-axis spine.", "sensors": "Two IMUs in the torso; 6-DoF force/torque sensors in the limbs; feet with 49 pressure sensors, accelerometer, distance and position sensors; spine force sensors; per-joint current, position and temperature.", "compute": "ARM Cortex-A8 with 802.11b/g Wi-Fi in the torso; custom FPGA controller on each joint.", "battery": "Lithium-polymer, 44.4 V 2.5 Ah (DFKI) or 48 V 2,400 mAh; about 1 hour.", "materials": "Carbon fibre and aluminium spine; aluminium body and feet.", "software": "Linux with custom C, C++ and VHDL control.", "other": "Ape-like quadruped that can also stand on its hind legs; 18 kg (DFKI) or 21.7 kg. Built in DFKI's iStruct project.", "sources": [ "hs-5efb24ccf9" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "DFKI Robotics Innovation Center, Bremen, Germany", "customers": "None (research)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2013-10-11", "title": "Robot ape returns in Video Friday", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum's Video Friday showed new footage of DFKI's Charlie.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/video-friday-robot-ape-anki-drive-why-we-love-robots" }, { "date": "2013-06-24", "title": "Germans developing robot ape", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum described DFKI's iStruct ape robot with a sensing spine and force-sensing feet.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/germans-developing-robot-ape" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers commanded its walking while its sensor-based controller handled balance and foot placement.", "video": { "id": "9xMoXywKyOs", "title": "iStruct: Walking", "channel": "German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/dfki-charlie-2012.jpg", "author": "DFKI Robotics Innovation Center", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/en/research/robot-systems/charlie", "page": "https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/en/research/robot-systems/charlie", "kind": "maker", "w": 600, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "harvest-automation-hv-100-2012", "name": "HV-100 (Harvey)", "maker": "Harvest Automation", "makerId": "harvest", "country": "United States", "year": 2012, "date": "2012", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving and spacing potted plants in nurseries and greenhouses" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 53, "weightKg": 38.5, "dof": 4, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": 10, "batteryHours": 4, "priceUsd": 30000, "priceNote": "$30,000 base price per robot", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "One of the first commercial robots for plant nurseries, working in teams to move and space potted plants.", "deployments": "More than 200 HV-100s deployed across North America, Europe and Australia (maker).", "summary": "A small wheeled robot with a gripper that picks up potted plants and sets them down in neat spaced rows, working alone or in teams indoors and outdoors.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5538bed5a8", "hs-c424de7211", "hs-8b8e635cc9" ], "canada": "Maker lists Canada among its markets", "firstShown": { "date": "2012", "event": "Listed as 2012 (beta testing); US product introduction 2013 per the maker", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2013", "note": "US product introduction 2013 (maker)" }, "components": { "actuators": "Two drive-wheel motors, one manipulator motor and one gripper motor (4 DoF).", "hands": "Simple gripper arm that picks up and places potted plants; payload up to 10 kg.", "sensors": "Forward laser range finder to find pots and obstacles; four downward boundary sensors for bed edges; gyro and wheel encoders.", "compute": "ARM CPU plus peripheral processors.", "battery": "Two 24 V lithium-ion batteries, about 4 hours; quick-swap packs for round-the-clock use.", "materials": "Aluminium and steel.", "software": "Linux plus custom software; works alone or in teams with no mapping or infrastructure.", "other": "About 38.5 kg.", "sources": [ "hs-5538bed5a8" ] }, "production": { "built": "More than 200 HV-100s deployed (maker)", "sold": "Base price about $30,000 per robot; first robots delivered to customers in summer 2012, US product introduction 2013", "where": "Harvest Automation, Billerica, Massachusetts", "customers": "Nurseries and greenhouses in the US, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Germany and Australia" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Teams of HV-100 robots automatically space and collect potted plants alongside nursery workers.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/harvest-automation-hv-100-2012.jpg", "author": "Harvest Automation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://harvestautomation.com/", "page": "https://harvestautomation.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-sand-flea-2012", "name": "Sand Flea", "maker": "Boston Dynamics", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2012, "date": "2012", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "reconnaissance", "jumping over obstacles" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "defence-research", "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 5, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A remote-controlled wheeled robot that could vault onto roofs and over walls, jumping about 9 m (30 ft) high.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A small four-wheeled robot that drives normally, then uses a piston to leap tall obstacles. Boston Dynamics lists it among its legacy machines.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-f9b0f313d5", "hs-09dfeb4631" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2012", "event": "Listed by Boston Dynamics with a 2012 date", "url": "https://bostondynamics.com/legacy/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Military research robot; Boston Dynamics gives 11 lb weight and 30 ft jump." }, "components": { "actuators": "Wheeled body with a jumping mechanism able to vault about 30 ft (9 m).", "software": "Remote controlled; built-in stabilisation keeps the camera view steady in flight.", "other": "About 11 lb (5 kg).", "sources": [ "hs-09dfeb4631" ] }, "production": { "built": "Military research units", "sold": "not sold commercially", "where": "Boston Dynamics, Massachusetts", "customers": "US military research (programme details not given on the page used)" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "It was remotely controlled, with built-in stabilization for its high jumps.", "video": { "id": "6b4ZZQkcNEo", "title": "Sand Flea Jumping Robot", "channel": "Boston Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/boston-dynamics-sand-flea-2012.jpg", "author": "Boston Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://bostondynamics.com/about/history/", "page": "https://bostondynamics.com/about/history/", "kind": "maker", "w": 942, "h": 628 } }, { "id": "eth-zurich-starleth-2012", "name": "StarlETH", "maker": "ETH Zurich Autonomous Systems Lab", "makerId": "eth-zurich-autonomous-systems-lab", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2012, "date": "2012", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Pioneered spring-loaded series-elastic leg joints that became the basis of ANYmal's actuators.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A compliant research quadruped with springs in series with its motors so it could hop, jump and climb while absorbing impacts.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f8e1e1b987", "hs-67c0d633c1", "hs-d9b973b6a6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2012", "event": "ETH Zurich research presentation", "url": "https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/anymal" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "research only" }, "components": { "actuators": "Highly compliant series elastic actuators in all 12 joints (3 per leg: hip abduction/adduction, hip flexion/extension, knee); springs decouple motor and gearbox and allow precise torque control.", "sensors": "IMU plus accurate joint encoders for state estimation; no external perception needed.", "other": "About 23 kg, body about 0.5 m long; roughly the size of a medium dog. In use 2011-2015; forerunner of ANYmal.", "sources": [ "hs-d9b973b6a6", "hs-67c0d633c1" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "ETH Zurich Autonomous Systems Lab / Robotic Systems Lab, Switzerland", "customers": "None (research)" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers steered it while its controllers handled balance, hopping and footstep placement; some tests used onboard perception.", "video": { "id": "7F6GRFPkdp0", "title": "walking and running experiments with the quadruped robot StarlETH", "channel": "Robotic Systems Lab: Legged Robotics at ETH Zürich" } }, { "id": "reconrobotics-throwbot-2012", "name": "Throwbot", "maker": "ReconRobotics", "makerId": "reconrobotics", "country": "United States", "year": 2012, "date": "2012", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "remote reconnaissance", "police and military scouting" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 11.4, "weightKg": 0.5, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 1.7, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 1, "priceUsd": 13950, "priceNote": "$13,950", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "More than 4,000 units used by US and allied armed forces and more than 700 law enforcement agencies ().", "summary": "A two-wheeled, half-kilogram camera robot that soldiers or police throw into a building or room and then drive remotely to look around before entering. ReconRobotics was formed in 2006 to commercialise University of Minnesota research.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-399be9f587", "hs-39d7d86148", "hs-22be653f60" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2012", "event": "Year (earlier Recon Scout models preceded it)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2012", "note": "" }, "components": { "actuators": "Two DC motors driving two wheels.", "sensors": "Camera with infrared optics for darkness, microphones, accelerometers and gyroscopes.", "battery": "Lithium-polymer, about 1 hour.", "software": "Single-joystick operator control unit.", "other": "About 0.54 kg; survives repeated 9 m drops onto concrete. A pole accessory turns it into a pole camera. Current model is Throwbot 2.", "sources": [ "hs-22be653f60" ] }, "production": { "built": "Nearly 7,000 ReconRobotics robots deployed across its product lines (maker)", "sold": "About $13,950", "where": "ReconRobotics, USA (technology from the University of Minnesota)", "customers": "US military and allied forces, federal, state and local police, bomb squads and fire/rescue teams (more than 700 law-enforcement agencies)" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "After being thrown in, it is driven by a soldier or officer with a handheld controller while streaming video.", "video": { "id": "XoxQwR2RX_w", "title": "Throwbot 2 Overview", "channel": "ReconRobotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/reconrobotics-throwbot-2012.jpg", "author": "ReconRobotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://reconrobotics.com/products/throwbot-2-robot/", "page": "https://reconrobotics.com/products/throwbot-2-robot/", "kind": "maker", "w": 952, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "lely-vector-2012", "name": "Vector", "maker": "Lely", "makerId": "lely", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2012, "date": "2012", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "mixing and delivering feed", "feed pushing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An automatic feeding system whose battery mixing robot carries feed from a feed kitchen to the barn, distributes it and pushes it up, and can climb 8% slopes.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-24f853d58e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2012", "event": "Launch (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.lely.com/solutions/feeding/vector/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Sold with a feed kitchen and grabber" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/lely-vector-2012-1.jpg", "author": "Wvdp", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lely_Vector_mixing_and_feeding_robot_at_Lely_Campus_Maassluis_-_2023-06-08.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 562, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "inuktun-versatrax-450-2012", "name": "Versatrax 450", "maker": "Inuktun (Eddyfi Technologies)", "makerId": "inuktun", "country": "Canada", "year": 2012, "date": "2012", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "inspecting pipes and tunnels", "handling hazardous material" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "inspection", "domain": [ "inspection", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 27.2, "weightKg": 59, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 0.6, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A rugged tracked crawler that drives into pipes, tunnels and hazardous sites carrying cameras and tools to find, inspect and remove dangerous material; the 450 model began as an unmanned tunnel explorer.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-06dfcf8486", "hs-f7d5f1c1df", "hs-1e3a7eaea3" ], "canada": "Made by Inuktun of British Columbia, acquired by Quebec-based Eddyfi Technologies in 2019", "firstShown": { "date": "2012", "event": "Year", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "components": { "actuators": "Nine DC motors; tracked crawler (2 DoF) with a 4-DoF manipulator arm that can 'pole vault' it over obstacles.", "hands": "4-DoF manipulator arm for handling and removing dangerous materials.", "sensors": "Two colour cameras: a pan-tilt-zoom camera and an arm close-up camera; front and rear LED lights.", "battery": "Tethered mains power (110-220 V AC) through a tether reel.", "materials": "Aluminium and stainless steel; system packed in Pelican cases.", "software": "Proprietary control software.", "other": "About 59 kg; up to 0.55 km/h. Designed for unmanned tunnel exploration.", "sources": [ "hs-855d90b49a" ] }, "production": { "sold": "About $139,000 for a complete system", "where": "Inuktun Services, Canada (Eddyfi Technologies since 2019)", "customers": "Inspection and hazardous-materials users (names not published)" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "An operator drives it through pipes and tunnels from a control unit on a tether.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/inuktun-versatrax-450-2012.jpg", "author": "Inuktun Services (Eddyfi Robotics)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://nexxis.com/product/versatrax-vt450/", "page": "https://nexxis.com/product/versatrax-vt450/", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 533 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-ls3-2012", "name": "LS3 (Legged Squad Support System)", "maker": "Boston Dynamics (DARPA and US Marine Corps programme)", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2012, "date": "2012-01", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "carrying loads" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "defence-research", "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 150, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "DARPA/US Marine Corps research programme, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The largest of Boston Dynamics' military legged mules, designed to follow a squad with 150 kg of gear for 32 km.", "deployments": "Marines and soldiers took part in a two-year test cycle from July 2012.", "summary": "A larger, militarised follow-on to BigDog meant to follow a squad and carry about 180 kg of gear. Marines tested it in field exercises before it was shelved.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-b7eba1441b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2012-01", "event": "First outdoor assessment of the LS3 prototype", "url": "https://www.darpa.mil/research/programs/legged-squad-support-system" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "DARPA lists the programme as complete; Marine Corps shelved it (reported 2015)" }, "components": { "actuators": "Hydraulic legs powered by an engine (evolved from BigDog/AlphaDog); exhaust silencer made later prototypes about 10 times quieter.", "sensors": "Stereo cameras in the head plus lidar to follow a leader and map terrain.", "software": "Autonomy modes: leader-follower tight, leader-follower corridor and go-to-waypoint; about ten voice commands tested in 2012.", "other": "Horse-sized: about 2.3 m long, 1.5 m tall, 362 kg; designed to carry 400 lb (180 kg) and travel 20 miles before refuelling. Could also serve as a mobile battery charger.", "sources": [ "hs-b7eba1441b", "hs-09dfeb4631" ] }, "production": { "built": "At least two prototypes", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Boston Dynamics, Massachusetts", "customers": "DARPA (contract awarded 3 December 2009) with the US Marine Corps; used by 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines at RIMPAC 2014; put into storage in late 2015" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It was designed to follow a squad leader semi-autonomously, with leader-following and go-to-waypoint modes under development.", "video": { "id": "R7ezXBEBE6U", "title": "LS3 - Legged Squad Support System", "channel": "Boston Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/boston-dynamics-ls3-2012-1.jpg", "author": "Tactical Technology Office, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, U.S. Department of Defense", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Legged_Squad_Support_System_robot_prototype.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Legged_Squad_Support_System_robot_prototype.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 663 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-cheetah-2012", "name": "Cheetah", "maker": "Boston Dynamics", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2012, "date": "2012-03", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "speed record" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "defence-research", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 45.5, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "DARPA M3 research robot, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Set the legged-robot land-speed record of 28.3 mph (45.5 km/h) in September 2012, faster than Usain Bolt's top 20 m split.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A tethered, treadmill-running quadruped funded by DARPA's Maximum Mobility and Manipulation programme. It first set an 18 mph record in March 2012, then 28.3 mph that September, using off-board power and a stabilising boom.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-823d4b4368", "hs-5a85f535b3", "hs-f9b0f313d5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2012-03", "event": "First legged speed record (18 mph)", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/boston-dynamics-cheetah-robot-now-faster-than-fastest-human" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "never sold" }, "components": { "actuators": "Powered from an off-board source; leg and back motions coordinated by the control algorithms.", "other": "Ran on a treadmill held by a boom; reached 18 mph in March 2012 and 28.3 mph in August 2012, a legged-robot speed record faster than Usain Bolt's peak.", "sources": [ "hs-823d4b4368", "hs-232e7055b0" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Boston Dynamics, Massachusetts", "customers": "DARPA Maximum Mobility and Manipulation (M3) programme" }, "news": [ { "date": "2012-09-05", "title": "Cheetah hits 28.3 mph", "summary": "Boston Dynamics' tethered Cheetah set a legged-robot speed record on a treadmill; an untethered WildCat was in development.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/boston-dynamics-cheetah-robot-now-faster-than-fastest-human" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "It ran on a treadmill under its own gait control, tethered and on a stabilising boom, with researchers setting its speed.", "video": { "id": "chPanW0QWhA", "title": "Cheetah Robot runs 28.3 mph; a bit faster than Usain Bolt", "channel": "Boston Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/boston-dynamics-cheetah-2012.jpg", "author": "Boston Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/2015/http://www.bostondynamics.com/robot_cheetah.html", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/2015/http://www.bostondynamics.com/robot_cheetah.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 900, "h": 587 } }, { "id": "autonomous-tractor-corporation-spirit-2012", "name": "SPIRIT", "maker": "Autonomous Tractor Corporation", "makerId": "autonomous-tractor", "country": "United States", "year": 2012, "date": "2012-09", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "field work" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A cabless autonomous tractor concept from a North Dakota start-up founded in January 2012; a half-scale model was shown at the 2012 Big Iron Farm Show.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-57720620fc" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2012-09", "event": "Prototype introduced at the Big Iron Farm Show, West Fargo", "url": "https://www.farmprogress.com/farming-equipment/spirit-autonomous-tractor-eliminates-need-for-driver" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "No commercial release found" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/autonomous-tractor-corporation-spirit-2012.jpg", "author": "Autonomous Tractor Corporation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://autonomoustractor.com/", "page": "https://autonomoustractor.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 618 } }, { "id": "irobot-braava-2013", "name": "Braava", "maker": "iRobot", "makerId": "irobot", "country": "United States", "year": 2013, "date": "2013", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "sweeping and mopping hard floors" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 7.6, "weightKg": 1.8, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 3.5, "priceUsd": 300, "priceNote": "About $300 (IEEE Spectrum)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Rebrand of Evolution Robotics' Mint floor-mopping robot (released January 2010) after iRobot bought Evolution in September 2012 for $74 million.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A quiet, square-fronted robot that pushes a dry or damp cloth over hard floors, finding its way with a NorthStar beacon placed in the room. The maker quoted up to 210 minutes of sweeping or 150 minutes of mopping per charge.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8db70d4c8a", "hs-59e7798eb6", "hs-fbe98f88b2" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2013", "event": "Mint launched as iRobot-branded Braava to select European distributors in the first quarter of 2013", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/press-releases?item=122409" }, "released": { "date": "2013", "note": "Models included the Braava 380t; not listed on iRobot's US store in October 2026. iRobot filed for Chapter 11 in December 2025 with a deal to be taken over by its manufacturer Picea." }, "components": { "sensors": "Cliff sensors, floor-transition sensors and a NorthStar navigation receiver that tracks an external beacon cube like indoor GPS.", "battery": "2,000 mAh NiMH; up to 210 minutes sweeping or 150 minutes mopping.", "software": "NorthStar localisation developed by Evolution Robotics.", "other": "Uses disposable (e.g. Swiffer) or microfibre cloths for dry sweeping and damp mopping; about 1.8 kg.", "sources": [ "hs-194f41444c", "hs-8db70d4c8a" ] }, "production": { "sold": "About $300 retail; numbers not published", "where": "Designed by Evolution Robotics (Pasadena) as the Mint, sold by iRobot from 2013", "customers": "Consumers" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-12-15", "title": "iRobot files for bankruptcy", "summary": "A3 reported iRobot's Chapter 11 filing, with China-based suppliers acquiring the Braava and Roomba maker.", "publisher": "Association for Advancing Automation (A3)", "url": "https://www.automate.org/industry-insights/irobot-files-for-bankruptcy" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It mops or sweeps hard floors by itself, finding its way with a room beacon.", "video": { "id": "1-e2a-t2EMg", "title": "Braava 380t Overview | iRobot®", "channel": "iRobot (@irobot)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/irobot-braava-2013-1.jpg", "author": "Piperpet", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Braava_380t_2.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "caterpillar-command-for-hauling-2013", "name": "Cat MineStar Command for hauling (789D, 793D/F, 797F, 794 AC)", "maker": "Caterpillar", "makerId": "caterpillar", "country": "United States", "year": 2013, "date": "2013", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ore haulage", "overburden haulage", "oil sands haulage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the two original-equipment autonomous haulage systems that took driverless mine trucks into everyday production.", "deployments": "Caterpillar reported 827 autonomous trucks working at the end of 2025, up from 690 a year earlier, at sites such as Imperial Oil's Kearl, Vale's Brucutu and Capanema, and Fortescue's Chichester Hub.", "summary": "Caterpillar's factory autonomy system for its large mining haul trucks, from roughly 190 to 360 tonne payload classes, run from a central control room with no operator on board. It is the second-largest autonomous haul fleet outside China after Komatsu's.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-bc659d614f", "hs-05ed80666f", "hs-5cbd0b9205", "hs-f2eb0e3fd8", "hs-b8ef75748b" ], "canada": "Imperial Oil's Kearl oil sands mine in Alberta runs 81 autonomous Cat 797s and reached full autonomy in 2023 (International Mining, Nov 2025).", "firstShown": { "date": "2013", "event": "First commercial Command for hauling operations (Caterpillar counts autonomous tonnes from 2013)", "url": "https://www.cat.com/en_US/news/machine-press-releases/caterpillar-autonomously-hauls-more-than-1-billion-tonnes-of-material-with-cat-command-for-hauling-in-less-than-a-year.html" }, "released": { "date": "2013", "note": "Sold as a factory or retrofit option on Cat mining trucks; Vale signed a mixed-fleet deal in Dec 2025 for about 90 trucks by 2028" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Kearl oil sands (Alberta, Canada); Vale Brucutu and Capanema (Brazil); Fortescue Chichester Hub and Roy Hill area (Western Australia); other sites in Australia, the Americas", "since": "2013", "fleet": "827 autonomous trucks in operation at end-2025, up from 690 at end-2024 (Caterpillar FY2025 annual report; International Mining, Nov 2025); target over 2,000 by 2030", "usage": "More than 5 billion tonnes hauled autonomously by Sept 2022, about 1.4 billion tonnes projected for 2022 alone (Caterpillar); no newer cumulative total published", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/caterpillar-command-for-hauling-2013-1.jpg", "author": "RobSimmons223311", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ferrexpo_autonomous_truck.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "fzi-lauron-v-2013", "name": "LAURON V", "maker": "FZI Research Center for Information Technology", "makerId": "fzi-research-center", "country": "Germany", "year": 2013, "date": "2013", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "exploration", "disaster response", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 84, "weightKg": 43.5, "dof": 28, "speedKmh": 0.5, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 2, "priceUsd": 200000, "priceNote": "about EUR 150,000; USD converted at roughly 2013 rates", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "A stick-insect-inspired hexapod able to run fully autonomous exploration missions using 3D mapping and path planning.", "deployments": null, "summary": "The fifth generation of FZI's LAURON hexapods, with four joints per leg and a gripper. Height is 61 cm normally and 84 cm with legs fully extended.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8d741c68f9", "hs-c3902947de", "hs-7f83aaa73e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2013", "event": "Introduced by FZI Karlsruhe", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research platform; earlier LAURON generations date back to the 1990s." }, "components": { "actuators": "28 motors: four joints per leg with Faulhaber brushed DC motors and planetary gearheads (66:1 and 159:1), chain and worm drives; brushless motors for gripper and laser scanner.", "hands": "1-DoF gripper on a front leg; legs also used for manipulation.", "sensors": "Two Asus Xtion Pro Live depth cameras, two Point Grey Firefly cameras, FLIR thermal camera, Velodyne HDL-32E or custom 3D laser scanner (Hokuyo UTM-30LX), Microstrain IMU, joint encoders and motor-current sensing.", "compute": "Mini-ITX Intel Core i7 main computer, Intel NUC i7 vision computer, custom DSP/FPGA leg controllers, Arduino and Raspberry Pi helpers.", "battery": "Two 24 V 8,000 mAh lithium-polymer packs, about 2 hours; hot-swappable.", "materials": "Aerospace aluminium legs; POM, PE and 3D-printed PLA shell parts; brass worm gears.", "software": "Ubuntu 14.04 with ROS Indigo for high-level control (PLEXNAV framework, OMPL, OpenCV, PCL, SMACH, 3D SLAM); MCA2 behaviour-based low-level control.", "other": "About 43.5 kg; 0.5 km/h. Leg design and gaits based on the stick insect. Earlier LAURONs date to 1994.", "sources": [ "hs-8d741c68f9" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold; cost about €150,000", "where": "FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany", "customers": "None (research)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/fzi-lauron-v-2013.jpg", "author": "FZI Forschungszentrum Informatik Karlsruhe - Abteilung IDS", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LAURON_V_-_2013_FZI_Karlsruhe.jpg", "article": "File:LAURON V - 2013 FZI Karlsruhe.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 333 }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Its external control center could supply speed and gait commands while onboard behaviors coordinated its legs and adapted walking to unfamiliar terrain." }, { "id": "omron-adept-ld-series-2013", "name": "LD series (Adept Lynx; LD-60, LD-90, LD-250)", "maker": "Omron Adept (Omron)", "makerId": "omron-adept", "country": "United States", "year": 2013, "date": "2013", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving materials in factories and labs", "cart transport" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 38.3, "weightKg": 62, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 6.5, "payloadKg": 250, "batteryHours": 15, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A low autonomous mobile robot that maps a building and drives itself between stations, carrying shelves, conveyors or towed carts. Born as the Adept Lynx, it became Omron's LD line after Omron bought Adept in 2015; the figures are maxima across the range (LD-250 carries 250 kg, LD-60 reaches 1.8 m/s, up to 15 h unloaded run time), while height and weight are for the LD-60/90 base.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-19d2c7c186", "hs-53658fa6cb" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2013", "event": "Adept Lynx platform launched at Automate 2013; Lynx Cart Transporter released to beta in fiscal Q4 2015 (Adept Technology SEC-filed results).", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2013", "note": "Sold as Adept Lynx, then as Omron LD-60/LD-90; LD-250 added later (launch date not found). Omron completed its purchase of Adept in October 2015." }, "components": { "actuators": "Brushless drive motors.", "sensors": "Front safety-scanning laser (240-degree view), rear sonars, optional low and side lasers, camera.", "compute": "On-board custom PC; Wi-Fi (802.11 a/b/g).", "battery": "LD-60/90: up to 15 h with no payload or 12 h at full payload; about 2 h 10 min from 20% to 80% charge; automatic docking.", "materials": "Steel and nickel-plated aluminium.", "software": "Map-based natural navigation; MobilePlanner; fleet traffic-management software.", "other": "Payloads 60 kg (LD-60, 1.8 m/s), 90 kg (LD-90, 1.35 m/s) and 250 kg (LD-250, 1.2 m/s). Grew out of Adept's 2010 purchase of MobileRobots Inc.", "sources": [ "hs-19d2c7c186" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold commercially worldwide; numbers not published", "where": "Omron Adept, Pleasanton, California (Omron since October 2015)", "customers": "Factories and logistics sites (names not published in sources used)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It maps the building and drives itself between stations under fleet software.", "video": { "id": "GrXFKDTP1D0", "title": "Adept Lynx Mobile Robot - Moves Manufacturing Inventory", "channel": "Omron Robotics and Safety Technologies, Inc. (@AdeptRobots)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/omron-adept-ld-series-2013.jpg", "author": "Omron Adept", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://industrial.omron.eu/en/products/ld-series", "page": "https://industrial.omron.eu/en/products/ld-series", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "roboteam-probot-2013", "name": "Probot", "maker": "Roboteam", "makerId": "roboteam", "country": "Israel", "year": 2013, "date": "2013", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "logistics", "casualty evacuation" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 120, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 4x4 robot of about 120 kg that carries nearly twice its weight; in IDF service along the Gaza border and the basis for ROOK.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-17bdd2deec", "hs-8e1a242a13", "hs-7a88f94d11" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2013", "event": "Described in a 2013 report (exact unveiling not confirmed)", "url": "https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-israels-roboteam-unveils-soldier-robots-1001168240" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "In IDF service" }, "components": { "other": "All-terrain carrier and reconnaissance UGV; the second-generation ProBOT can carry up to 750 kg and has semi-autonomous person- and vehicle-following. Intended to carry soldiers' equipment and evacuate the injured.", "sources": [ "hs-17bdd2deec" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Second generation was due to enter Israeli Army service from 2017 (Globes, December 2016)", "where": "Roboteam, Tel Aviv, Israel", "customers": "Israel Defense Forces (planned service entry)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2016-12-22", "title": "Roboteam unveils second-generation ProBOT", "summary": "Globes reported Roboteam's new ProBOT able to carry 750 kg and follow troops, due to enter Israeli Army service.", "publisher": "Globes", "url": "https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-israels-roboteam-unveils-soldier-robots-1001168240" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/roboteam-probot-2013.jpg", "author": "Robobotics", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roboteam_PROBOT.jpg", "article": "File:Roboteam PROBOT.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 333 }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It can follow a soldier or vehicle and drive GPS waypoints by itself, or be driven remotely, with an operator always in charge." }, { "id": "epfl-salamandra-robotica-ii-2013", "name": "Salamandra robotica II", "maker": "EPFL Biorobotics Laboratory (Auke Ijspeert)", "makerId": "epfl-biorobotics-laboratory", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2013, "date": "2013", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research", "amphibious locomotion" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 2.5, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 1.9, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "An amphibious robot that walks on land and swims, switching gaits with a control system modelled on a salamander's spinal cord.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A 1.1 m salamander robot with a flexible body and four legs that can move between land and water. It keeps moving even if cut into parts.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-2d6d1001c8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2013", "event": "Unveiled by EPFL researchers", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research robot." }, "components": { "actuators": "12 Faulhaber DC motors (2.83 W) with custom plastic gearboxes: 8 body DoF and 4 foldable limbs.", "sensors": "Motor rotary encoders; infrared sensor in the head.", "compute": "ARM LPC2129 60 MHz main controller with an 868 MHz radio link; eight PIC18F2580 and 12 PIC16F876A microcontrollers in the modules.", "battery": "Each module has its own lithium-ion cells (seven 600 mAh and two 1,200 mAh); the robot keeps working if split apart.", "materials": "Polyurethane resin.", "software": "Central-pattern-generator model of the salamander spinal cord, written in C.", "other": "About 1.1 m and 2.5 kg; walks, crawls and swims at about 1.9 km/h, more than twice as fast as its predecessor in water. Shown at Innorobo 2013 in Lyon.", "sources": [ "hs-2d6d1001c8" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "EPFL Biorobotics Laboratory, Lausanne, Switzerland", "customers": "None; collaboration with University of Bordeaux neurobiologists" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "A person steered it remotely while its built-in rhythm generator produced the walking and swimming motions.", "video": { "id": "YVU8M_xcZec", "title": "Salamandra robotica II transitions from walking to swimming", "channel": "IEEE Spectrum" } }, { "id": "micromagic-systems-mantis-2013", "name": "Mantis", "maker": "Micromagic Systems (Matt Denton)", "makerId": "micromagic-systems", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2013, "date": "2013-04-02", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "entertainment", "demonstration" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "entertainment" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 280, "weightKg": 1900, "dof": 18, "speedKmh": 1, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Guinness World Records' largest rideable hexapod robot (verified 15 November 2017).", "deployments": null, "summary": "A 1.9-tonne, diesel-hydraulic six-legged walker that can be driven from its cockpit or remotely over Wi-Fi. Its builder spent about four years on it after imagining six excavators joined to one chassis.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c15cafbb14", "hs-5093e2f41f", "hs-f87ebec8fb" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2013-04-02", "event": "Publicly revealed by Micromagic Systems (New Atlas report)", "url": "https://newatlas.com/mantis-hexapod-robot/26891" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "One-off machine used for events." }, "components": { "actuators": "18 hydraulic actuators (three per leg) powered by a 2.2-litre Perkins turbo-diesel engine.", "sensors": "Leg sensors (types not detailed).", "compute": "Linux PC 'brain' running Micromagic's HexEngine gait software, also used on its small hexapods.", "software": "Driven from the cockpit with two three-axis joysticks and 28 buttons, or remotely over Wi-Fi.", "other": "About 1.9 tonnes, 2.8 m tall and 5 m across; just over 1 km/h. Guinness record for the largest rideable hexapod robot.", "sources": [ "hs-c15cafbb14", "hs-f87ebec8fb" ] }, "production": { "built": "One machine (a Mark II; an earlier version was tested in 2011)", "sold": "not sold; offered for private hire and sponsorship", "where": "Micromagic Systems, Hampshire, UK (privately funded)", "customers": "Events and promotional work" }, "news": [ { "date": "2017-11-15", "title": "Guinness verifies largest rideable hexapod", "summary": "Guinness World Records verified Mantis, built by Matt Denton, as the largest rideable hexapod robot.", "publisher": "Guinness World Records", "url": "https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/500384-largest-drivable-hexapod-robot" }, { "date": "2013-04-19", "title": "CNN meets the Mantis hexapod", "summary": "CNN profiled the two-ton diesel walker, noting Denton's 2009 private funding and plans to show it at UK events.", "publisher": "CNN", "url": "https://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/19/tech/mantis-robot-monster" }, { "date": "2013-04-02", "title": "Two-ton drivable hexapod revealed", "summary": "New Atlas introduced Mantis as the largest operational all-terrain hexapod, built over four years.", "publisher": "New Atlas", "url": "https://newatlas.com/mantis-hexapod-robot/26891" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/micromagic-systems-mantis-2013.jpg", "author": "Mdenton", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mantis_Walking_Machine.jpg", "article": "Mantis the spider robot", "w": 500, "h": 292 }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "A driver in the cockpit or on a remote link steers it while its computer coordinates the six legs." }, { "id": "mercedes-s500-intelligent-drive-2013", "name": "Mercedes-Benz S 500 Intelligent Drive (Bertha Benz drive)", "maker": "Daimler with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology", "makerId": "daimler", "country": "Germany", "year": 2013, "date": "2013-08", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "In August 2013 it drove about 100 km from Mannheim to Pforzheim, retracing Bertha Benz's 1888 route through towns and villages.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A research S-Class that used near-production stereo cameras and radars to drive itself on ordinary roads.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-74fc994502" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2013-08", "event": "Bertha Benz Memorial Route drive", "url": "https://group.mercedes-benz.com/documents/investors/berichte/geschaeftsberichte/daimler/daimler-ir-annualreport-2013.pdf" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Mannheim to Pforzheim, Germany (2013)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mercedes-s500-intelligent-drive-2013.jpg", "author": "Daimler with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://group.mercedes-benz.com/bilder/unternehmen/tradition/geschichte/highlights-2012-2019/2013/s-500-intelligent-drive-w1920xh1080-cutout.jpg", "page": "https://group.mercedes-benz.com/bilder/unternehmen/tradition/geschichte/highlights-2012-2019/2013/s-500-intelligent-drive-w1920xh1080-cutout.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "panasonic-hospi-2013", "name": "HOSPI", "maker": "Panasonic", "makerId": "panasonic", "country": "Japan", "year": 2013, "date": "2013-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "hospital delivery", "medicine and specimen transport" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "healthcare" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used in Japanese hospitals; Changi General Hospital in Singapore ran four HOSPIs from February 2015, the first hospital outside Japan.", "summary": "An autonomous hospital delivery robot with a locked, ID-card cabinet that carries drugs, samples and records, finding its way with laser sensors and riding lifts without special tracks.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-7b613dba81", "hs-df2f57aa1b", "hs-fd68310df8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2013-10", "event": "Commercial launch (tested since 2010 at Matsushita Memorial Hospital)", "url": "https://news.panasonic.com/global/topics/4728" }, "released": { "date": "2013-10", "note": "Sold to hospitals in Japan" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/panasonic-hospi-2013.jpg", "author": "Panasonic", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://ap.connect.panasonic.com/id/en/case-studies/panasonic-autonomous-delivery-robots-hospi-aid-hospital-operations-changi-general", "page": "https://ap.connect.panasonic.com/id/en/case-studies/panasonic-autonomous-delivery-robots-hospi-aid-hospital-operations-changi-general", "kind": "maker", "w": 889, "h": 593 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-wildcat-2013", "name": "WildCat", "maker": "Boston Dynamics", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2013, "date": "2013-10-03", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "defence-research", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 25.7, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "DARPA research robot, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "An untethered, engine-powered successor to Cheetah that galloped freely outdoors.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Cheetah's free-running successor, powered by a loud on-board engine. It ran at about 16 mph (25.7 km/h) on flat ground with bounding and galloping gaits.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-20474892d1", "hs-80833f46f7", "hs-f9b0f313d5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2013-10-03", "event": "Boston Dynamics posts the first WildCat video", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/whoa-boston-dynamics-announces-new-wildcat-quadruped" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "never sold" }, "components": { "actuators": "Untethered with on-board power (IEEE Spectrum expected a petrol engine like AlphaDog's); a development of Cheetah.", "software": "Bounding and galloping gaits with dynamic balance; variable gaits.", "other": "Ran untethered outdoors at about 16 mph (25 km/h) at its debut", "sources": [ "hs-20474892d1", "hs-09dfeb4631" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Boston Dynamics, Massachusetts", "customers": "DARPA M3 programme" }, "news": [ { "date": "2013-10-03", "title": "Boston Dynamics unveils WildCat", "summary": "A surprise video showed the untethered WildCat bounding and galloping outdoors at up to 25 km/h, funded by DARPA's M3 programme.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/whoa-boston-dynamics-announces-new-wildcat-quadruped" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "An operator steered it remotely while it controlled its own balance and running gaits.", "video": { "id": "wE3fmFTtP9g", "title": "Introducing WildCat", "channel": "Boston Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/boston-dynamics-wildcat-2013.jpg", "author": "Boston Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://bostondynamics.com/about/history/", "page": "https://bostondynamics.com/about/history/", "kind": "maker", "w": 939, "h": 628 } }, { "id": "nasa-jpl-robosimian-2013", "name": "RoboSimian", "maker": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "makerId": "nasa-jet-propulsion-laboratory", "country": "United States", "year": 2013, "date": "2013-12", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "disaster response", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 120, "weightKg": 125, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 0.5, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": "An ape-like, four-limbed robot built for the DARPA Robotics Challenge, using every limb for both walking and manipulation.", "deployments": "Ran the DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals course on 5 June 2015.", "summary": "A four-limbed disaster-response robot that moves slowly over rubble and performs dexterous tasks. JPL lists the project as completed in 2015.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-15c29f0c40", "hs-847c013a92" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2013-12", "event": "DARPA Robotics Challenge Trials (date from general knowledge; JPL page shows the June 2015 Finals)", "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/robotics-at-jpl/robosimian/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research robot." }, "components": { "actuators": "Four limbs used both for walking and for manipulation (ape-like 'simian' design).", "sensors": "Seven sets of stereo cameras and a lidar for 3D mapping.", "other": "About 125 kg, 1.2 m tall, 0.15 m/s. Built for the DARPA Robotics Challenge disaster-response contest; later tested in Death Valley (February 2020) as a Europa-like terrain analogue.", "sources": [ "hs-15c29f0c40" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "NASA JPL, Pasadena, California", "customers": "DARPA Robotics Challenge entry; completed 2015" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Operators gave it high-level commands from a remote station and it carried out the motions, as at the DARPA Robotics Challenge.", "video": { "id": "3HFXO_qx5ZY", "title": "JPL's RoboSimian", "channel": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/nasa-jpl-robosimian-2013-1.jpg", "author": "Office of Naval Research from Arlington, United States", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:150605-N-PO203-565_(18507374666).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 674 } }, { "id": "neato-botvac-2014", "name": "Botvac", "maker": "Neato Robotics", "makerId": "neato", "country": "United States", "year": 2014, "date": "2014", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "home floor vacuuming" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Range priced by model; the top Botvac Connected cost $700 in 2016 (IEEE Spectrum). Launch prices not confirmed.", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Sold widely to consumers from 2014 until Neato closed in 2023; Vorwerk shut down Neato's cloud services in 2025, cutting app features for connected models.", "summary": "Neato's redesigned line of D-shaped lidar robot vacuums, later including Wi-Fi Botvac Connected and D-series models with saved maps and no-go zones. It used the Revo laser distance sensor to map rooms and clean in rows.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-71f8b6c340", "hs-a4fba87a8d", "hs-840d7c7f5a", "hs-f0fde830f5", "hs-bf4e81cf80" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014", "event": "Botvac series introduced in 2014 as a major redesign of Neato's robots (exact date not found)", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/review-neato-botvac-connected" }, "released": { "date": "2014", "note": "Vorwerk took full ownership of Neato in 2017; Neato ceased operations in May 2023 and Vorwerk ended its cloud service in 2025." }, "components": { "actuators": "Drive wheels and casters, main brush, small magnetic side brush.", "sensors": "Rear-mounted rotating laser turret (lidar) for mapping; front drop sensors; bumper.", "software": "Laser-based mapping and systematic cleaning; Botvac Connected added Wi-Fi and an app (2015); D7 added persistent maps and zone cleaning (2018).", "other": "D-shaped body for corners. 2018 prices: Botvac D4 Connected $500, D6 $700 (IEEE Spectrum).", "sources": [ "hs-71f8b6c340", "hs-a4fba87a8d" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold to consumers 2014-2023; numbers not published", "where": "Neato Robotics, USA (Vorwerk-owned from 2017)", "customers": "Consumers" }, "news": [ { "date": "2023-05-01", "title": "Vorwerk closes Neato Robotics", "summary": "Parent company Vorwerk said it would shut Neato as part of a robotics restructuring, promising five years of parts and cloud support.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/neato-robotics" }, { "date": "2018-08-31", "title": "Neato adds zone cleaning to D7", "summary": "At IFA, Neato added zone cleaning to the Botvac D7 and introduced cheaper D4 and D6 models.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/neato-introduces-new-robot-vacuums-adds-zone-cleaning-to-d7" }, { "date": "2016-05-09", "title": "Review: Botvac Connected", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum reviewed the $700 Wi-Fi, lidar-equipped Botvac Connected.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/review-neato-botvac-connected" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It maps rooms with its laser and cleans them in rows by itself.", "video": { "id": "FXBKJNfY3vk", "title": "Introducing Neato Botvac: The Most Powerful Robot Vacuum", "channel": "Neato Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/neato-botvac-2014.jpg", "author": "Neato Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://digitalpr.jp/r/9052", "page": "https://digitalpr.jp/r/9052", "kind": "maker", "w": 715, "h": 400 } }, { "id": "nlink-mobile-drilling-robot-2014", "name": "Mobile Drilling Robot", "maker": "nLink", "makerId": "nlink", "country": "Norway", "year": 2014, "date": "2014", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "construction", "overhead drilling" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Planned as a drilling-as-a-service business rather than a product sale", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Billed as the world's first mobile drilling robot for concrete ceilings; it won the RoboBusiness 2014 Pitchfire startup contest.", "deployments": "nLink said two clients would start using it in early 2015.", "summary": "A robot arm on a mobile scissor-lift base that reads a drilling pattern from a tablet and drills holes in concrete ceilings. nLink's current site no longer promotes it.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b32e9ae64f", "hs-d7004eac0e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014", "event": "RoboBusiness 2014 Pitchfire contest, Boston", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/nlink-mobile-drilling-robot-wins-robobusiness-pitchfire-startup-contest/" }, "released": { "date": "2015", "note": "First client use planned for early 2015; later status not found" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/nlink-mobile-drilling-robot-2014.jpg", "author": "nLink", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.nlinkrobotics.com/projects/drilly-mobile-drilling-robot", "page": "https://www.nlinkrobotics.com/projects/drilly-mobile-drilling-robot", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 649 } }, { "id": "ocado-400-series-bot-2014", "name": "Ocado 400 Series bot", "maker": "Ocado Group", "makerId": "ocado", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2014, "date": "2014", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "grocery order fulfilment on a storage grid" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An early Ocado grid robot that runs on rails on top of a dense storage grid, lifting crates out and bringing them to pick stations. Testing began in 2014 at Welwyn Garden City.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e3e2515626", "hs-0419898e46" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014", "event": "Testing began at Welwyn Garden City", "url": "https://ocadogroup.com/newsroom/stories/engineering-the-future-the-evolution-of-ocados-fulfilment-robots" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Moved into production later; date not given" }, "components": { "actuators": "Wheeled bots running on top of a dense storage grid, lifting totes from stacks below.", "software": "Swarm control so bots work together to deliver totes to pick stations and robotic arms.", "other": "Replaced conveyor-and-crane designs; succeeded by the modular 500 Series (2020) and the lighter, 3D-printed 600 Series.", "sources": [ "hs-0419898e46" ] }, "production": { "built": "Production numbers not given", "sold": "Used in Ocado Customer Fulfilment Centres (not sold separately)", "where": "Ocado Group, Hatfield, UK; prototypes tested at Welwyn Garden City from 2014", "customers": "Ocado's own UK operations" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-01-07", "title": "Ocado charts its bot generations", "summary": "Ocado described how testing at Welwyn Garden City in 2014 led to the 400 Series Bot entering production, followed by the 500 and 600 Series.", "publisher": "Ocado Group", "url": "https://www.ocadogroup.com/newsroom/stories/engineering-the-future-the-evolution-of-ocados-fulfilment-robots" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "The 400 Series introduced a grid-based automated system whose bots retrieve totes and deliver them to picking stations.", "video": { "id": "e31UqBT5bKE", "title": "Inside The Hive - Ocado Technology", "channel": "Ocado Technology (@OcadoTechnology)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/ocado-400-series-bot-2014-1.jpg", "author": "Techwords", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocado_warehouse_bots.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 688 } }, { "id": "naio-oz-2014", "name": "Oz", "maker": "Naio Technologies", "makerId": "naio", "country": "France", "year": 2014, "date": "2014", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "vegetable weeding", "hauling" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 150, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first commercial electric weeding robots for small vegetable farms.", "deployments": "Naio reports 480 robots sold across all models, operating on five continents.", "summary": "A small electric robot that weeds between vegetable rows with mechanical tools.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-7e5a96afeb", "hs-a3fedf5f23", "hs-0fde0cb74d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014", "event": "Marketed from 2014", "url": "https://www.lemo.com/article/little-robot-prairie" }, "released": { "date": "2014", "note": "" }, "components": { "actuators": "Electric drive (fully electric); can tow trailers and carry crates; tool lift capacity 60 kg.", "hands": "Interchangeable implements for soil preparation, seeding and weeding; working width up to 100 cm.", "sensors": "GNSS RTK positioning to within centimetres; laser, ultrasonic and physical safety sensors; camera guidance for vegetables.", "battery": "Up to 8 hours of work (current maker figure; earlier reports said up to 10 hours).", "software": "Field map created by the user; autonomous navigation and RTK auto-guidance.", "other": "About 150 kg; CE and FCC certified. Weeds about 1,000 linear metres per hour (2018-era report).", "sources": [ "hs-2e2660b62c", "hs-a95006e599", "hs-8d4fe8f246" ] }, "production": { "built": "Naïo reports 480 robots sold across its four models", "sold": "Sold commercially since 2014; five-year warranty", "where": "Toulouse region, France (all robots made in France)", "customers": "Market gardeners and specialty-crop farms on five continents" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It weeds vegetable rows by itself; it can also follow a person to carry loads.", "video": { "id": "jSSLJ9ib064", "title": "[Témoignage] Le robot OZ trace les sillons, sème et bine chez le maraîcher Bastien Danneels", "channel": "Naïo Technologies" } }, { "id": "saildrone-explorer", "name": "Saildrone Explorer", "maker": "Saildrone", "makerId": "saildrone", "country": "United States", "year": 2014, "date": "2014", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ocean data collection", "fisheries surveys", "hurricane monitoring", "maritime surveillance" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "research", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Sold as data service; no public price", "hands": "none", "firsts": "A saildrone completed the first autonomous circumnavigation of Antarctica in 2019, and SD 1021 became the first autonomous vehicle to cross the Atlantic in both directions the same year.", "deployments": "In 2019 one of a fleet launched from New Zealand sailed about 12,500 miles around Antarctica over seven months; in 2021 SD 1045 sailed into Hurricane Sam; Denmark deployed four Saildrones in the Baltic in June 2025.", "summary": "A 7 m wind-powered ocean drone with a solar-powered computer that sails itself between waypoints set from shore and can head home on its own, staying at sea up to a year. It carries about 15 weather, ocean and acoustic sensors.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-693603a209", "hs-2b09f40ed8", "hs-e401adcc5a", "hs-1c2261465b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014", "event": "First Saildrone ocean crossing (proof of concept, per Saildrone timeline; model not named)", "url": "https://www.saildrone.com/about" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Offered as a data service" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Pacific, Atlantic, Southern Ocean, Arctic, Gulf of Mexico, Great Lakes, Baltic", "since": "2014", "fleet": "Not published per model", "usage": "Saildrone fleet total about 2.5 million nautical miles and 65,000 days at sea (Saildrone About page, 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/saildrone-explorer-1.jpg", "author": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) & Saildrone", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saildrone_in_2019_NOAA_Arctic_mission.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saildrone_in_2019_NOAA_Arctic_mission.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "symbotic-symbot-2014", "name": "SymBot", "maker": "Symbotic", "makerId": "symbotic", "country": "United States", "year": 2014, "date": "2014", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "case storage and retrieval", "palletising for distribution centres" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 40.2, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Symbotic claims the fastest robots in the industry; the 25 mph figure is the company's claim, while 2024 coverage says over 20 mph.", "deployments": "Walmart started with Symbotic at Brooksville, Florida in 2017 and began adding it to 25 more regional distribution centres in 2021.", "summary": "Free-roaming robots drive through a multi-level structure, each storing or fetching about one case a minute. Customers include Walmart, Target, Albertsons, C&S and Giant Tiger.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4ac48e0011", "hs-cef17ed02b", "hs-6eb4e42717" ], "canada": "Canadian discount retailer Giant Tiger is a listed Symbotic customer.", "firstShown": { "date": "2014", "event": "Target became Symbotic's first outside customer for its Woodland, California distribution center", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1837240/000119312521355464/d262991d425.htm" }, "released": { "date": "2014", "note": "Robot launch date not published; earliest sourced deployment used" }, "components": { "actuators": "Battery-electric wheeled bots that drive freely (no fixed tracks) through a multi-level storage structure", "hands": "No gripper arm; each bot stores or retrieves cases, about one case a minute", "software": "Symbotic's AI-based fleet and warehouse software orchestrates the bots", "sources": [ "hs-4ac48e0011", "hs-00f2ee49c9" ] }, "production": { "customers": "Walmart, Target, Albertsons, C&S Wholesale Grocers, Giant Tiger" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-01-28", "title": "Symbotic buys Walmart's robotics unit", "summary": "Symbotic closed its purchase of Walmart's Advanced Systems and Robotics business and agreed to build pickup-and-delivery systems for up to 400 Walmart stores.", "publisher": "Symbotic (SEC filing)", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1837240/000119312525013845/d905462dex991.htm" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Bots drive themselves through the storage structure, storing and fetching cases under system software.", "video": { "id": "0xqG8YYp-TA", "title": "Symbotic Innovation: SymBot Autonomous Mobile Robot", "channel": "Symbotic" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/symbotic-symbot-2014.jpg", "author": "Symbotic", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.symbotic.com/solutions/robots/", "page": "https://www.symbotic.com/solutions/robots/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 674 } }, { "id": "wing-delivery-drone-2019", "name": "Wing delivery drone", "maker": "Wing (Alphabet)", "makerId": "wing", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2014", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "home delivery", "retail delivery", "food delivery" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "delivery-drone", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 97, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "In April 2019 Wing became the first drone delivery company to receive an FAA air carrier certificate, letting it run as an airline in the US.", "deployments": "Over 1 million commercial deliveries; Walmart service in Atlanta, Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston with expansion toward nearly 20 US markets (TechCrunch, June 2026). Also flies in Australia and Finland.", "summary": "A small hybrid drone that takes off like a multicopter and cruises on a wing. Its software plans each route and avoids obstacles and aircraft; pilots oversee the system rather than fly individual drones, and parcels are lowered on a tether.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-cee89fc894", "hs-08e1ab18d6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014", "event": "First test deliveries by Google X's Project Wing", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2019-04", "note": "FAA air carrier certification; commercial service in the US and Australia" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Atlanta, Dallas-Fort Worth, Greater Houston and other US metros; Canberra and Logan, Australia; Helsinki, Finland", "since": "2019", "fleet": "not published", "usage": "more than 1 million commercial deliveries (TechCrunch, June 2026)", "rangeKm": 19 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/wing-delivery-drone-2019-1.jpg", "author": "ZLEA", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wing_Hummingbird_W-B_(4-12-2024).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "vislab-deeva-2014", "name": "DEEVA", "maker": "VisLab (University of Parma)", "makerId": "vislab", "country": "Italy", "year": 2014, "date": "2014-03-31", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "VisLab was bought by Ambarella in 2015.", "summary": "A VisLab research car with more than 20 cameras and four lasers hidden inside the body so it looked like an ordinary car.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-4d624ac849" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014-03-31", "event": "DEEVA prototype presented to the media", "url": "https://vislab.it/milestones/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Parma, Italy (research)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/vislab-deeva-2014.jpg", "author": "VisLab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.vislab.it/milestones/", "page": "https://www.vislab.it/milestones/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "festo-bionickangaroo-2014", "name": "BionicKangaroo", "maker": "Festo (Bionic Learning Network)", "makerId": "festo", "country": "Germany", "year": 2014, "date": "2014-04-02", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "energy recovery demonstration" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 100, "weightKg": 7, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A hopping robot that stored landing energy in an elastic 'Achilles tendon' and reused it for the next jump.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A one-metre robotic kangaroo that jumps up to 40 cm high and 80 cm forward, using pneumatics for power and electric motors for the hip and tail. It was controlled by arm gestures through a wristband.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-652418df30", "hs-a727d8a057", "hs-5a41dc2d4f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014-04-02", "event": "Festo announcement ahead of Hannover Messe 2014 (reported by IEEE Spectrum)", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/festo-newest-robot-is-a-hopping-bionic-kangaroo" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Technology demonstrator, not sold." }, "components": { "actuators": "Pneumatic actuators drive the jumps; an elastic rubber tendon parallel to the knee cylinder stores landing energy and releases it on the next hop", "battery": "Small on-board compressor or high-pressure air tank for the pneumatics, with lightweight batteries for the electronics", "software": "Kinematic control system with condition monitoring corrects posture in flight and on landing; gesture control through a Thalmic Labs Myo armband", "other": "About 7 kg and 1 m tall; jumps 0.4 m high and 0.8 m forward; tail balances hip torque in flight", "sources": [ "hs-413d13ccbf", "hs-95fbfc1799" ] }, "production": { "built": "Technology demonstrator from Festo's Bionic Learning Network", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Esslingen, Germany" }, "news": [ { "date": "2014-04-28", "title": "Kangaroo robot explores energy recovery", "summary": "Australian Manufacturing described how Festo's kangaroo stores landing energy in an elastic tendon to reuse on the next jump.", "publisher": "Australian Manufacturing", "url": "https://www.australianmanufacturing.com.au/bionic-kangaroo-to-explore-the-possibility-of-industrial-energy-recovery" }, { "date": "2014-04-02", "title": "Festo unveils hopping BionicKangaroo", "summary": "Festo showed a 7 kg pneumatic kangaroo robot that recovers jump energy and is steered by arm gestures.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/festo-newest-robot-is-a-hopping-bionic-kangaroo" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "A person directed its jumps with arm gestures through a wristband while it controlled its own jump and landing balance.", "video": { "id": "mWiNlWk1Muw", "title": "Festo - BionicKangaroo (English)", "channel": "Festo" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/festo-bionickangaroo-2014-1.jpg", "author": "Renardo la vulpo", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen,_Deutsches_Museum,_Robot-K%C3%A4nguru,_1.jpeg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "waymo-firefly-2014", "name": "Firefly (Google self-driving car prototype)", "maker": "Waymo (Google self-driving car project)", "makerId": "waymo", "country": "United States", "year": 2014, "date": "2014-05", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "ride-hail", "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 40, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Built with no steering wheel or pedals, it gave what Waymo calls the first fully driverless ride on public roads, in Austin in October 2015.", "deployments": "About 50 prototypes tested in Mountain View and Austin until Waymo retired the fleet in June 2017; several are now in museums.", "summary": "A two-seat, purpose-built pod that Google designed in-house to test driving without any manual controls. It was speed-capped at 25 mph and limited to low-speed streets.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-756c0bf332", "hs-9fda688bfd", "hs-6a5f20d81b", "hs-4507ecb6f3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014-05", "event": "Google introduces its purpose-built steering-wheel-free prototype", "url": "https://blog.google/alphabet/just-press-go-designing-self-driving/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Test fleet only; never in paid service" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Mountain View (California) and Austin (Texas), 2015-2017", "since": "2015-10-20", "fleet": "about 50 prototypes when retired (Waymo/press, June 2017)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/waymo-firefly-2014-1.jpg", "author": "Grendelkhan", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waymo_self-driving_car_front_view.gk.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "progress-platform-m-2014", "name": "Platform-M", "maker": "Progress Scientific Research Institute (Izhevsk)", "makerId": "progress-scientific-research-institute", "country": "Russia", "year": 2014, "date": "2014-05-09", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "patrol", "guarding sites", "fire support" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A small tracked armed robot with day/night sensors, shown in Kaliningrad in 2014 for patrol and site-guarding roles.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-76fe8c440a", "hs-fdba4132b3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014-05-09", "event": "Victory Day parade, Kaliningrad (sources differ; June 2014 Baltic Fleet exercise also cited)", "url": "https://defence24.pl/sily-zbrojne/rosja-testuje-nowe-roboty-bojowe-w-kaliningradzie" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Exercise use reported; service status not confirmed" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tracked chassis", "sensors": "Day and night optical sensors and a radar reconnaissance station in a stabilised observation head", "other": "Operator control range reported at about 5-6 km; armed with a machine gun and grenade launchers (as reported)", "sources": [ "hs-76fe8c440a" ] }, "production": { "where": "Izhevsk, Russia (Progress scientific research institute)", "customers": "Russian Baltic Fleet units in Kaliningrad (exercises)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2014-06-20", "title": "Russia tests combat robots in Kaliningrad", "summary": "Defence24 reported Platform-M units arriving in Kaliningrad, appearing in the 9 May parade and used in an anti-terror exercise.", "publisher": "Defence24", "url": "https://defence24.pl/sily-zbrojne/rosja-testuje-nowe-roboty-bojowe-w-kaliningradzie" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Shown as remote-controlled by an operator; any weapon use would need a person to authorise it.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/progress-platform-m-2014-1.jpg", "author": "Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Platforma-M_550.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 550, "h": 390 } }, { "id": "aselsan-kaplan-eod-2014", "name": "KAPLAN EOD robot", "maker": "ASELSAN", "makerId": "aselsan", "country": "Turkey", "year": 2014, "date": "2014-05-22", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "bomb disposal" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": 7, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A tracked bomb-disposal robot with a seven-axis arm, in service with the Turkish Police; the Kaplan family is also used by the Turkish military.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9eebdc2662", "hs-c0d33c83b2", "hs-f4eb223d0b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014-05-22", "event": "KADEX 2014, Astana (already in service with Turkish Police)", "url": "https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-land-defense/land-defense-2014/aselsan-kaplan-kadex-2014-24-press-release-may-2014-uk" }, "released": { "date": "2014", "note": "In Turkish Police service" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tracked platform built for stairs, rock piles, steep slopes, snow and mud", "hands": "Seven-degree-of-freedom manipulator arm for inspecting and disposing of explosives", "sensors": "Surveillance cameras streaming high-resolution live video to the operator control unit, with recording", "software": "Operator control unit with a 3D model of the robot's pose so it can be driven without line of sight", "other": "Suspicious objects can be examined from 500 m or more away", "sources": [ "hs-9eebdc2662", "hs-c0d33c83b2" ] }, "production": { "where": "Turkey (ASELSAN)", "customers": "Turkish Police; Kaplan family also used by the Turkish military" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-07-06", "title": "Kaplan tech underpins Turkish UGV bid", "summary": "Defense News reported ASELSAN based its Aslan entry for a Turkish medium UGV contest on Kaplan technology.", "publisher": "Defense News", "url": "https://www.defensenews.com/unmanned/2021/07/06/four-robotic-vehicles-compete-for-turkish-military-contract/" }, { "date": "2014-05-24", "title": "ASELSAN shows Kaplan EOD robot at KADEX", "summary": "ASELSAN presented the Kaplan bomb-disposal robot, already in Turkish Police service, at KADEX 2014 in Astana.", "publisher": "Army Recognition", "url": "https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-land-defense/land-defense-2014/aselsan-kaplan-kadex-2014-24-press-release-may-2014-uk" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Bomb-disposal teams drive it and control its arm remotely.", "video": { "id": "5kPLsmZSjPg", "title": "Bomba İmha Robotu Kaplan", "channel": "aselsan İnsansız Sistemler" } }, { "id": "savioke-relay-2014", "name": "Relay (originally SaviOne)", "maker": "Savioke (now Relay Robotics)", "makerId": "savioke", "country": "United States", "year": 2014, "date": "2014-08-13", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "hotel room delivery", "hospital delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer", "healthcare" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first hotel delivery robots, introduced as 'Botlr' at Aloft Cupertino in 2014.", "deployments": "Relay Robotics reports more than 1.5 million lifetime deliveries for hotels and hospitals such as Hilton, Marriott and Johns Hopkins.", "summary": "A small upright robot with a lidded bin that rides elevators to bring items to hotel rooms, then phones the guest on arrival.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-5630e365d5", "hs-127b6bfbe5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014-08-13", "event": "Started delivering to guests at Aloft Cupertino", "url": "https://robohub.org/hotel-delivery-robot-debuts-in-silicon-valley" }, "released": { "date": "2014-08-13", "note": "Entered hotel service at Aloft Cupertino" }, "components": { "sensors": "Cameras, lidars and other safety sensors build a live map for path planning", "battery": "Recharges at an on-site dock between deliveries and docks itself when low", "other": "10-gallon lidded bin with removable insert bins; can call and ride networked elevators on its own; top speed about 4 mph at launch", "sources": [ "hs-5630e365d5", "hs-127b6bfbe5" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Relay reports 1.5 million+ lifetime deliveries and 25,000+ a month", "customers": "Hotels: Hyatt, Hilton, Marriott, Sonesta, Embassy Suites, Delta Hotels; hospitals: Johns Hopkins, HCA Healthcare, Dignity Health, BayCare; first hotel was Aloft Cupertino" }, "news": [ { "date": "2014-08-13", "title": "Hotel delivery robot starts work in Cupertino", "summary": "Savioke's robot began delivering amenities to guests at the Aloft Cupertino hotel, riding the elevator on its own.", "publisher": "Robohub", "url": "https://robohub.org/hotel-delivery-robot-debuts-in-silicon-valley" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives itself through hotels and hospitals, rides lifts and delivers items with no one at the controls.", "video": { "id": "Vd3O7rkcj6A", "title": "Savioke's Relay Robot Delivering Goods to Guests at the Crowne Plaza Hotel", "channel": "Relay Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/savioke-relay-2014.jpg", "author": "Savioke", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://relayrobotics.com/relay-delivery-robots-for-hotels", "page": "https://relayrobotics.com/relay-delivery-robots-for-hotels", "kind": "maker", "w": 720, "h": 720 } }, { "id": "dyson-360-eye-2014", "name": "Dyson 360 Eye", "maker": "Dyson", "makerId": "dyson", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2014, "date": "2014-09-04", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "home floor vacuuming" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 1200, "priceNote": "¥149,040 suggested retail in Japan (about $1,200 converted, per Ubergizmo); no price was given at the 2014 unveiling.", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Dyson's first robot vacuum to reach market, using a 360-degree camera to map rooms.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A tall, tank-tracked robot vacuum with a panoramic camera; Dyson's earlier DC06 robot (2001) never went on sale.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c69a08c15a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014-09-04", "event": "Unveiled by James Dyson at a press event in Tokyo", "url": "https://www.computerworld.com/article/1382093/dyson-s-robot-vacuum-takes-aim-at-roomba.html" }, "released": { "date": "2015-10", "note": "Went on sale first in Japan (reported 25-29 October 2015)" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tank-style tracks instead of wheels; Dyson Digital Motor V2 spinning up to 78,000 rpm; Radial Root Cyclone separation.", "sensors": "Top-mounted 360-degree panoramic camera (up to 30 frames per second) for mapping and localisation; infrared obstacle sensors.", "software": "Vision-based SLAM; Dyson Link smartphone app for scheduling and remote control.", "other": "Dyson says development took 16-17 years, about £28 million and more than 200 engineers.", "sources": [ "hs-c69a08c15a", "hs-1afa196aaa", "hs-51b8558463", "hs-930421c4f1" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Launched first in Japan in October 2015 at ¥149,040 (about $1,200); other markets to follow", "where": "Dyson, UK (designed)", "customers": "Consumers" }, "news": [ { "date": "2015-10-29", "title": "360 Eye goes on sale in Japan first", "summary": "OPENERS reported the Japanese launch of the 360 Eye, citing 17 years and £28m of development.", "publisher": "OPENERS", "url": "https://openers.jp/en/design/design_digital/1410317" }, { "date": "2014-09-04", "title": "Dyson unveils 360 Eye in Tokyo", "summary": "Dyson showed its camera-guided robot vacuum, claiming the strongest suction of any robot cleaner.", "publisher": "Computerworld", "url": "https://www.computerworld.com/article/1382093/dyson-s-robot-vacuum-takes-aim-at-roomba.html" }, { "date": "2014-09-04", "title": "Launch plans for 360 Eye", "summary": "City AM reported plans to launch in Japan first, then the UK, Europe, China and Australia.", "publisher": "City AM", "url": "https://www.cityam.com/watch-dyson-unveils-eye360-its-robotic-vacuum-cleaner/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It mapped and vacuumed rooms by itself using its panoramic camera.", "video": { "id": "wPBgm2wbCNY", "title": "The Dyson 360 Eye™ Robot vacuum cleaner.", "channel": "Dyson" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/dyson-360-eye-2014-1.jpg", "author": "Maurizio Pesce from Milan, Italia", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dyson_360_Eye_(15060696919).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "clearpath-jackal-2014", "name": "Jackal", "maker": "Clearpath Robotics (now part of Rockwell Automation)", "makerId": "clearpath", "country": "Canada", "year": 2014, "date": "2014-09-15", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "research platform", "outdoor autonomy research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research", "domain": [ "research", "defence-research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 25, "weightKg": 17, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": 20, "batteryHours": 4, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Widely used in university labs; Clearpath has highlighted projects such as a UC Berkeley robot-learning system built on Jackal (2020).", "summary": "A small, fast, weatherproof four-wheel robot with a built-in computer, GPS and IMU that researchers use to test outdoor autonomy. It began as an affordable portable platform developed under a US Army Research Laboratory contract.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-a6ec7124c3", "hs-621bd3e64c", "hs-31c62fb4c3" ], "canada": "Designed and built by Clearpath Robotics of Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario.", "firstShown": { "date": "2014-09-15", "event": "Launched at IROS 2014 in Chicago", "url": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/blog/2014/09/clearpath-launches-jackal-ugv/" }, "released": { "date": "2014-09", "note": "Still listed as a current product in 2026" }, "components": { "actuators": "High-torque 4x4 electric drivetrain; top speed 2.0 m/s", "hands": "Optional Kinova Gen3 Lite arm", "sensors": "Built-in GPS and IMU; options include SICK TiM551 lidar, 3D lidar, ZED 2 / ZED 2i and Intel RealSense D435 cameras", "compute": "Built-in ROS-ready PC with internal space for extra computing", "battery": "About 4 hours of basic use", "materials": "Aluminium chassis; IP62; operates from -20 to 45 C", "software": "ROS 2 (Jazzy) drivers and API", "other": "20 kg payload; 5 V, 12 V and 24 V payload power", "sources": [ "hs-621bd3e64c", "hs-a6ec7124c3" ] }, "production": { "where": "Waterloo, Ontario, Canada", "customers": "University research labs, e.g. UC Berkeley robot-learning work" }, "news": [ { "date": "2014-09-15", "title": "Clearpath launches Jackal at IROS", "summary": "Clearpath released the small weatherproof Jackal research robot at IROS 2014 in Chicago.", "publisher": "Clearpath Robotics", "url": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/blog/2014/09/clearpath-launches-jackal-ugv/" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "It ships to be driven with a gamepad; researchers add their own software to test outdoor autonomy, so autonomy depends on the user.", "video": { "id": "6SrEEsE8Vb8", "title": "Introducing Jackal UGV!", "channel": "Clearpath Robotics by Rockwell Automation" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/clearpath-jackal-2014.jpg", "author": "Clearpath Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/jackal-small-unmanned-ground-vehicle/", "page": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/jackal-small-unmanned-ground-vehicle/", "kind": "maker", "w": 971, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "mit-cheetah-2-2014", "name": "MIT Cheetah 2", "maker": "MIT Biomimetic Robotics Lab", "makerId": "mit-biomimetic-lab", "country": "United States", "year": 2014, "date": "2014-09-15", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research", "defence-research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first electric quadrupeds to run untethered outdoors; in 2015 it jumped hurdles on its own while running.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An electric research quadruped from Sangbae Kim's lab that bounded untethered outdoors and used a laser to plan jumps over hurdles up to about 40 cm.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-39b5bc1646", "hs-03cded4a1b", "hs-a733fc6ac5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014-09-15", "event": "MIT announced untethered bounding results", "url": "https://news.mit.edu/2014/mit-cheetah-robot-runs-jumps-0915" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "research only" }, "components": { "actuators": "Custom high-torque-density electric motors (designed by Jeffrey Lang) with amplifiers by David Otten; force on the ground is controlled without foot force sensors", "sensors": "Onboard lidar maps obstacles for the jumping algorithm (2015)", "battery": "Battery powered and untethered; capacity not published", "software": "Bounding gait algorithm; three-part lidar-based obstacle detection and jump planning", "other": "Ran up to about 10 mph indoors; cleared obstacles up to 18 inches while running; DARPA funded", "sources": [ "hs-5e64df3575", "hs-a733fc6ac5" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts" }, "news": [ { "date": "2015-05-29", "title": "Cheetah robot jumps hurdles on the run", "summary": "MIT showed Cheetah 2 using lidar to spot and leap obstacles up to 18 inches tall while running untethered.", "publisher": "MIT News", "url": "https://news.mit.edu/2015/cheetah-robot-lands-running-jump-0529" }, { "date": "2014-09-15", "title": "MIT cheetah runs and jumps untethered", "summary": "MIT unveiled a battery-powered cheetah robot that bounded at up to 10 mph using a new bounding algorithm.", "publisher": "MIT News", "url": "https://news.mit.edu/2014/mit-cheetah-robot-runs-jumps-0915" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "In its best-known demonstration it spotted hurdles with lidar and planned and made the jumps by itself; it was also steered by researchers in other runs.", "video": { "id": "_luhn7TLfWU", "title": "MIT cheetah robot lands the running jump", "channel": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mit-cheetah-2-2014.jpg", "author": "MIT Biomimetic Robotics Lab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://news.mit.edu/2015/cheetah-robot-lands-running-jump-0529", "page": "https://news.mit.edu/2015/cheetah-robot-lands-running-jump-0529", "kind": "maker", "w": 948, "h": 632 } }, { "id": "norinco-sharp-claw-1-2014", "name": "Sharp Claw I", "maker": "NORINCO (China North Industries)", "makerId": "norinco", "country": "China", "year": 2014, "date": "2014-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "reconnaissance", "fire support" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": 60, "weightKg": 120, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 9, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 2, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "A December 2021 report (cited by Army Recognition) said 88 were sent to Tibet.", "summary": "A small tracked robot with a light machine gun that can be carried by its larger Sharp Claw II partner. Confirmed in PLA service in 2020.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8d48453138", "hs-2f829b6fd0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2014-11", "event": "Airshow China 2014, Zhuhai", "url": "https://armyrecognition.com/military-products/army/unmanned-systems/unmanned-ground-vehicles/sharp-claw-1-ugv-unmanned-ground-vehicle-china-data-fact-sheet" }, "released": { "date": "2020-04", "note": "PLA Eastern Theatre Command confirmed it in service" }, "components": { "actuators": "Rubber-tracked chassis with an electric motor; about 9 km/h and 6 km range", "sensors": "Electro-optical head with day and infrared night cameras (about 1 km detection)", "other": "120 kg; radio control up to 800 m or 100 m by cable; carries a light machine gun (as reported)", "sources": [ "hs-8d48453138" ] }, "production": { "built": "A December 2021 press report cited by Army Recognition said 88 were sent to Tibet", "customers": "People's Liberation Army (service confirmed April 2020)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-12-29", "title": "Report of Sharp Claw robots sent to Tibet", "summary": "A press report cited by Army Recognition said 88 units went to Tibet, 38 of them to the border region.", "publisher": "Army Recognition", "url": "https://armyrecognition.com/military-products/army/unmanned-systems/unmanned-ground-vehicles/sharp-claw-1-ugv-unmanned-ground-vehicle-china-data-fact-sheet" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Reports say it is driven by a human operator by remote control, with claimed autonomous scouting, and firing needs human permission." }, { "id": "kajima-a4csel-2015", "name": "A4CSEL (Quad Accel) automated machines", "maker": "Kajima Corporation", "makerId": "kajima", "country": "Japan", "year": 2015, "date": "2015", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "dam embankment work", "hauling, spreading and compacting" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "In-house system, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first systems to run fleets of driverless bulldozers, dump trucks and rollers together on dam construction.", "deployments": "Started with automatic vibratory rollers at Gokayama Dam in 2015, then Oita River and Koishiwara River dams; more than ten automated machines of three types cast the Naruse Dam embankment, and it was extended to tunnelling in 2024.", "summary": "Kajima's system that fits standard construction machines with GNSS, gyros, laser scanners and computers so many of them can work on their own under a few operators in a control room. The machines detect people and obstacles and stop and restart automatically.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b3fc20dc02", "hs-64da57d0dd" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015", "event": "First automatic vibratory rollers used at Gokayama Dam", "url": "https://www.kajima.co.jp/english/tech/c_a4csel/index.html" }, "released": { "date": "2015", "note": "Used on Kajima's own projects" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kajima-a4csel-2015.jpg", "author": "Kajima Corporation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.kajima.co.jp/tech/c_a4csel/index.html", "page": "https://www.kajima.co.jp/tech/c_a4csel/index.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 570 } }, { "id": "iit-hyq2max-2015", "name": "HyQ2Max", "maker": "Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)", "makerId": "istituto-italiano-di-tecnologia", "country": "Italy", "year": 2015, "date": "2015", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 91.8, "weightKg": 80, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 5.4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A tougher, higher-torque redesign of HyQ with a larger joint range and no added weight. Speed and size come from a review table that cites IIT papers.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-fa0995a2f0", "hs-0a4a77c4d5", "hs-9482de254d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015", "event": "IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics paper", "url": "https://iris.unitn.it/handle/11572/365670" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "research only" }, "components": { "actuators": "Hydraulic joint actuators with much higher joint torque and larger range of motion than HyQ, at no overall weight cost", "compute": "On-board computer, protected inside the structure", "materials": "7000-series aerospace aluminium torso and legs, tubular roll frames, glass-fibre/Kevlar covers protecting hydraulics and electronics", "sources": [ "hs-0a4a77c4d5" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "IIT Dynamic Legged Systems lab, Genoa, Italy" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers commanded its movement while its controllers handled balance, recovery and rough terrain.", "video": { "id": "wEXkWj5NSyI", "title": "HyQ2Max: the robot you can't keep down", "channel": "Dynamic Legged Systems lab (IIT DLS, @DynamicLeggedSystemslab)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/iit-hyq2max-2015.jpg", "author": "Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://dls.iit.it/web/dynamic-legged-systems/hyq2max", "page": "https://dls.iit.it/web/dynamic-legged-systems/hyq2max", "kind": "maker", "w": 530, "h": 400 } }, { "id": "mir-mir100-2015", "name": "MiR100", "maker": "Mobile Industrial Robots (MiR, Teradyne)", "makerId": "mobile-industrial-robots", "country": "Denmark", "year": 2015, "date": "2015", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "moving goods inside factories and hospitals" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 100, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "MiR's first product and one of the robots that made collaborative autonomous mobile robots a mainstream factory tool.", "deployments": "First units produced and sold in 2015; Teradyne bought MiR in April 2018.", "summary": "The first robot from Odense start-up MiR: a small autonomous cart that maps a site and drives around people to deliver parts, later fitted with a hook to tow carts. It was followed by the MiR200 (2017) and replaced by the MiR250 and is no longer on MiR's product list.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-64296e78b3", "hs-6152c46a79", "hs-65441f0d7b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015", "event": "First MiR100 robots produced and sold (MiR company history)", "url": "https://mobile-industrial-robots.com/about/mir-history" }, "released": { "date": "2015", "note": "Upgraded as MiR200 in April 2017; MiR Hook towing add-on in 2016; not listed among current MiR robots in 2026" }, "components": { "sources": [ "hs-64296e78b3" ] }, "production": { "built": "First units produced and sold in 2015", "where": "Odense, Denmark" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It maps a site and drives itself around people to deliver parts.", "video": { "id": "FvinRNMWJpU", "title": "MiR100 with UR cobot arm at SGIMRI", "channel": "Mobile Industrial Robots" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/mir-mir100-2015-1.jpg", "author": "This picture belongs to Xavier Caré.\nPlease credit : Xavier Caré / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA.\nIf you would like speci", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Innorobo_2015_-_Mobile_Industrial_Robots_-_MiR100.JPG", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 903 } }, { "id": "milrem-themis-2015", "name": "THeMIS", "maker": "Milrem Robotics (majority-owned by EDGE Group)", "makerId": "milrem", "country": "Estonia", "year": 2015, "date": "2015", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "transport", "casualty evacuation", "IED disposal", "remote weapon carrier" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "heightCm": 116, "weightKg": 1815, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 20, "payloadKg": 750, "batteryHours": 1.5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Estonian THeMIS in Mali (2019, Operation Barkhane) was an early combat-zone deployment of a European military robot.", "deployments": "Acquired by 20 nations including 8 NATO members; maker says it is deployed in Ukraine.", "summary": "A mid-sized tracked robot that carries loads and equipment for dismounted soldiers and can mount weapons, sensors or EOD kit. Bought by 20 countries.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-2f11cb92eb", "hs-af84e61876", "hs-8c4fc2950b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015", "event": "First THeMIS concept exhibited at DSEI in London", "url": "https://milremrobotics.com/milrem-robotics-introduces-the-new-generation-multi-purpose-unmanned-ground-vehicle/" }, "released": { "date": "2019", "note": "Upgraded version at DSEI 2019; deployed by Estonia to Mali in 2019" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tracked; hybrid diesel engine and generator, or battery-electric; up to 20 km/h", "sensors": "Lidars, 1080p cameras, LED and IR lights", "battery": "Up to 1.5 h on battery or up to 15 h in hybrid mode", "software": "Maker cites intelligent functions and AI for autonomy", "other": "1,815 kg; 750 kg payload; modules for cargo, casualty evacuation, route clearance, EOD, ISR, counter-drone and remote weapon stations", "sources": [ "hs-2f11cb92eb", "hs-af84e61876", "hs-2822097f39" ] }, "production": { "built": "Tallinn plant can make over 500 THeMIS a year", "sold": "Acquired by 20 nations including 8 NATO members", "where": "Tallinn, Estonia; second line with VDL Defentec in Born, Netherlands (2026); Hanwha to produce locally in Australia", "customers": "Estonia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, the UK and the US; Ukraine" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-10-07", "title": "Hanwha to build and sell THeMIS in Australia", "summary": "Hanwha Aerospace bought two THeMIS and agreed to market, produce and support it in Australia and New Zealand.", "publisher": "Milrem Robotics", "url": "https://milremrobotics.com/hanwha-and-milrem-robotics-expand-cooperation-on-unmanned-ground-systems-in-south-korea-australia-and-new-zealand/" }, { "date": "2026-06-04", "title": "Dutch-built THeMIS handed over for Ukraine", "summary": "Milrem and VDL Defentec delivered the first THeMIS from a new line in Born, part of a Dutch-funded programme of more than 100 for Ukraine.", "publisher": "Milrem Robotics", "url": "https://milremrobotics.com/milrem-robotics-and-vdl-defentec-hand-over-first-ugvs-intended-for-ukraine/" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/milrem-themis-2015.jpg", "author": "Milrem Robotics", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:THeMIS_5th_generation_UGV.jpg", "article": "File:THeMIS 5th generation UGV.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 333 }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Mostly driven by an operator by remote control; it also offers follow-me and waypoint modes, and any mounted weapon needs a person to fire." }, { "id": "invia-robotics-picker-2015", "name": "inVia Picker", "maker": "inVia Robotics", "makerId": "invia", "country": "United States", "year": 2015, "date": "2015", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "retrieving totes from warehouse shelves" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 65, "weightKg": 62, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 8, "payloadKg": 18, "batteryHours": 10, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A warehouse robot with a scissor lift that rises to about 2.4 m and a suction gripper that pulls totes of up to 18 kg off shelves and carries them to packers, directed by AI planning software.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-394e6890c3", "hs-cf88db2cb4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015", "event": "Year (exact first showing not found)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Hot-swappable batteries, about 10 h per battery" }, "components": { "actuators": "Wheeled base (about 8 km/h) with a scissor lift from 65 cm to 244 cm", "hands": "Suction-cup retrieval system that pulls totes of up to 18 kg", "sensors": "Industrial global-shutter cameras", "battery": "Hot-swappable batteries, about 10 hours each", "other": "62 kg", "sources": [] }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Directed by planning software, it drives to shelves, pulls totes and carries them to packers by itself.", "video": { "id": "OGoQVBeLoEM", "title": "inVia Robotics' Picker Robots at Work", "channel": "inVia Robotics (@inViaRobotics)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/invia-robotics-picker-2015.jpg", "author": "inVia Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://inviarobotics.com/our-system/invia-picker-robots/", "page": "https://inviarobotics.com/our-system/invia-picker-robots/", "kind": "maker", "w": 900, "h": 922 } }, { "id": "construction-robotics-sam100-2015", "name": "SAM100 (Semi-Automated Mason)", "maker": "Construction Robotics", "makerId": "construction", "country": "United States", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-02", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "construction", "bricklaying" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1497, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "About $500,000 (2017 press report); available to buy or lease", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Described as the first commercially available bricklaying robot for on-site masonry; it won the Most Innovative Product award at World of Concrete 2015.", "deployments": "Used on Clark Construction's Lab School in Washington, DC and in 2018 laid over 60,000 of 100,000 bricks on the University Arts Building at the University of Nevada, Reno.", "summary": "A propane-powered robot that works from the scaffold beside the wall, applies mortar and sets bricks at about 150 per hour (350 per hour for the 2017 OS 2.0 update), with masons working alongside. The maker's current site no longer lists it.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-347dc78d7c", "hs-99360e0e13", "hs-19acc645a7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-02", "event": "Launched at World of Concrete, Las Vegas", "url": "https://builtworlds.com/news/retooled-robotic-mason-brings-added-might-to-sites/" }, "released": { "date": "2015-02", "note": "SAM100 OS 2.0 debuted January 2017; weight cut from 4,500 lb to 3,300 lb during development" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/construction-robotics-sam100-2015.jpg", "author": "Construction Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20171018042226im_/http://www.construction-robotics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/SAM-on-HM-works-on-new-Marriott-in-Cranberry-Springs-PA.jpg", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20171018042226im_/http://www.construction-robotics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/SAM-on-HM-works-on-new-Marriott-in-Cranberry-Springs-PA.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-spot-classic-2015", "name": "Spot (now called Spot Classic)", "maker": "Boston Dynamics", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-02", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "military trials" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "defence-research", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 72.5, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "prototype, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Boston Dynamics' first electrically powered hydraulic quadruped, usable indoors; its kick-recovery video went viral.", "deployments": "US Marine Corps training exercises in September 2015.", "summary": "A 72.5 kg electric-hydraulic quadruped, smaller and quieter than BigDog. It was later renamed Spot Classic when the electric Spot arrived.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-56138f12bf", "hs-1e8fa9b571", "hs-f9b0f313d5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-02", "event": "Boston Dynamics YouTube video", "url": "https://www.i-programmer.info/news/169-robotics/8270-spot-is-boston-dynamics-new-robot-qdogq.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "never sold" }, "components": { "actuators": "Electrically powered, hydraulically actuated legs; a battery runs the hydraulic pump", "sensors": "Sensor head with a Velodyne lidar and stereo vision", "other": "About 160 lb (72.5 kg)", "sources": [ "hs-56138f12bf" ] }, "production": { "built": "Prototype", "sold": "not sold", "customers": "US Marine Corps tested it in exercises in 2015" }, "news": [ { "date": "2015-02-10", "title": "Boston Dynamics introduces Spot", "summary": "Boston Dynamics revealed Spot, a smaller electric-hydraulic quadruped with lidar and stereo vision.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/spot-is-boston-dynamics-nimble-new-quadruped-robot" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "An operator steered it with a handheld controller while it kept its own balance over rough ground.", "video": { "id": "M8YjvHYbZ9w", "title": "Introducing Spot Classic (previously Spot)", "channel": "Boston Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/boston-dynamics-spot-classic-2015.jpg", "author": "Boston Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://bostondynamics.com/about/history/", "page": "https://bostondynamics.com/about/history/", "kind": "maker", "w": 940, "h": 628 } }, { "id": "oregon-state-atrias-2015", "name": "ATRIAS", "maker": "Oregon State University Dynamic Robotics Laboratory", "makerId": "oregon-state-university-dynamic-laboratory", "country": "United States", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-03", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research into fast, efficient bipedal walking" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.8, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A tether-free spring-mass biped modelled on running birds whose work led to Agility Robotics' Cassie.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A human-height research biped ('Assume The Robot Is A Sphere') with springy, bird-like legs and no upper body, built to test fast and energy-efficient walking. It walked outdoors in April 2015 at a little over 3 mph and was shown at the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a770aad10d", "hs-d3a66888f7", "hs-c7c5f3ece0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-03", "event": "Press coverage ahead of the DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals (earliest dated public source found; lab work began earlier under a four-year, $4.7 million DARPA grant)", "url": "https://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2015/0315/Bipedal-robot-training-to-become-world-s-fastest" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research robot, not sold; design paper published in IJRR, June 2016" }, "components": { "actuators": "Spring-mass leg design (tether-free, 3D-capable) modelled on running birds", "sources": [ "hs-a770aad10d" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Oregon State University, Corvallis" }, "news": [ { "date": "2015-06-05", "title": "ATRIAS live demonstration at the DARPA Robotics Challenge", "summary": "Oregon State listed an ATRIAS live demonstration at the DARPA Robotics Challenge in Pomona, California, on June 5–6, 2015.", "publisher": "Oregon State University", "url": "https://research.oregonstate.edu/sites/research.oregonstate.edu/files/unmanned_handout-final-links_2.pdf" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers commanded its walking speed while its controller produced stable walking and maintained balance under pushes and impacts.", "video": { "id": "YFEJvb8iM7A", "title": "ATRIAS: An Agile and Efficient Bipedal Robot", "channel": "Dynamic Robotics and AI Lab (DRAIL)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/oregon-state-atrias-2015.jpg", "author": "Oregon State University Dynamic Robotics Laboratory", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://news.oregonstate.edu/sites/news.oregonstate.edu/files/styles/fluid_webp/public/a2_0.jpg.webp?itok=oQ8QwSVK", "page": "https://news.oregonstate.edu/sites/news.oregonstate.edu/files/styles/fluid_webp/public/a2_0.jpg.webp?itok=oQ8QwSVK", "kind": "maker", "w": 655, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "delphi-automated-car-2015", "name": "Delphi automated driving car (coast-to-coast)", "maker": "Delphi Automotive", "makerId": "delphi-automotive", "country": "United States", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-04", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research-vehicle", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "In April 2015 it became the first automated vehicle to cross North America, driving San Francisco to New York with the computer in control for about 99% of the distance.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A Delphi research car fitted with its automated driving system to test long-distance highway automation.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-39fa58c5ff" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-04", "event": "San Francisco to New York drive", "url": "https://www.aptiv.com/en/newsroom/article/delphi-successfully-completes-first-coast-to-coast-automated-drive" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "US interstates, San Francisco to New York (2015)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "easymile-ez10-gen1-2015", "name": "EZ10 (first generation)", "maker": "EasyMile", "makerId": "easymile", "country": "France", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-04", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": 275, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 14, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Grew out of the EU CityMobil2 project and ran the first autonomous passenger shuttle route in North America at Bishop Ranch in December 2016.", "deployments": "Short trials from December 2015 in Singapore, then Appelscha (2016), San Ramon (2016), Taipei and Tallinn (2017) and Denver (2017).", "summary": "EasyMile's first small electric driverless shuttle, about 4 m long, seating six with room for four standing or a wheelchair. Later generations replaced it.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c7e9d64b28", "hs-2a1bf7b6f1", "hs-320276eea1", "hs-87662a71ff" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-04", "event": "EasyMile launch of the EZ10", "url": "https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/57047/dot_57047_DS1.pdf" }, "released": { "date": "2015", "note": "Leased or sold to operators; no public price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Singapore Gardens by the Bay (Dec 2015), Appelscha and Wageningen (Netherlands), San Ramon Bishop Ranch (from Dec 2016), Taipei (NTU, 2017), Tallinn (2017), Denver (from Dec 2017), Darwin, Dubai, Helsinki, San Sebastian, Lausanne, Sophia Antipolis and Bordeaux", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/easymile-ez10-gen1-2015-1.jpg", "author": "Spoorjan", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EZ10-99-49-III.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 638 } }, { "id": "fetch-robotics-fetch-2015", "name": "Fetch", "maker": "Fetch Robotics (Zebra Technologies)", "makerId": "fetch", "country": "United States", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-04", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "picking items from shelves", "mobile manipulation research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 149.1, "weightKg": 113.3, "dof": 11, "speedKmh": 3.6, "payloadKg": 6, "batteryHours": 9, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Under $100,000 (CEO, 2015)", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "One of the first commercial mobile manipulators aimed at warehouse picking, widely adopted as a ROS research robot.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A wheeled robot with a rising torso, a pan-tilt head camera and a 7-joint arm that lifts 6 kg, able to reach from the floor to just under 2 m. It shared a charging dock and fleet software with the Freight base.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-df2f472472" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-04", "event": "Detailed by IEEE Spectrum ahead of Q2 2015 shipping (announced February 2015)", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/fetch-robotics-introduces-fetch-and-freight-your-warehouse-is-now-automated" }, "released": { "date": "2015", "note": "Zebra Technologies bought Fetch Robotics in 2021; Zebra's current product menu (checked 2026-10-10) no longer lists mobile robots, so the line is treated as discontinued, but no end-of-sale notice was found" }, "components": { "actuators": "Differential-drive base with a rising torso", "hands": "7-DoF back-drivable arm lifting 6 kg, reaching from floor to just under 2 m; modular gripper with ISO interface and its own Ethernet link", "sensors": "PrimeSense 3D sensor on a pan-tilt head; SICK laser scanner (25 m range) for navigation", "battery": "Self-charges at a shared dock (20-minute top-ups, 3-hour deep cycles)", "software": "Built on ROS, with mapping, semantic labelling and multi-robot task allocation", "sources": [ "hs-df2f472472" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Shipping from Q2 2015 at under $100,000 (CEO)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2015-04-29", "title": "Fetch Robotics details Fetch and Freight", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum described the new warehouse mobile manipulator and its base, due to ship in Q2 2015.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/fetch-robotics-introduces-fetch-and-freight-your-warehouse-is-now-automated" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It navigates by itself with lasers and docks to charge; its arm tasks were programmed by users, often researchers.", "video": { "id": "Eyibv4yAngA", "title": "Fetch Research Robot Introduction", "channel": "Fetch Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/fetch-robotics-fetch-2015.jpg", "author": "Fetch Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190530055938/http://fetchrobotics.com/", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190530055938/http://fetchrobotics.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 720, "h": 480 } }, { "id": "fetch-robotics-freight-2015", "name": "Freight (Freight100)", "maker": "Fetch Robotics (Zebra Technologies)", "makerId": "fetch", "country": "United States", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-04", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "moving materials in warehouses and factories", "following workers" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 35.6, "weightKg": 68, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": 100, "batteryHours": 9, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Under a third of Fetch's price (IEEE Spectrum, 2015)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A low autonomous base that carries totes and carts between stations, later sold as Freight100. It shares Fetch's laser navigation and docking and can follow a person.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-df2f472472" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-04", "event": "Detailed by IEEE Spectrum ahead of Q2 2015 shipping", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/fetch-robotics-introduces-fetch-and-freight-your-warehouse-is-now-automated" }, "released": { "date": "2015", "note": "Zebra Technologies bought Fetch Robotics in 2021; Zebra's current product menu (checked 2026-10-10) no longer lists mobile robots, so the line is treated as discontinued, but no end-of-sale notice was found" }, "components": { "actuators": "Differential drive; about 2 m/s comfortably, up to 3 m/s", "sensors": "SICK laser scanner (25 m range); can follow a human picker by vision without beacons", "battery": "Self-charges at a shared dock", "software": "ROS-based fleet software", "other": "Carries about 70 kg comfortably", "sources": [ "hs-df2f472472" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Priced under a third of Fetch (2015)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2015-04-29", "title": "Freight base revealed", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum detailed Freight, the cheaper autonomous base sold alongside Fetch.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/fetch-robotics-introduces-fetch-and-freight-your-warehouse-is-now-automated" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives itself between stations carrying totes and carts, and can also follow a person.", "video": { "id": "2blLpuHPVhc", "title": "Fetch & Freight - Autonomous Mobile Robots", "channel": "Fetch Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/fetch-robotics-freight-2015.jpg", "author": "Fetch Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200511214317/https://fetchrobotics.com/freight100-base/", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200511214317/https://fetchrobotics.com/freight100-base/", "kind": "maker", "w": 885, "h": 794 } }, { "id": "russia-uran-6-2015", "name": "Uran-6", "maker": "Russian defence industry (maker not confirmed in sources)", "makerId": "russian-defence-industry", "country": "Russia", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "mine clearance" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Syria; Nagorno-Karabakh (December 2020); Ukraine, where one was reported destroyed by a mine.", "summary": "A remote-controlled tracked demining robot with blades and flails. Used in Syria, in Nagorno-Karabakh in 2020 and in Ukraine.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c56754c514", "hs-a6c8857c45", "hs-4ac7b9e44e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-05", "event": "Officially presented (Defence24); entered service 2014", "url": "https://defence24.pl/wojna-na-ukrainie-raport-specjalny-defence24/rosyjski-robot-rozminowujacy-zniszczony-od-miny" }, "released": { "date": "2014", "note": "In Russian service from 2014; 12 more ordered 2019" }, "components": { "sensors": "Four HD video cameras for all-round view", "other": "Remote control up to 800 m; derived from the DOK-ING MV-4 mine-clearing design (technology transfer)", "sources": [ "hs-a6c8857c45", "hs-c56754c514" ] }, "production": { "built": "Russian MoD said in 2019 it would buy 12 more", "customers": "Russian armed forces and the Russian International Mine Action Centre (Syria, Nagorno-Karabakh)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-12-08", "title": "Uran-6 clears mines in Nagorno-Karabakh", "summary": "Russian sappers used Uran-6 for the first time in Nagorno-Karabakh, checking about 8 hectares near Khojaly.", "publisher": "Joint Forces News", "url": "https://www.joint-forces.com/world-news/38474-uran-6-robot-operationally-deployed-in-nagorno-karabakh" }, { "date": "2019-02-04", "title": "Russia orders a dozen demining robots", "summary": "Russia's defence ministry said it would acquire 12 more Uran-6 robots after use in Syria.", "publisher": "C4ISRNET", "url": "https://c4isrnet.com/unmanned/2019/02/04/russia-orders-a-dozen-new-demining-robots" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/russia-uran-6-2015.jpg", "author": "Ministry of Defense of Russia", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sapper_robot_Uran-6.jpg", "article": "File:Sapper robot Uran-6.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 333 }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "An operator drives it and works its demining tools remotely from a safe distance." }, { "id": "knightscope-k5-2015", "name": "K5", "maker": "Knightscope", "makerId": "knightscope", "country": "United States", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-05-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "security patrol", "surveillance" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "security", "domain": [ "security", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 158.8, "weightKg": 180.5, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.8, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "NYPD subway pilot leased at US$9 per hour (NYC Mayor's Office, September 2023).", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "NYPD trialled a K5 in the Times Square subway station in 2023; the pilot had ended by early 2024.", "summary": "A bullet-shaped outdoor security robot about 1.6 m tall that patrols car parks, malls and campuses, recording video and reading licence plates.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4a3e2a75fe", "hs-2366d33334", "hs-64bf9c3d66", "hs-7a3e785f84" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-05-04", "event": "First K5 deployment", "url": "https://knightscope.com/blog/built-for-the-real-world-how-the-k5-robot-handles-weather-people-and-parking-lots?hs_amp=true" }, "released": { "date": "2015", "note": "Rented as a service" }, "components": { "sensors": "Video cameras, thermal imaging, laser range finder, radar, air-quality sensors and a wireless signal detector", "battery": "Patrols and recharges autonomously", "other": "About 1.5 m tall; patrols at 1-3 mph", "sources": [ "hs-4a3e2a75fe", "hs-2366d33334", "hs-7a3e785f84" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Rented as a service (about $7 per hour)", "customers": "Clients have included Microsoft, Uber, Juniper Networks, the Sacramento Kings, NBC Universal, LaGuardia Airport and Pechanga Resort Casino; NYPD subway pilot 2023" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-02-02", "title": "NYPD ends K5 subway trial", "summary": "The NYPD's leased K5 finished its test run at the Times Square subway station and was taken out of use.", "publisher": "ABC7 New York", "url": "https://abc7ny.com/nypd-robot-security-k5-subway-patrol/14381116/" }, { "date": "2022-01-27", "title": "Knightscope begins trading publicly on NASDAQ", "summary": "Knightscope announced that its common stock would begin Nasdaq trading on January 27, 2022 under the ticker KSCP.", "publisher": "Knightscope press release via Security Info Watch", "url": "https://www.securityinfowatch.com/perimeter-security/robotics/ground-based/press-release/21255280/knightscopes-technologies-provide-real-time-access-to-detections-from-a-fleet-of-mobile-ground-level-eyes-and-ears-knightscope-begins-trading-publicly-on-nasdaq" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/knightscope-k5-2015.jpg", "author": "Votpuske", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Knightscope_security_robot_-_K5.jpg", "article": "File:Knightscope security robot - K5.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 586 }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It patrols set areas by itself, while security staff watch its alerts and video remotely." }, { "id": "freightliner-inspiration-truck-2015", "name": "Freightliner Inspiration Truck", "maker": "Daimler Trucks North America", "makerId": "daimler-trucks-north-america", "country": "United States", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-05-05", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "freight", "demonstration" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Daimler said Nevada's licence made it the first autonomous commercial truck licensed for an open US public highway (5 May 2015).", "deployments": "Logged over 10,000 test miles before Nevada licensed it; it was a demonstrator, not a product.", "summary": "A Freightliner Cascadia-based demonstrator with Daimler's Highway Pilot system, which steered and kept speed on highways while a licensed driver stayed behind the wheel.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-fae397fee8", "hs-331cbd91f9", "hs-fc8a699daf" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-05-05", "event": "Unveiled at Hoover Dam, Nevada", "url": "https://www.vehicleservicepros.com/home/press-release/12071474/daimler-trucks-north-america-freightliner-inspiration-truck-unveiled-at-hoover-dam" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Demonstrator only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Nevada public highways (licensed testing)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/freightliner-inspiration-truck-2015-1.jpg", "author": "NearEMPTiness", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Freightliner_at_IAA_2016.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "fbr-hadrian-105-2015", "name": "Hadrian 105", "maker": "Fastbrick Robotics (now FBR Ltd)", "makerId": "fastbrick", "country": "Australia", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-06", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "construction", "bricklaying", "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": "In September 2016 it built what FBR called the world's first multi-room block structure from a 3D CAD model with no human intervention.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Demonstrator for FBR's truck-mounted bricklaying robot, finished in May 2015 and laying about 225 bricks per hour. It proved the concept for Hadrian X.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-32c7f5d8de" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-06", "event": "Hadrian 105 prototype completed by the June 2015 investor presentation", "url": "https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20150624/pdf/42zcrnj7yq2by9.pdf" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Demonstrator only" }, "autonomy": "autonomous" }, { "id": "sarcos-guardian-s-2015", "name": "Guardian S", "maker": "Sarcos Robotics (now Palladyne AI)", "makerId": "sarcos", "country": "United States", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-08", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "inspection", "surveillance", "search and rescue", "bomb squad support" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "snake", "domain": [ "public-safety", "industrial", "inspection", "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 13.2, "weightKg": 7.7, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 2.2, "payloadKg": 4.5, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 50000, "priceNote": "Base (non-magnetic) model reported at roughly $50,000-60,000 (Officer.com, 2017)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Marketed by Sarcos as the first commercially available, energetically autonomous snake robot.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A portable, two-ended tracked snake robot that climbs stairs and steel walls and squeezes through pipes and culverts, streaming video from six cameras. Weight figures vary across sources (about 3.6-7.7 kg).", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-221a117b81", "hs-8ec4918b52", "hs-1b980e41a1", "hs-b94ca974fb" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-08", "event": "Announced for the National Tactical Officers Association conference", "url": "https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2015/08/sarcos-to-unveil-snakelike-guardian-s-unmanned-ground-vehicle/" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "Commercial version listed for 2017; now discontinued (no longer on Palladyne AI's product list)." }, "components": { "actuators": "Two linked tracked bodies with rubber treads; climbs 45-degree stairs; 3-3.5 mph (1.25 mph with optional magnetic tracks for climbing steel walls)", "sensors": "Four multiplexed cameras for 360-degree view, night vision, LED lights, FLIR 320x256 thermal camera, rear navigation camera, GPS, IMU, accelerometer, magnetometer; two-way audio", "battery": "About 18 hours standby or 3-4 miles of travel", "materials": "IP67, waterproof to about 3 ft and floats; survives 6 ft drops and chemical decontamination", "other": "About 13 lb, 52 in long; Wi-Fi, radio (about 1,500 ft line of sight), 4G or optional 750 ft fibre tether; two sensor bays", "sources": [ "hs-8ec4918b52" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Base model reported at roughly $50,000-60,000", "customers": "Aimed at police and public-safety agencies" }, "news": [ { "date": "2017-09-13", "title": "Guardian S profiled for police use", "summary": "Officer.com described the backpack-portable snake robot's cameras, comms options and wall-climbing variant.", "publisher": "Officer.com", "url": "https://www.officer.com/article/12357000/the-portable-guardian-s-surveillance-and-tactical-robot-watches-climbs-walls-and-even-swims" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Operators inspected hazardous areas remotely, receiving real-time video, voice and data from its cameras and sensors.", "video": { "id": "5GJjY03ISqo", "title": "Sarcos Guardian® S Remote Visual Inspection Robot", "channel": "Palladyne AI (formerly Sarcos) (@PalladyneAI)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/sarcos-guardian-s-2015.jpg", "author": "Sarcos (now Palladyne AI)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sarcos-to-debut-first-of-its-kind-snake-robot-300132816.html", "page": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sarcos-to-debut-first-of-its-kind-snake-robot-300132816.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "yutong-autonomous-bus-2015", "name": "Yutong autonomous city bus (2015 road test)", "maker": "Yutong Bus", "makerId": "yutong-bus", "country": "China", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-08-29", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "public transit", "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "public-transit", "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 68, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "test vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Yutong describes its August 2015 Zhengzhou-Kaifeng run as the first open-road trial of a self-driving full-size bus; that claim comes from the maker.", "deployments": "One 32.6 km trial run on Zhengzhou-Kaifeng Avenue in Henan on 29 August 2015, passing 26 sets of traffic lights.", "summary": "A full-size Yutong city bus fitted with lidar, cameras and radar that changed lanes, overtook and obeyed traffic lights on its own during a public-road trial, reaching 68 km/h. A person stayed aboard and the bus could be switched to manual mode.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-36d38e9101", "hs-97c2ade7a1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-08-29", "event": "Public trial run between Zhengzhou and Kaifeng, Henan", "url": "https://www.inverse.com/article/6742-china-is-testing-out-a-self-driving-bus" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "demonstration only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Zhengzhou-Kaifeng Avenue, Henan (single trial, Aug 2015)", "since": null, "fleet": "1 test bus (Yutong, 2015)", "usage": "32.6 km trial run (Yutong via Inverse, Oct 2015)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/yutong-autonomous-bus-2015.jpg", "author": "Yutong Bus", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://en.yutong.com/af-res/res/content/clone/page/content/img/2015IBKCjHF7im.jpg", "page": "https://en.yutong.com/af-res/res/content/clone/page/content/img/2015IBKCjHF7im.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 500, "h": 333 } }, { "id": "irobot-roomba-980-2015", "name": "Roomba 980", "maker": "iRobot", "makerId": "irobot", "country": "United States", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-09-16", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "home floor vacuuming" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "iRobot's first Roomba with camera-based mapping (vSLAM), cleaning in rows instead of randomly.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Sixth-generation Roomba that builds a map of the home with a camera and connects to an app.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-25c56b9d02" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-09-16", "event": "Announced; U.S. and Canadian sales began September 17, 2015", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/2015-09-16-iRobot-Enters-the-Smart-Home-with-Roomba-980-Vacuum-Cleaning-Robot" }, "released": { "date": "2015-09", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Upward-facing camera for visual SLAM (iAdapt 2.0) and downward infrared floor-tracking sensor", "software": "iAdapt 2.0 vSLAM navigation; iRobot HOME app over Wi-Fi; later Amazon Echo integration", "sources": [ "hs-25c56b9d02" ] }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It built a visual map while independently cleaning a home, returning to recharge and resume until cleaning was finished.", "video": { "id": "QZ604UGWQoM", "title": "Colin Angle introduces iRobot Roomba 980 Robot Vacuum in NYC | Roomba® 900 series | iRobot", "channel": "iRobot (@irobot)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/irobot-roomba-980-2015.jpg", "author": "iRobot", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://media.irobot.com/2015-09-16-iRobot-Enters-the-Smart-Home-with-Roomba-980-Vacuum-Cleaning-Robot", "page": "https://media.irobot.com/2015-09-16-iRobot-Enters-the-Smart-Home-with-Roomba-980-Vacuum-Cleaning-Robot", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 784 } }, { "id": "otto-motors-otto-1500-2015", "name": "OTTO 1500", "maker": "OTTO Motors (Clearpath Robotics, now Rockwell Automation)", "makerId": "otto-motors", "country": "Canada", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-09-23", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving pallets and heavy loads in factories and warehouses", "assembly-line delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": 1900, "batteryHours": 10, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Clearpath billed it at launch as the world's first self-driving vehicle for intralogistics, navigating by mapping rather than floor tape or beacons.", "deployments": "General Electric was the first customer, and OTTO was already working in five test facilities when it was announced in 2015.", "summary": "A heavy-duty self-driving cart with a welded steel frame and safety lidar front and rear that moves pallets and large loads around factories without fixed guides. It was rated for 1,500 kg at launch; the maker's site now lists up to 1,900 kg, with about 10 hours of runtime per charge.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-2d90dba478", "hs-82ceac3bb7", "hs-a9065f7ab7" ], "canada": "Built by Clearpath Robotics / OTTO Motors of Kitchener, Ontario.", "firstShown": { "date": "2015-09-23", "event": "Launched by Clearpath Robotics as 'OTTO' after two years of development (the 1500 name matches its payload rating)", "url": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/blog/2015/09/introducing-otto-the-worlds-first-self-driving-vehicle-for-intralogistics/" }, "released": { "date": "2015", "note": "Became part of the OTTO Motors brand in 2016; still listed in 2026 alongside OTTO 100, 600, 1200 and Lifter" }, "components": { "actuators": "Differential-drive wheels; 2.0 m/s top speed at launch with zero turning radius", "sensors": "Two corner lidars with 360-degree coverage plus two forward and two rear 3D cameras", "battery": "Lithium-ion; about 10 hours (90% to 10%), 60-minute charge", "software": "OTTO Fleet Manager", "other": "1,500 kg payload; conveyor and lift tops available; meets ISO 3691-4, RIA R15.08-1 and ANSI B56.5", "sources": [ "hs-82ceac3bb7", "hs-2d90dba478" ] }, "production": { "customers": "General Electric was the first customer (2015)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2015-09-23", "title": "Clearpath launches OTTO", "summary": "Clearpath introduced OTTO, a self-driving cart for 1,500 kg loads, already in five test facilities.", "publisher": "Clearpath Robotics", "url": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/blog/2015/09/introducing-otto-the-worlds-first-self-driving-vehicle-for-intralogistics/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives itself around factories carrying heavy loads under fleet software, with no fixed guides.", "video": { "id": "5lwZddbRhC4", "title": "OTTO 1500 in action", "channel": "OTTO by Rockwell Automation" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/otto-motors-otto-1500-2015.jpg", "author": "OTTO Motors", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://ottomotors.com/1500/", "page": "https://ottomotors.com/1500/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "navya-arma-2015", "name": "Arma (later Autonom Shuttle)", "maker": "Navya", "makerId": "navya", "country": "France", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-10", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 45, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first purpose-built driverless electric shuttles sold in series, and the most widely trialled shuttle of the late 2010s.", "deployments": "Ran trials from 2016 in places such as Lyon, Perth, Neuhausen am Rheinfall, Las Vegas and Ann Arbor, usually with an operator on board.", "summary": "A small battery-electric shuttle with no steering wheel, built in France and carrying up to about 15 people at low speed on fixed routes. It was later renamed Autonom Shuttle and replaced by the Evo version.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-fcf3311a0f", "hs-17db5e6885", "hs-ba0962b64a", "hs-6f8c6ba5f3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-10", "event": "Product introduction by Navya", "url": "https://landtransportguru.net/navya-autonom-shuttle/" }, "released": { "date": "2015", "note": "Sold to operators and cities; no public price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Trials in Lyon Confluence (2016), Perth (2016), Neuhausen am Rheinfall (2016-2021), Sion, Las Vegas (2017), Ann Arbor (University of Michigan, from 2016), Christchurch Airport (2017), Singapore (NTU), Doha, Masdar City, Cologne, Bordeaux, Val Thorens, Salford and Fukushima Daini (private site)", "since": null, "fleet": "About 170 Navya shuttles sold worldwide between September 2015 and June 2020 (Transbus)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/navya-arma-2015-1.jpg", "author": "Spoorjan", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Navya_Arma_1-III.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 664 } }, { "id": "zpmc-lift-agv-qingdao-2015", "name": "ZPMC L-AGV lift AGV (Qingdao Qianwan)", "maker": "ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries)", "makerId": "zpmc", "country": "China", "year": 2015, "date": "2015-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "container moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "ports", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "A lift-equipped AGV design that decouples the vehicles from the yard cranes.", "deployments": "ZPMC supplied 38 L-AGVs for the first phase (two berths, 1.5 million TEU a year) of Qingdao's automated terminal (2015 order).", "summary": "An automated guided vehicle with its own lifting platform, so it can drop containers on yard racks without waiting for a crane. ZPMC built it for Qingdao Port's first automated terminal at Qianwan.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1a039d708f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2015-10", "event": "ZPMC order for Qingdao Port automated terminal phase 1", "url": "https://worldcargonews.com/?p=10126" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Qingdao Qianwan automated container terminal, Qingdao, China", "since": null, "fleet": "38 L-AGVs for phase 1 (World Cargo News, Oct 2015); current count not found", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "anybotics-anymal-2016", "name": "ANYmal (first generation)", "maker": "ETH Zurich / ANYbotics", "makerId": "eth-zurich", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "inspection", "research", "disaster response" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research", "industrial", "inspection" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 70, "weightKg": 30, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 3.6, "payloadKg": 10, "batteryHours": 4, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "The robot that spun out ANYbotics in 2016 to sell legged inspection robots.", "deployments": "Tested on offshore platforms and in sewers; ANYmal B units were sold to research labs.", "summary": "A 30 kg, IP67 electric quadruped with series-elastic joints, built for inspection in rough terrain. Its battery lasted 2-4 hours.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c8b5023d56", "hs-20a0ce05a6", "hs-685db72487" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "ETH Zurich / ANYbotics introduction", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "research and pilot units; ANYmal B sold to labs" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 ANYdrive series-elastic electric actuators (720 W peak each), sealed, with hollow shafts", "sensors": "Joint position and torque sensing, IMUs, stereo camera, lidar, microphone; optional head with 30x zoom camera, thermal camera, ultrasound microphone and gas sensor", "compute": "Three Intel Core i7 computers (locomotion, navigation, mission)", "battery": "Swappable lithium-ion pack (about 650 Wh), 2-4 hours", "materials": "Carbon fibre, aluminium and 3D-printed parts; IP67", "other": "30 kg; about 3.6 km/h", "sources": [ "hs-c8b5023d56" ] }, "production": { "customers": "Research users including ETH Zurich and the University of Oxford; offshore North Sea trials" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It was shown carrying out inspection rounds by itself on offshore and industrial sites, and could also be steered remotely.", "video": { "id": "jR066mQvclw", "title": "ANYmal Walk Trot Climb", "channel": "Robotic Systems Lab: Legged Robotics at ETH Zürich (@leggedrobotics)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/anybotics-anymal-2016.jpg", "author": "ETH Zurich / ANYbotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://rsl.ethz.ch/robots-media/anymal.html", "page": "https://rsl.ethz.ch/robots-media/anymal.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "cruise-chevrolet-bolt-av-2016", "name": "Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt EV)", "maker": "Cruise (General Motors)", "makerId": "cruise", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Won the first California approval to charge fares for driverless robotaxi rides, in San Francisco in June 2022.", "deployments": "Driverless testing in San Francisco from December 2020 and public rides from February 2022; expanded to Phoenix and Austin before all driverless work stopped in October 2023 and GM ended the programme in December 2024.", "summary": "Modified Chevrolet Bolt EVs, built in three generations, the later ones at GM's Orion plant. They ran Cruise's robotaxi service until a pedestrian-drag crash led California to suspend its permits.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-02ce3ccccd", "hs-e5694b1446", "hs-cd5304ea46", "hs-5c5e3f62b9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "Cruise begins testing Bolt-based AVs in San Francisco", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2022-06", "note": "California allowed paid driverless rides in parts of San Francisco" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "San Francisco, Phoenix, Austin (ended 2023); testing in other US cities", "since": "2020-12", "fleet": "about 100 robotaxis in San Francisco (September 2022); recall covered 950 vehicles (November 2023)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/cruise-chevrolet-bolt-av-2016-1.jpg", "author": "Dietmar Rabich", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:San_Francisco_(CA,_USA),_Point_Lobos_Avenue,_Autonomes_Auto_--_2022_--_3049.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "naio-dino-2016", "name": "Dino", "maker": "Naio Technologies", "makerId": "naio", "country": "France", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "vegetable weeding" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A straddling weeding robot for large vegetable beds that Naio calls a pioneer of autonomous weeding; it has been replaced by Orio.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-ba94917385", "hs-849b5f93c8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "Introduced by Naio (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.naio-technologies.com/en/dino/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Succeeded by Orio" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/naio-dino-2016.jpg", "author": "Naio Technologies", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.naio-technologies.com/en/dino/", "page": "https://www.naio-technologies.com/en/dino/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "lely-discovery-collector-2018", "name": "Discovery Collector", "maker": "Lely", "makerId": "lely", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2018, "date": "2016", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "manure collection", "barn cleaning" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A barn-cleaning robot that collects manure from solid floors; a later C2 version followed.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-9cffdb7ab4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "Discovery Collector launched", "url": "https://www.lely.com/campaigns/discovery20years/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Collector C2 followed" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/lely-discovery-collector-2018-1.jpg", "author": "Eppenga", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lely_Discovery_Collector.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 800, "h": 533 } }, { "id": "agrobot-e-series", "name": "E-Series strawberry harvester", "maker": "Agrobot", "makerId": "agrobot", "country": "Spain", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "strawberry harvesting" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A strawberry harvester from a Spanish-American company; Agrobot claims it can save 30% of labour.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-aff194cdf6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "Public showing (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.agrobot.com/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Sites in Spain and California" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/agrobot-e-series.jpg", "author": "Agrobot", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/fef459_b6aec8d5b37642b1b658ce7634a2a58c~mv2.png", "page": "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/fef459_b6aec8d5b37642b1b658ce7634a2a58c~mv2.png", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 367 } }, { "id": "boeing-echo-voyager-2016", "name": "Echo Voyager", "maker": "Boeing", "makerId": "boeing", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "long-endurance undersea missions", "technology demonstration" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "underwater", "domain": [ "research", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 14.4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Company demonstrator, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Basis for the US Navy's Orca extra-large uncrewed undersea vehicle.", "deployments": "Pool-tested in early 2016; from May 2018 Boeing tested fully autonomous deep-sea missions.", "summary": "A 16 m extra-large AUV designed for missions of up to six months and 12,100 km, running on batteries underwater and recharging with a diesel generator at the surface, and operating on its own without a host ship.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-da8b4b788c", "hs-ee4e5f7b48" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "Onshore pool testing", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Off Southern California (test missions)", "since": "2018-05", "fleet": "1", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 12100 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/boeing-echo-voyager-2016-1.jpg", "author": "US Navy", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_Echo_Voyager_UUV_%3Da.png", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_Echo_Voyager_UUV_%3Da.png", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 429 } }, { "id": "gnius-guardium", "name": "Guardium", "maker": "G-NIUS (Israel Aerospace Industries and Elbit Systems joint venture)", "makerId": "g-nius", "country": "Israel", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "border patrol" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "security" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1400, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 80, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A wheeled robotic patrol vehicle used by the Israel Defense Forces along the Gaza border.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1d005b0799" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "First public showing date not established; Guardium was described in contemporary reporting on 3 July 2006", "url": "https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-1000108461" }, "released": { "date": "2016-04", "note": "Joint venture programme ended April 2016; IDF kept vehicles in service" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/gnius-guardium-1.jpg", "author": "https://www.flickr.com/people/45644610@N03", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Israeli_Made_Guardium_UGV_(1).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "hai-robotics-haipick-2016", "name": "HaiPick ACR", "maker": "Hai Robotics", "makerId": "hai", "country": "China", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "goods-to-person case and tote picking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Hai Robotics says HaiPick was the world's first autonomous case-handling robot (company claim).", "deployments": "Hai Robotics reported more than 1,000 projects in over 30 countries by October 2023.", "summary": "A tall mobile robot that climbs its own mast to grab individual totes or cartons from high shelving, instead of moving whole racks.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f6d489b05d", "hs-57c56a27d2", "hs-8317c7ba13" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "Hai Robotics founded in Shenzhen and HaiPick developed (sources give 2015 or 2016)", "url": "https://www.logisticsmatters.co.uk/article/rocketing-robotic-growth-for-hai/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Launch year disputed between 2015 and 2016" }, "components": { "hands": "Built-in fork/handling unit that grabs totes or cartons; the A42 holds eight payloads per trip", "other": "About 1 m wide; picks up to 5.2 m high (A42)", "sources": [ "hs-f6d489b05d", "hs-8317c7ba13" ] }, "production": { "sold": "500+ projects worldwide by August 2022", "where": "Shenzhen, China", "customers": "WINIT, ANTA, Panasonic, Arvato, ITOCHU, Mettler Toledo, Maersk, Philips, Kohler, New Balance and others named by Hai" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-08-27", "title": "HaiPick Climb passes 10,000 contracted robots", "summary": "Hai said more than 10,000 of its rack-climbing HaiClimber robots were contracted across projects in 12 countries.", "publisher": "Hai Robotics", "url": "https://www.hairobotics.com/news/haipick-climb-reaches-10000-robot-milestone-across-global-customer-projects" }, { "date": "2022-08-31", "title": "Hai Robotics grows in the UK", "summary": "Logistics Matters reported 500+ HaiPick projects and a 100-robot WINIT site in the UK.", "publisher": "Logistics Matters", "url": "https://www.logisticsmatters.co.uk/article/rocketing-robotic-growth-for-hai/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives itself to shelves and climbs its mast to fetch totes, directed by warehouse software.", "video": { "id": "OO_CvaOiO24", "title": "HaiPick A42N The World's First Carton-picking ACR", "channel": "Hai Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hai-robotics-haipick-2016.jpg", "author": "Hai Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.hairobotics.com/products/haipick-a42", "page": "https://www.hairobotics.com/products/haipick-a42", "kind": "maker", "w": 670, "h": 900 } }, { "id": "knightscope-k3-2016", "name": "K3", "maker": "Knightscope", "makerId": "knightscope", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "indoor security patrol" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "security", "domain": [ "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A smaller indoor version of Knightscope's patrol robot.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-43e862749c", "hs-7a3e785f84" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "K3 announced at ISC West in 2016", "url": "https://www.roboticmagazine.com/domestic-industrial/indoor-autonomous-security-robot" }, "released": { "date": "2016", "note": "Offered as a service" }, "components": { "other": "Smaller indoor version of Knightscope's autonomous patrol robot", "sources": [ "hs-43e862749c" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Offered as a subscription service" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It patrols indoor areas by itself, while security staff watch its alerts remotely.", "video": { "id": "jsFdFPDRnjM", "title": "This Robot Could Help Prevent Crime", "channel": "The Wall Street Journal (@wsj)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/knightscope-k3-2016.jpg", "author": "Knightscope", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://knightscope.com/blog/post/securing-americas-healthcare-centers", "page": "https://knightscope.com/blog/post/securing-americas-healthcare-centers", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 999 } }, { "id": "locus-robotics-origin-2016", "name": "Locus Origin", "maker": "Locus Robotics", "makerId": "locus", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "order picking assistance", "carrying totes to packing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 157.5, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 36, "batteryHours": 14, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Mainly offered as robots-as-a-service; no list price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its 'robots come to the picker' model became one of the most widely deployed warehouse AMR approaches after Amazon took Kiva in-house.", "deployments": "Locus reports more than 20,000 robots across 360+ sites in 20+ countries and over 8 billion picks (all models combined).", "summary": "A tall, narrow robot carrying totes or bins with an iPad screen on top that drives to each shelf location, where a warehouse worker places the item, then takes the order to packing. It carries up to 36 kg and runs up to 14 hours per charge.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d205978b34", "hs-ee90e81263", "hs-1feabfd409" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "First enterprise deployments of Locus's original picking robot (later branded Locus Origin); company founded 2014 by the Quiet Logistics team", "url": "https://locusrobotics.com/company/about-us/" }, "released": { "date": "2016", "note": "Exact date the 'Origin' name was adopted not found" }, "components": { "sensors": "Multi-sensor, camera-based navigation", "battery": "Up to 14 hours; about 50 minutes to charge", "software": "LocusONE fleet software; iPad interface in 40+ languages", "other": "36 kg payload; 51.8 x 57.9 x 157.5 cm; carries totes, bins, cartons or shelves", "sources": [ "hs-d205978b34", "hs-ee90e81263" ] }, "production": { "built": "More than 22,000 Locus robots in the global fleet, all models (October 2026)", "sold": "Locus reports 150+ customers at 360+ sites", "customers": "Carhartt, MSK Pharma (63 robots), DHL Supply Chain" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-10-06", "title": "Locus ranked top AMR vendor in the Americas", "summary": "Interact Analysis ranked Locus first by Americas AMR revenue for a second year; Locus cites 22,000+ robots and 8.5 billion picks.", "publisher": "Locus Robotics", "url": "https://locusrobotics.com/news/locus-robotics-no-1-amr-provider-revenue/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives itself to each pick location and on to packing, while workers place the items in its totes.", "video": { "id": "MDKPRkcknRA", "title": "Locus Robotics - How it works", "channel": "Locus Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/locus-robotics-origin-2016.jpg", "author": "Locus Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://locusrobotics.com/platform/locus-origin/", "page": "https://locusrobotics.com/platform/locus-origin/", "kind": "maker", "w": 608, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "ghost-robotics-minitaur-2016", "name": "Minitaur", "maker": "Ghost Robotics", "makerId": "ghost", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 10000, "priceNote": "US$10,000 retail (company figure)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Showed that cheap direct-drive motors without gearboxes could power an agile legged robot.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A small direct-drive quadruped from Dan Koditschek's lab at the University of Pennsylvania that climbed stairs and fences and opened doors. It weighed just over 11 lb.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5de879f5da", "hs-511b075f7b", "hs-a69154e727" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters paper / IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/ghost-robotics-minitaur-quadruped" }, "released": { "date": "2016", "note": "sold to researchers" }, "components": { "actuators": "Direct-drive electric motors with no gearbox or springs; the motors double as contact and force sensors", "sensors": "IMU; proprioception through the motors (touchdown felt within about 5 ms); optional laser line scanner", "materials": "Rigid aluminium leg struts", "other": "About 5 kg", "sources": [ "hs-5de879f5da" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Small batches at US$10,000 (2016)", "customers": "Research labs" }, "news": [ { "date": "2016-09-19", "title": "Ghost Robotics shows Minitaur", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum covered the direct-drive Minitaur climbing stairs and opening doors, priced at $10,000.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/ghost-robotics-minitaur-quadruped" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers steered it with a remote control while its direct-drive legs and controller handled balance, stairs and jumps.", "video": { "id": "_YrWX9ez3jM", "title": "Ghost Robotics Early Direct-Drive Prototypes: Provocative Outdoor Behaviors Sep-2016", "channel": "Ghost Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ghost-robotics-minitaur-2016.jpg", "author": "Ghost Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.ghostrobotics.io/about-us", "page": "https://www.ghostrobotics.io/about-us", "kind": "maker", "w": 866, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "smp-robotics-s5-2016", "name": "S5 security robot", "maker": "SMP Robotics", "makerId": "smp", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "outdoor security patrol", "surveillance" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "security", "domain": [ "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Deployed at a US shopping and warehouse centre; offered on operating lease in Singapore.", "summary": "An all-weather autonomous outdoor patrol robot with panoramic and zoom cameras that follows set routes and returns to charge by itself.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-a8319bb208", "hs-573903c1a2", "hs-f3a47538a2", "hs-b8ddd4e788" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "S5 datasheet published / US pre-market tests", "url": "https://smprobotics.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/SMP-Robotics-S5-Rover.pdf" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "S5 HD, S5.1 and S5.2 variants followed" }, "components": { "software": "Autonomous route patrol; RAD added AI functions for its US units", "sources": [ "hs-f3a47538a2" ] }, "production": { "where": "Assembled and distributed in North America by Robotic Assistance Devices (RAD)", "customers": "A large US shopping and warehouse centre (2017)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2017-12-01", "title": "S5.1 deployed at US shopping centre", "summary": "SMP Robotics said an S5.1 was patrolling the perimeter and car park of a large US shopping and warehouse centre.", "publisher": "SMP Robotics", "url": "https://smprobotics.com/usa/california/smp-robotics-s5-1-robot-deployed-shopping-warehouse-center-enhance-security-intelligent-monitoring/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It patrols set outdoor routes by itself and returns to charge, with guards watching its camera alerts.", "video": { "id": "crD-RtG1OKM", "title": "SMP S5 Security Robots", "channel": "SMP Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/smp-robotics-s5-2016.jpg", "author": "SMP Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://smprobotics.com/products_autonomous_ugv/security-patrol-robot/", "page": "https://smprobotics.com/products_autonomous_ugv/security-patrol-robot/", "kind": "maker", "w": 886, "h": 515 } }, { "id": "uc-berkeley-salto-2016", "name": "Salto / Salto-1P", "maker": "UC Berkeley Biomimetic Millisystems Lab (Justin Yim, Ronald Fearing)", "makerId": "uc-berkeley-biomimetic-millisystems-lab", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research", "jumping locomotion" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 0.1, "dof": 4, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A one-legged jumping robot able to bounce off walls and chain jumps, steering itself in mid-air with a tail and thrusters.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A 118-gram monopod that jumps up to 1.25 m and does most of its control while airborne. Salto-1P is the later, untethered version.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4b738a5d9c", "hs-3a317674ab", "hs-86c84b1c5d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "Salto introduced by UC Berkeley", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research robot; small but historically notable for agility." }, "components": { "actuators": "Brushless DC motor (modified Scorpion S-1804) driving the leg through a latex series-elastic torsion spring and linkage; reaction-wheel tail; two propeller thrusters on Salto-1P", "sensors": "InvenSense MPU6000 IMU and magnetic encoders on leg, tail and motor", "compute": "ImageProc 2.5 board with a dsPIC33 microcontroller; ground station runs ROS or Python", "battery": "14.8 V, 220 mAh lithium pack, about 12 minutes", "materials": "Carbon-fibre honeycomb and tubes, cast polyurethane, aluminium gears, 3D-printed parts", "other": "0.118 kg, 31 cm tall; jumps up to 1.25 m", "sources": [] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "UC Berkeley" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers steered its jumps with commands while it controlled its own balance and landing, at first using external motion capture.", "video": { "id": "xvIk39rkkiU", "title": "SALTO - Berkeley's leaping robot", "channel": "UC Berkeley" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/uc-berkeley-salto-2016.jpg", "author": "UC Berkeley Biomimetic Millisystems Lab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ronf/Biomimetics.html", "page": "https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ronf/Biomimetics.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 924, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "starship-delivery-robot-2016", "name": "Starship delivery robot", "maker": "Starship Technologies", "makerId": "starship", "country": "Estonia", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "sidewalk food and grocery delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 38, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 6.4, "payloadKg": 9.1, "batteryHours": 18, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold; delivery service", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The largest sidewalk delivery fleet: first robot operator to pass 10 million autonomous deliveries (April 2026).", "deployments": "Passed 8 million deliveries in April 2025 and 10 million in April 2026, with more than 3,000 robots at 300+ locations in eight countries.", "summary": "A six-wheeled, cooler-sized robot that drives on sidewalks at walking pace, climbs curbs and carries up to about three shopping bags. Founded by Skype co-founders Ahti Heinla and Janus Friis.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-83039a24b9", "hs-bb5acecc8a", "hs-9a9ef977ba", "hs-ad5d3af317", "hs-f045c26867" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "European public delivery pilots announced with Just Eat, Pronto, Hermes and Metro Group", "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/starship-robots-just-eat-hermes-pronto/" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "Commercial services from 2017" }, "components": { "actuators": "Six wheels on a bogie that climbs kerbs; winter wheels for snow", "sensors": "12 cameras including time-of-flight, radar and ultrasonic sensors", "compute": "Safety-critical functions run on the robot so it keeps working if the link drops", "battery": "Proprietary battery, up to 18 hours; wireless charging overnight", "software": "Level 4 autonomy with neural networks; remote assistants on standby", "other": "Insulated, locked cargo bay for about three shopping bags, opened by the customer's phone; siren and tracking if tampered with", "sources": [ "hs-83039a24b9", "hs-9a9ef977ba" ] }, "production": { "built": "More than 3,000 robots (April 2026)", "sold": "Not sold; delivery service", "customers": "Uber Eats, Bolt, foodora, Just Eat, S Group, 65+ US campuses; 300+ locations in 8 countries" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-04-28", "title": "Starship passes 10 million deliveries", "summary": "Starship said it had made 10 million autonomous deliveries with 3,000+ robots in eight countries.", "publisher": "Starship Technologies", "url": "https://www.starship.xyz/press/autonomous-delivery-moves-into-the-mainstream-as-starship-technologies-passes-10-million-deliveries/" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/starship-delivery-robot-2016.jpg", "author": "Oregon State University", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MGL0333.jpg", "article": "Starship Technologies", "w": 500, "h": 357 }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives itself along sidewalks to customers, with remote staff able to help in tricky spots." }, { "id": "dogtooth-strawberry-robot-2016", "name": "Strawberry harvesting robot (Generation 5)", "maker": "Dogtooth Technologies", "makerId": "dogtooth", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "strawberry picking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Dogtooth says its robots have harvested commercially on 10 customer sites over 10 seasons.", "summary": "A strawberry-picking robot for glasshouse and polytunnel tabletop crops, now in its fifth generation.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-220f100bca" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "Development start with UK and Australian growers, 2016 (per Dogtooth)", "url": "https://dogtooth.tech/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Generation 5 on sale" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/dogtooth-strawberry-robot-2016.jpg", "author": "Dogtooth Technologies", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://dogtooth.tech", "page": "https://dogtooth.tech", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "magazino-toru-2016", "name": "TORU", "maker": "Magazino (a Jungheinrich company)", "makerId": "magazino", "country": "Germany", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "order picking of shoe boxes and cartons", "warehouse shelf picking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 193, "weightKg": 235, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5.4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 9, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Magazino lists customers including Zalando, ASICS, Fiege, BMW Group and Bosch for its picking robots.", "summary": "A mobile picking robot with a telescoping tower (193 cm, extending to 291 cm) and a suction gripper that pulls boxes of up to 5.8 kg from shelves 8-250 cm high and stores up to 16 in its own backpack shelf. It navigates by SLAM with about 60 sensors and can run up to 20 hours a day.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-09189f80a1", "hs-8f8ee0cb75", "hs-c3c62069bb", "hs-5e20dad0e8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "Year given (exact first public showing not found)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Eight iterations were built in the first year after the original TORU; still offered by Magazino in 2026" }, "components": { "hands": "Suction gripper on a telescoping tower (193-291 cm) reaching shelves up to 2.5 m; boxes up to 5.8 kg, up to 16 carried at once", "sensors": "About 60 sensors including front and rear laser scanners, 2D and 3D cameras and bumpers", "compute": "Custom computer and control system with Wi-Fi", "battery": "Lithium iron battery pack, about 9 hours", "software": "ACROS robot operating system linked to the warehouse management system", "other": "235 kg; 5.4 km/h", "sources": [ "hs-8f8ee0cb75" ] }, "production": { "where": "Munich area, Germany (Magazino, a Jungheinrich company)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It navigates the warehouse and picks boxes from shelves by itself.", "video": { "id": "1j-RhPENu88", "title": "Advanced Robotics - mobile picking robots for warehouses by MAGAZINO", "channel": "Magazino - a Jungheinrich company" } }, { "id": "saga-robotics-thorvald-2016", "name": "Thorvald", "maker": "Saga Robotics", "makerId": "saga", "country": "Norway", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "UV-C disease treatment", "crop counting" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Saga says it treats about 30% of UK tabletop strawberries and about 2,500 acres of US vines, and began a six-robot pilot with Bonterra in California in April 2026.", "summary": "A light electric robot that controls mildew on strawberries and grapevines with UV-C light instead of chemicals while counting flowers and fruit.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-adc14a2a29" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "Saga Robotics founding (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://sagarobotics.com/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Commercial UV-C service in the UK and US" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/saga-robotics-thorvald-2016.jpg", "author": "Saga Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://main-bvxea6i-kdsvgmpf4iwws.eu-5.platformsh.site/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_16_9/public/thorvald_ii.jpg?h=0e9be250&itok=0aSJnVmq", "page": "https://main-bvxea6i-kdsvgmpf4iwws.eu-5.platformsh.site/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_16_9/public/thorvald_ii.jpg?h=0e9be250&itok=0aSJnVmq", "kind": "maker", "w": 880, "h": 495 } }, { "id": "gecko-robotics-wall-climbing-inspection-robots-2016", "name": "Wall-climbing inspection robots", "maker": "Gecko Robotics", "makerId": "gecko", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "inspection", "boiler and tank inspection", "ship inspection" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "inspection", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "about $50,000-$100,000 per robot (TechCrunch, 2018)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Magnetic climbing robots that replaced scaffolding for ultrasonic inspection of power-plant boilers.", "deployments": "Working with several US power plants by 2016; later inspected ships and flight decks for the US Navy and Air Force.", "summary": "Pittsburgh-founded Gecko's robots cling to steel boilers, tanks and pipelines with magnetic adhesion and scan wall thickness with ultrasonic sensors. The company now sells its data platform, Cantilever, alongside the robots.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-0cb7e8c8f5", "hs-f14ccca72f", "hs-f27b3b76d7", "hs-a8f2d40d2a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016", "event": "Robots in use at US power plants (company founded 2013)", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2018/08/20/safety-and-inspection-bot-startup-gecko-robotics-adds-7-million-to-the-coffers" }, "released": { "date": "2016", "note": "Model names (e.g. TOKA series) not confirmed on the sources used. Overlaps with inspection-robot coverage." }, "components": { "actuators": "Magnetic wheels for climbing steel; vacuum adhesion on concrete and other non-magnetic surfaces", "software": "Cantilever data platform; AI analysis of corrosion rate, remaining life and repair needs", "other": "Robots about the size of a rolling suitcase", "sources": [ "hs-f14ccca72f", "hs-f27b3b76d7" ] }, "production": { "built": "About 150 robots operating at customer sites (2024)", "customers": "US Navy, US Air Force, Siemens, ADNOC, Mitsubishi, Georgia-Pacific, Marathon, HF Sinclair, power plants" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-03-17", "title": "Gecko signs $71M Navy deal", "summary": "Gecko announced a $71 million agreement with the US Navy aimed at cutting ship maintenance delays.", "publisher": "Gecko Robotics", "url": "https://www.geckorobotics.com/" }, { "date": "2025-11-01", "title": "Gecko signs three ADNOC agreements", "summary": "Gecko agreed with ADNOC on AI, robotics expansion and training in the UAE.", "publisher": "Gecko Robotics", "url": "https://www.geckorobotics.com/" }, { "date": "2024-04-17", "title": "Fortune profiles Gecko's founding", "summary": "Fortune traced Gecko from a college project to a company valued above $600 million with about 150 robots in the field.", "publisher": "Fortune", "url": "https://fortune.com/2024/04/17/gecko-founding-jake-loosararian-robots-infrastructure-environment-y-combinator" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Trained field operators drive the robots over steel surfaces with a joystick, usually on a tether, while sensors collect inspection data.", "video": { "id": "_cBBGWhjAMU", "title": "Gecko Robotics | Power Generation", "channel": "Gecko Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/gecko-robotics-wall-climbing-inspection-robots-2016.jpg", "author": "Gecko Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190711175608/https://www.geckorobotics.com/", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190711175608/https://www.geckorobotics.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "ehang-eh184-2016", "name": "EHang 184", "maker": "EHang", "makerId": "ehang", "country": "China", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-01", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "passenger air taxi", "research" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "air-taxi", "domain": [ "mobility", "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 200, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 100, "payloadKg": 100, "batteryHours": 0.4, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; demonstrator", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Shown at CES 2016 as the first passenger drone, a single-seat electric multicopter meant to fly a person with no pilot aboard.", "deployments": "The EHang 184 had completed over 1,000 test flights with and without passengers by February 2018 (Air University/CASI, 2018); EHang co-founder Derrick Xiong reported 30–40 aircraft built by July 2018 (Vertical Flight Society, 2018).", "summary": "A one-seat, eight-rotor electric aircraft that navigates automatically on a planned route, so the passenger needs no piloting skill; the rider can only order it to stop and hover. It was the forerunner of the certified EH216-S.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-014300657f", "hs-ccbb9ced40" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-01", "event": "CES 2016, Las Vegas", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "never sold; replaced by the EH216 series" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "test flights in China", "since": "2016", "fleet": "30 to 40 built by July 2018 (Vertical Flight Society, Electric VTOL News, 2018)", "usage": "Thousands of test flights since EHang was founded in 2014 (EHang, February 2018)", "rangeKm": 16 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/ehang-eh184-2016-1.jpg", "author": "Alex Butterfield", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passenger_Drone.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "irobot-braava-jet-2016", "name": "Braava jet", "maker": "iRobot", "makerId": "irobot", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-03", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "mopping hard floors" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 200, "priceNote": "About $200 at launch, iRobot's cheapest robot at the time (IEEE Spectrum)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A small, square mopping robot that sprays water and scrubs with a vibrating head, reading which disposable wet, damp or dry pad is fitted and ejecting it at the push of a button. It navigated with its bumper, wheel sensors and a gyro and covered up to about 200 sq ft per run.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a655418bde", "hs-e7d336ea0f", "hs-3914aff583" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-03", "event": "Announced by iRobot, covered by IEEE Spectrum on 16 March 2016", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/irobot-braava-jet-mopping-robot" }, "released": { "date": "2016", "note": "Sold as the Braava jet 240; replaced by the larger app-connected Braava jet m6 (2019), which is the only Braava on iRobot's US store in October 2026." }, "components": { "hands": "Vibrating mopping head with wet, damp or dry disposable pads; the robot reads the pad type from cut patterns on the back", "sensors": "Bumper, wheel odometry and gyro", "battery": "Removable lithium-ion battery with wall charger", "other": "Sprays water ahead of the pad; covers up to about 200 sq ft per run", "sources": [ "hs-a655418bde" ] }, "production": { "sold": "US$200 at launch" }, "news": [ { "date": "2016-03-16", "title": "iRobot launches $200 Braava jet", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum reviewed iRobot's small spray-mopping robot, its cheapest robot at the time.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/irobot-braava-jet-mopping-robot" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "After a person attached a cleaning pad and pressed CLEAN, it automatically selected the appropriate mopping or sweeping routine.", "video": { "id": "BBY8kybtKms", "title": "How to Use the iRobot Braava jet® | Braava® Jet 240 | iRobot®", "channel": "iRobot (@irobot)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/irobot-braava-jet-2016.jpg", "author": "iRobot", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://media.irobot.com/2016-03-15-iRobot-Grows-Consumer-Product-Lineup-with-Braava-jet-Mopping-Robot", "page": "https://media.irobot.com/2016-03-15-iRobot-Grows-Consumer-Product-Lineup-with-Braava-jet-Mopping-Robot", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 710 } }, { "id": "norinco-sharp-claw-2-2016", "name": "Sharp Claw II", "maker": "NORINCO (China North Industries)", "makerId": "norinco", "country": "China", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-03-15", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "transport", "reconnaissance", "carrier for Sharp Claw I" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1000, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 30, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 4, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A one-tonne 6x6 wheeled robot that can carry the smaller Sharp Claw I in its cargo bay.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9ea83f7dbd" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-03-15", "event": "ISNR 2016, Abu Dhabi", "url": "https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-land-defense/land-defense-2016/norinco-presents-its-sharp-claw-2-unmanned-ground-vehicle-at-isnr-2016-51503161" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Service status not confirmed" }, "components": { "actuators": "6x6 wheels driven by an electric motor and batteries; up to 30 km/h", "battery": "About 4 hours of operation; 50 km combat radius", "other": "1,000 kg combat weight", "sources": [ "hs-9ea83f7dbd" ] }, "news": [ { "date": "2016-03-15", "title": "Norinco shows Sharp Claw II in Abu Dhabi", "summary": "Norinco displayed the 6x6 Sharp Claw II at the ISNR 2016 security show.", "publisher": "Army Recognition", "url": "https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-land-defense/land-defense-2016/norinco-presents-its-sharp-claw-2-unmanned-ground-vehicle-at-isnr-2016-51503161" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "The maker says it can drive itself and carry out tasks alone or alongside soldiers, under an operator's direction; it can also be remote-controlled." }, { "id": "otto-motors-otto-100-2016", "name": "OTTO 100", "maker": "OTTO Motors (Clearpath Robotics, now Rockwell Automation)", "makerId": "otto-motors", "country": "Canada", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-03-23", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving parts and materials in factories" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 150, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Rockwell Automation bought Clearpath and OTTO in September 2023 in a deal valued at over $600 million.", "summary": "The smallest robot in the OTTO family of self-driving material carriers; siblings carry 600 kg, 1,200 kg and more.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-f9c786a647", "hs-a9065f7ab7" ], "canada": "Built by Clearpath Robotics of Kitchener, Ontario.", "firstShown": { "date": "2016-03-23", "event": "OTTO Motors announces OTTO 100, expanding its self-driving industrial vehicle range", "url": "https://ottomotors.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/clearpath-expands-line-of-self-driving-vehicles-for-industry/" }, "released": { "date": "2016", "note": "" }, "components": { "sources": [ "hs-f9c786a647" ] }, "production": { "customers": "OTTO customers include General Electric, John Deere and Toyota" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives itself around facilities carrying small loads under fleet software.", "video": { "id": "raMA5INpfhk", "title": "Automate your cart workflows with OTTO 100", "channel": "OTTO by Rockwell Automation" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/otto-motors-otto-100-2016.jpg", "author": "OTTO Motors", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://ottomotors.com/100/", "page": "https://ottomotors.com/100/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "darpa-leidos-sea-hunter-2016", "name": "Sea Hunter (ACTUV)", "maker": "Leidos for DARPA (built by Christensen Shipyards and Vigor Industrial)", "makerId": "leidos", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-04-07", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "anti-submarine tracking", "surveillance", "naval experimentation" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "research", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 145000, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 50, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Military programme, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The first ship built under DARPA's ACTUV programme to trail submarines for months with no one aboard; slated with Seahawk to form the US Navy's first operational medium USV division in 2026.", "deployments": "Open-ocean trials from June 2016, handed to the Office of Naval Research in 2018, took part in RIMPAC 2022 with Nomad and Ranger.", "summary": "A 40 m trimaran that patrols on its own, using radar and cameras to avoid obstacles and other ships under 'sparse supervisory control', where a remote operator oversees but does not steer. It is unarmed; any future weapons decisions would stay with a human.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8895f94b6f", "hs-a23ba88e15" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-04-07", "event": "Christening in Portland, Oregon", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Navy test asset; first operational USV division planned for 2026" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "US Pacific (San Diego, Pearl Harbor, RIMPAC exercise areas)", "since": "2016-06", "fleet": "1 vessel (plus sister Seahawk)", "usage": "Used in fleet exercises in 2022 and 2023 (The Defense Post, Jan 2026)", "rangeKm": 18520 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/darpa-leidos-sea-hunter-2016-1.jpg", "author": "U.S. Navy/John F. Williams", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_Hunter_gets_underway_on_the_Willamette_River_following_a_christening_ceremony_in_Portland,_Ore._(25702146834).jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_Hunter_gets_underway_on_the_Willamette_River_following_a_christening_ceremony_in_Portland,_Ore._(25702146834).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "unitree-xdog-2016", "name": "XDog", "maker": "Wang Xingxing / Unitree Robotics", "makerId": "unitree", "country": "China", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-06", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "The student-built prototype whose viral videos led to Unitree, which went on to drive robot-dog prices sharply down.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A robot dog Wang Xingxing built during his master's studies (2013-2016), with his own motor drives and leg designs. Its videos spread widely in June 2016 and Unitree was founded soon after.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-dbc37b4fb7", "hs-c3de8a642f", "hs-272dabc72a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-06", "event": "Viral XDog videos", "url": "https://shop.unitree.com/pages/about-us" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "prototype only" }, "components": { "actuators": "Self-designed drive electronics with permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) and single-leg design", "sources": [ "hs-dbc37b4fb7" ] }, "production": { "built": "Prototype only", "sold": "not sold" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Its builder steered it with a remote control while its own controller handled balance and walking.", "video": { "id": "4QaANF4JWQs", "title": "XDog (Year 2014) leg driven by the outrunner brushless motor (8108 Motor), with belt-driven.", "channel": "Unitree Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/unitree-xdog-2016.jpg", "author": "Unitree Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.unitree.com/about/", "page": "https://www.unitree.com/about/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "local-motors-olli-2016", "name": "Olli", "maker": "Local Motors", "makerId": "local-motors", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-06-16", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed as a largely 3D-printed self-driving minibus and used IBM Watson so riders could talk to the vehicle.", "deployments": "Unveiled at National Harbor, Maryland in 2016 and later trialled in Washington DC, Turin (2020) and Toronto before Local Motors closed in January 2022.", "summary": "A 12-seat electric shuttle from Arizona's Local Motors, built partly by 3D printing and aimed at campuses and short city routes. The company stopped operating in January 2022.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b22b0dce43", "hs-62c90fb868", "hs-d0a5d86793", "hs-3973ad949d", "hs-543fff784e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-06-16", "event": "Opening of Local Motors facility, National Harbor, Maryland", "url": "https://www.industryweek.com/technology-and-iiot/article/21973686/3d-printed-self-driving-minibus-to-hit-the-road-in-us" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Pilot deployments only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "National Harbor (Maryland), Washington DC (2016), Turin ITCILO campus (2020), Toronto (until a December 2021 accident); also deployed in Saudi Arabia and Australia per WVLT", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/local-motors-olli-2016-1.jpg", "author": "AdelanteRiver", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3D_Printed_Olli.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 960, "h": 640 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-spotmini-2016", "name": "SpotMini", "maker": "Boston Dynamics", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-06-23", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "mobile manipulation" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 25, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 1.5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "prototype; redesigned into the commercial Spot", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Boston Dynamics' first all-electric quadruped and the direct ancestor of commercial Spot; a 2018 video showed it opening a door with its arm.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A 25 kg all-electric quadruped (30 kg with its arm) that ran about 90 minutes per charge. Boston Dynamics called it one of its quietest robots.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d35c83fb19", "hs-a061767dda", "hs-cb6e2067a5", "hs-06d1101bed" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-06-23", "event": "Boston Dynamics video reveal", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/boston-dynamics-spotmini" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "evolved into Spot" }, "components": { "actuators": "All-electric, no hydraulics", "hands": "Optional head-mounted arm with a camera in its gripper", "sensors": "Depth cameras, MultiSense S7 front camera, Velodyne VLP-16 lidar at the rear, IMU and limb proprioception", "battery": "About 90 minutes per charge", "other": "25 kg (30 kg with arm)", "sources": [ "hs-d35c83fb19", "hs-cb6e2067a5" ] }, "production": { "built": "Prototype", "sold": "not sold; redesigned into the commercial Spot" }, "news": [ { "date": "2018-05-11", "title": "SpotMini commercial production plans", "summary": "Marc Raibert said the robot was in pre-production with about 100 to be built ahead of sales in 2019.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/11/boston-dynamics-will-start-selling-its-dog-like-spotmini-robot-in-2019/" }, { "date": "2016-06-23", "title": "Boston Dynamics reveals SpotMini", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum analysed the new quiet, all-electric SpotMini and its optional arm.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/boston-dynamics-spotmini" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "An operator supplied high-level guidance in some demonstrations while the robot maintained balance; other demonstrations showed autonomous navigation through mapped environments.", "video": { "id": "tf7IEVTDjng", "title": "Introducing Spot (previously SpotMini)", "channel": "Boston Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/boston-dynamics-spotmini-2016-1.jpg", "author": "TechCrunch", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TechCrunch_Disrupt_London_2016_-_Day_1_(31439120615).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 680 } }, { "id": "nutonomy-renault-zoe-robotaxi-2016", "name": "nuTonomy robotaxi (Renault Zoe / Mitsubishi i-MiEV)", "maker": "nuTonomy", "makerId": "nutonomy", "country": "Singapore", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-08", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Ran the world's first public robotaxi trial, in Singapore in August 2016.", "deployments": "Six modified cars gave invited riders trips in Singapore's office district from August 2016, with safety drivers; nuTonomy also partnered with Lyft in Boston and was bought by Delphi (Aptiv) in October 2017.", "summary": "Small electric Renault Zoe and Mitsubishi i-MiEV cars fitted with nuTonomy's driving software. The company's work later fed into Motional.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f559bbe226" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-08", "event": "Singapore public pilot", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Free invited pilot" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Singapore; Boston (testing)", "since": null, "fleet": "6 cars (August 2016)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/nutonomy-renault-zoe-robotaxi-2016.jpg", "author": "nuTonomy", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://cdn.lesnumeriques.com/optim/news/63/63729/nutonomy-lyft-boston-web.jpg", "page": "https://cdn.lesnumeriques.com/optim/news/63/63729/nutonomy-lyft-boston-web.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 900, "h": 500 } }, { "id": "case-ih-autonomous-concept-vehicle-2016", "name": "Autonomous Concept Vehicle (cabless Magnum)", "maker": "Case IH (CNH Industrial)", "makerId": "case-ih", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-08-30", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "row-crop field work" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first cabless autonomous tractors shown by a major farm-equipment maker.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A cabless Magnum-based row-crop tractor shown as an autonomous concept at the Farm Progress Show.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-711492bc40" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-08-30", "event": "Farm Progress Show 2016, Boone, Iowa", "url": "https://media.cnh.com/ASIA-PACIFIC-English/case-ih/cih-latest-news/case-ih-premieres-concept-vehicle-at-farm-progress-show/s/c216e0a5-aab9-4b23-9be1-2b98a4336ef5" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Concept; not sold" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/case-ih-autonomous-concept-vehicle-2016.jpg", "author": "Case IH", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://media.cnh.com/emea/case-ih/case-ih-premieres-concept-vehicle-at-farm-progress-show/s/3a2abb2b-d8a5-4b46-90bd-e788052f7be3", "page": "https://media.cnh.com/emea/case-ih/case-ih-premieres-concept-vehicle-at-farm-progress-show/s/3a2abb2b-d8a5-4b46-90bd-e788052f7be3", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 646 } }, { "id": "uber-atg-ford-fusion-2016", "name": "Uber ATG self-driving Ford Fusion Hybrid", "maker": "Uber Advanced Technologies Group", "makerId": "uber-advanced", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-09", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Gave the first self-driving rides to members of the public on a major US ride-hail app, in Pittsburgh in September 2016.", "deployments": "Started with 14 cars in Pittsburgh in September 2016, with safety drivers in front; Uber ATG was sold to Aurora in January 2021.", "summary": "Ford Fusion Hybrid sedans with a roof sensor stack that Uber used for its first public robotaxi pilot. A human driver and an engineer rode up front.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c3df56100f", "hs-d7f592f111" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-09", "event": "Pittsburgh public pilot", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2016-09", "note": "Free pilot rides for selected Uber users in Pittsburgh" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Pittsburgh", "since": null, "fleet": "14 cars at launch, about 100 planned (September 2016)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/uber-atg-ford-fusion-2016-1.jpg", "author": "Dllu", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Self_driving_Uber_prototype_in_San_Francisco.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "jsc766-uran-9-2016", "name": "Uran-9", "maker": "JSC 766 UPTK (later Kalashnikov Concern)", "makerId": "jsc-766-uptk", "country": "Russia", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "armed reconnaissance", "fire support" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": 250, "weightKg": 10000, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 35, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first large armed combat robots tested in a war (Syria, 2018), with poor results reported.", "deployments": "Combat-tested in Syria (FOI, 2021); used within regular troop formations at Zapad-2021 (Russian Ministry of Defence, via TASS, 2021).", "summary": "A 10-tonne tracked combat robot with a cannon and missiles. A Russian defence ministry institute reported that it performed poorly in Syria in 2018; it entered service in 2019.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-151485e94f", "hs-4677660ed2", "hs-01eccf6da5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-09", "event": "Army-2016 International Military-Technical Forum", "url": "https://www.army-technology.com/projects/uran-9-unmanned-ground-combat-vehicle/" }, "released": { "date": "2019-01", "note": "Entered Russian service January 2019" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tracked chassis with diesel-electric power; up to 35 km/h on roads", "sensors": "Electro-optical and thermal cameras, laser warning system; targets detected at 6 km by day and 3 km at night", "materials": "Protected against small-arms fire and shell splinters", "software": "Remote control from a truck-mounted command station up to 3 km; pre-programmed route and column-following modes", "other": "About 10 tonnes; cannon and anti-tank missile armament as published", "sources": [ "hs-151485e94f", "hs-4677660ed2" ] }, "production": { "where": "Russia (JSC 766 UPTK, now Kalashnikov Concern)", "customers": "Russian armed forces (in service from January 2019)" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "An operator remotely controlled the tracked Uran-9 combat vehicle.", "video": { "id": "VBC9BM4-3Ek", "title": "combat robotic system Uran-9", "channel": "Rosoboronexport" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/jsc766-uran-9-2016-1.jpg", "author": "Kirill Borisenko", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Multifunctional_robotic_combat_system_%22Uran-9%22_during_the_%22Armiya_2021%22_exhibition_(front-left_view).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 553 } }, { "id": "clearpath-warthog-2016", "name": "Warthog", "maker": "Clearpath Robotics (now part of Rockwell Automation) with ARGO XTR", "makerId": "clearpath", "country": "Canada", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "field robotics research", "mining, agriculture and environmental monitoring development" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 83, "weightKg": 280, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 18, "payloadKg": 272, "batteryHours": 6, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A large, amphibious six-wheel research robot built with ARGO XTR that carries 272 kg over mud, snow and steep ground at up to 18 km/h and can briefly swim, with ROS and a Gazebo model preinstalled. Run time is quoted as 2.5 to 8 h depending on battery; 6 h is the launch figure.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-8a3b5ed3cf", "hs-e3485fe969", "hs-35cc9b1508" ], "canada": "Built by Kitchener, Ontario-based Clearpath Robotics with Ontario's ARGO XTR", "firstShown": { "date": "2016-10", "event": "Launch announcement by Clearpath and ARGO XTR", "url": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/2016/10/clearpath-robotics-launches-amphibious-robot-warthog-ugv" }, "released": { "date": "2016", "note": "Sold to research customers" }, "components": { "actuators": "Six-wheel skid-steer drivetrain with traction tyres; up to 18 km/h", "sensors": "Optional 3D lidar, GPS, IMU, cameras and stereo kits", "compute": "On-board PC with ROS preinstalled", "battery": "48 V 100 Ah sealed lead-acid (about 2.5 h) or lithium-ion upgrade (about 3 h nominal)", "materials": "Steel and aluminium chassis; can briefly swim", "software": "ROS 2 (Jazzy)", "other": "280 kg base weight; 272 kg payload", "sources": [ "hs-8a3b5ed3cf" ] }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "It ships to be driven by remote control; researchers add their own software to test autonomy, so autonomy depends on the user.", "video": { "id": "ilkuWxcwzV8", "title": "Warthog UGV - Outdoor Research Robot", "channel": "Clearpath Robotics by Rockwell Automation" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/clearpath-warthog-2016.jpg", "author": "Clearpath Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/warthog-unmanned-ground-vehicle-robot/", "page": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/warthog-unmanned-ground-vehicle-robot/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 562 } }, { "id": "zipline-platform-1-2016", "name": "Zipline Platform 1 (P1)", "maker": "Zipline", "makerId": "zipline", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "medical delivery", "blood delivery", "delivery" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "delivery-drone", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 20, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 101, "payloadKg": 1.8, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Launched in Rwanda in October 2016 as the first national-scale drone delivery service, flying blood to hospitals.", "deployments": "Delivers medical supplies to hospitals in Ghana and, through Toyota Tsusho's Sora-iina subsidiary, across Japan's Gotō Islands (Zipline, April 21, 2022).", "summary": "A catapult-launched fixed-wing drone that flies its route automatically, drops packages by paper parachute and returns to be caught by an arresting line. Deliveries reach destinations up to about 80 km from the hub.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6f8ab8c2f0", "hs-2882a13f67" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-10", "event": "Service launch in Muhanga, Rwanda", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2016-10", "note": "national blood delivery service with the Rwandan government" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Rwanda, Ghana, Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Japan, United States", "since": "2016-10", "fleet": "not published", "usage": "Zipline overall (P1 and P2): over 2 million commercial deliveries and more than 125 million autonomous miles (Zipline via The Robot Report, January 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/zipline-platform-1-2016-1.jpg", "author": "Roksenhorn", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zipline_Drone_Launch.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 688 } }, { "id": "otto-volvo-vnl-2016", "name": "Otto self-driving truck (Volvo VNL)", "maker": "Otto (Uber)", "makerId": "otto", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-10-25", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "freight", "demonstration" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its 20 October 2016 run from Fort Collins to Colorado Springs is widely cited as the first commercial delivery by a self-driving truck.", "deployments": "One highway run of about 120 miles on a pre-mapped stretch of I-25 with Colorado approval; a human drove the city legs.", "summary": "A Volvo VNL tractor retrofitted by Otto, the self-driving truck start-up Uber bought in 2016. It carried about 2,000 cases of Budweiser along I-25 in Colorado while the driver sat in the sleeper berth.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-99d98ef17d", "hs-431ab1ccf1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-10-25", "event": "Otto and Anheuser-Busch announce the Budweiser run", "url": "https://www.engadget.com/2016/10/25/uber-otto-budweiser-self-driving-delivery/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Demonstration only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "I-25, Colorado (one run)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "About 2,000 cases (51,744 cans) of beer over about 120 miles (Otto, October 2016)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/otto-volvo-vnl-2016-1.jpg", "author": "Steve Jurvetson", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uber_OTTO_autonomous_driving_truck.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 732 } }, { "id": "eelume-2016", "name": "Eelume", "maker": "Eelume AS with Kongsberg Maritime and Equinor", "makerId": "eelume-as", "country": "Norway", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-11", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "subsea inspection", "maintenance and repair" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "underwater", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "No public price", "hands": "none", "firsts": "A snake-shaped AUV designed to live permanently on the seabed at docking stations.", "deployments": "Tested in November-December 2016; the company targeted market availability in late 2019.", "summary": "A flexible snake-like robot from an NTNU spin-off meant to stay underwater at docking stations and carry out inspection jobs either fully autonomously or under remote control, down to about 500 m.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-38cd738054" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-11", "event": "Sea tests", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Norway (tests)", "since": null, "fleet": "Not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/eelume-2016.jpg", "author": "Eelume AS with Kongsberg Maritime and Equinor", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.kongsbergmaritime.com/contentassets/0546fddb62f440519f0ab3ab3610cef3/eelume-award-560x280.jpg", "page": "https://www.kongsbergmaritime.com/contentassets/0546fddb62f440519f0ab3ab3610cef3/eelume-award-560x280.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 560, "h": 280 } }, { "id": "waymo-chrysler-pacifica-2016", "name": "Waymo Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid (4th-gen Waymo Driver)", "maker": "Waymo with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles", "makerId": "waymo", "country": "United States", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-12", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Carried the first public riders with no safety driver, in Waymo's Phoenix-area service, from late 2019 and open to the public from October 2020.", "deployments": "First 100 minivans arrived in 2016 and 500 more in 2017; the model ran Waymo One in Chandler and Phoenix until it was retired in March 2023.", "summary": "A plug-in hybrid minivan fitted with Waymo's fourth-generation sensors and computers. It was the workhorse of Waymo's early Arizona robotaxi service.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c2642bc27e", "hs-ca988e108f", "hs-a69e8f5ec6", "hs-a9039f3207" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-12", "event": "Waymo and FCA announce the self-driving Pacifica Hybrid", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2018-12", "note": "Waymo One paid service launched in the Phoenix area (with safety drivers on some rides)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Chandler and metro Phoenix (Arizona); earlier testing in several US cities", "since": "2017-10", "fleet": "about 600 minivans in 2017 (Engadget); retired by March 2023 (TechCrunch)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/waymo-chrysler-pacifica-2016-1.jpg", "author": "Dllu", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos,_2017.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 541 } }, { "id": "naio-ted-2016", "name": "Ted", "maker": "Naio Technologies", "makerId": "naio", "country": "France", "year": 2016, "date": "2016-12-12", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "vineyard weeding" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 800, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 10, "priceUsd": 210740, "priceNote": "About EUR 200,000 without tools (Future Farming listing); not a launch price", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Announced as the first electric robotic straddler to weed vineyards autonomously.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A straddle robot that rides over vine rows to weed mechanically; Naio gives 600-800 kg (another source 1.8 t) and 8-10 hours of run time.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-aab8d50319", "hs-ff329df3d6", "hs-f8c80682e6", "hs-a5b09001e8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2016-12-12", "event": "Announced", "url": "https://naio-technologies.com/en/news/ted-the-versatile-vineyard-weeding-robot" }, "released": { "date": "2018", "note": "Market launch 2018; US availability around 2020" }, "components": { "actuators": "Electric drive, about 4 km/h", "hands": "Interchangeable tools for mechanical weeding, soil work, mowing, trimming, spraying and data collection", "sensors": "Lidar, camera and GPS guidance", "battery": "8-10 hours; weight 600-800 kg depending on battery", "sources": [ "hs-aab8d50319", "hs-ff329df3d6" ] }, "production": { "sold": "About EUR 200,000 without tools (Future Farming listing)", "where": "France", "customers": "Four wine growers in the 2016-17 test series; South-West Vinopole trials" }, "news": [ { "date": "2016-12-12", "title": "Naio unveils Ted vineyard robot", "summary": "Naio announced Ted, an electric straddle robot for weeding vines, with marketing planned for 2018.", "publisher": "Naio Technologies", "url": "https://naio-technologies.com/en/news/ted-the-versatile-vineyard-weeding-robot" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It straddles vine rows and weeds them by itself, guided by GPS.", "video": { "id": "5-SZoN_LE3Y", "title": "Un robot viticole vraiment autonome ? C'est possible, c'est TED !", "channel": "Naïo Technologies" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/naio-ted-2016.jpg", "author": "Naio Technologies", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.naio-technologies.com/en/ted-robot/", "page": "https://www.naio-technologies.com/en/ted-robot/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 561 } }, { "id": "kubota-agri-robo-tractor-2017", "name": "Agri Robo tractor", "maker": "Kubota", "makerId": "kubota", "country": "Japan", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "tillage", "puddling", "field work" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Kubota's unmanned robot tractors for Japanese farms, which till and puddle fields on their own using GPS while a person watches and can stop them.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-ab65312d86" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Launched in Japan (year from general reporting; not stated on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.kubota.com/products/tractor/index.html" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "Sold in Japan; later models followed" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/kubota-agri-robo-tractor-2017-1.jpg", "author": "MarcelX42", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kubota_Agri_Robo_MR_1000A_KVT_Agritechnica_2023_(DSC04347).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "attabotics-attabot-2017", "name": "Attabot", "maker": "Attabotics", "makerId": "attabotics", "country": "Canada", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "vertical storage and retrieval" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A Canadian storage design inspired by leafcutter ants, with robots that travel both across and up inside a storage cube.", "deployments": "Customers included Gordon Food Service, Nordstrom and Canadian Tire, and a 2022 US Marine Corps logistics warehouse project.", "summary": "Attabot robots move horizontally and vertically through a stackable cube up to 9 m tall to reach any bin directly. The company collapsed in mid-2025.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-51e306a9fb", "hs-b8e81ccaae" ], "canada": "Founded in Calgary, Alberta in 2016; Canadian Tire ran an Attabotics system.", "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "First proof of concept built with Alberta Innovates funding", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attabotics" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "Re-engineered Attabot released 2022; company filed for bankruptcy June 2025 and assets were sold to Lafayette Engineering" }, "components": { "actuators": "Robots travel horizontally along the top of a storage cube and vertically down shafts to any bin without digging", "sources": [ "hs-51e306a9fb" ] }, "production": { "where": "Calgary, Alberta, Canada", "customers": "Gordon Food Service, Nordstrom, Canadian Tire, a US Marine Corps Logistics Command warehouse project (with KPMG); Korber as EU partner" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-07-02", "title": "Robotics startup Attabotics closes down and terminates employees", "summary": "Attabotics terminated most employees effective June 30, 2025, and filed a notice of intention to make a proposal under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act on July 2.", "publisher": "BetaKit", "url": "https://betakit.com/robotics-startup-attabotics-closes-down-and-terminates-employees/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Attabot robots move horizontally and vertically through the storage cube to access bins; proprietary software operates the storage and retrieval system." }, { "id": "flir-centaur-2017", "name": "Centaur (MTRS Inc II)", "maker": "Endeavor Robotics / FLIR Systems (now Teledyne FLIR)", "makerId": "endeavor", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "bomb disposal", "CBRNE detection" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 72.6, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Army/Navy: $23.5M for 160+ units; Air Force: $23M for 180+ units; programme ceiling raised to $190M in 2021. No unit price.", "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "About 500 ordered by 2020 and nearly 600 more in a 2021 batch across US services.", "summary": "A medium tracked robot with a camera suite, stair-climbing ability and a 1.8 m arm, designed for the US military's Man Transportable Robotic System Increment II.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-49b9658993", "hs-3433bf3954", "hs-57d3f4c8a7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Endeavor selected as US Army MTRS Inc II provider; Centaur designed for it", "url": "https://www.army-technology.com/news/flir-to-deliver-centaur-ugvs-to-us-army-and-navy/" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "Orders across all four US services from 2020" }, "components": { "hands": "Manipulator arm", "sensors": "EO/IR camera suite; can carry CBRN sensors and other payloads", "other": "About 160 lb; climbs stairs; open architecture", "sources": [ "hs-49b9658993" ] }, "production": { "sold": "About 500 ordered by mid-2020 under MTRS Inc II (multi-year programme ceiling $150m, later raised)", "where": "United States", "customers": "US Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps EOD teams" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-06-10", "title": "FLIR wins Army and Navy Centaur orders", "summary": "FLIR received $23.5m in orders for more than 160 Centaur robots, making it the mid-size EOD robot for all four US services.", "publisher": "Army Technology", "url": "https://www.army-technology.com/news/flir-to-deliver-centaur-ugvs-to-us-army-and-navy/" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Soldiers drive it and work its arm remotely from a control unit; some arm motions are automated.", "video": { "id": "XeajJxXhXwQ", "title": "Teledyne FLIR Centaur®: Man Transportable Robotic System Increment II Solution", "channel": "Teledyne FLIR", "display": true }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/flir-centaur-2017-1.jpg", "author": "Staff Sgt. Gabrielle Spalding", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EOD_responds_to_simulated_vehicle_born_IED_(2).jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EOD_responds_to_simulated_vehicle_born_IED_(2).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 701 } }, { "id": "shark-robotics-colossus-2017", "name": "Colossus", "maker": "Shark Robotics", "makerId": "shark", "country": "France", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "firefighting", "carrying hoses and equipment", "moving casualties", "hazardous-area reconnaissance" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "security", "domain": [ "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 76, "weightKg": 485, "dof": 7, "speedKmh": 3.5, "payloadKg": 500, "batteryHours": 12, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Became famous as the remote-controlled robot that went inside Notre-Dame de Paris during the April 2019 fire, where firefighters could not safely enter.", "deployments": "Used by the Paris Fire Brigade at the Notre-Dame cathedral fire on 15 April 2019 to cool hotspots and clear debris.", "summary": "A low, tracked firefighting robot driven remotely by a firefighter, carrying a water cannon of up to about 3,000 litres per minute, cameras and optional gas sensors. It can tow over a tonne, climb stairs and swap modules in seconds to carry hoses, gear or injured people.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-49be2f8ff3", "hs-397951e066", "hs-292fc803d2", "hs-80c23cac4c", "hs-e486cbf7a4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Announced by Shark Robotics of La Rochelle after development with the Paris Fire Brigade (exact date not found)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "Maker says it has been deployed for over eight years" }, "components": { "actuators": "Two 4,000 W electric motors driving tracks; up to 3.5 km/h; climbs 40-degree slopes", "sensors": "HD camera with up to 40x optical zoom and a thermal camera; optional front and rear driving cameras", "battery": "Six lithium-ion batteries, up to 12 hours", "materials": "IP67; optional cooling system with fire-resistant shield", "other": "525 kg gross; 500 kg payload, tows 1,100 kg; water cannon up to about 3,000 L/min; about 1,000 m remote control with mesh relay", "sources": [ "hs-49be2f8ff3", "hs-a69eb667e8" ] }, "production": { "where": "La Rochelle, France", "customers": "Paris Fire Brigade, SDIS 13 and other fire services in France and abroad" }, "news": [ { "date": "2019-04-18", "title": "Colossus helps fight Notre-Dame fire", "summary": "The Paris Fire Brigade sent Colossus into the burning cathedral's nave to spray water and cool it while keeping firefighters out of danger.", "publisher": "Firehouse", "url": "https://firehouse.com/tech-comm/news/21076984/robot-helped-paris-crews-fighting-notre-dame-blaze" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "A firefighter drives it and aims its water cannon by remote control from a safe distance.", "video": { "id": "6G-79XpzgNc", "title": "Colossus firefighting robot #1 with the Paris Fire Brigade (1) - Innovation technology award 2019", "channel": "Shark Robotics - Safety & firefighting robots" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/shark-robotics-colossus-2017.jpg", "author": "Shark Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.shark-robotics.com/colossus-firefighting-robot/", "page": "https://www.shark-robotics.com/colossus-firefighting-robot/", "kind": "maker", "w": 950, "h": 950 } }, { "id": "hebi-daisy-2017", "name": "Daisy", "maker": "HEBI Robotics", "makerId": "hebi", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "legged-locomotion research", "motion-control teaching" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 50, "weightKg": 18, "dof": 18, "speedKmh": 1, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 2, "priceUsd": 85000, "priceNote": "About $85,000", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The first Daisy was built for the Robot Revolution exhibit at Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A six-legged research kit built from HEBI's modular X-series actuators, with three joints per leg and torque sensing in every joint. Researchers can reprogram and extend it in C++, ROS, Python or MATLAB.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4f5b0e95ea", "hs-b351d8f622", "hs-ffa8980a04" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Listed as 2017 (first unit built for the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "Sold as a research kit" }, "components": { "actuators": "18 HEBI X-series actuators (twelve X8-9, six X8-16), three per leg, each with position, velocity and torque sensing", "sensors": "Joint torque and force sensing, IMU, temperature, current and voltage sensors", "compute": "Intel NUC in the chassis plus an ARM Cortex-M4 in each joint (ChibiOS)", "battery": "Two hot-swappable 98 Wh LiGo batteries, about 1-2 hours", "materials": "Aluminium tubing and machined brackets with 3D-printed covers", "software": "APIs in C++, ROS, Python and MATLAB on Ubuntu or Windows", "other": "18 kg", "sources": [] }, "production": { "sold": "Research kit, about $85,000", "customers": "Researchers; first unit built for the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Users steer it with a gamepad or phone while its software coordinates the six legs; researchers can reprogram it.", "video": { "id": "496mpdOW6Gc", "title": "DAISY: 18-DoF Hexapod from HEBI Robotics", "channel": "HEBI Robotics (@HEBIRobotics)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hebi-daisy-2017.jpg", "author": "HEBI Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.hebirobotics.com/robot-kits", "page": "https://www.hebirobotics.com/robot-kits", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "sarcos-guardian-gt-2017", "name": "Guardian GT", "maker": "Sarcos Technology and Robotics (now Palladyne AI)", "makerId": "sarcos", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "heavy lifting in dangerous work", "debris clearing", "hazardous-material handling" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "industrial", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 145, "weightKg": 2086, "dof": 14, "speedKmh": 6.4, "payloadKg": 454, "batteryHours": 7, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": "A human-piloted, force-reflecting robot whose two 2.1 m arms copy the operator's motions while multiplying strength to lift about 450 kg.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Two big hydraulic arms on a tracked base, controlled by an operator using force-feedback master arms. It was meant for jobs too heavy or dangerous for people, such as clearing debris or repairing damaged structures.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-2787cd5ddf" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Listed as 2017", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": null }, "components": { "actuators": "Hydraulic arms fed by a self-contained 3,000 psi, 10 hp supply; tracked or wheeled base (modified Ditch Witch SK850); 6.4 km/h", "hands": "Two 2.1 m arms, 7 DoF each, lifting up to 454 kg each", "battery": "Battery, diesel or gas power options, about 7 hours", "software": "Teleoperated through force-reflective controls", "other": "2,086 kg", "sources": [] }, "production": { "sold": "Discontinued" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "A human operator controls its arms, which mirror the operator's movements and return scaled force feedback; it can be teleoperated from miles away.", "video": { "id": "we18ahVF07E", "title": "Sarcos Guardian® GT Robot", "channel": "Palladyne AI (formerly Sarcos) (@PalladyneAI)" } }, { "id": "vincross-hexa-2017", "name": "HEXA", "maker": "Vincross", "makerId": "vincross", "country": "China", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "consumer", "education", "programmable robot" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 949, "priceNote": "$949 list price", "hands": "none", "firsts": "A consumer six-legged robot with its own app-development platform (MIND OS) aimed at hobby programmers.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A programmable spider-like hexapod with a night-vision camera, about 51 cm across. Battery life ran 45 minutes to 3 hours.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e3af45fbe9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Launched by Vincross", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "Now discontinued." }, "components": { "actuators": "19 DoF: three per leg on six legs plus one in the head", "sensors": "720p night-vision camera, infrared transmitter, distance sensor, 3-axis accelerometer", "compute": "Dual-core 1 GHz ARM Cortex-A9 with co-processors", "battery": "6,900 mAh lithium-ion, about 45-180 minutes; 2.5 h cable or 4.5 h wireless charge", "software": "MIND OS (Linux-based) with Golang SDK and 3D simulator", "other": "1.75 kg", "sources": [] }, "production": { "sold": "$949 at launch; discontinued" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/vincross-hexa-2017.jpg", "author": "Soul Train", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vincross_Hexa_programmable_robot.jpg", "article": "File:Vincross Hexa programmable robot.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 281 }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Owners steered it from a phone app while it handled its own walking gait; users could program autonomous behaviours." }, { "id": "volvo-ce-hx2-2017", "name": "HX2 autonomous electric load carrier", "maker": "Volvo Construction Equipment", "makerId": "volvo-construction-equipment", "country": "Sweden", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "construction", "quarry hauling", "carrying crushed rock" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Eight prototypes replaced three rigid haulers in a 10-week Electric Site trial at Skanska's Vikan Kross quarry near Gothenburg from August 2018; Volvo reported 98% lower carbon emissions and 70% lower energy cost.", "summary": "A cabless battery-electric load carrier with a vision system that follows a GPS route and spots people and obstacles, carrying rock between crushers. Successors include Volvo's TA15 autonomous hauler.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c6c7266782", "hs-d940f4b036" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Volvo CE presented the second-generation HX2 prototype", "url": "https://chargedevs.com/newswire/volvos-autonomous-load-carrier-electrifies-rock-quarries/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research prototype tested in 2018" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/volvo-ce-hx2-2017.jpg", "author": "Volvo Construction Equipment", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.volvoce.com/europe/about-us/news/2019/innovation-sustainability-key-when-volvo-ce-invests-for-the-future-in-eskilstuna/", "page": "https://www.volvoce.com/europe/about-us/news/2019/innovation-sustainability-key-when-volvo-ce-invests-for-the-future-in-eskilstuna/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 516 } }, { "id": "amazon-hercules-2017", "name": "Hercules", "maker": "Amazon Robotics", "makerId": "amazon", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving storage pods to pickers" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 567, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Amazon describes it as the fourth generation of the original Kiva pod-carrying drive.", "deployments": "The workhorse of Amazon's drive fleet; Amazon reported about 200,000 drive units of all types in 2019.", "summary": "Amazon's main pod-lifting drive unit, which carries inventory shelves to workers. Amazon rates it at up to 1,250 lb (some Amazon text says 1,000 lb pods).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-33f6292725", "hs-a427b64c67", "hs-08478d05dd", "hs-d1ff278bb1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Release year reported in trade coverage of Amazon's drive family", "url": "https://www.allaboutlean.com/amazon-robotics-family" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "In Amazon fulfilment centres; continuously updated" }, "components": { "actuators": "Low wheeled drive that slides under and lifts inventory pods (rated up to 1,250 lb)", "sensors": "Downward camera reads floor fiducial markers; forward 3D camera detects people, pods and robots", "battery": "Rechargeable; fleet replans when drives pause to charge", "software": "Grid-based navigation in structured fields; workers wear Wi-Fi Tech Vests so robots can locate them", "sources": [ "hs-33f6292725" ] }, "production": { "built": "Thousands of mobile robots across Amazon fulfilment centres", "sold": "Internal use only", "customers": "Amazon" }, "news": [ { "date": "2022-06-30", "title": "Amazon explains its drive family", "summary": "Amazon Science described how Hercules and its sibling drives navigate and share floors with workers.", "publisher": "Amazon Science", "url": "https://www.amazon.science/latest-news/amazon-robotics-autonomous-drive-units-hercules-pegasus-xanthus-xbot" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Directed by central software, it lifts and delivers inventory pods to workers by itself.", "video": { "id": "VDRkR1lUVn8", "title": "What It's Like to Work with the Amazon Hercules Robot as a Technician", "channel": "Amazon News" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/amazon-hercules-2017.jpg", "author": "Amazon", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-hercules-robot", "page": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-hercules-robot", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "knightscope-k7-2018", "name": "K7", "maker": "Knightscope", "makerId": "knightscope", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2017", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "outdoor security patrol" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "security", "domain": [ "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A larger four-wheeled, all-terrain security robot for big outdoor sites.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-43e862749c", "hs-7a3e785f84", "hs-9a3cde554e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "K7 concept prototype unveiled at ASIS 2017", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1600983/000114420418023946/tv491615_1k.htm" }, "released": { "date": "2018", "note": "Offered as a service" }, "components": { "actuators": "Four-wheel, all-terrain base for large outdoor sites", "sources": [ "hs-7a3e785f84", "hs-43e862749c" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Offered as a subscription service", "customers": "Knightscope reports 434 clients in 42 US states across its products" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Knightscope's robots patrol set areas on their own and send alerts and video to human security staff, who respond rather than drive.", "video": { "id": "4PTdjTCJ30A", "title": "Introducing the Knightscope K7 Autonomous Security Robot", "channel": "Knightscope, Inc. (@Knightscope)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/knightscope-k7-2018.jpg", "author": "Knightscope", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://knightscope.com/the-force", "page": "https://knightscope.com/the-force", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 484 } }, { "id": "matternet-m2-2017", "name": "Matternet M2", "maker": "Matternet", "makerId": "matternet", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "medical delivery", "delivery" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "delivery-drone", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Matternet says the M2 was the first delivery drone system to receive an FAA type certificate (September 2022).", "deployments": "Hospital routes in Lugano and Zurich with Swiss Post from 2017 and 2019; UPS medical sample flights at WakeMed, North Carolina, from 2020 (Matternet).", "summary": "A quadcopter for hospital and parcel deliveries that runs automated flights between stations, managed over cellular links by Matternet's cloud software.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-543f568cdc", "hs-2fcb022d3e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "First commercial route, EOC Hospital, Lugano", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "Swiss hospital delivery service" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Switzerland (Lugano, Zurich); North Carolina, US", "since": "2017", "fleet": "not published", "usage": "not published", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/matternet-m2-2017.jpg", "author": "Matternet", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://live.staticflickr.com/1877/43481563155_e30367dbde_o.jpg", "page": "https://live.staticflickr.com/1877/43481563155_e30367dbde_o.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "serbia-milos-2017", "name": "Miloš", "maker": "Military Technical Institute (designer); PPT Namenska (maker)", "makerId": "military-technical-institute-ppt-namenska", "country": "Serbia", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "reconnaissance", "fire support" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 430, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 12.5, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A small tracked armed robot made in Serbia, carrying a machine gun and grenade launcher.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d90c4cd649" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Miloš unmanned ground platform announced for presentation at Partner 2017, Belgrade", "url": "https://www.predsednik.rs/lat/pres-centar/vesti/otvoren-sajam-naoruzanja-partner-2017-premijera-nove-nore-i-sumadije" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "In serial production; 15 in service with the 72nd Special Operations Brigade" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tracked, electric motor; up to 12.5 km/h", "sensors": "Thermal camera, day/night cameras front and rear, laser rangefinder (2 km)", "battery": "Lithium-ion; about 4.5 h driving, up to 8 h for surveillance", "materials": "STANAG level I armour", "other": "About 430 kg (680 kg armed); radio link about 3 km, about 10 km via airborne relay; machine gun and grenade launcher (as reported); medical-evacuation variant", "sources": [ "hs-d90c4cd649" ] }, "production": { "built": "In serial production; 15+ built", "where": "Serbia (PPT Namenska)", "customers": "Serbian Armed Forces, 72nd Special Operations Brigade (15 units); UAE requested trials" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "An operator drives it and controls its weapons remotely; a person decides on any firing.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/serbia-milos-2017-1.jpg", "author": "Srđan Popović", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robot_Milos.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 875 } }, { "id": "schindler-rise-2017", "name": "R.I.S.E (Robotic Installation System for Elevators)", "maker": "Schindler", "makerId": "schindler", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "elevator installation", "drilling anchor holes" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Used by Schindler on its own installation jobs, not sold", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Schindler calls it the world's first self-climbing autonomous robotic system for elevator shafts.", "deployments": "First production jobs in 2020 at Vienna's TrIIIple and Warsaw's Varso Tower after prototype tests from 2017; later used at dozens of sites including its first UK project in 2025.", "summary": "A robot that climbs inside an elevator shaft, scans the walls for rebar and drills and sets anchor bolts using positions from the building model. A person watches it remotely through an on-board camera.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5a2aacc398", "hs-8603c2d407" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Deployed as a prototype, then tested at The Circle at Zurich Airport", "url": "https://www.bdcnetwork.com/aec-tech/news/55164935/a-robot-automates-elevator-installation" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "First project deployments in Vienna and Warsaw" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/schindler-rise-2017.jpg", "author": "Schindler", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/schindler-debuts-breakthrough-robotic-system-for-elevators-697765841.html", "page": "https://prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/schindler-debuts-breakthrough-robotic-system-for-elevators-697765841.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 751 } }, { "id": "gausium-scrubber-75-2017", "name": "Scrubber 75", "maker": "Gausium (Gaussian Robotics)", "makerId": "gausium", "country": "China", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "scrubbing floors in large sites" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 141.7, "weightKg": 400, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 6, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Gausium's first floor-cleaning robot.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A large ride-free robotic floor scrubber with a 750 mm cleaning path, 75 L water tank and water recycling, for malls, airports and garages. Run time is about 4 to 6 h (maximum shown).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-85c6a8454e", "hs-05bcc22091", "hs-88f755a5a9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Rolled out at CCE Shanghai 2017 (Gausium company profile)", "url": "https://gausium.com/th/company-profile/" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "Current S and P versions add 3D lidar and radar" }, "components": { "hands": "750 mm scrub deck with 45 kg brush pressure; 75 L clean and 50 L waste tanks", "sensors": "3D and 2D lidar, 3D camera, anti-collision and anti-drop sensors; P version adds millimetre-wave radar", "battery": "24 V 200 Ah lithium iron phosphate; about 4-6 h cleaning, about 5 h to charge", "other": "400 kg; up to 1.1 m/s; 700-1,400 m2/h in practice", "sources": [ "hs-05bcc22091" ] }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It scrubs large floors by itself on mapped routes once staff set the task.", "video": { "id": "GPfDLR8nZwc", "title": "Scrubber 75 - Gausium Robotic Cleaning Machine Highlighted Features HD Demo with English subtitles", "channel": "Gausium Official" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/gausium-scrubber-75-2017.jpg", "author": "Gausium", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://gausium.com/products/scrubber-75/", "page": "https://gausium.com/products/scrubber-75/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 621 } }, { "id": "exotec-skypod-2017", "name": "Skypod", "maker": "Exotec", "makerId": "exotec", "country": "France", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "goods-to-person storage and retrieval" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its robots both drive on the floor and climb the storage racks themselves, so no fixed shuttles or cranes are needed.", "deployments": "First units ran at Cdiscount's Cestas warehouse in 2017; Exotec says more than 75 brands use its systems.", "summary": "A French storage system in which wheeled robots climb up racks to fetch bins and bring them to picking stations.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1fd6efdafe", "hs-5c93e72f24", "hs-3b645d4355" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Cdiscount partnered with Exotec in 2017; its first Skypod system was installed at Cestas, near Bordeaux", "url": "https://www.exotec.com/fr/cas-clients/cdiscount-bordeaux-france/" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "Exotec valued at $2 billion in January 2022" }, "components": { "actuators": "Wheeled robots that drive across the floor and climb the racking to fetch containers", "sensors": "Laser navigation", "battery": "Robots return to charging stations automatically", "sources": [ "hs-1fd6efdafe" ] }, "production": { "where": "Assembled in Croix (from 2018); new Imaginarium HQ and production site near Lille opened in 2026", "customers": "Cdiscount (Cestas from 2017, later Reau)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Its robots drive and climb the racks on their own under warehouse software, bringing bins to human pickers with no one steering them.", "video": { "id": "0GjqhYmE_ug", "title": "Exotec | Skypod | 1ère génération", "channel": "Exotec France" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/exotec-skypod-2017.jpg", "author": "Exotec", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.exotec.com/skypod-automated-storage-retrieval-system/", "page": "https://www.exotec.com/skypod-automated-storage-retrieval-system/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "waymo-via-truck-2017", "name": "Waymo Via autonomous Class 8 truck", "maker": "Waymo", "makerId": "waymo", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "freight", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Began quiet testing in Arizona and California in 2017, hauled freight to Google data centres in Atlanta in 2018 and ran Dallas-Houston pilots with J.B. Hunt and Uber Freight before the 2023 pause.", "summary": "Class 8 tractors running the Waymo Driver, tested from 2017 and used in supervised freight pilots. Waymo paused most trucking work in July 2023 to focus on ride-hailing.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9295462777", "hs-767d4a28e4", "hs-2e3a3a4cb9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Truck testing begins in Arizona and California", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2023/07/26/waymo-puts-the-brakes-on-self-driving-trucks-program" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Trucking development paused July 2023; limited testing continued" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Arizona, California, Georgia, Texas, New Mexico (testing, until 2023)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/waymo-via-truck-2017.jpg", "author": "Waymo", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://waymo.com/blog/2020/05/catching-up-with-waymo-via-trucking-team/", "page": "https://waymo.com/blog/2020/05/catching-up-with-waymo-via-trucking-team/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "zpmc-agv-yangshan-phase-iv-2017", "name": "ZPMC AGV (Yangshan Phase IV)", "maker": "ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries)", "makerId": "zpmc", "country": "China", "year": 2017, "date": "2017", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "container moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "ports", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its fleet serves what was billed at opening as the world's largest automated container terminal.", "deployments": "Yangshan Phase IV dispatches 155 AGVs with 29 quay cranes and 121 yard cranes, and handled more than 8 million TEU in 2025.", "summary": "Battery-electric automated guided vehicles built by ZPMC for Shanghai's Yangshan Phase IV, the world's largest single automated container terminal when it opened. The terminal's driverless vehicles swap batteries on an upper deck.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a41812f7ab", "hs-4d8f37028d", "hs-8a3bd30671" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017", "event": "Trial operations at Yangshan Phase IV, Shanghai (50 ZPMC AGVs in the first batch)", "url": "https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/worlds-largest-automated-terminal-begins-trials" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "Yangshan Phase IV opened in 2017 (Lingang)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Yangshan Phase IV automated terminal, Shanghai, China", "since": "2017", "fleet": "155 AGVs at Yangshan Phase IV (Lingang Special Area, 2026); first batch of 50 at the 2017 trials", "usage": "Terminal handled more than 8 million TEU in 2025 (Lingang Special Area)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/zpmc-agv-yangshan-phase-iv-2017.jpg", "author": "ZPMC", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.zpmc.com/products/port-machinery", "page": "https://www.zpmc.com/products/port-machinery", "kind": "maker", "w": 600, "h": 400 } }, { "id": "lg-airport-guide-robot-2017", "name": "Airport Guide Robot", "maker": "LG Electronics", "makerId": "lg-electronics", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-01", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "wayfinding and flight information for travellers", "escorting passengers to gates" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Beta-tested at Incheon International Airport from February 2017 and put into trial service there from 21 July 2017.", "summary": "A wheeled airport guide that answers questions in Korean, English, Chinese and Japanese, scans boarding passes to show gate and boarding times, and leads travellers to their gate using lidar and SLAM navigation.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-7fcd41e8c6", "hs-324e1bcb89" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-01", "event": "Shown at CES 2017, Las Vegas (January 2017)", "url": "https://www.lg.com/global/newsroom/news/corporate/lg-airport-robots-take-over-koreas-largest-airport/" }, "released": { "date": "2017-07", "note": "Trial service at Incheon from 21 July 2017; later status not confirmed in sources opened (LG's later CLOi GuideBot is a separate product)" }, "components": { "software": "LG voice recognition in Korean, English, Chinese and Japanese; linked to the airport server for flight and shop information; scans boarding passes to guide travellers to gates", "sources": [ "hs-7fcd41e8c6" ] }, "production": { "customers": "Incheon International Airport (beta from February 2017, trial service from 21 July 2017)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2017-07-21", "title": "LG robots start trial service at Incheon", "summary": "LG's airport guide and cleaning robots began trial service at Incheon after beta tests from February.", "publisher": "LG Electronics", "url": "https://www.lg.com/global/newsroom/news/corporate/lg-airport-robots-take-over-koreas-largest-airport/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It roamed the terminal and led travellers to their gates by itself using lidar and SLAM navigation, with airport staff only overseeing the trial.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/lg-airport-guide-robot-2017.jpg", "author": "LG Electronics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.lg.com/global/newsroom/news/corporate/lg-airport-robots-take-over-koreas-largest-airport/", "page": "https://www.lg.com/global/newsroom/news/corporate/lg-airport-robots-take-over-koreas-largest-airport/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 459 } }, { "id": "embark-peterbilt-579-2017", "name": "Embark autonomous truck (Peterbilt 579)", "maker": "Embark Trucks", "makerId": "embark-trucks", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-02", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "freight", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Ran supervised freight runs including loads for Amazon reported in January 2019; laid off about 70% of staff and explored liquidation in March 2023.", "summary": "Peterbilt 579 tractors retrofitted with Embark's deep-learning driving system for highway hauls with a safety driver. Embark wound down in early 2023 after failing to raise more money.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e3e1aac056", "hs-e57efea829", "hs-cb99891138" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-02", "event": "Embark comes out of stealth with its trucks", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/18/self-driving-truck-startup-embark-raises-15m-partners-with-peterbilt/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Never commercialised; company wound down 2023" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "US Southwest interstates (supervised testing)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/embark-peterbilt-579-2017.jpg", "author": "Embark Trucks", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/embark-universal-interface-accelerates-integration-of-self-driving-technology-across-major-truck-oem-platforms-301259787.html", "page": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/embark-universal-interface-accelerates-integration-of-self-driving-technology-across-major-truck-oem-platforms-301259787.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-handle-2017", "name": "Handle", "maker": "Boston Dynamics", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-02", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "mobile manipulation" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 200, "weightKg": null, "dof": 10, "speedKmh": 14.5, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Combined two balancing legs ending in wheels with dynamic control, letting a 2 m robot roll at about 14.5 km/h and jump 1.2 m.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An R&D robot with two wheeled legs and two arms that could carry objects, travel about 25 km per charge and jump onto tables. It led to the 2019 logistics Handle and later Stretch.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f9b0f313d5", "hs-09dfeb4631", "hs-a0d424c649", "hs-438cb09122" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-02", "event": "Revealed by Boston Dynamics (video and talk)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research prototype; speed is the published 9 mph." }, "components": { "actuators": "Battery-electric power running both electric and hydraulic actuators (2017); 10 DoF", "hands": "Arms in 2017; the 2019 warehouse redesign used a vacuum gripper on a counterbalanced arm (up to 15 kg boxes)", "sensors": "Depth cameras and on-board vision to track pallets and find boxes", "other": "About 2 m tall, 150 kg (warehouse version); 2017 version reached 9 mph and jumped 1.2 m", "sources": [ "hs-f9b0f313d5" ] }, "production": { "built": "R&D prototype", "sold": "not sold; Boston Dynamics says it led to the Stretch warehouse robot" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Demonstration videos show it driven by an operator with a remote while it balanced on its two wheels and handled jumps and slopes itself.", "video": { "id": "-7xvqQeoA8c", "title": "Introducing Handle", "channel": "Boston Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/boston-dynamics-handle-2017.jpg", "author": "Boston Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://bostondynamics.com/about/history/", "page": "https://bostondynamics.com/about/history/", "kind": "maker", "w": 940, "h": 628 } }, { "id": "uber-atg-volvo-xc90-2017", "name": "Uber ATG self-driving Volvo XC90", "maker": "Uber Advanced Technologies Group with Volvo Cars", "makerId": "uber-advanced", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-02", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Involved in the first pedestrian death caused by a self-driving test car, in Tempe, Arizona, on 18 March 2018.", "deployments": "Tested and carried pilot riders in San Francisco, Tempe and Pittsburgh with safety drivers; testing paused for about nine months after the 2018 crash, and Uber sold ATG to Aurora in January 2021.", "summary": "Volvo XC90 SUVs fitted with Uber's developmental driving system. The NTSB blamed the 2018 crash mainly on a distracted safety operator and weak safety oversight.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3897bc84f8", "hs-de794be9b2", "hs-d7f592f111" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-02", "event": "Testing moved to Tempe, Arizona", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Pilot rides only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "San Francisco, Tempe, Pittsburgh (until 2020)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/uber-atg-volvo-xc90-2017-1.jpg", "author": "Dllu", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uber_Self_Driving_Volvo_at_Otto_Headquarters_at_737_Harrison.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 541 } }, { "id": "kiwi-campus-kiwibot-2017", "name": "Kiwibot", "maker": "Kiwi Campus", "makerId": "kiwi-campus", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "campus food delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first campus sidewalk delivery robots, debuting at UC Berkeley.", "deployments": "Company reported more than 200,000 deliveries around 2021-22; in 2025 Kiwibots were announced for UBC Vancouver with Rogers.", "summary": "A small four-wheeled robot with about a cubic foot of cargo space, watched by remote operators in Medellin, Colombia. Founders are Colombian.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-96b202b82d", "hs-5e0a6a4dd5", "hs-dcf54b24c4" ], "canada": "Announced in September 2025 for the UBC Vancouver campus in partnership with Rogers Communications.", "firstShown": { "date": "2017-03", "event": "Prototype Kiwibots rolled out in Berkeley", "url": "https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/online/forget-robot-apocalypse-order-lunch/" }, "released": { "date": "2017-05", "note": "About 20 robots operating by May 2017" }, "components": { "sensors": "Six cameras with stereo vision for navigation and hazard avoidance", "software": "Semi-autonomous; operators in Medellin, Colombia set waypoints and take over when needed, such as at crossings", "other": "About one cubic foot of cargo space; animated eyes on a screen", "sources": [ "hs-c54ab91262" ] }, "production": { "built": "20 robots around Berkeley by May 2017", "where": "Made in China, assembled in Berkeley (early years)", "customers": "UC Berkeley, Stanford, San Jose; UBC Vancouver with Rogers (2025)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/kiwi-campus-kiwibot-2017.jpg", "author": "Ganbaruby", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kiwibot_Berkeley_Front.jpg", "article": "File:Kiwibot Berkeley Front.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 375 }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It drives itself along routes while remote supervisors set waypoints, watch several robots at once and take over at street crossings and when problems arise." }, { "id": "cobalt-robotics-cobalt-2017", "name": "Cobalt indoor security robot", "maker": "Cobalt Robotics", "makerId": "cobalt", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-03-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "indoor security patrol", "badge checking", "remote monitoring" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "security", "domain": [ "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 154.9, "weightKg": 68, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 9.7, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "About $75,000 per year as a service including the robot and remote specialists.", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An indoor security robot with more than 60 sensors and a video-call screen that patrols offices, reads badges and alerts human guards.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6a05ec29c5", "hs-4c1245f969", "hs-5f01d8286b", "hs-3477855c62" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-03-01", "event": "Public launch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/01/cobalt-takes-the-wraps-off-its-indoor-security-robots/" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "Sold as a security service" }, "components": { "sensors": "3D scanners (including a downward cliff scanner), four-camera array with infrared, navigation lidar, thermal, ultrasonic and bump sensors, long-range RFID and badge readers, microphone array, smoke, CO, humidity, temperature and dust sensors", "compute": "Server-grade computer with an NVIDIA 1080-class GPU plus separate safety and networking computers", "battery": "Lithium iron phosphate, about 8 hours; about 2 hours to full charge, auto top-ups", "software": "ROS-based; remote human security specialists answer alerts via video screen", "other": "68 kg, 155 cm tall; 3.2 km/h patrol speed", "sources": [ "hs-6a05ec29c5", "hs-f2dfe14610" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Security service at about $75,000 a year", "customers": "FedEx, Salesforce, Ally Financial (named by Cobalt)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2017-03-01", "title": "Cobalt unveils indoor security robot", "summary": "Palo Alto start-up Cobalt launched its indoor security robot with about 60 sensors and a video screen, backed by Bloomberg Beta.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/01/cobalt-takes-the-wraps-off-its-indoor-security-robots/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It patrols buildings on its own, but remote human security specialists watch its alerts and can take over or talk to people through its screen.", "video": { "id": "6PyUjK7JX_c", "title": "Meet the Cobalt Robot", "channel": "Cobalt AI" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cobalt-robotics-cobalt-2017.jpg", "author": "Cobalt Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.cobaltai.com/security-robots/", "page": "https://www.cobaltai.com/security-robots/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 987 } }, { "id": "fetch-robotics-freight1500-2017", "name": "Freight1500", "maker": "Fetch Robotics (Zebra Technologies)", "makerId": "fetch", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-04", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "moving pallets in warehouses and factories" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 35.5, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1500, "batteryHours": 9, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "The pallet-sized Freight model, rated for 1,500 kg and weighing just under 470 kg itself, at the same 35.5 cm height as the Freight500.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-43223880ce", "hs-91635860fe" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-04", "event": "ProMat 2017", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/fetch-robotics-introduces-burly-new-freight-robots" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "Zebra Technologies bought Fetch Robotics in 2021; Zebra's current product menu (checked 2026-10-10) no longer lists mobile robots, so the line is treated as discontinued, but no end-of-sale notice was found" }, "components": { "sensors": "Lidar front and back plus a forward RGB-D camera", "battery": "Up to 9 hours; about 1 hour to 90%", "other": "1,500 kg payload; just under 470 kg; 35.5 cm tall", "sources": [ "hs-43223880ce" ] }, "news": [ { "date": "2017-04-03", "title": "Fetch shows heavier Freight robots at ProMat", "summary": "Fetch Robotics introduced Freight500 and Freight1500 for heavier warehouse loads.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/fetch-robotics-introduces-burly-new-freight-robots" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It moved pallet loads around warehouses and factories on its own, sent jobs by fleet software rather than driven by a person.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/fetch-robotics-freight1500-2017.jpg", "author": "Fetch Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "http://web.archive.org/web/20170403084310/http://fetchrobotics.com/freight500-and-freight1500/", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170606211752im_/http://fetchrobotics.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/freight1500-AAAP.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 564, "h": 720 } }, { "id": "fetch-robotics-freight500-2017", "name": "Freight500", "maker": "Fetch Robotics (Zebra Technologies)", "makerId": "fetch", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-04", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "moving case-sized loads in warehouses" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 35.5, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 500, "batteryHours": 9, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A heavier Freight base rated for 500 kg, with lidar front and back and a forward 3D camera. It runs up to 9 hours and recharges to 90 percent in about an hour.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-43223880ce", "hs-91635860fe" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-04", "event": "ProMat 2017", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/fetch-robotics-introduces-burly-new-freight-robots" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "Zebra Technologies bought Fetch Robotics in 2021; Zebra's current product menu (checked 2026-10-10) no longer lists mobile robots, so the line is treated as discontinued, but no end-of-sale notice was found" }, "components": { "sensors": "Same new-generation sensor set as Freight1500: lidar front and back and a forward RGB-D camera", "other": "500 kg payload; about the size of a standard case", "sources": [ "hs-43223880ce" ] }, "news": [ { "date": "2017-04-03", "title": "Fetch shows heavier Freight robots at ProMat", "summary": "Fetch Robotics introduced Freight500 and Freight1500 for heavier warehouse loads.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/fetch-robotics-introduces-burly-new-freight-robots" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It navigated warehouses on its own with lidar and a 3D camera, taking transport jobs from fleet software.", "video": { "id": "MJoem4xGfkY", "title": "Fetch Robotics Freight500 in Action", "channel": "Fetch Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/fetch-robotics-freight500-2017.jpg", "author": "Fetch Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170403084310/http://fetchrobotics.com/freight500-and-freight1500/", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170403084310/http://fetchrobotics.com/freight500-and-freight1500/", "kind": "maker", "w": 864, "h": 590 } }, { "id": "westfield-pod-2017", "name": "Westfield POD (GATEway)", "maker": "Westfield Technology Group", "makerId": "westfield", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-04", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Ran on a 3.4 km route in Greenwich, London during the 2017-2018 GATEway trial; also trialled in Birmingham, Manchester and other UK sites.", "summary": "A small electric passenger pod derived from Heathrow's ULTra personal rapid transit cars, adapted to drive itself on shared paths.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-01e3450203" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-04", "event": "GATEway prototype shuttle trial, Greenwich", "url": "https://www.trl.co.uk/Uploads/TRL/Documents/D3.7_TRL-Workshop-Findings-Report.pdf" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Greenwich, London (2017-2018); Birmingham, Manchester, Lake District, University of the West of England, Filton Airfield", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/westfield-pod-2017-1.jpg", "author": "Spsmiler", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GATEway-Podcar-NthGreenwich-London-S2620005.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "noc-boaty-mcboatface-2017", "name": "Boaty McBoatface (Autosub Long Range)", "maker": "National Oceanography Centre", "makerId": "national-oceanography-centre", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-04-03", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "deep-ocean research", "under-ice research" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "underwater", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 700, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 3.6, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Research vehicle, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Spent 51 hours under Antarctic ice in 2018 and later made a 2,000 km, 55-day trip from Iceland to Scotland.", "deployments": "Maiden mission from 3 April 2017 in the Orkney Passage (180 km, down to 4,000 m); 2018 Filchner Ice Shelf mission; 2024 Iceland-Scotland voyage.", "summary": "A 3.62 m Autosub Long Range AUV, one of six in the class, that travels on its own for months over 2,500 km or more, down to 6,000 m. It got its name from a 2016 public poll.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-26e6656295" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-04-03", "event": "Maiden mission from RRS James Clark Ross", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Southern Ocean (Orkney Passage, Weddell Sea), North Atlantic", "since": "2017-04", "fleet": "6 ALR vehicles (BBC, 2024)", "usage": "Over 2,000 km in 55 days, 2024 (BBC)", "rangeKm": 2500 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/noc-boaty-mcboatface-2017-1.jpg", "author": "Tim Sheerman-Chase", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Autosub_Long_Range.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 667, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "katmerciler-ukap-2017", "name": "UKAP", "maker": "Katmerciler (with ASELSAN SARP turret)", "makerId": "katmerciler", "country": "Turkey", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "fire support", "remote weapon platform" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A tracked remote-controlled weapon platform fitted with an ASELSAN stabilised turret, ordered by the Turkish Armed Forces in 2018.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-bff4713c08", "hs-73811e4cb6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-05", "event": "IDEF 2017, Istanbul", "url": "https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/uv-online/eurosatory-2018-armed-turkish-ugv-nears-syrian-dep/" }, "released": { "date": "2018", "note": "20 ordered by the Turkish Armed Forces; batch deliveries announced mid-2018" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tracked; hybrid battery/generator power; up to 25 km/h", "sensors": "ASELSAN SARP turret with day and night imaging, laser rangefinder and automatic target tracking", "battery": "About 5 hours on battery or 8 hours with the generator (maker figures)", "other": "Second long-range remote control unit; turret takes a 12.7 mm or 7.62 mm machine gun or 40 mm grenade launcher (as published)", "sources": [ "hs-bff4713c08", "hs-73811e4cb6" ] }, "production": { "built": "Serial production started by June 2018", "sold": "20+ ordered by Turkey's defence procurement agency", "where": "Turkey (Katmerciler, with ASELSAN turret)", "customers": "Turkish Armed Forces" }, "news": [ { "date": "2018-06-13", "title": "UKAP enters serial production", "summary": "Shephard reported serial production had begun and 20 UKAPs would be delivered in batches after live-fire trials.", "publisher": "Shephard", "url": "https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/uv-online/eurosatory-2018-armed-turkish-ugv-nears-syrian-dep/" }, { "date": "2018-02-22", "title": "Turkey orders armed UGVs", "summary": "Turkey's defence procurement agency said more than 20 Katmerciler UKAP vehicles were ordered for the armed forces.", "publisher": "The Defense Post", "url": "https://www.thedefensepost.com/2018/02/22/turkey-armed-unmanned-ground-vehicles-afrin-syria/" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "An operator drives it and controls its turret remotely, and any firing is decided by that person.", "video": { "id": "8E__EbN4rMw", "title": "UKAP - Uzaktan Kumandalı Atış Platformu / Remote Controlled Weapon Platform With Tracking System", "channel": "Katmerciler A.S" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/katmerciler-ukap-2017.jpg", "author": "Katmerciler", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://katmerciler.com.tr/urunler/ukap/", "page": "https://katmerciler.com.tr/urunler/ukap/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "yandex-toyota-prius-2017", "name": "Yandex self-driving car (Toyota Prius+ prototype)", "maker": "Yandex", "makerId": "yandex", "country": "Russia", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-05", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Yandex's first prototype; it led to an unmanned robotaxi service in Innopolis, Tatarstan, from August 2018.", "summary": "A heavily modified Toyota Prius+ hybrid that started Yandex's self-driving programme, later replaced by Hyundai Sonata-based cars.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a0262f5056" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-05", "event": "Yandex prototype reveal", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Prototype" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Moscow, Innopolis (Russia)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/yandex-toyota-prius-2017-1.jpg", "author": "Artyom Svetlov", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Auto_Yandex_self-driving_car_Moscow_Moscow_transport_museum_%D0%A2723%D0%9C%D0%A3799_2026-09_1789489093.JPG", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "jd-com-delivery-robot-2017", "name": "JD delivery robot", "maker": "JD.com", "makerId": "jd-com", "country": "China", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-06-18", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "campus and community parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Unit cost was reported at almost $88,000 during 2016 testing (cost, not a sale price)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "JD made its first public robot parcel deliveries in China on 18 June 2017, starting at Renmin University.", "deployments": "Piloted at universities including Renmin, Tsinghua, Zhejiang and Chang'an in 2017.", "summary": "A white four-wheeled robot that carries several parcels, uses lidar and cameras to avoid obstacles and read traffic lights, and texts recipients before it arrives. Speed reported as 3 to 4 km/h.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-0b21eef252", "hs-7480836752" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-06-18", "event": "First robot deliveries during JD's 6.18 sale", "url": "https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201706/20/WS59bbebada310ded8ac18cfb8_1.html" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Lidar and cameras to avoid obstacles and read traffic lights", "other": "Carries 6-20 parcels depending on size; 3-4 km/h; recipients unlock by face recognition or code after a text alert", "sources": [ "hs-0b21eef252" ] }, "production": { "built": "JD planned 100+ robots in 2017", "sold": "Internal JD Logistics fleet", "customers": "Renmin, Tsinghua, Zhejiang and Chang'an universities (2017 pilots)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2017-06-18", "title": "JD robot makes first delivery", "summary": "JD's robot courier delivered its first parcels at Renmin University in Beijing during the 618 sale.", "publisher": "China Daily", "url": "https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201706/20/WS59bbebada310ded8ac18cfb8_1.html" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drove campus routes to recipients by itself, avoiding obstacles and reading traffic lights, with staff monitoring the pilots.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/jd-com-delivery-robot-2017.jpg", "author": "JD.com", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://img30.360buyimg.com/jdwork/jfs/t12970/106/2515258529/216814/c9208504/5a6016ddN21da5a02.jpg", "page": "https://img30.360buyimg.com/jdwork/jfs/t12970/106/2515258529/216814/c9208504/5a6016ddN21da5a02.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 780, "h": 460 } }, { "id": "einride-pod-2017", "name": "Einride Pod (formerly T-pod)", "maker": "Einride", "makerId": "einride", "country": "Sweden", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-07-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "freight", "shuttle haulage between sites" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 16000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Began daily driverless freight runs on a public road in Jonkoping, Sweden in May 2019, and in 2022 became the first cabless autonomous electric truck allowed on US public roads (GE Appliances, Selmer, Tennessee).", "deployments": "Einride reported six autonomous deployments in the US and Europe and over 5,400 driverless hours in customer operations as of 30 June 2026; it listed on Nasdaq in June 2026.", "summary": "A cabless electric freight vehicle with no windscreen or steering wheel, driven autonomously on set routes with remote operators who can supervise several units and take over when needed.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-fb448ea9f5", "hs-cbbff8d63f", "hs-f1ffd70e7d", "hs-eeca5f89b3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-07-04", "event": "Full-scale T-pod prototype reported", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/04/einrides-t-pod-self-driving-transport-ev-gets-a-full-scale-prototype/" }, "released": { "date": "2018-11", "note": "First commercial installation at DB Schenker, Jonkoping; public-road runs from May 2019" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Jonkoping, Sweden (DB Schenker); Selmer, Tennessee (GE Appliances); six deployments in the US and Europe (Einride, 2026)", "since": "2019-05", "fleet": "Six autonomous deployments (Einride, June 2026); vehicle count not published", "usage": "Over 5,400 driverless hours in contracted customer operations as of 30 June 2026 (Einride)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/einride-pod-2017-1.jpg", "author": "Linneakornehed", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:T-pod.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 651 } }, { "id": "unitree-laikago-2017", "name": "Laikago", "maker": "Unitree Robotics", "makerId": "unitree", "country": "China", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-09", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "research", "education" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 60, "weightKg": 22, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 5, "payloadKg": 9, "batteryHours": 3, "priceUsd": 45000, "priceNote": "US$45,000 per New Atlas", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Unitree's first commercial delivery, named after the space dog Laika.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Unitree's first product, a 22-24 kg electric research quadruped that stayed stable when kicked. New Atlas gives 1.4 m/s top speed.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-dbc37b4fb7", "hs-07d6408cae", "hs-2aa03a65df", "hs-d1930d814c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-09", "event": "Unitree launch", "url": "https://shop.unitree.com/pages/about-us" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "sold to research customers" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 Unitree brushless DC motors, three per leg", "sensors": "IMU, 12 joint encoders, four foot force sensors", "compute": "Main computer with two ARM processors, an ARM controller in each joint and an extra Ubuntu computer", "battery": "0.655 kWh lithium-ion, about 3-4 hours", "materials": "Carbon fibre, aluminium and 3D-printed parts", "other": "24 kg; walks at about 2.9 km/h", "sources": [ "hs-dbc37b4fb7", "hs-07d6408cae" ] }, "production": { "sold": "US$25,000-50,000 depending on model", "where": "Hangzhou, China", "customers": "Research customers" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-05-04", "title": "Unitree's A1 undercuts Laikago", "summary": "New Atlas reported Unitree's A1 at under $10,000 as a smaller follow-on to the $45,000 Laikago.", "publisher": "New Atlas", "url": "https://newatlas.com/robotics/unitree-a1-quadruped-robot/" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers steered it with a remote while it kept its own balance, even when kicked.", "video": { "id": "d6Ja643GqL8", "title": "Laikago: a four leg robot is coming to you", "channel": "Unitree Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/unitree-laikago-2017.jpg", "author": "Unitree Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20171019072834/http://www.unitree.cc:80/cn/e/action/ShowInfo.php?classid=6&id=1", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20171019072834/http://www.unitree.cc:80/cn/e/action/ShowInfo.php?classid=6&id=1", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 435 } }, { "id": "cmu-biorobotics-modular-snake-robot-2017", "name": "Modular snake robot (Snakebot)", "maker": "Carnegie Mellon University Biorobotics Lab (Howie Choset, Matt Travers)", "makerId": "carnegie-mellon-university-biorobotics-lab", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-09", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "search and rescue", "pipe inspection", "research" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "snake", "domain": [ "research", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 5, "weightKg": null, "dof": 16, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "First real-disaster use of CMU's snake robot, searching voids in a collapsed building after the 2017 Mexico City earthquake.", "deployments": "Made two camera passes through a collapsed apartment building in Mexico City with the Mexican Red Cross in September 2017; no survivors were found.", "summary": "A tethered, 16-module snake robot about 94 cm long and 5 cm across that can undulate or roll, with a camera and lights in its head. CMU says this unit was already more than 10 years old in 2017.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-44f9703bb7", "hs-92e0baf4a6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-09", "event": "Deployed with the Mexican Red Cross after the 19 September 2017 earthquake (robot built over a decade earlier)", "url": "https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2017/september/snakebot-mexico.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research robot; year reflects its best-documented public use, not its build date." }, "components": { "actuators": "16 modules, each with two half-joints (16 DoF)", "sensors": "Video camera and lights in the head", "other": "About 94 cm long and 5 cm across; tethered for power and control; more than 10 years old in 2017", "sources": [ "hs-44f9703bb7" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "customers": "Used with the Mexican Red Cross after the September 2017 earthquake" }, "news": [ { "date": "2017-09-27", "title": "CMU snakebot searches quake rubble", "summary": "CMU's snake robot made two camera passes through a collapsed Mexico City building with the Mexican Red Cross.", "publisher": "Carnegie Mellon University", "url": "https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2017/september/snakebot-mexico.html" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Operators drove the tethered snake and its camera by hand through the collapsed building.", "video": { "id": "te4M-b69fVs", "title": "Series Elastic Snake Robot - Overview", "channel": "CMUBiorobotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cmu-biorobotics-modular-snake-robot-2017.jpg", "author": "Carnegie Mellon University Biorobotics Lab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/cmu-snake-robot-mexico-earthquake", "page": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/cmu-snake-robot-mexico-earthquake", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 665 } }, { "id": "l3harris-t7-2017", "name": "T7 Multi-Mission Robotic System", "maker": "Harris Corporation (now L3Harris)", "makerId": "harris", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "bomb disposal" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 322, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "UK contract worth up to £55M (about US$73M) for 56 robots including support; no unit price.", "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used by UK, US and Australian forces; US Navy and Marines selected it in January 2026 (maker).", "summary": "A heavy tracked bomb-disposal robot with a strong arm and haptic control. It replaced the Wheelbarrow in British Army service.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d563bb0f80", "hs-0051179d6a", "hs-ee7f31baf1", "hs-165e94b318" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-09", "event": "UK order announced at DSEI 2017", "url": "https://gov.uk/government/news/defence-secretary-announces-55m-contract-for-uk-bomb-disposal-robots-at-dsei" }, "released": { "date": "2018-12", "note": "First four of 56 delivered to the British Army (GOV.UK, 23 December 2018)" }, "components": { "actuators": "Skid-steer tracks; climbs stairs and slopes over 45 degrees; 7 km/h", "hands": "Manipulator lifting 113+ kg near the chassis and 27+ kg at full reach (2.2 m horizontal, 3.1 m vertical); force-sensing gripper; up to four disruptors", "sensors": "Front and rear driving cameras, 30x zoom PTZ mast camera, gripper camera, four corner cameras, optional mid-arm camera", "battery": "12 BB-2590 batteries, 8+ hours", "materials": "IP56", "software": "Haptic force-feedback controller with arm presets and motion rewind", "other": "322 kg with arm and batteries", "sources": [ "hs-d563bb0f80", "hs-ee7f31baf1" ] }, "production": { "sold": "56 ordered by the UK under a GBP 55 million contract; first four delivered December 2018", "customers": "British Army, US forces, Australian forces; US Navy and Marines selected it in January 2026" }, "news": [ { "date": "2018-12-23", "title": "British Army receives first T7s", "summary": "The UK took delivery of the first four of 56 T7 bomb-disposal robots, delivered early.", "publisher": "GOV.UK", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/british-army-receives-pioneering-bomb-disposal-robots" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "A soldier tele-operates it from a control unit, using haptic feedback to work the arm on explosive devices.", "video": { "id": "6pfhZeKhOjM", "title": "Harris Corporation T7™ Multi-Mission Robotic System", "channel": "Harris Corporation", "display": true }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/l3harris-t7-2017-1.jpg", "author": "U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Haiden Morris", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Airmen_in_Action-_EOD_Executes_Tactical_Training_(8888540).jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Airmen_in_Action-_EOD_Executes_Tactical_Training_(8888540).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "dce-x-series-2017", "name": "X-series (X-2 / Universal Carrier)", "maker": "Digital Concepts Engineering", "makerId": "digital-concepts-engineering", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "load carrying", "casualty evacuation", "surveillance" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Described as the British Army's first operational uncrewed ground vehicle capability (2026).", "deployments": null, "summary": "Small tracked robot carriers that grew from an agricultural project; the X-2 was shown at DSEI 2017 and the British Army ordered 15 X-series Universal Carriers in 2026.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-b0b3c48e89", "hs-421ddcfc7a", "hs-3dd6d36f38" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-09", "event": "X-2 exhibited at DSEI 2017", "url": "https://vimeo.com/234830290" }, "released": { "date": "2026-06", "note": "British Army orders 15 X-series Universal Carriers, its first operational UGV fleet" }, "components": { "other": "Roles: load carrying, casualty evacuation and surveillance", "sources": [ "hs-b0b3c48e89" ] }, "production": { "sold": "15 Universal Carriers ordered by the British Army (2026)", "where": "Leicestershire, UK; UGV factory planned at Hinckley", "customers": "British Army" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-06-01", "title": "British Army picks DCE for first UGV fleet", "summary": "The British Army ordered 15 X-series Universal Carriers as its first operational UGV fleet.", "publisher": "UK Defence Journal", "url": "https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/british-army-picks-dce-for-first-operational-ugv-fleet/" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Public reports describe it as a remotely controlled carrier for load carrying, casualty evacuation and surveillance; no routine unattended operation is described.", "video": { "id": "IcNcW9uWFyA", "title": "X-2 by Digital Concepts Engineering", "channel": "Digital Concepts Engineering Ltd (@digitalconceptsengineering804)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/dce-x-series-2017.jpg", "author": "Digital Concepts Engineering", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://dconcepts.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/DCE-Web-img-0192-600x403.jpg", "page": "https://dconcepts.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/DCE-Web-img-0192-600x403.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 600, "h": 403 } }, { "id": "advanced-construction-robotics-tybot-2017", "name": "TyBOT", "maker": "Advanced Construction Robotics", "makerId": "advanced-construction", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "tying rebar on bridge decks" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Sold or offered as robotics-as-a-service charged per tie; list price not published by maker", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Its makers call it the first artificially intelligent robot in heavy civil construction; first commercial use on a Pennsylvania bridge in 2017.", "deployments": "First commercial use on PennDOT's Freedom Road bridge in October 2017; more than 65 field deployments by late 2024, when a third generation was released.", "summary": "A gantry that rides the screed rails across a bridge deck and uses cameras to find and tie rebar intersections, at more than 1,100 ties per hour (over 1,200 for the 2025 third generation).", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-2786a5baac", "hs-c528e11ecd", "hs-4e049bc1c0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-10", "event": "First commercial use on the PennDOT Freedom Road bridge", "url": "https://www.enr.com/articles/56551-robot-performs-1-100-rebar-ties-per-hour-on-wisconsin-bridge-job" }, "released": { "date": "2017", "note": "TyBOT 3.0 available to order for delivery in Q1 2025" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/advanced-construction-robotics-tybot-2017-1.jpg", "author": "BryceNelson7", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TyBot_at_CSVT_River_Bridge.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "built-robotics-autonomous-track-loader-2017", "name": "Autonomous Track Loader (AI Guidance System)", "maker": "Built Robotics", "makerId": "built", "country": "United States", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-10-18", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "construction", "excavation", "site clearing" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Pricing not set at unveiling", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Built says it was the first company to commercially deploy fully autonomous heavy equipment on construction sites.", "deployments": "Tested at Built's San Francisco yard in 2017; its AI Guidance System went to market in 2018 on loaders, excavators and dozers before the Exosystem replaced it.", "summary": "A retrofitted compact track loader (reported as a skid steer) that dug foundation holes and cleared ground by itself after an operator entered coordinates and hole size. It was Built's first product before the Exosystem excavator kit.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-bc5d86287e", "hs-86b4ffd8d1", "hs-ef30d8f73c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-10-18", "event": "Built Robotics came out of stealth with an autonomous track loader video", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/18/built-robotics-raises-15-million-from-nea-for-autonomous-construction.html" }, "released": { "date": "2018", "note": "AI Guidance System brought to market in 2018" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/built-robotics-autonomous-track-loader-2017-1.jpg", "author": "Built Robotics Inc", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ATL-74R_Built_Robotics.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "swarmfarm-swarmbot-2017", "name": "SwarmBot", "maker": "SwarmFarm Robotics", "makerId": "swarmfarm", "country": "Australia", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "weed spraying", "broadacre farm tasks" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Eight robots working in fields in late 2017; first US commercial unit delivered to Beck's Hybrids, Indiana, in 2024.", "summary": "A small, cab-less autonomous farm vehicle that carries spraying and other implements across paddocks, designed by Queensland farmers to work in teams instead of one big tractor.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-696ceed47e", "hs-a8d35a9fe8", "hs-ee4e83fcd1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-11", "event": "Farm Online report on robots working in the field (earliest dated source opened; the company began on a Queensland farm in 2012)", "url": "https://www.farmonline.com.au/story/5037341/farm-robots-for-sale-next-year/" }, "released": { "date": "2018", "note": "Commercial sales to farmers were targeted for mid-2018" }, "components": { "hands": "Carries third-party implements: WEED-IT, Bilberry and WeedSeeker spot sprayers and Goldacres, Croplands and Hayes sprayers", "software": "SwarmConnect developer network for add-on farm applications", "sources": [ "hs-a8d35a9fe8" ] }, "production": { "where": "Queensland, Australia", "customers": "Australian farmers; Beck's Hybrids in Indiana (first US unit, 2024)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-04-29", "title": "SwarmFarm delivers first US robot", "summary": "SwarmFarm delivered its first commercial SwarmBot in the US to Beck's Hybrids in Indiana.", "publisher": "Future Farming", "url": "https://www.futurefarming.com/tech-in-focus/swarmfarm-robotics-delivers-first-commercial-unit-in-the-us/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "The robots work paddocks on their own following planned jobs, with the farmer monitoring them rather than driving.", "video": { "id": "WqfA-nlj29s", "title": "SwarmFarm Robotics", "channel": "SwarmFarm Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/swarmfarm-swarmbot-2017.jpg", "author": "SwarmFarm Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.swarmfarm.com/", "page": "https://www.swarmfarm.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 559 } }, { "id": "sony-aibo-ers-1000-2017", "name": "aibo ERS-1000", "maker": "Sony", "makerId": "sony", "country": "Japan", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-11-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "companionship", "entertainment" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "entertainment" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 29.3, "weightKg": 2.2, "dof": 22, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 2, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "US launch package priced at US$2,899, including three years of mobile connectivity and accessories (Sony, August 2018); a Basic Plan subscription enables the full cloud-linked feature set (Sony, 2017).", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Sony's revival of AIBO after 12 years, with cloud AI and an LTE connection.", "deployments": "Sold in Japan from 11 January 2018 (Sony, August 2018).", "summary": "The fourth-generation aibo, a 2.2 kg robot dog with 22 actuated axes, cameras, a ToF sensor and touch sensors. It recognises up to 100 faces and learns tricks through a cloud service.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-1d2d409ea9", "hs-5fa06aa0a6", "hs-c1032468d5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-11-01", "event": "Sony announced the new aibo (ERS-1000)", "url": "https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/News/Press/201711/17-105E/" }, "released": { "date": "2018-01-11", "note": "Japan launch; full features need a subscription" }, "components": { "actuators": "22 actuated axes: head 3, mouth 1, neck 1, waist 1, legs 3 each, ears 1 each, tail 2", "sensors": "Front camera and SLAM camera, ToF sensor, two ranging sensors, touch sensors on back, head and jaw, 6-axis IMUs in head and torso, motion and light sensors, four paw pads, four microphones", "compute": "64-bit quad-core CPU (Sony, 2017)", "battery": "4-cell lithium-ion pack, about 2 hours; about 3 hours to recharge on its station", "software": "Cloud-linked AI that recognises up to 100 faces and 50+ voice commands; full features need a subscription", "other": "About 2.2 kg; OLED eyes; LTE and Wi-Fi; cloud features by subscription", "sources": [ "hs-1d2d409ea9", "hs-5fa06aa0a6" ] }, "production": { "sold": "On sale in Japan from 11 January 2018" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/sony-aibo-ers-1000-2017.jpg", "author": "Marco Wydmuch", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Dot_Award_Product_Design_2000-2018_Aibos.jpg", "article": "AIBO", "w": 500, "h": 333 }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Sony describes aibo as an autonomous companion that actively seeks its owners, walks around its environment and learns from interactions." }, { "id": "nissan-easy-ride-leaf-2018", "name": "Easy Ride robo-vehicle (Nissan LEAF)", "maker": "Nissan with DeNA", "makerId": "nissan", "country": "Japan", "year": 2018, "date": "2017-12", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Two-week public field test in Yokohama's Minato Mirai district from 5 to 18 March 2018 on a 4.5 km route, with a test driver on board.", "summary": "Modified Nissan LEAF cars used for an app-booked robotaxi trial in Yokohama. Nissan and DeNA aimed for a full service in the early 2020s, which did not happen.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-05e88cdd99", "hs-865d144fc7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-12", "event": "Nissan and DeNA announce Easy Ride field test", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Field test only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Yokohama (Minato Mirai)", "since": null, "fleet": "2 cars (press, 2018)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/nissan-easy-ride-leaf-2018.jpg", "author": "Nissan", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/180223-01-e", "page": "https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/180223-01-e", "kind": "maker", "w": 928, "h": 518 } }, { "id": "degtyarev-nerekhta-2017", "name": "Nerekhta", "maker": "V.A. Degtyarev Plant with the Advanced Research Foundation", "makerId": "v-a-degtyarev-plant", "country": "Russia", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-12", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "transport", "artillery reconnaissance", "combat support" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "defence-research" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A modular tracked robot with transport, reconnaissance and combat configurations, tested by Russia's defence ministry from about 2017.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e2822837e8", "hs-8f86d7d845", "hs-2571b6bbf4", "hs-40cda2c48d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-12", "event": "Russian officials announce plans to adopt it", "url": "https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/12/19/russia-adopt-nerekhta-unmanned-ground-vehicle" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "Shown in Zapad-2021" }, "components": { "other": "Modular platform in transport, artillery-reconnaissance and combat versions; combat version carries machine guns or an automatic grenade launcher (as published)", "sources": [ "hs-e2822837e8", "hs-b163732a13" ] }, "production": { "where": "Kovrov, Russia (Degtyarev Plant)", "customers": "Russian Ministry of Defence (tests at Alabino, summer 2017)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2019-05-16", "title": "Nerekhta in MoD testing", "summary": "Russia's Advanced Research Foundation said Nerekhta was being tested by the defence ministry and meeting its stated characteristics.", "publisher": "Interfax", "url": "https://www.interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/20410/" }, { "date": "2017-12-19", "title": "Russia plans to adopt Nerekhta", "summary": "Russian officials said they planned to adopt the modular Nerekhta robot after summer 2017 trials at Alabino.", "publisher": "The Firearm Blog", "url": "https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/12/19/russia-adopt-nerekhta-unmanned-ground-vehicle" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "An operator controls it remotely from a distance, including its reconnaissance and weapon functions.", "video": { "id": "HTPIED6jUdU", "title": "This Russian robot shoots guns", "channel": "CNN" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/degtyarev-nerekhta-2017-1.jpg", "author": "Ministerstwo Obrony Rossijskoj Federazii (Министерство обороны Российской Федерации / Ministry of Defence of the Russian", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_01.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 550, "h": 390 } }, { "id": "shenzhen-bus-haylion-alphaba-2017", "name": "Alphaba smart bus", "maker": "Shenzhen Haylion Technologies with Shenzhen Bus Group", "makerId": "shenzhen-haylion", "country": "China", "year": 2017, "date": "2017-12-02", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "public transit" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 40, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Haylion's chairman put the cost of each pilot bus at about RMB 500,000 (about USD 76,000, China Daily, Dec 2017); not sold publicly", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Reported in December 2017 as one of the first self-driving buses to run a trial on open public roads, in Shenzhen.", "deployments": "Four buses ran invited passengers on a 1.2 km, three-stop loop in the Futian Bonded Zone of Shenzhen from 2 December 2017, with a driver ready to take over.", "summary": "A small electric city bus with lidar, cameras and GPS, developed by Haylion for Shenzhen Bus Group, that could change lanes, avoid obstacles and stop at bus stops by itself at 10 to 40 km/h. It carried up to 19 passengers during the trial.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a434172716", "hs-9ee86a3265", "hs-5bd83d71d2" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2017-12-02", "event": "Trial operation start, Futian Bonded Zone, Shenzhen", "url": "https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201712/03/WS5a276474a3107865316d2f99.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "trial operation only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Futian Bonded Zone, Shenzhen (trial from Dec 2017)", "since": null, "fleet": "4 buses (China Daily, Dec 2017)", "usage": "about 8,000 km of test running across the four buses over four months (China Daily, Dec 2017)", "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "boonray-autonomous-mining-trucks-2018", "name": "Boonray autonomous electric mining trucks (BLEB145A1)", "maker": "Boonray Technology", "makerId": "boonray", "country": "China", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "coal haulage", "ore haulage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "First used at China Molybdenum's Sandaozhuang mine near Luoyang in 2018; in use at 30 mining projects in China by February 2026, including a BLEB145A1 fleet at a Zhundong, Xinjiang coal mine.", "summary": "Boonray converts and co-develops battery-electric mine trucks for Level 4 unmanned driving with battery swapping, backed by BYD. Its named model is the 160-short-ton BLEB145A1, and LGMG fits its system to the RTE156 truck at the factory.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4164aa93af", "hs-d082fb1aaf", "hs-37d6e36341" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "First deployment at the Luoyang Molybdenum Sandaozhuang mine", "url": "https://www.hesaitech.com/empowered-by-hesai-lidar-boonray-technologys-autonomous-mining-trucks-are-ushering-in-a-new-approach-to-mining/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "30 mining projects in China incl. Sandaozhuang (Henan) and Zhundong (Xinjiang); Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Sichuan, Shanxi", "since": "2018", "fleet": "Not consistently published; a prospectus cited by The Bamboo Works gave 584 trucks delivered cumulatively (date not confirmed)", "usage": "Over 300 days and 60,000 unmanned trips without accidents at Sandaozhuang (Hesai, May 2022); 200 battery swaps in one day at Zhundong (Interesting Engineering, Feb 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/boonray-autonomous-mining-trucks-2018.jpg", "author": "Boonray Technology", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://en.boonray.com/p/zccp.html", "page": "https://en.boonray.com/p/zccp.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 621 } }, { "id": "eacon-autonomous-mining-trucks-2018", "name": "EACON L4 autonomous mining trucks (ORCASTRA)", "maker": "EACON Mining Technology", "makerId": "eacon-mining", "country": "China", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "coal haulage", "ore haulage", "overburden haulage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not published; sold as autonomy solution and service", "hands": "none", "firsts": "First autonomous-mining company to list on a stock exchange (Hong Kong, July 2026), and the first operator with more than 2,500 active autonomous mine trucks.", "deployments": "EACON had 2,580 active autonomous trucks across about 30 mines for groups such as CHN Energy, SPIC and TBEA at the end of 2025, including one site with over 500 trucks.", "summary": "EACON fits its L4 driving kit and fleet software to battery-electric, hybrid and diesel mine trucks from many makers, both at the factory and as retrofits. It runs the world's largest autonomous mine truck fleet, almost all in China.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-10acc12cb1", "hs-d7bf97b457", "hs-3245a020a8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "Company founded to commercialise L4 driving for mine sites", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2026/07/08/eacon-jumps-hk-debut/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Commercial; 2025 revenue 1.44 billion yuan (CnEVPost, July 2026)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "About 30 mines in China (CHN Energy, SPIC, TBEA, Zijin, Baowu and others, mainly Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang coal); partners in Australia (Thiess, MACA)", "since": null, "fleet": "2,580 active autonomous mining trucks at 31 Dec 2025 (prospectus via CnEVPost); company says 3,500+ trucks as of Sept 2026 (Skillings)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/eacon-autonomous-mining-trucks-2018.jpg", "author": "EACON Mining Technology", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.eaconmining.com.au/", "page": "https://www.eaconmining.com.au/", "kind": "maker", "w": 736, "h": 500 } }, { "id": "ehang-eh216-s-2023", "name": "EH216-S", "maker": "EHang", "makerId": "ehang", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2018", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "sightseeing flights", "passenger air taxi" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "air-taxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 130, "payloadKg": 220, "batteryHours": 0.3, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "price not confirmed in sources opened; sold to operators and flown as paid sightseeing service", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Described by EHang as the world's first pilotless passenger eVTOL to hold a CAAC type certificate, production certificate and standard airworthiness certificate; in March 2025 CAAC issued the first air operator certificates for pilotless passenger eVTOL service.", "deployments": "Paid sightseeing flights by EHang General Aviation (Guangzhou) and Heyi Aviation (Hefei) began under air operator certificates issued in March 2025; first public flights in Hong Kong's Regulatory Sandbox took place 28-30 August 2026 (EHang).", "summary": "A two-seat, 16-rotor electric multicopter with no pilot on board. It flies pre-programmed routes by itself and stays linked over 5G to a ground command centre that monitors every flight.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-dc1904c48b", "hs-10052f8141", "hs-1c74cd9c7e", "hs-67bcef65c5" ], "canada": "Transport Canada Civil Aviation issued a special flight operations certificate for EHang 216 trial flights in Québec (EHang, July 29, 2020).", "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "EH216 two-seat version shown in 2018; EH216-S certified by CAAC in 2023", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2025-03", "note": "CAAC air operator certificates for pilotless passenger sightseeing flights in Guangzhou and Hefei" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Guangzhou and Hefei, China (sightseeing loops that take off and land at the same site, per New Atlas, April 2025); Hong Kong Cyberport trial flights (August 2026); Sri Lanka sandbox planned (eVTOL Insights, August 2026)", "since": "2025-03", "fleet": "not published in sources opened", "usage": "not published in sources opened", "rangeKm": 35 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/ehang-eh216-s-2023-1.jpg", "author": "David Perez", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EHang_216_8_vista_general_by-dpc.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "easymile-ez10-gen2-2018", "name": "EZ10 Gen 2", "maker": "EasyMile", "makerId": "easymile", "country": "France", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used in US pilots in about ten states until the US regulator suspended EasyMile passenger service in February 2020 after a passenger fell during an emergency stop in Columbus, Ohio.", "summary": "Second-generation EZ10, which EasyMile's 2018 sales material rated for up to 15 people. It ran many US and Canadian pilots with an attendant on board.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-6cd2e4e996", "hs-9c4dad3417", "hs-12a1a03d8a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "EasyMile sales material and 2018 deployments", "url": "https://coloradotransit.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/EasyMile-CASTA-Oct-2018.pdf" }, "released": { "date": "2018", "note": "Leased or sold to operators; no public price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "US pilots in about ten states including Salt Lake City, Columbus (Ohio) and Corpus Christi; Montreal (2018 documentation); exact generation per site is not always stated", "since": null, "fleet": "16 EasyMile shuttles were covered by the US suspension of passenger operations in February 2020 (Reuters, 2020).", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/easymile-ez10-gen2-2018-1.jpg", "author": "Hadi", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bern_-_selbstfahrender_Bus.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "guss-automation-guss-2018", "name": "GUSS (Global Unmanned Spray System)", "maker": "GUSS Automation (John Deere)", "makerId": "guss", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous orchard and vineyard spraying", "herbicide spraying" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its supervised autonomous sprayers let one person oversee up to eight machines in orchards and vineyards.", "deployments": "More than 250 GUSS machines deployed, spraying 2.6 million acres over 500,000 autonomous hours, by August 2025.", "summary": "A driverless sprayer that uses GPS, lidar and its own software to drive orchard and vineyard rows, monitored remotely. It comes in Orchard, Mini and Herbicide versions and is sold through John Deere dealers.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-c832741411", "hs-f955ef5842", "hs-46fa6f6c18" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "GUSS Automation founded by Dave Crinklaw in 2018 (exact first public showing not found)", "url": "https://gussag.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/John-Deere-Acquires-GUSS-Automation-News-Release.pdf" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Deere joint venture from 2022; Deere bought the company outright in August 2025" }, "components": { "software": "Self-driving system with adjustable application rates and speeds; one person supervises up to eight sprayers from a laptop in a pickup; data links to John Deere Operations Center", "other": "Models include Orchard GUSS, Mini GUSS and Herbicide GUSS", "sources": [ "hs-c832741411", "hs-f955ef5842", "hs-56d59d301f", "hs-c003839fd2" ] }, "production": { "built": "250+ machines in use worldwide, 2.6 million acres sprayed over 500,000 autonomous hours (August 2025)", "sold": "Sold and serviced only through John Deere dealers", "where": "Kingsburg, California, USA", "customers": "Growers including The Wonderful Company, J.G. Boswell, King Ranch, Stemilt, Olam, Monson Fruit and Nutrien Ag Solutions" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-08-28", "title": "John Deere buys GUSS Automation", "summary": "Deere took full ownership of GUSS after a 2022 joint venture, keeping its Kingsburg factory and selling through Deere dealers.", "publisher": "Power Progress", "url": "https://www.powerprogress.com/news/john-deere-acquires-guss-automation/8084172.article" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives orchard and vineyard rows and sprays with no one aboard, while one person monitors a group of machines from a nearby vehicle.", "video": { "id": "30nupRuOtdk", "title": "Introducing GUSS - Autonomous Orchard Sprayer", "channel": "GUSS Automation" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/guss-automation-guss-2018.jpg", "author": "GUSS Automation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://gussag.com/guss/", "page": "https://gussag.com/guss/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "gaussin-agv-performance-psa-2018", "name": "Gaussin AGV Performance (ST Engineering, PSA Singapore)", "maker": "Gaussin with ST Engineering Land Systems", "makerId": "gaussin", "country": "France", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "container moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "ports", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 65000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "A firm order for 86 units for Tuas was placed through ST Engineering in March 2019; PSA buys AGVs from several suppliers, so the share of Tuas's fleet that is Gaussin-designed is not published.", "summary": "A fully electric, fully autonomous 65-tonne-class AGV that Gaussin licensed to ST Engineering for PSA's Singapore terminals. PSA accepted two units in 2018 and ordered 86 for the Tuas megaport in 2019.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ed00d59a4c", "hs-e5a357cc84", "hs-bedd9ca765", "hs-7bf5763682" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "PSA accepts two AGV Performance Full Elec units after 12 weeks of live operation", "url": "https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ACT/2018/06/FCACT042997_20180608.pdf" }, "released": { "date": "2019-03", "note": "First order of 86 units for Tuas via ST Engineering" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "PSA Singapore terminals (Pasir Panjang, Tuas)", "since": null, "fleet": "86 ordered for Tuas (Gaussin, March 2019)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "ike-autonomous-truck-2018", "name": "Ike autonomous truck", "maker": "Ike Robotics", "makerId": "ike", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "freight", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Signed DHL, Ryder and NFI in September 2020 to equip up to 1,000 of their trucks; programme ended with the Nuro acquisition in December 2020.", "summary": "Class 8 trucks fitted with Ike's highway automation, built on software licensed from Nuro. Nuro acquired Ike in December 2020 and folded the team in.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-71fa4f2185", "hs-75f720064a", "hs-217b873376" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "Ike launches, licensing Nuro software", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Never commercialised" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": null, "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ike-autonomous-truck-2018.jpg", "author": "Ike Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://nuro.imgix.net/1_lMvivDXRmnuZoe6HyWm5mQ.webp?w=2560&fit=max&auto=format&q=45", "page": "https://nuro.imgix.net/1_lMvivDXRmnuZoe6HyWm5mQ.webp?w=2560&fit=max&auto=format&q=45", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "roboneers-ironclad-2018", "name": "Ironclad", "maker": "Roboneers", "makerId": "roboneers", "country": "Ukraine", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "assault support", "reconnaissance", "fire support" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1800, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 20, "payloadKg": 400, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An armoured 4x4 combat robot with a remote weapon module, shown as a prototype in 2018 and field-tested by Ukraine's forces from September 2023.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4e60f4036b", "hs-913270199c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "Prototype shown at Arms and Security exhibition, Kyiv (credited then to Global Dynamics)", "url": "https://roboneers.net/blog/ironclad-ugv-demonstrated-at-arms-and-security-exhibition-in-kiev" }, "released": { "date": "2023-09-21", "note": "Field testing with Ukrainian forces began" }, "components": { "actuators": "Articulated 4x4 frame; 20 km/h on road, 10 km/h off road (the 2018 prototype used diesel generators driving hub motors)", "sensors": "Thermal imaging camera in the Shablya M2 remote module", "materials": "Armour against small-arms fire up to 7.62x54 mm armour-piercing rounds", "other": "1,800 kg empty; 400 kg payload; 5 km remote control; 40 cm ground clearance and fording; Shablya M2 remote weapon module", "sources": [ "hs-4e60f4036b", "hs-212615bbda" ] }, "production": { "where": "Ukraine; manufacturing sponsored through the Brave1 cluster", "customers": "Ukrainian forces, including the 5th Separate Assault Brigade" }, "news": [ { "date": "2023-09-25", "title": "Ironclad heads for combat operations", "summary": "Army Recognition detailed the Ironclad's armour, 400 kg payload and Shablya M2 module as front-line trials began.", "publisher": "Army Recognition", "url": "https://www.armyrecognition.com/focus-analysis-conflicts/army/conflicts-in-the-world/russia-ukraine-war-2022/ukraine-to-deploy-articulated-ironclad-ugv-in-combat-operations" }, { "date": "2023-09-22", "title": "Ironclad tested on the front line", "summary": "Ukraine's digital minister announced front-line testing of the Roboneers Ironclad, backed by the Brave1 cluster.", "publisher": "Euromaidan Press", "url": "https://euromaidanpress.com/2023/09/22/ukrainian-versatile-unmanned-combat-vehicle-undergoes-frontline-testing/" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Soldiers drive it and operate its weapon module remotely; firing is controlled by the operator.", "video": { "id": "xSx3ErhSMUs", "title": "Roboneers. UGV Ironclad", "channel": "Roboneers" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/roboneers-ironclad-2018-1.jpg", "author": "VoidWanderer", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roboneers_Ironclad,_Kyiv_2021,_04.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "deep-robotics-jueying-2018", "name": "Jueying", "maker": "DEEP Robotics", "makerId": "deep", "country": "China", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "research", "inspection", "security patrol" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research", "industrial", "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "The first robot dog from DEEP Robotics, which grew out of Zhejiang University research.", "deployments": null, "summary": "DEEP Robotics' first quadruped, launched a few months after the company was founded in November 2017. It later had modular industrial versions.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-ab6687a286", "hs-891611c80d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "DEEP Robotics Pro quadruped milestone", "url": "https://deep-website.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/file/X20%20Hazard%20Detection%20&%20Rescue%20Solution.pdf" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Exact launch date not confirmed; one source says 2017" }, "components": { "sources": [ "hs-ab6687a286", "hs-891611c80d" ] }, "production": { "where": "Hangzhou, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-06-03", "title": "DEEP shows Jueying family at ICRA", "summary": "DEEP Robotics demonstrated Jueying Pro, Jueying, Jueying Mini and Mini Lite at ICRA 2021 in Xi'an.", "publisher": "eeNews Europe", "url": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/series-of-robotic-dogs-demonstrated/" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Operators steered it with a controller while it handled its own balance and footing.", "video": { "id": "7TGMnB7UMvs", "title": "Jueying Quadruped Robot", "channel": "DEEP Robotics" } }, { "id": "kewazo-liftbot-2018", "name": "LIFTBOT", "maker": "KEWAZO", "makerId": "kewazo", "country": "Germany", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "lifting scaffolding parts and materials", "industrial maintenance" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 10, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Sold with KEWAZO CARE service; price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used by scaffolding firms such as Bilfinger and Altrad at plants of ExxonMobil, TotalEnergies, BASF and Dow; Altrad reports a 60 m scaffold finished two weeks faster.", "summary": "A battery-powered robot that climbs a rail fixed to scaffolding and carries detachable platforms of parts and materials up and down, replacing crane lifts and hand-passing. One charge lasts 8 to 10 hours (headline 10), and it keeps working in winds up to 72 km/h.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-8bd4f55658", "hs-4481ee8b78", "hs-e5c7757481" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "KEWAZO founded at UnternehmerTUM, Munich (first public LIFTBOT showing date not found)", "url": "https://www.ansys.com/blog/robotics-startup-gives-construction-workers-safety-lift-automation" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "First version certified with TUV Sud; date not found" }, "autonomy": "remote", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kewazo-liftbot-2018.jpg", "author": "KEWAZO", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://framerusercontent.com/images/4hoHZe0rerQHktH6C3wJQPuvyzg.jpg", "page": "https://framerusercontent.com/images/4hoHZe0rerQHktH6C3wJQPuvyzg.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "sea-kit-maxlimer-2018", "name": "Maxlimer (SEA-KIT X-class USV)", "maker": "SEA-KIT International", "makerId": "sea-kit-international", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "seafloor survey", "pipeline inspection", "AUV mothership" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "research", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7.4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "No public price", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Won the Shell Ocean Discovery XPRIZE in 2018 as the GEBCO-NF team's mothership; SEA-KIT says its 2019 England-Belgium trip was the first commercial autonomous North Sea crossing.", "deployments": "In May 2019 it crossed from West Mersea to Ostend carrying oysters; in July 2020 it mapped about 1,000 square km of seafloor southwest of England on a 22-day uncrewed mission.", "summary": "An 11.75 m diesel-electric uncrewed vessel that can run autonomously when conditions allow or be driven from shore over satellite using SEA-KIT's G-SAVI system. It launched and recovered a HUGIN AUV during the XPRIZE.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-21b1912b10", "hs-143c3d733b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "Shell Ocean Discovery XPRIZE final, off Kalamata, Greece", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Operated by SEA-KIT for survey clients" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "North Sea, English Channel approaches, eastern Mediterranean", "since": "2018", "fleet": "1 vessel (this unit)", "usage": "Over 1,000 sq km mapped in 22 days of remote survey operations, July–August 2020 (SEA-KIT, via OceanIQ, 2020).", "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "ut-austin-mercury-2018", "name": "Mercury", "maker": "UT Austin, Meka Robotics and Apptronik", "makerId": "ut-austin", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research into dynamic walking" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An adult-height pair of research legs with passive ankles, so it has to keep stepping to stay balanced; used to study highly dynamic walking and push recovery.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b293544b07" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "Year", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research robot" }, "components": { "actuators": "Six series-elastic actuators (three per leg) with Moog BN23 brushless motors and Meka linear SEA drivetrains; passive ankles", "sensors": "STIM-300 IMU, motor and spring-deflection encoders, absolute joint encoders, ground-contact switches; PhaseSpace motion capture", "compute": "Intel Core i5-7300U, 4 GB RAM", "battery": "Tethered 1 kW, 48 V DC power supply", "materials": "Carbon-fibre torso, linkages and covers; aluminium drivetrains", "other": "22 kg; 150 cm tall", "sources": [] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "In the lab it balanced and recovered from pushes by itself while researchers set what it should do.", "video": { "id": "5J1NlTs1VPs", "title": "Mercury the Humanoid Robot, UT Human Centered Robotics Lab", "channel": "Texas Engineering" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ut-austin-mercury-2018.jpg", "author": "UT Austin, Meka Robotics and Apptronik", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://sites.utexas.edu/hcrl/robots/", "page": "https://sites.utexas.edu/hcrl/robots/", "kind": "maker", "w": 399, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "blue-ocean-robotics-uvd-robot-2018", "name": "UVD Robot", "maker": "UVD Robots (Blue Ocean Robotics)", "makerId": "uvd-robots", "country": "Denmark", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "UV-C disinfection of rooms", "hospital infection control", "cleanroom disinfection" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "healthcare", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 178, "weightKg": 120, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 2.7, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "About $80,000-90,000", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Won the IERA Award in 2019.", "deployments": "Developed with Odense University Hospital in Denmark; the company says it shipped hundreds of robots worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "summary": "A wheeled robot topped by a tower of UV-C lamps that drives itself through patient rooms, operating theatres and cleanrooms, switching off the light if it senses a person. The third generation, Model C, arrived in 2020; a Pharma version targets cleanrooms.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-fa799f566f", "hs-5d6ab2315d", "hs-3bbb69c38a", "hs-c1a4aaab08", "hs-97e2e21d49" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "Sales began after about four years of development with Odense University Hospital (exact date not found)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2018", "note": "Model C (third generation) launched 2020; registered with the US EPA as a pesticide device; 3C Groups took full ownership of Blue Ocean Robotics in 2026" }, "components": { "hands": "Tower of short-wavelength UV-C lamps", "sensors": "Lidar, three 3D cameras and passive infrared sensors; heat and motion detection stops the lamps if people appear", "software": "Tablet control in static, semi-manual or autonomous modes", "other": "120 kg; 178 cm tall; 2.7 km/h", "sources": [ "hs-3bbb69c38a" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Hundreds shipped during the COVID-19 pandemic; about $80,000-90,000", "where": "Odense, Denmark", "customers": "Odense University Hospital (development partner), AstraZeneca" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-07-01", "title": "3C Groups takes full ownership", "summary": "3C Groups moved to buy the remaining Blue Ocean Robotics shares after the company refocused on UVD Robots in 2025.", "publisher": "Blue Ocean Robotics", "url": "https://www.blue-ocean-robotics.com/news/3c-groups-acquires-100-of-blue-ocean-robotics?hsLang=en" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Once staff start a disinfection job it drives through rooms on its own and switches off its lamps if a person appears.", "video": { "id": "Z8ZYeq7GJKE", "title": "Disinfecting robot could fight spread of virus in hospitals", "channel": "AP Archive" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/blue-ocean-robotics-uvd-robot-2018.jpg", "author": "UVD Robots", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://uvd.blue-ocean-robotics.com/features", "page": "https://uvd.blue-ocean-robotics.com/features", "kind": "maker", "w": 652, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "volvo-vera-2018", "name": "Volvo Vera", "maker": "Volvo Trucks (Volvo Group)", "makerId": "volvo-trucks", "country": "Sweden", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "container moving", "freight between logistics centre and port" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics", "ports" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 40, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Announced in June 2019 for a DFDS route in Gothenburg mixing private and public roads at up to 40 km/h; Volvo described it as still being developed before full operation.", "summary": "A cabless, electric, connected tractor unit for short repetitive hauls, overseen from a control tower. Its first assignment was shuttling containers between a DFDS logistics centre and APM Terminals in Gothenburg.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-66d4aef7fa", "hs-e7a6188df0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "Presented by Volvo Trucks; later shown at IAA Hanover", "url": "https://www.volvogroup.com/en/news-and-media/news/2019/jun/news-3336083.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Pilot assignment only; current status not published" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Gothenburg, Sweden (DFDS to APM Terminals)", "since": "2019", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/volvo-vera-2018.jpg", "author": "Volvo Trucks", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/volvo-trucks-presents-future-transport-solution-with-autonomous-electric-vehicles-818468372.html", "page": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/volvo-trucks-presents-future-transport-solution-with-autonomous-electric-vehicles-818468372.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "temi-temi-2018", "name": "temi", "maker": "temi (Robotemi)", "makerId": "temi", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "telepresence", "reception and guiding", "personal assistant" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer", "healthcare" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 100, "weightKg": 12, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 3.6, "payloadKg": 3, "batteryHours": 8, "priceUsd": 1500, "priceNote": "About $1,500 at launch per listed at $3,999 on temi's site in 2026", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Named best robotic platform at CES 2019 and on TIME's 2019 list of most innovative robotic platforms (maker claims).", "deployments": null, "summary": "A 1 m tall personal robot: a wheeled base with lidar and depth cameras topped by a 13.3-inch tilting touch screen, used for video calls, guiding visitors and carrying small items on its tray. Foxconn is its manufacturing partner and investor.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-7752102b9c", "hs-c1d5ea2bb0", "hs-55ddd2bed5", "hs-8daeba9ca9", "hs-4bbb43617e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018", "event": "Year per recognised at CES 2019", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "On sale in 2026; robot-as-a-service also offered" }, "components": { "sensors": "360-degree lidar, two depth cameras, RGB camera (13 MP), IMU, six time-of-flight sensors, four-microphone array", "compute": "Two ARM processors (dual Cortex-A72 plus quad Cortex-A53 each): one for interaction, one for navigation", "battery": "Lithium-ion, up to 8 hours; returns to its dock automatically", "software": "Android 11-based interface with a Linux navigation computer; full SDK for third-party apps", "other": "13.3-inch face-tracking tilting touchscreen; 20 W speaker system; 12 kg, 100 cm tall; tray holds about 3 kg; up to 1 m/s", "sources": [ "hs-c1d5ea2bb0" ] }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It navigates to saved locations and follows or guides people by itself; remote users can also drive it during video calls.", "video": { "id": "3bnGG4Xo0GE", "title": "temi: The Personal Robot", "channel": "Temi Robot" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/temi-temi-2018.jpg", "author": "temi (Robotemi)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://robotemi.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Black.45Degrees.png", "page": "https://robotemi.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Black.45Degrees.png", "kind": "maker", "w": 600, "h": 806 } }, { "id": "aptiv-bmw-5-series-robotaxi-2018", "name": "Aptiv self-driving BMW 5 Series (Lyft Las Vegas)", "maker": "Aptiv (later Motional)", "makerId": "aptiv", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-01", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Ran what Aptiv called the largest open-to-the-public paid robotaxi pilot, reaching 100,000 paid rides on the Lyft app by February 2020.", "deployments": "Started as a one-week CES demo in January 2018 and grew into a standing Lyft service in Las Vegas with about 30 cars, always with a safety driver; the work passed to Motional in 2020.", "summary": "BMW 5 Series sedans fitted with Aptiv's lidar, radar and cameras, offered to Lyft riders on set routes in Las Vegas. A human drove in parking lots and hotel driveways.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-295078e91d", "hs-86cc389873", "hs-86eda27720" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-01", "event": "CES 2018 Lyft demo rides, Las Vegas", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2018-05", "note": "Ongoing paid Lyft service in Las Vegas after the CES pilot (month approximate per press)" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Las Vegas", "since": null, "fleet": "about 30 cars (BMWBLOG, June 2019)", "usage": "100,000 paid rides (Aptiv/Lyft, February 2020)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/aptiv-bmw-5-series-robotaxi-2018.jpg", "author": "Aptiv", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aptiv.com/en/newsroom/article/aptiv-launches-fleet-of-autonomous-vehicles-on-the-lyft-network", "page": "https://www.aptiv.com/en/newsroom/article/aptiv-launches-fleet-of-autonomous-vehicles-on-the-lyft-network", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 417 } }, { "id": "honda-autonomous-work-vehicle-2018", "name": "Autonomous Work Vehicle (first shown as 3E-D18)", "maker": "Honda R&D Americas", "makerId": "honda-americas", "country": "Japan", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-01", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "carrying materials", "towing", "firefighting support", "agriculture and landscaping" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "industrial", "agriculture", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 90, "weightKg": 350, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 454, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; field-test prototype", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Beta-tested in 2018 with a solar company in North Carolina, a wildland firefighting unit in Colorado and an agricultural college in California (Honda, CES 2019).", "summary": "A four-wheel-drive autonomous utility vehicle built on Honda's ATV chassis with airless tyres, GPS and sensors, an accessory rail and on-board power outlets, programmable in Follow Me, Pattern and A-to-B modes. Honda lists 454 kg load and 590 kg towing capacity.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-584ea11cb5", "hs-678ad94c86" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-01", "event": "CES 2018, Las Vegas (as the 3E-D18 concept); production-intent prototype at CES 2019", "url": "https://global.honda/en/innovation/CES/2019/autonomous_work_vehicle.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "partner field tests only" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/honda-autonomous-work-vehicle-2018.jpg", "author": "Honda R&D Americas", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://global.honda/en/innovation/CES/2019/autonomous_work_vehicle.html", "page": "https://global.honda/en/innovation/CES/2019/autonomous_work_vehicle.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 980, "h": 654 } }, { "id": "toyota-e-palette-tokyo-2020-2019", "name": "e-Palette (Tokyo 2020 version)", "maker": "Toyota", "makerId": "toyota", "country": "Japan", "year": 2019, "date": "2018-01", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Carried athletes and staff in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic villages in 2021; service paused on 27 August 2021 after hitting a Paralympic athlete and resumed on 31 August.", "summary": "A boxy battery-electric people mover first shown as a concept at CES 2018; a 20-passenger version shuttled people around the Tokyo athletes' villages.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-faa1313f7f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-01", "event": "CES 2018 (e-Palette Concept)", "url": "https://global.toyota/jp/newsroom/corporate/20508200.html?padid=ag478_from_kv" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Event fleet for Tokyo 2020" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Tokyo (Olympic and Paralympic villages, 2021)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/toyota-e-palette-tokyo-2020-2019-1.jpg", "author": "TTTNIS", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_e-Palette.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 684 } }, { "id": "lg-cloi-servebot-2018", "name": "CLOi ServeBot", "maker": "LG Electronics", "makerId": "lg-electronics", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-01-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "serving food and drinks", "collecting dishes", "hotel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Put to work in 2020 at a CJ Foodville noodle restaurant in Seoul, carrying up to four trays at a time and bringing dirty dishes back.", "summary": "An open, shelf-style serving robot that drives meals and drinks to tables or rooms and returns on its own. It started as the CLOi 'Serving Robot' concept at CES 2018 and was later sold as the CLOi ServeBot.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-e64c808aac", "hs-4f218fe1dc", "hs-7ee99d03d8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-01-04", "event": "Announced as the CLOi Serving Robot for CES 2018", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/lg-introduces-three-new-cloi-commercial-robots" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "In restaurant service in Seoul by early 2020 and shown again at CES 2020; exact sale date not found" }, "components": { "hands": "Built-in sliding tray (2018 concept); restaurant version carries up to four trays", "sources": [ "hs-e64c808aac", "hs-7ee99d03d8" ] }, "production": { "customers": "CJ Foodville noodle restaurant in Seoul (2020)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-02-03", "title": "LG ServeBot works in a Seoul restaurant", "summary": "LG's serving robot began carrying up to four trays at a CJ Foodville noodle restaurant and returning dishes to the kitchen.", "publisher": "Verdict Foodservice", "url": "https://verdictfoodservice.com/?p=28878" }, { "date": "2018-01-04", "title": "LG unveils CLOi serving robot for CES", "summary": "LG introduced a serving robot for hotels and airport lounges among three new CLOi commercial robots.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/lg-introduces-three-new-cloi-commercial-robots" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff load it and pick a table, and it drives there and back on its own.", "video": { "id": "DUarB5cVOvU", "title": "LG CLOi ServeBot : More Reliable Serving Specialist | LG", "channel": "LG Global (@LGGlobal)" } }, { "id": "nuro-r1-2018", "name": "Nuro R1", "maker": "Nuro", "makerId": "nuro", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-01-30", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "on-road grocery delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 680, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first purpose-built driverless cargo vehicles with no room for a person.", "deployments": "Joined the Kroger grocery pilot in Scottsdale, Arizona in December 2018.", "summary": "A narrow electric road pod built only for goods, not passengers.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f840d0e78a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-01-30", "event": "Autonomous delivery vehicle unveiled alongside disclosure of $92 million in Series A funding", "url": "https://www.investing.com/news/technology-news/california-startup-nuro-unveils-autonomous-delivery-van-raises-92-million-1169033" }, "released": { "date": "2018-12", "note": "Pilot service with Kroger" }, "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Scottsdale, Arizona (Kroger pilot)", "since": "2018-12", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "autonomy": "supervised", "components": { "other": "About 680 kg and just over 1.8 m tall, about half a sedan's width; cargo only, room for about 12 grocery bags", "sources": [ "hs-f840d0e78a" ] }, "production": { "customers": "Kroger (Scottsdale, Arizona pilot)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2018-12-18", "title": "Nuro and Kroger Launch First-Ever Unmanned Delivery Service for the General Public", "summary": "The driverless R1 began grocery deliveries in Kroger's Scottsdale, Arizona pilot.", "publisher": "The Kroger Co.", "url": "https://ir.kroger.com/news/news-details/2018/Nuro-and-Kroger-Launch-First-Ever-Unmanned-Delivery-Service-for-the-General-Public/default.aspx" }, { "date": "2018-08-16", "title": "Kroger and Nuro Announce Pilot Market", "summary": "Nuro and Kroger began an autonomous grocery delivery pilot in Scottsdale, at first with modified cars.", "publisher": "The Kroger Co.", "url": "https://ir.kroger.com/news/news-details/2018/Kroger-and-Nuro-Announce-Pilot-Market/default.aspx" } ], "video": { "id": "wsI7N7hhZTg", "title": "Nuro Vehicle at Proving Grounds", "channel": "Nuro" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/nuro-r1-2018.jpg", "author": "Nuro", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.nuro.ai/blog/smithsonian-adds-nuros-first-generation-autonomous-vehicle-to-its-collection", "page": "https://www.nuro.ai/blog/smithsonian-adds-nuros-first-generation-autonomous-vehicle-to-its-collection", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "airbus-vahana-2018", "name": "Vahana", "maker": "A³ by Airbus", "makerId": "a-by-airbus", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-01-31", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "passenger air taxi demonstrator" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "air-taxi", "domain": [ "mobility", "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 815, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 170, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; research demonstrator", "hands": "none", "firsts": "An early full-size, single-seat electric tilt-wing aircraft designed from the start to fly itself with no pilot.", "deployments": "Completed over 138 full-scale test flights, with the final flight at Pendleton, Oregon on 14 November 2019, bringing the Vahana programme to a close (Airbus, 2019; Airbus Vahana project page).", "summary": "A self-piloted electric tilt-wing demonstrator built by Airbus's Silicon Valley outpost. All flights were uncrewed and flown by its onboard flight computer; 815 kg is maximum takeoff weight.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-351340e978" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-01-31", "event": "First flight, Pendleton, Oregon", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "programme ended December 2019" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Pendleton UAS Range, Oregon", "since": "2018-01-31", "fleet": "two demonstrators (Alpha One and Alpha Two), retired", "usage": "Over 138 full-scale test flights, over 13 hours, almost 500 nautical miles (Airbus Vahana project page)", "rangeKm": 50 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/airbus-vahana-2018-1.jpg", "author": "Matti Blume", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Airbus_A3_Vahana,_Paris_Air_Show_2019,_Le_Bourget_(SIAE8845).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "next-future-transportation-pod-2018", "name": "Autonomous modular pod", "maker": "Next Future Transportation", "makerId": "next-future-transportation", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-02", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Demonstrated with Dubai's Roads and Transport Authority in February 2018.", "summary": "Small self-driving passenger pods designed to join together while moving; Dubai showed them as a possible future transit mode.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-43845fb87a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-02", "event": "Initial autonomous pod tests alongside the World Government Summit, Dubai", "url": "https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/en/media-listing/news-events/mohammed-bin-rashid-attends-initial-tests-of-worlds-first-autonomous-pods/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Dubai (demonstration, 2018)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/next-future-transportation-pod-2018.jpg", "author": "Next Future Transportation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://assets.bobitstudios.com/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,dpr_auto,c_limit,w_920/DubaiRTA-NEXTFutureTransportation-AutonomousPods-viaNEXT_1768138767017_zjzeck.jpg", "page": "https://assets.bobitstudios.com/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,dpr_auto,c_limit,w_920/DubaiRTA-NEXTFutureTransportation-AutonomousPods-viaNEXT_1768138767017_zjzeck.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 470, "h": 350 } }, { "id": "burro-2018", "name": "Burro", "maker": "Burro (formerly Augean Robotics)", "makerId": "burro", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "carrying harvested crops", "follow-me hauling" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 8, "payloadKg": 204, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 9000, "priceNote": "$9,000-10,000 per unit in 2018 (The Spoon); 2026 listings $25,000-85,000 (Future Farming)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "About 90 robots in table-grape fields in 2021.", "summary": "A small collaborative cart that follows pickers or drives learned routes to ferry produce to packing stations.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-514c567bb4", "hs-34f41843ec", "hs-02a35c23ac", "hs-9ad7d28390" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-03", "event": "Covered by The Spoon while in testing", "url": "https://thespoon.tech/augean-robotics-autonomous-burro-follows-farm-workers-to-haul-stuff/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "components": { "actuators": "Electric drive; original two-wheel model carried 300 lb and four-wheel model 450 lb (2018); current Burro carries 500 lb and tows 2,000 lb; Burro Grande (2024) carries 1,500 lb and tows 5,000 lb", "sensors": "On-board cameras with computer vision and high-precision GPS", "battery": "Sealed lead-acid batteries in 2018, up to about 15 miles per charge at up to 5 mph", "software": "Locks onto and follows a worker without a beacon; learns a route by following and then repeats it autonomously", "sources": [ "hs-514c567bb4", "hs-02a35c23ac", "hs-34f41843ec" ] }, "production": { "built": "Company targeted 800 vehicles in operation by end of 2024", "where": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States", "customers": "Nurseries, vineyards and farms (table-grape growers in 2021)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-01-11", "title": "Burro raises $24 million and launches Burro Grande", "summary": "Burro closed a $24 million Series B led by Catalyst Investors and Translink Capital and launched the larger Burro Grande.", "publisher": "Ben Franklin Technology Partners", "url": "https://www.sep.benfranklin.org/?p=10038" }, { "date": "2018-03-01", "title": "Augean Robotics' Burro follows farm workers", "summary": "The Spoon described the $9,000-10,000 Burro cart that follows pickers or repeats learned routes.", "publisher": "The Spoon", "url": "https://thespoon.tech/augean-robotics-autonomous-burro-follows-farm-workers-to-haul-stuff/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It shuttles produce along learned routes by itself and can also follow a worker; staff load it and send it off.", "video": { "id": "n45aoO0nbOw", "title": "Burro in Blueberries", "channel": "Burro" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/burro-2018.jpg", "author": "Burro", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240828184500/https://burro.ai/burro/", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240828184500/https://burro.ai/burro/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "hydro-quebec-lineranger-2018", "name": "LineRanger", "maker": "Hydro-Quebec (IREQ research institute)", "makerId": "hydro-quebec", "country": "Canada", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-03", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "live power line inspection" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "inspection", "domain": [ "inspection", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A robot that clamps onto energised high-voltage conductor bundles, rolls along them filming damage, and briefly unclips to hop past obstacles.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-35a7a9390e", "hs-fc575f0018", "hs-609670c846" ], "canada": "Developed by Hydro-Quebec's research institute IREQ in Varennes, Quebec.", "firstShown": { "date": "2018-03", "event": "Functional prototype unveiled", "url": "https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2018/03/02/hydro-quebec-unveils-lineranger-robot-for-checking-live-electric-power-lines/16268/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "remote", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hydro-quebec-lineranger-2018.jpg", "author": "Hydro-Quebec", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.tdworld.com/overhead-transmission/hydro-qu-bec-announces-milestone-development-power-line-inspection-robots", "page": "https://www.tdworld.com/overhead-transmission/hydro-qu-bec-announces-milestone-development-power-line-inspection-robots", "kind": "maker", "w": 851, "h": 406 } }, { "id": "kitty-hawk-cora-2018", "name": "Cora (later Wisk Cora, 5th generation)", "maker": "Kitty Hawk / Zephyr Airworks (later Wisk Aero)", "makerId": "kitty-hawk", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-03-12", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "air taxi" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "air-taxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 177, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Uncrewed test flights in New Zealand from late 2017 and in California.", "summary": "A two-seat, all-electric autonomous air taxi with 12 lift rotors and a rear pusher propeller, flown uncrewed in New Zealand. It preceded Wisk's Gen 6 aircraft.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-514371a81b", "hs-062b198384", "hs-71f497b013" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-03-12", "event": "Public reveal by Kitty Hawk in New Zealand", "url": "https://evtol.news/news/meet-cora" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Test aircraft only; first public flight demo at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh, July 2023" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "New Zealand and California (test flights)", "since": "2017", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/kitty-hawk-cora-2018-1.jpg", "author": "Richard Lord", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flying-_Cora_(prototype)_in_New_Zealand._Photo_by_Richard_Lord.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "waymo-jaguar-i-pace-2018", "name": "Waymo Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen Waymo Driver)", "maker": "Waymo with Jaguar Land Rover", "makerId": "waymo", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-03-27", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The vehicle behind the world's largest driverless ride-hail fleet, carrying about 500,000 paid rides a week by 2026.", "deployments": "Entered Waymo's fleet in San Francisco in August 2021 and became its main vehicle across Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, Atlanta and other US metros; a 3,500-unit order was finishing deliveries in 2026.", "summary": "An all-electric SUV fitted with Waymo's fifth-generation lidar, radar and camera suite. It replaced the Pacifica and now runs most Waymo One rides, with testing in London and Tokyo.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c2642bc27e", "hs-b268476862", "hs-4e0db6a952", "hs-f0a9db8ad1", "hs-b77a6f29aa" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-03-27", "event": "Waymo and Jaguar announce partnership at New York auto show week", "url": "https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/waymo-partners-with-jaguar-for-autonomous-fleet-with-20000-all-electric-suvs" }, "released": { "date": "2021-08", "note": "Joined the San Francisco fleet; public driverless service in SF from June 2024" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Phoenix, San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles, Austin, Atlanta, Miami, Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, Orlando, Nashville, Denver and other US metros; supervised testing in London and Tokyo", "since": "2021", "fleet": "Waymo overall: more than 4,000 commercial vehicles (Axios, September 1, 2026)", "usage": "Waymo overall: 500,000 paid rides per week and 200 million fully autonomous miles (Waymo, March-June 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/waymo-jaguar-i-pace-2018-1.jpg", "author": "Dllu", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waymo_Jaguar_I-Pace_in_San_Francisco_2023_dllu.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "geekplus-p800-2018", "name": "P800", "maker": "Geek+ (Geekplus)", "makerId": "geek", "country": "China", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "goods-to-person picking", "shelf moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used with Geekplus PopPick and other shelf-to-person stations; PopPick v2 launched at LogiMAT 2025.", "summary": "A low shelf-lifting robot that slides under racks and brings them to pickers, navigating by laser SLAM. Launch coverage gave a 1,000 kg load; an upgraded version was rated 1,200 kg and 2 m/s.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-32018020f0", "hs-e9ebf83fcd", "hs-edc14f3013" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-04", "event": "MODEX 2018, Atlanta", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/geek_brings_autonomous_mobile_robots_to_warehousing_order_fulfillment_appli" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/geekplus-p800-2018.jpg", "author": "Geek+", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.geekplus.com/case-studies/alpen-japan-p800", "page": "https://www.geekplus.com/case-studies/alpen-japan-p800", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 543 } }, { "id": "shimizu-robo-buddy-2018", "name": "Robo-Buddy", "maker": "Shimizu Corporation", "makerId": "shimizu", "country": "Japan", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-04-24", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "construction", "installing ceiling boards", "installing floor boards" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 30, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "In-house system, not sold", "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Tested installing boards at the Shin-Osaka high-rise hotel site in 2018.", "summary": "A two-armed robot on a lifting pedestal atop an automatic guided vehicle that picks up boards of up to 30 kg and fixes them to ceilings and floors.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5aeae58183", "hs-aec7fd92c7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-04-24", "event": "Media tour of the Shimz Smart Site robot laboratory, Tokyo", "url": "https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/news/view/japanese-robots-to-work-on-high-rise-buildings" }, "released": { "date": "2018", "note": "Site trials from 2018" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/shimizu-robo-buddy-2018.jpg", "author": "Shimizu Corporation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.shimz.co.jp/en/topics/construction/item12/images/img_index_01.jpg", "page": "https://www.shimz.co.jp/en/topics/construction/item12/images/img_index_01.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 539 } }, { "id": "shimizu-robo-carrier-2018", "name": "Robo-Carrier", "maker": "Shimizu Corporation", "makerId": "shimizu", "country": "Japan", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-04-24", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "construction", "carrying materials", "moving plasterboard pallets" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "In-house system, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Part of Shimz Smart Site, Shimizu's system in which autonomous robots work alongside crews on a high-rise.", "deployments": "Used on the Karaksa Hotel Grande Shin-Osaka Tower site from late 2018, moving plasterboard at night.", "summary": "An automatic material carrier that locates itself with lasers against BIM data, rides the temporary elevator and delivers pallets to the right floor, about 1 tonne of plasterboard in lab tests.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5aeae58183", "hs-aec7fd92c7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-04-24", "event": "Media tour of the Shimz Smart Site robot laboratory, Tokyo", "url": "https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/news/view/japanese-robots-to-work-on-high-rise-buildings" }, "released": { "date": "2018", "note": "Site use at Shin-Osaka from autumn 2018" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/shimizu-robo-carrier-2018.jpg", "author": "Shimizu Corporation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.shimz.co.jp/en/company/about/news-release/2018/images/2018011_ph04.jpg", "page": "https://www.shimz.co.jp/en/company/about/news-release/2018/images/2018011_ph04.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 700, "h": 454 } }, { "id": "shimizu-robo-welder-2018", "name": "Robo-Welder", "maker": "Shimizu Corporation", "makerId": "shimizu", "country": "Japan", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-04-24", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "construction", "welding steel columns" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "In-house system, not sold", "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used on the Shin-Osaka high-rise hotel site in 2018, usually two per column.", "summary": "A welding robot that travels around a steel column, measures the joint groove with a laser and welds it; two usually work one column together.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5aeae58183", "hs-aec7fd92c7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-04-24", "event": "Media tour of the Shimz Smart Site robot laboratory, Tokyo", "url": "https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/news/view/japanese-robots-to-work-on-high-rise-buildings" }, "released": { "date": "2018", "note": "Site use from 2018" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/shimizu-robo-welder-2018.jpg", "author": "Shimizu Corporation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.shimz.co.jp/en/company/about/news-release/2018/images/2018011_ph06.jpg", "page": "https://www.shimz.co.jp/en/company/about/news-release/2018/images/2018011_ph06.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 700, "h": 450 } }, { "id": "drive-ai-nissan-nv200-2018", "name": "Drive.ai self-driving van (Nissan NV200)", "maker": "Drive.ai", "makerId": "drive-ai", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-05", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "ride-hail", "on-demand shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its Frisco, Texas pilot was one of the first on-demand self-driving ride services open to the public in Texas.", "deployments": "Ran a six-month public pilot in Frisco, Texas from mid-2018 and a three-van service in Arlington from October 2018; Apple acquired the company in June 2019 and the services ended.", "summary": "Bright orange Nissan NV200 vans with exterior screens that told pedestrians what the vehicle was doing. They ran fixed-area routes with a safety operator.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-31a887033c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-05", "event": "Frisco service announced", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2018-07", "note": "Free public pilot in Frisco" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Frisco and Arlington (Texas), 2018-2019", "since": null, "fleet": "3 vans in Arlington (October 2018)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/drive-ai-nissan-nv200-2018.jpg", "author": "Drive.ai", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.friscotexas.gov/1573/Driverless-Car-Pilot-Program", "page": "https://www.friscotexas.gov/1573/Driverless-Car-Pilot-Program", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 672 } }, { "id": "kaercher-kira-b-50-2018", "name": "KIRA B 50", "maker": "Kärcher", "makerId": "k-rcher", "country": "Germany", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous scrubbing and drying of hard floors" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 116.1, "weightKg": 228, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 3.5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Kärcher's first cleaning robot; it won the Innovation Award at Interclean Amsterdam 2018.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An autonomous scrubber-dryer for medium to large hard floors with a 55 cm working width. An optional dock refills clean water, empties dirty water and recharges it so it can run unattended.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-3c5b4e285c", "hs-901a585ca5", "hs-49701fe912", "hs-0a27cf3d52" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-05", "event": "Interclean Amsterdam 2018, where it won the Innovation Award", "url": "https://www.fmlink.com/karcher-award-winning-cleaning-innovations-issa-show/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Market launch dates vary by country (UK launch reported in 2023)" }, "components": { "battery": "Long-life lithium-ion battery; optional docking station recharges it, refills clean water, empties and rinses the dirty tank", "software": "Simple initial mapping with user-set hygiene zones; KIRA Robots app and web portal for cleaning reports, notifications and machine status (encrypted data)", "other": "Up to 2,300 m2 per hour; KIRA platform holds IEC 63327 safety certificates for public areas", "sources": [ "hs-3c5b4e285c", "hs-49701fe912" ] }, "production": { "where": "Kärcher, Winnenden, Germany" }, "news": [ { "date": "2018-11-12", "title": "KIRA B 50 wins awards at ISSA Show", "summary": "FMLink reported that Kärcher's self-docking KIRA B 50 scrubber earned ISSA honours after winning at Interclean Amsterdam.", "publisher": "FMLink", "url": "https://www.fmlink.com/karcher-award-winning-cleaning-innovations-issa-show/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "After a route is taught it scrubs floors on its own and can dock to refill, empty and recharge without staff.", "video": { "id": "nc_FuK6CGT4", "title": "KIRA B 50 Autonomous Scrubber Dryer | Kärcher Professional UK", "channel": "Kärcher UK" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kaercher-kira-b-50-2018.jpg", "author": "Kärcher", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.karcher.com/gb/en/professional/products/kira-b-50-p15330020", "page": "https://www.karcher.com/gb/en/professional/products/kira-b-50-p15330020", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "may-mobility-polaris-gem-shuttle-2018", "name": "Autonomous shuttle on Polaris GEM e6", "maker": "May Mobility", "makerId": "may-mobility", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-06", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 40, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "May Mobility's first commercial shuttle service, linking parking garages and offices in downtown Detroit.", "deployments": "Ran in Detroit from June 2018 for Bedrock and Quicken Loans staff and in Grand Rapids from July 2019 until the service switched to Lexus RX 450h vehicles in July 2021.", "summary": "Six-seat Polaris GEM electric carts fitted with May Mobility's self-driving kit, running fixed loops with a safety operator. The company now uses Toyota Sienna minivans instead.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-30a3375356", "hs-ec808adbc9", "hs-11e1ee4ab2", "hs-8addf3a67a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-06", "event": "Detroit service launch", "url": "https://www.eetasia.com/av-progress-under-the-radar-may-mobility/" }, "released": { "date": "2018-06", "note": "Contracted service for Bedrock; free public pilot in Grand Rapids" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Detroit (2018), Grand Rapids (2019-2021)", "since": null, "fleet": "4 GEM shuttles plus 1 wheelchair-accessible vehicle in Grand Rapids (May Mobility)", "usage": "About 10,000 passengers in the first 75 days in Detroit (press reports, 2018)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/may-mobility-polaris-gem-shuttle-2018.jpg", "author": "May Mobility", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://maymobility.imgix.net/OUR_LOCATIONS-Grand-Rapids-Michigan.png", "page": "https://maymobility.imgix.net/OUR_LOCATIONS-Grand-Rapids-Michigan.png", "kind": "maker", "w": 670, "h": 560 } }, { "id": "fbr-hadrian-x-2018", "name": "Hadrian X", "maker": "FBR Ltd (Fastbrick Robotics)", "makerId": "fbr", "country": "Australia", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "bricklaying", "building block walls" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 45, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Base price AUD 7.8 million (FBR website, 2026); also offered as Wall-as-a-Service", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Marketed as the first fully automated end-to-end robotic bricklayer able to build a house's walls in about a day.", "deployments": "Built a three-bedroom home structure in under three days in November 2018, completed its first commercial project of five houses in Wellard, WA in November 2022, and was piloted by PulteGroup in Florida in February 2025.", "summary": "A bricklaying robot built into a cab-over truck with a 32 m telescopic boom and dynamic stabilisation, laying blocks of up to 45 kg with adhesive at up to 360 blocks per hour per the current spec. It needs a two-person crew and is now sold simply as Hadrian.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-2e0a44c70f", "hs-bd08bbf819" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-06", "event": "Mechanical assembly of the first Hadrian X completed", "url": "https://www.fbr.com.au/upload/pages/20191029090853/20181019-2018-annual-report.pdf" }, "released": { "date": "2022-11", "note": "First commercial project in Wellard, Western Australia" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/fbr-hadrian-x-2018-1.jpg", "author": "FastbrickRobotics", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hadrian_X.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "rheinmetall-mission-master-sp-2018", "name": "Mission Master SP", "maker": "Rheinmetall Canada (Rheinmetall Group)", "makerId": "rheinmetall-canada", "country": "Canada", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "cargo", "surveillance", "casualty evacuation", "fire support" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 600, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "UK (7 for the Robotic Platoon Vehicle trial), Japan (3) and an undisclosed Middle East buyer; exercised by Germany, the US, the Netherlands and Poland.", "summary": "A compact, fully electric 8x8 robot that can carry about 600 kg on resupply, surveillance or evacuation missions; weapon and cargo modules are offered.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3fc5cb40a5", "hs-7463b1769c", "hs-f1d1455636", "hs-27aa672bb6" ], "canada": "Developed by Rheinmetall Canada.", "firstShown": { "date": "2018-06", "event": "Eurosatory 2018, Paris", "url": "https://shephardmedia.com/news/uv-online/eurosatory-2018-sales-success-new-rheinmetall-ugv" }, "released": { "date": "2019", "note": "Deliveries of 'hundreds' to an undisclosed Middle East customer from 2019" }, "components": { "actuators": "Fully electric drive on a modified commercial all-terrain chassis (originally petrol; 8x8 layout per the batch summary); amphibious with a reduced load; low-signature silent drive", "sensors": "Four laser scanners (three 2D, one 3D), front and rear cameras and a 360-degree optronic system; surveillance version adds a mast with thermal and day cameras and a laser rangefinder", "battery": "Up to about 8 hours continuous driving at 30 km/h with 600 kg, or up to 72 hours depending on mission; cold reduces capacity, so an auxiliary generator is offered", "software": "Rheinmetall PATH autonomy kit: route mapping, GPS-denied navigation, follow-me and waypoint modes; teleoperated, semi-autonomous or autonomous", "other": "600 kg payload; mission modules for cargo, surveillance, rescue/evacuation, communications relay, CBRN detection and armed configurations; fits inside CH-47 or CH-53 helicopters", "sources": [ "hs-7463b1769c", "hs-f1d1455636", "hs-3fc5cb40a5" ] }, "production": { "where": "Rheinmetall Canada, Canada; US-built units by American Rheinmetall (Auburn Hills, Michigan)", "customers": "British Army Robotic Platoon Vehicles programme (15 vehicles across phases), Japan Ministry of Defense (3 for JGSDF testing), US Marine Corps (12 ordered 2026), an undisclosed Middle East customer (reported 'hundreds' ordered in 2018); trialled by Germany, the Netherlands, the US and Poland" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-09-10", "title": "US Marine Corps orders 12 Mission Master SP", "summary": "American Rheinmetall won a $7.28 million order, via ADS Inc., for 12 Mission Master SP vehicles and five amphibious kits for the Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory.", "publisher": "European Security & Defence", "url": "https://euro-sd.com/2026/09/news/land/53720/mission-master-sp-2/" }, { "date": "2024-04-08", "title": "Japan orders three Mission Master SP", "summary": "Japan's defence ministry ordered three Mission Master SP vehicles, through Marubeni Aerospace, for Ground Self-Defense Force testing from January 2025.", "publisher": "European Security & Defence", "url": "https://euro-sd.com/2024/04/major-news/37451/japan-orders-mission-master-sp/" }, { "date": "2022-04-29", "title": "UK orders seven more Mission Master SP vehicles", "summary": "Rheinmetall Canada won a British Army Robotic Platoon Vehicles order for four surveillance and three cargo vehicles, adding to eight bought earlier.", "publisher": "Rheinmetall", "url": "https://www.rheinmetall.com/en/media/news-watch/news/2022/2022-04-29_another-success-for-the-mission-master-sp" }, { "date": "2018-12-14", "title": "Mission Master gains new versions", "summary": "EDR described the electric Mission Master's sensors, runtime and planned cargo, surveillance, rescue and armed modules.", "publisher": "European Defence Review", "url": "https://www.edrmagazine.eu/master-mission-multiplies-its-versions" }, { "date": "2018-06-14", "title": "Mission Master debuts with a large Middle East order", "summary": "Rheinmetall showed the Mission Master at Eurosatory and said a Middle Eastern customer had ordered hundreds for delivery from 2019.", "publisher": "Shephard Media", "url": "https://shephardmedia.com/news/uv-online/eurosatory-2018-sales-success-new-rheinmetall-ugv" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It can follow soldiers, drive waypoint routes or be remote-controlled, with an operator always in charge; any weapon module needs a person to fire.", "video": { "id": "TY6qlzrSeeM", "title": "Rheinmetall Mission Master SP – The ultimate uncrewed ground vehicle maximising soldier ef", "channel": "Rheinmetall (@RheinmetallGroup)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/rheinmetall-mission-master-sp-2018-1.jpg", "author": "Kevin Ray J. Salvador", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rheinmetall_Mission_Master_Silent_Partner_(cropped).jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rheinmetall_Mission_Master_Silent_Partner_(cropped).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 592 } }, { "id": "hitachi-ahs-eh5000ac3-2020", "name": "Hitachi AHS on EH5000AC-3", "maker": "Hitachi Construction Machinery", "makerId": "hitachi-construction-machinery", "country": "Japan", "year": 2020, "date": "2018-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "overburden haulage", "coal mining" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 300000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "First commercial autonomous fleet from Hitachi, the third big Japanese truck maker to offer autonomy.", "deployments": "Commercial work began at Maules Creek in March 2020 with six trucks; 28 EH5000s, about 60% of the site's trucks, had AHS by June 2023.", "summary": "Hitachi's autonomous haulage system fitted to its 300-tonne-class EH5000AC-3 trucks, combining Wenco fleet software with Hitachi vehicle control. Its first commercial fleet is at Whitehaven Coal's Maules Creek mine in New South Wales.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1fc081e47b", "hs-a74c1db57d", "hs-f6cde62513" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-07", "event": "Hitachi and Whitehaven Coal autonomous haulage agreement", "url": "https://www.miningmagazine.com/technology/news/1342176/hitachi-automate-whitehavens-maules-creek-fleet" }, "released": { "date": "2020-03", "note": "Commercial operation at Maules Creek" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Maules Creek coal mine, New South Wales, Australia", "since": "2020-03", "fleet": "28 EH5000 trucks fitted with AHS at end-June 2023 (Whitehaven via International Mining, Aug 2023); no later count found", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "zoox-toyota-highlander-test-fleet-2018", "name": "Zoox Toyota Highlander test fleet", "maker": "Zoox (Amazon)", "makerId": "zoox", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-07", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "research", "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Retrofitted Highlanders tested Zoox's software in San Francisco and Las Vegas from 2018 and in Austin and Miami from 2024, always with a safety driver.", "summary": "Ordinary Toyota Highlander SUVs carrying Zoox's sensors and driving software, used to map and validate new cities before the purpose-built robotaxi arrives.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c4f747a1ba", "hs-57a8d3cc49" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-07", "event": "Testing in San Francisco and Las Vegas", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Test fleet only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "San Francisco, Las Vegas, Austin, Miami; testing also in Phoenix, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Seattle and other US cities", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/zoox-toyota-highlander-test-fleet-2018-1.jpg", "author": "9yz", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zoox_Toyota_Highlander_Test_Vehicle_-_Front_Quarter_View_-_San_Francisco,_May_2025_01.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "baidu-king-long-apolong-2018", "name": "Apolong", "maker": "Baidu Apollo with King Long (Xiamen King Long United Automotive)", "makerId": "baidu-apollo", "country": "China", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-07-04", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "shuttle", "public transit" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold publicly; no price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Baidu and Gasgoo called it the first mass-produced Level 4 minibus when the 100th unit left King Long's Xiamen line in July 2018.", "deployments": "Trialled in parks and closed areas; Baidu said in August 2021 that Apolong had run in 22 city parks including Beijing, Guangzhou, Xiongan, Chongqing and Foshan.", "summary": "A 4.3 m electric minibus with no steering wheel or pedals, built by King Long in Xiamen around Baidu's Apollo self-driving software and seating up to 14 people. It was meant for geofenced places such as parks, airports and tourist sites.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a0794eb952", "hs-d262a516f8", "hs-a41cd7c2b9", "hs-e5380794ad", "hs-8f0fe203ab" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-07-04", "event": "Baidu Create 2018, Beijing (100th bus rolled off the line)", "url": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/news/70014849" }, "released": { "date": "2018-07", "note": "volume production began at King Long, Xiamen" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Parks and closed areas in Beijing (Haidian Park trial, Nov 2018), Guangzhou, Xiongan, Chongqing, Foshan and others (Baidu via CnEVPost, Aug 2021)", "since": null, "fleet": "100 units built by July 2018 (Baidu via TechCrunch); deployed in 22 city parks by Aug 2021 (Baidu via CnEVPost)", "usage": "over 120,000 rides served by Aug 2021 (Baidu via CnEVPost)", "rangeKm": 100 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/baidu-king-long-apolong-2018-1.jpg", "author": "N509FZ", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apolong_at_Shougang_Jiaohuachang_(20230322140939).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "mit-cheetah-3-2018", "name": "MIT Cheetah 3", "maker": "MIT Biomimetic Robotics Lab", "makerId": "mit-biomimetic-lab", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-07-04", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "disaster response research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 40.8, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Showed 'blind' locomotion, climbing debris-covered stairs by touch without cameras.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A 90 lb (40.8 kg) electric quadruped that ran, jumped and climbed cluttered stairs using touch and balance alone.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-af2b96e5a6", "hs-e88f1d010b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-07-04", "event": "MIT News announcement of blind stair-climbing", "url": "https://news.mit.edu/2018/blind-cheetah-robot-climb-stairs-obstacles-disaster-zones-0705" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "research only" }, "components": { "actuators": "Electric leg motors used to sense leg forces directly (proprioceptive actuation); wider hip range than Cheetah 2", "sensors": "Blind locomotion: gyroscopes, accelerometers and joint position sensing, no cameras for walking; cameras added later for mapping", "materials": "About 41 kg (90 lb), Labrador-sized", "software": "Contact-detection algorithm estimating ground contact per leg, plus model-predictive control planning about half a second ahead, updated 20 times a second", "other": "Funded partly by Naver, Toyota Research Institute, Foxconn and the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research", "sources": [ "hs-af2b96e5a6" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States" }, "news": [ { "date": "2018-07-04", "title": "MIT's blind Cheetah 3 climbs stairs", "summary": "MIT showed Cheetah 3 crossing rough terrain and stairs using touch-like feedback instead of cameras.", "publisher": "MIT News", "url": "https://news.mit.edu/2018/blind-cheetah-robot-climb-stairs-obstacles-disaster-zones-0705" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers steered it while it balanced, ran and climbed stairs blind by itself using touch.", "video": { "id": "MP0IlRcPyq0", "title": "Cheetah 3 Is A Blind Robot That Doesn’t Need Sensors To Navigate | Mach | NBC News", "channel": "NBC News" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mit-cheetah-3-2018.jpg", "author": "MIT Biomimetic Robotics Lab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://news.mit.edu/2018/blind-cheetah-robot-climb-stairs-obstacles-disaster-zones-0705", "page": "https://news.mit.edu/2018/blind-cheetah-robot-climb-stairs-obstacles-disaster-zones-0705", "kind": "maker", "w": 948, "h": 632 } }, { "id": "gecko-robotics-toka-2018", "name": "TOKA wall-climbing inspection robots", "maker": "Gecko Robotics", "makerId": "gecko", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-08", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "boiler, tank, pipe and hull inspection" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "inspection", "domain": [ "inspection", "industrial", "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Magnetic-wheeled robots that climb steel walls to map corrosion, helping Gecko become a robotics unicorn in 2025.", "deployments": "Customers include the US Navy, US Air Force, ADNOC and Siemens; a $71 million Navy deal targets fleet readiness.", "summary": "Wheeled robots stick to steel with magnets and crawl over boilers, tanks and ship hulls carrying ultrasonic and other sensors.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-0cb7e8c8f5", "hs-f7c6d8c7c1", "hs-099b98c8cb", "hs-f27b3b76d7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-08", "event": "Earliest sourced coverage of the robots (company founded 2013)", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2018/08/20/safety-and-inspection-bot-startup-gecko-robotics-adds-7-million-to-the-coffers" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "First commercial robot date not found" }, "components": { "actuators": "Wall-climbing crawlers using proprietary magnetic adhesion on tanks, boilers and pipelines", "sensors": "Ultrasonic thickness sensors, lasers and other sensors for structural-integrity data", "software": "Cantilever data platform combining robot inspection data for asset decisions; machine learning analytics; collaboration with NVIDIA on robot security announced September 2026", "sources": [ "hs-f27b3b76d7", "hs-0cb7e8c8f5" ] }, "production": { "where": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States", "customers": "US Navy, US Air Force, Siemens, ADNOC, Mitsubishi, Georgia-Pacific, Marathon, HF Sinclair; partners Anduril and Trident" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-03-17", "title": "Gecko signs $71 million US Navy deal", "summary": "Gecko listed a $71 million Navy agreement aimed at cutting ship maintenance delays and lifting fleet readiness.", "publisher": "Gecko Robotics", "url": "https://www.geckorobotics.com/" }, { "date": "2018-08-20", "title": "Gecko Robotics raises $7 million", "summary": "TechCrunch reported Gecko's raise from Founders Fund and others for magnetic wall-climbing inspection robots priced around $50,000-100,000.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2018/08/20/safety-and-inspection-bot-startup-gecko-robotics-adds-7-million-to-the-coffers" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Field operators deploy the crawlers and watch progress on tablets while the robots crawl and scan surfaces.", "video": { "id": "DtN7cDp9bec", "title": "Gecko: AI + Robotics for the Built World", "channel": "Gecko Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/gecko-robotics-toka-2018.jpg", "author": "Gecko Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220629092438/https://www.geckorobotics.com/", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220629092438/https://www.geckorobotics.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 560 } }, { "id": "irobot-roomba-i7-plus-2018", "name": "Roomba i7+", "maker": "iRobot", "makerId": "irobot", "country": "United States", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-09-06", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "home floor vacuuming" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Introduced iRobot's Clean Base, which empties the robot's bin automatically.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Seventh-generation Roomba with room-by-room maps and a self-emptying dock.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ff718bfdb5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-09-06", "event": "Introduced", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/2018-09-06-a-href-https-www-multivu-com-players-English-8234051-irobot-roomba-i7-plus-New-iRobot-R-Roomba-R-i7-Robot-Vacuum-Learns-a-Homes-Floor-Plan-and-Empties-Itself-a" }, "released": { "date": "2018-09", "note": "Status assumed discontinued after newer lines; not confirmed" }, "components": { "sensors": "Camera-based vSLAM navigation (iAdapt 3.0), bumper, cliff sensors, forward obstacle sensors, acoustic dirt detection", "battery": "Self-docking; i7+ Clean Base empties the bin automatically (up to about 30 runs per bag, maker claim)", "software": "Saved maps with room selection in the iRobot Home app", "sources": [ "hs-ff718bfdb5", "hs-c6d0dfb168" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Retired; succeeded by the j7", "where": "Contract-manufactured; Shenzhen Picea Robotics was iRobot's primary contract manufacturer by 2025" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-12-15", "title": "iRobot files for Chapter 11", "summary": "Roomba maker iRobot entered Chapter 11 under a plan for its contract manufacturer Shenzhen Picea Robotics to take control.", "publisher": "The Register", "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/15/irobot_chapter_11/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It vacuums rooms on a schedule by itself and empties its bin into the dock.", "video": { "id": "_vNFka2TjCk", "title": "Forget About Vacuuming for Months | Roomba® i7+| iRobot®", "channel": "iRobot (@irobot)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/irobot-roomba-i7-plus-2018.jpg", "author": "iRobot", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://media.irobot.com/2018-09-06-a-href-https-www-multivu-com-players-English-8234051-irobot-roomba-i7-plus-New-iRobot-R-Roomba-R-i7-Robot-Vacuum-Learns-a-Homes-Floor-Plan-and-Empties-Itself-a", "page": "https://media.irobot.com/2018-09-06-a-href-https-www-multivu-com-players-English-8234051-irobot-roomba-i7-plus-New-iRobot-R-Roomba-R-i7-Robot-Vacuum-Learns-a-Homes-Floor-Plan-and-Empties-Itself-a", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 590 } }, { "id": "mit-ams-roboat-2021", "name": "Roboat", "maker": "AMS Institute with MIT, TU Delft and Wageningen University", "makerId": "ams-institute", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2021, "date": "2018-10-05", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "urban passenger boat", "research" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "research", "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Research project, not sold (EUR 25 million programme budget)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Two full-scale units deployed in Amsterdam in 2021 were described as the world's first urban autonomous vessels.", "deployments": "A shuttle was tested on 5 October 2018 between Oosterdokskade and the NEMO science centre; two full-scale Roboats were deployed on Amsterdam's canals by October 2021.", "summary": "Electric canal boats, the 4 m Roboat III carrying up to five people, designed to find their own way through Amsterdam's canals without a skipper as part of a 2016-2021 research programme.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-cb44448601" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-10-05", "event": "Shuttle test, Oosterdokskade to NEMO, Amsterdam", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Amsterdam canals, Netherlands", "since": null, "fleet": "2 full-scale units launched in 2021 (MIT News, Oct 2021).", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mit-ams-roboat-2021.jpg", "author": "AMS Institute with MIT, TU Delft and Wageningen University", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.ams-institute.org/news/roboat-ready-self-driving-pilots-amsterdam-canals/", "page": "https://www.ams-institute.org/news/roboat-ready-self-driving-pilots-amsterdam-canals/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 426 } }, { "id": "tracteasy-eztow-2018", "name": "TractEasy EZTow", "maker": "TractEasy (TLD with EasyMile)", "makerId": "tracteasy", "country": "France", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-10-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "airport baggage towing", "cargo towing in industrial sites" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "logistics", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 25, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "dnata runs six EZTows at Dubai World Central (July 2025), and a demonstration began at Greenville-Spartanburg airport, USA, in September 2024 (Platinumlist/WAM, 2025; EasyMile).", "summary": "An electric airport tow tractor, a driverless version of ground-equipment maker TLD's JET-16 using EasyMile's autonomy kit, designed for SAE Level 4 operation on airside roads at up to 25 km/h without extra infrastructure. In Dubai each unit tows up to four baggage containers on preset routes at up to 15 km/h, running at Level 3 with light supervision and a Level 4 upgrade planned.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e6d2625a9f", "hs-1fc466f951" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-10-05", "event": "TLD and EasyMile product announcement", "url": "https://www.aviationpros.com/gse/pushbacks-tractors-utility-vehicles/press-release/12432463/tld-tld-and-easymile-finalize-tracteasy-driverless-baggage-tow-tractor" }, "released": { "date": "2018", "note": "first unit in operation at an unnamed large US airport (2018)" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Dubai World Central (Al Maktoum International), UAE; Greenville-Spartanburg, USA", "since": null, "fleet": "six at Dubai World Central operated by dnata (July 2025)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/tracteasy-eztow-2018.jpg", "author": "TractEasy", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aviationpros.com/gse/pushbacks-tractors-utility-vehicles/press-release/12432463/tld-tld-and-easymile-finalize-tracteasy-driverless-baggage-tow-tractor", "page": "https://www.aviationpros.com/gse/pushbacks-tractors-utility-vehicles/press-release/12432463/tld-tld-and-easymile-finalize-tracteasy-driverless-baggage-tow-tractor", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "milrem-qinetiq-titan-2018", "name": "TITAN", "maker": "QinetiQ with Milrem Robotics (THeMIS-based)", "makerId": "qinetiq", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-11", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "armed support", "surveillance", "resupply" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "defence-research" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A THeMIS-based robot fitted with QinetiQ control systems; four were trialled by British troops in the Autonomous Warrior 2018 exercise, including an armed 'Strike' version.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e72696cb8a", "hs-adcab2c718", "hs-453ef5822e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-11", "event": "British Army Autonomous Warrior 2018 exercise (month approximate)", "url": "https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/uv-online/milrem-robotics-demos-titan-ugvs-during-awe18/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Trial platform" }, "components": { "actuators": "Milrem THeMIS tracked chassis with diesel-electric hybrid drive and an all-electric silent mode; about 24 km/h top speed, about 200 km range", "sensors": "Sentry version carried a Hensoldt suite with electro-optical and thermal cameras and battlefield radar", "software": "Oxbotica autonomy software with GPS-denied navigation work by Aberystwyth University; QinetiQ Pointer system linked it to dismounted infantry; Strike version fully remote-controlled", "other": "Variants for logistics (NATO pallet handling), casualty evacuation, tethered-drone carrier, sensor and remote weapon station; payload figures reported inconsistently", "sources": [ "hs-e72696cb8a", "hs-adcab2c718" ] }, "production": { "built": "Four Titans tested at AWE18 (two by Milrem, two by QinetiQ)", "sold": "Trial platform; not sold", "customers": "British Army Autonomous Warrior 2018; Dstl Autonomous Last Mile Resupply challenge" }, "news": [ { "date": "2018-12-18", "title": "Four Titan UGVs tested by the British Army", "summary": "Milrem and QinetiQ fielded four Titans in logistics, sensor and remote-weapon configurations at the Autonomous Warrior exercise.", "publisher": "Shephard Media", "url": "https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/uv-online/milrem-robotics-demos-titan-ugvs-during-awe18/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Operators plotted routes on a tablet or drove it by joystick, and the armed version could only fire on a human operator's command.", "video": { "id": "ND9a3P3gdZY", "title": "QinetiQ North America's Hastie on Titan UGV's Design, Application, Autonomy Challenges", "channel": "Defense & Aerospace Report (@defenseaerospacereport9710)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/milrem-qinetiq-titan-2018.jpg", "author": "QinetiQ with Milrem Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://milremrobotics.com/milrem-and-qinetiq-north-america-introduce-titan-ugv-for-us-army/", "page": "https://milremrobotics.com/milrem-and-qinetiq-north-america-introduce-titan-ugv-for-us-army/", "kind": "maker", "w": 480, "h": 360 } }, { "id": "small-robot-company-tom-2018", "name": "Tom", "maker": "Small Robot Company", "makerId": "small", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-11", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "field scanning and weed mapping" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Built for about GBP 4,000 (cost, not a sale price)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Provided commercial weed-mapping services on UK farms; the company entered liquidation in February 2024.", "summary": "A dog-sized wheeled robot with precise GPS that photographed fields plant by plant; siblings Dick (weeding) and Harry (drilling) were planned.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1c7057bb2f", "hs-3181a38973", "hs-0eed02c7c8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-11", "event": "Described in Farmers Weekly", "url": "https://fwi.co.uk/machinery/technology/small-robot-company-bids-to-re-imagine-farming" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Commercial service date not confirmed" }, "components": { "sensors": "Rear-mounted Android phone camera taking about three images a second; front laser rangefinder; wheel encoders and compass; Trimble RTK GPS (about 2 cm accuracy)", "compute": "Images uploaded to the off-board 'Wilma' AI system that identifies wheat versus grass weeds", "battery": "LiFe hobby-grade batteries, several hours per charge", "materials": "Prototype built for about GBP 4,000 from online and 3D-printed parts on a chassis bought in Kansas", "other": "Phone provides Wi-Fi hotspot and 4G link", "sources": [ "hs-1c7057bb2f" ] }, "production": { "where": "United Kingdom", "customers": "Commercial weed-mapping service on UK farms" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-02-28", "title": "Small Robot Company enters liquidation", "summary": "Hort News reported the maker of Tom, Dick and Harry had gone into liquidation.", "publisher": "Hort News", "url": "https://hortnews.com/buyers-guides/agtech/" }, { "date": "2018-11-29", "title": "Small Robot Company shows Tom", "summary": "Farmers Weekly described the Tom prototype mapping crops for the Wilma AI system.", "publisher": "Farmers Weekly", "url": "https://fwi.co.uk/machinery/technology/small-robot-company-bids-to-re-imagine-farming" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drove field routes by itself with precise GPS, photographing plants for weed maps.", "video": { "id": "wNk5jVzf_0s", "title": "Small Robot Company modular robots help farmers to manage crops", "channel": "The Robot Report" } }, { "id": "weride-robotaxi-2018", "name": "WeRide Robotaxi (first fleet, Guangzhou)", "maker": "WeRide", "makerId": "weride", "country": "China", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "WeRide says it launched China's first robotaxi (Nov 2018, with Baiyun Taxi Group) and the country's first commercial robotaxi service (Nov 2019, Guangzhou).", "deployments": "A 20-car pilot opened in Guangzhou's Huangpu area in November 2019; Beijing approved paid fully driverless rides in Yizhuang on 17 November 2023.", "summary": "WeRide's electric robotaxi fleet that ran before the GXR, first with safety drivers in Guangzhou and later driverless in Beijing and Abu Dhabi. WeRide's releases do not name the car models used.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-8a718dcabf", "hs-a1fd5025c5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-11", "event": "Launch with Guangzhou Baiyun Taxi Group", "url": "https://www.weride.ai/posts/uj110cspj4223qbmoatoe9jx" }, "released": { "date": "2019-11", "note": "commercial robotaxi service in Guangzhou" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Guangzhou; Beijing Yizhuang (paid driverless pilot from Nov 2023); Abu Dhabi Yas and Saadiyat islands (from Nov 2021 with Bayanat)", "since": "2023-11", "fleet": "20 vehicles in the Nov 2019 Guangzhou pilot (TechNode); later counts not split by model", "usage": "nearly 20,000 orders in Abu Dhabi by Nov 2023 (WeRide)", "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "finferries-falco-2018", "name": "Falco (autonomous ferry demonstration)", "maker": "Rolls-Royce with Finferries", "makerId": "rolls-royce", "country": "Finland", "year": 2018, "date": "2018-12-03", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "car ferry", "autonomy demonstration" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service vessel, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Rolls-Royce and Finferries called it the world's first fully autonomous ferry, sailing and berthing by itself on 3 December 2018.", "deployments": "On 3 December 2018 the 53.8 m car ferry crossed from Parainen to Nauvo near Turku fully autonomously with 80 guests aboard, after about 400 hours of sea trials.", "summary": "A 1993 double-ended car ferry fitted with sensor fusion, AI object detection, collision avoidance and automatic berthing so it can make its crossing and dock on its own. A captain in Finferries' operations centre in Turku, about 50 km away, monitored the run and could take over; the return trip was remote-controlled.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-efa050cfb9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2018-12-03", "event": "Public autonomous demonstration, Parainen-Nauvo", "url": "https://www.rolls-royce.com/media/press-releases/2018/03-12-2018-rr-and-finferries-demonstrate-worlds-first-fully-autonomous-ferry.aspx" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Demonstration; the ferry itself has been in Finferries service since 1993" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Parainen-Nauvo crossing, Turku archipelago, Finland", "since": null, "fleet": "1 ferry converted for the demonstration (Rolls-Royce, Dec 2018)", "usage": "About 400 hours of sea trials before the Dec 2018 demonstration (Rolls-Royce)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/finferries-falco-2018-1.jpg", "author": "ezioman", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Finnish_Ferry_Falco.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "unitree-aliengo-2019", "name": "AlienGo", "maker": "Unitree Robotics", "makerId": "unitree", "country": "China", "year": 2019, "date": "2019", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "research", "industrial development" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 60, "weightKg": 21.5, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 5.4, "payloadKg": 13, "batteryHours": 4.6, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A professional-grade Unitree quadruped with a new power system. It weighs 21.5 kg without its battery and runs 2.5-4.6 hours.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d73b41d392", "hs-dbc37b4fb7", "hs-d1930d814c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019", "event": "Unitree release", "url": "https://shop.unitree.com/pages/about-us" }, "released": { "date": "2019", "note": "sold to professionals and labs" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 servo joint motors with motor-side and output-side encoders", "sensors": "Two depth cameras, a fisheye visual-odometry camera, four foot-end sensors; optional lidar", "compute": "On-board PC on the developer version; motion control and perception run on Ubuntu with ROS", "battery": "12,600 mAh pack; 2.5 to 4.6 hours endurance", "software": "High- and low-level interfaces in C/C++ and ROS with access to every motor", "other": "21.5 kg without battery; 13 kg payload; wireless emergency stop", "sources": [ "hs-d73b41d392" ] }, "production": { "where": "Hangzhou, China" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Users steer it with a remote while it handles balance and terrain itself; it is mainly a research platform.", "video": { "id": "xq_-jo6liiU", "title": "AlienGo, Coming soon ...", "channel": "Unitree Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/unitree-aliengo-2019.jpg", "author": "Unitree Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.unitree.com/aliengo", "page": "https://www.unitree.com/aliengo", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 544 } }, { "id": "amazon-scout-2019", "name": "Amazon Scout", "maker": "Amazon", "makerId": "amazon", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "sidewalk parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Started with six robots in Snohomish County, Washington, then tested in Southern California, Georgia and Tennessee before field tests ended in October 2022.", "summary": "A cooler-sized, six-wheeled electric robot that rolled along sidewalks at walking pace. Amazon said it was reorienting the program after customer feedback.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-7820efd3f8", "hs-29911b6287" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019", "event": "Field test started in Snohomish County, Washington", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/transportation/meet-scout" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Never commercial; about 400 staff worked on it before tests ended in October 2022" }, "components": { "actuators": "Fully electric, six wheels; travels at walking pace on sidewalks", "materials": "About the size of a small cooler", "sources": [ "hs-7820efd3f8", "hs-29911b6287" ] }, "production": { "built": "Six robots at launch in 2019", "sold": "not sold (internal pilot)", "customers": "Amazon customers in Snohomish County (Washington), Southern California, Georgia and Tennessee" }, "news": [ { "date": "2022-10-07", "title": "Amazon halts Scout field tests", "summary": "Amazon said it was ending live Scout tests and reorienting the programme because it did not fully meet customer needs.", "publisher": "Business Today", "url": "https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/world/story/amazon-abandons-live-tests-of-scout-home-delivery-robot-349247-2022-10-07" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drove sidewalk routes to doorsteps on its own; early trials had a human escort walking with it.", "video": { "id": "peaKnkNX4vc", "title": "Amazon Scout", "channel": "amazon" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/amazon-scout-2019.jpg", "author": "Amazon", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/transportation/meet-scout", "page": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/transportation/meet-scout", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "argo-ai-ford-fusion-hybrid-2019", "name": "Argo AI third-generation test vehicle (Ford Fusion Hybrid)", "maker": "Argo AI with Ford", "makerId": "argo-ai", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research", "ride-hail", "delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Tested with safety drivers in Pittsburgh, Miami, Washington DC, Austin, Detroit and Palo Alto until Argo shut down in October 2022.", "summary": "Ford Fusion Hybrid sedans carrying Argo's third-generation sensor and computer package, used to build Ford's planned robotaxi and delivery service.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-070beee45c", "hs-20ad344a0b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019", "event": "Argo AI introduces third-generation test vehicle", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Test fleet only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Pittsburgh, Miami, Washington DC, Austin, Detroit, Palo Alto (until 2022)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/argo-ai-ford-fusion-hybrid-2019-1.jpg", "author": "Tony Webster from Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_Argo_AI_Self-Driving_Test_Vehicle_(48061186497).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 651 } }, { "id": "pudu-bellabot-2019", "name": "BellaBot", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2019, "date": "2019", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "restaurant food delivery", "retail promotion" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 129, "weightKg": 55, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": 40, "batteryHours": 13, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its cat-face screen made it one of the most recognisable restaurant robots worldwide.", "deployments": "Used by Pizza Hut, Jollibee, Carrefour, KFC and Walmart; Pudu reported more than 120,000 robots of all types shipped by 2026.", "summary": "A four-tray serving robot with an animated cat face that carries dishes to tables, 10 kg per tray.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e9d45dabe5", "hs-dd77b507d9", "hs-b1bb460b55", "hs-98ca6c0eb2" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019", "event": "Launched", "url": "https://technode.global/?p=77724" }, "released": { "date": "2019", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Lidar, three RGB-D cameras, visual or lidar SLAM, 3D obstacle avoidance; infrared tray sensors", "battery": "About 13 hours without load; 4.5 hours to charge; quick battery swap for round-the-clock use", "materials": "ABS and aircraft-grade aluminium alloy; 55 kg", "software": "Expressive face display with light, touch and voice interaction; PUDU Link app for calling, monitoring and data", "other": "Four trays, 10 kg each, 40 kg total; 0.5-1.2 m/s", "sources": [ "hs-e9d45dabe5", "hs-dd77b507d9" ] }, "production": { "built": "Pudu reported nearly 80,000 robots of all types by August 2024 and its 100,000th in June 2025 (company total, not BellaBot alone); Jiangsu factory capacity up to 100,000 a year", "where": "Shenzhen, China", "customers": "Pizza Hut, Jollibee, Carrefour, KFC, Walmart" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-08-27", "title": "Pudu opens factory, builds 80,000th robot", "summary": "Pudu opened a 40,000 m2 factory in Jiangsu able to build up to 100,000 robots a year as company output neared 80,000 units.", "publisher": "Pudu Robotics", "url": "https://pudurobotics.com/about/news/66cd9bb63d909300432296e7" }, { "date": "2024-04-16", "title": "Pudu releases BellaBot Pro", "summary": "Pudu launched BellaBot Pro with an 18.5-inch ad screen and faster setup, noting BellaBot's use by Pizza Hut, KFC and Walmart since 2019.", "publisher": "TechNode Global", "url": "https://technode.global/?p=77724" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff load the trays and choose a table, and it delivers and returns on its own.", "video": { "id": "A6vH-QyBTIw", "title": "BellaBot, Premium Delivery Robot | Pudu Robotics", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-bellabot-2019.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/bellabot", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/bellabot", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "farmdroid-fd20-2019", "name": "FD20", "maker": "FarmDroid", "makerId": "farmdroid", "country": "Denmark", "year": 2019, "date": "2019", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "seeding row crops", "mechanical weeding without herbicides" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1250, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 0.9, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 24, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A solar-powered field robot that records the GPS position of every seed it plants and later weeds around each one, with no camera.", "deployments": "More than 500 FD20s sold in 26 countries by 2026 (maker); in the 2026 season the fleet weeded about 22,500 hectares.", "summary": "A light, solar-charged robot that sows seeds and then hoes between and within the rows, guided by RTK GPS accurate to about 8 mm. It weighs about 1,250 kg and works up to 24 hours a day at walking pace.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-b46882c637", "hs-cd72ca580c", "hs-4d729d277f", "hs-8a42cd7b94" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019", "event": "First FD20 sold in spring 2019 (prototypes ran in 2017)", "url": "https://farmdroid.com/our-story/" }, "released": { "date": "2019", "note": "First unit sold spring 2019; larger FD60 launched autumn 2026" }, "components": { "actuators": "Electric drive at about 950 m per hour; up to 12 rows over 3.5 m working width; seeds and then weeds between and within rows", "sensors": "RTK GPS with about 8 mm accuracy; records each seed position so it weeds without a camera", "battery": "Four solar panels charge two batteries for up to 24 hours of work a day; optional Power Bank adds up to 12 hours", "other": "1,250 kg; up to 6-6.5 ha per day; tested on more than 100 crops", "sources": [ "hs-4d729d277f", "hs-b46882c637", "hs-cd72ca580c" ] }, "production": { "sold": "More than 500 FarmDroids sold in 26 countries (maker, 2026)", "where": "Southern Denmark" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-08-20", "title": "AGRAVIS ends German FarmDroid distribution", "summary": "FarmDroid said the AGRAVIS distribution partnership in Germany was ending.", "publisher": "FarmDroid", "url": "https://farmdroid.com/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It sows and hoes fields by itself on RTK GPS, running day and night on solar power.", "video": { "id": "FJGzlmxpRWY", "title": "How does FarmDroid FD20 work?", "channel": "FarmDroid" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/farmdroid-fd20-2019.jpg", "author": "FarmDroid", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://farmdroid.com/products/farmdroid-fd20/", "page": "https://farmdroid.com/products/farmdroid-fd20/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "dusty-robotics-fieldprinter-2019", "name": "FieldPrinter", "maker": "Dusty Robotics", "makerId": "dusty", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "construction", "layout printing", "marking floor plans on slabs" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Offered as robot-as-a-service priced by project scope (2019)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first commercial robots to print full-scale building layouts straight from BIM onto a construction floor.", "deployments": "Piloted by Mortenson on the Allegiant Stadium in Las Vegas in 2019; Dusty says the first-generation robot printed more than 91 million sq ft before FieldPrinter 2 replaced it in 2024.", "summary": "A small wheeled robot that drives across a concrete slab and prints wall lines and other layout marks taken from the building model. It was replaced by the smaller FieldPrinter 2 in January 2024.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c76d9c2868", "hs-4ac6594a5f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019", "event": "Launched in 2019 per TechCrunch; seed round and pilots reported December 2019", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/01/23/dusty-introduces-a-new-version-of-its-construction-layout-robot/" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "Wide commercial launch planned for early 2020; superseded by FieldPrinter 2 in January 2024" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/dusty-robotics-fieldprinter-2019.jpg", "author": "Dusty Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://ologicinc.com/portfolio/dusty-robotics/", "page": "https://ologicinc.com/portfolio/dusty-robotics/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "otsaw-o-r3-2019", "name": "O-R3", "maker": "OTSAW", "makerId": "otsaw", "country": "Singapore", "year": 2019, "date": "2019", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "outdoor security patrol", "surveillance" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "security", "domain": [ "security", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Offered as Robot-as-a-Service (rental), no public price", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Piloted by Singapore's water agency PUB, then patrolled Bedok and Pandan reservoirs as a safe-distancing ambassador from April to August 2020.", "summary": "OTSAW's first robot, a four-wheeled outdoor patrol robot with HD and 360-degree cameras and 3D SLAM navigation that streams footage and flags unusual events to a control room. It was also shown with a companion drone that launched from its body.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-124b06c9f3", "hs-b646ecea25", "hs-c8afce5175" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019", "event": "PUB pilot trial (dated from a 2020 OTSAW article saying the trial was 'last year'); earlier Dubai showing with its drone not dated", "url": "https://otsaw.com/five-fascinating-robots-you-can-find-in-singapore/" }, "released": { "date": "2019", "note": "Still listed by OTSAW in 2026 and offered through security partners such as Triple S Protection." }, "components": { "sensors": "HD cameras with 360-degree computer vision and other sensors", "battery": "Returns to its base to recharge", "software": "Patented 3D SLAM navigation with static and dynamic obstacle avoidance; machine-learning surveillance that alerts a command centre; on-board recording with cloud upload", "sources": [ "hs-124b06c9f3" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Offered as robot-as-a-service", "where": "Singapore", "customers": "Singapore water agency PUB (reservoir patrols, 2020)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It patrols set routes by itself and streams video to a control room, which watches for the alerts it raises.", "video": { "id": "66PwIUaWcp0", "title": "Introducing O-R3: The Ultimate Product Video Unveiling the Future of Technology", "channel": "OTSAW (@OTSAWRobotics)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/otsaw-o-r3-2019.jpg", "author": "OTSAW", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://otsaw.com/o-r3-autonomous-outdoor-surveillance-robot/", "page": "https://otsaw.com/o-r3-autonomous-outdoor-surveillance-robot/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "pony-ai-lexus-rx-2019", "name": "Pony.ai Lexus RX robotaxi", "maker": "Pony.ai", "makerId": "pony-ai", "country": "China", "year": 2019, "date": "2019", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail", "testing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "By October 2019 Lexus RX cars with Pony.ai's driving system were in a Toyota-partnered pilot in Beijing and Shanghai.", "summary": "Lexus RX hybrid SUVs fitted with Pony.ai's sensor roof and software, used in its early China pilots with safety drivers.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6f9b45f4ba", "hs-cedbd317af" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019", "event": "Toyota and Pony.ai pilot in Beijing and Shanghai (as reported by VentureBeat)", "url": "https://venturebeat.com/2019/10/25/pony-ai-to-launch-botride-robo-taxi-service-in-irvine/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "pilot and test fleet with safety drivers" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Beijing, Shanghai (2019 pilot); Guangzhou and Shenzhen testing", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/pony-ai-lexus-rx-2019-1.jpg", "author": "S5A-0043", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(CHN-Guangdong)_Pony.ai_Lexus_RX450h_P6001_2024-05-24.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "tertill-tertill-2019", "name": "Tertill", "maker": "Tertill Corporation (formerly Franklin Robotics)", "makerId": "tertill", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "weeding home vegetable gardens" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "consumer", "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 12, "weightKg": 1.1, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 0.4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 350, "priceNote": "About $350", "hands": "none", "firsts": "A solar-powered garden weeding robot from Roomba co-inventor Joe Jones.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A small, solar-powered four-wheeled robot that patrols a fenced garden bed and cuts down short weeds with a spinning string trimmer, avoiding taller plants and anything marked with a collar.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-7820fedba1", "hs-d5317aba7c", "hs-12b2164848" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019", "event": "Sold after a crowdfunding campaign (year)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2019", "note": "Weeds in short bursts for 1-2 hours a day on solar power" }, "components": { "actuators": "Four-wheel drive with steeply cambered wheels, each driven by a brushed DC motor", "hands": "Spinning string trimmer on a brushed DC motor cuts small weeds", "sensors": "Capacitive sensors tell weeds from tagged plants and obstacles; wheel rotation sensors, accelerometers and gyros", "battery": "Solar panel on top; weeds in 2-5 minute bursts for 1-2 hours a day", "materials": "Weatherproof shell with rubber gaskets; 1.1 kg; 21 x 12 x 21 cm", "sources": [] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold to home gardeners after a 2019 crowdfunding launch", "where": "North Billerica, Massachusetts, United States" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It roams the garden bed and trims weeds entirely on its own on solar power.", "video": { "id": "wAMXnxXa3UU", "title": "Tertill Weeding Robot Overview Video", "channel": "Tertill" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/tertill-tertill-2019.jpg", "author": "Tertill Corporation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://tertill.com/", "page": "https://tertill.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 523 } }, { "id": "softbank-robotics-whiz-2019", "name": "Whiz", "maker": "SoftBank Robotics", "makerId": "softbank", "country": "Japan", "year": 2019, "date": "2019", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "vacuuming carpets and commercial floors" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 65.3, "weightKg": 34, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 1.8, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 3, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Offered mainly as a robot-as-a-service subscription; no list price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "SoftBank Robotics reports more than 40,000 Whiz-series units shipped worldwide as of March 2026 (series total, including later models).", "summary": "A self-driving commercial vacuum about 65 cm tall that learns a route once by being pushed, then repeats it using lidar and cameras on Brain Corp's BrainOS software. It cleans about 1,800 m² on a three-hour charge in offices, hotels, airports and schools; later Whiz B, P and V models are separate bodies.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-72cd302d62", "hs-d08800cac9", "hs-f08058c366", "hs-5da4dd6289", "hs-63faff2dbf" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019", "event": "Release year given (maker announcement date not verified)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2019", "note": "Followed by Whiz B, Whiz P and Whiz V models" }, "components": { "sensors": "Multiple high-precision sensors with AI for navigation", "battery": "About 3 hours normal mode (up to about 3.6 hours), about 1.5 hours power mode; about 1,800 m2 per charge", "software": "Brain Corp BrainOS autonomy; follows taught routes and reacts to obstacles", "other": "Commercial vacuum for carpeted floors in large spaces", "sources": [ "hs-d08800cac9", "hs-72cd302d62" ] }, "production": { "sold": "More than 40,000 Whiz-series units shipped worldwide by March 2026 (series total)", "customers": "Sheraton Myrtle Beach, Club Wyndham Atlanta, Margaritaville Vacation Club Atlanta, La Quinta Inn & Suites (Moscow, Idaho), Marriott Denver Tech Center, Wicomico County Schools" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "A person pushes it once to teach a route, then it vacuums that route on its own.", "video": { "id": "MgjgvUlqaig", "title": "【Softbank Robotics】AI清掃ロボット「Whiz（ウィズ）」", "channel": "SoftBank Robotics Japan (@softbankrobotics7632)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/softbank-robotics-whiz-2019.jpg", "author": "SoftBank Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/product/cleaning/whiz/", "page": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/product/cleaning/whiz/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 739 } }, { "id": "yutong-xiaoyu-2019", "name": "Xiaoyu (first generation)", "maker": "Yutong Bus", "makerId": "yutong-bus", "country": "China", "year": 2019, "date": "2019", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "public transit", "shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold publicly; no price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Yutong said its Zhengzhou Intelligent Island loop was China's first Level 4 self-driving bus route on an open road (2019).", "deployments": "Four buses began trial service on 17 May 2019 on Zhengzhou's Intelligent Island and covered 10,000 km with nearly 10,800 riders by September 2019, then moved into regular operation.", "summary": "Yutong's first self-driving minibus, an 8-seater with no steering wheel or dashboard, that recognises traffic lights, pedestrians and emergency vehicles. It ran on a 5G-connected loop in Zhengzhou's Longzi Lake area and was also shown at the 2019 Boao Forum.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-a41bdc85b1", "hs-5acfabe96e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019", "event": "Boao Forum for Asia and Zhengzhou Intelligent Island trials", "url": "https://en.yutong.com/pressmedia/news/2019IFPuqWPQfN.shtml" }, "released": { "date": "2019-09", "note": "moved from trial to official operation on the Intelligent Island loop (Yutong)" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Intelligent Island, Longzi Lake, Zhengzhou (from May 2019)", "since": null, "fleet": "4 buses (Yutong, Sept 2019)", "usage": "10,000 km and nearly 10,800 passengers in about four months (Yutong, Sept 2019)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/yutong-xiaoyu-2019-1.jpg", "author": "Windmemories", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yutong_Autolipot_Bus_in_Longzihu,_Zhengzhou_20200512.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "udelv-newton-2019", "name": "Udelv Newton", "maker": "Udelv", "makerId": "udelv", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-01", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "on-road grocery and parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 96.6, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Grocery pilots with Walmart in Surprise, Arizona from February 2019 and with H-E-B in Texas from mid-2019; Udelv had made about 1,200 public-road deliveries in San Francisco by January 2019.", "summary": "Udelv's second-generation autonomous delivery van, built on Baidu Apollo software, with a cargo system holding up to 32 orders per run. It drove with safety drivers.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8a5de852e2", "hs-3107cc3fad" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-01", "event": "CES 2019 / Walmart pilot announcement", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2019/01/08/walmart-taps-startup-udelv-to-test-autonomous-grocery-deliveries-in-arizona/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Pilots only; replaced by the cabless Transporter design" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Surprise, Arizona; Texas; San Francisco Bay Area (pilots)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/udelv-newton-2019.jpg", "author": "Udelv", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://img.fleetowner.com/files/base/ebm/fleetowner/image/2019/06/fleetowner_37093_udelv_newton_2.png", "page": "https://img.fleetowner.com/files/base/ebm/fleetowner/image/2019/06/fleetowner_37093_udelv_newton_2.png", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 541 } }, { "id": "hyundai-elevate-2019", "name": "Elevate", "maker": "Hyundai Motor Group (CRADLE)", "makerId": "hyundai", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-01-08", "status": "concept", "purpose": [ "disaster response", "personal mobility" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "public-safety", "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Hyundai's first 'Ultimate Mobility Vehicle': a passenger car concept with folding legs that end in wheels.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A walking-car concept for first responders, claimed to drive at highway speed then stand on its legs to climb a 5 ft wall or step over a 5 ft gap. Only a small-scale robotic model was shown.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8cc2b2f5e6", "hs-3d7ee9b2f2", "hs-6f4f4d8247" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-01-08", "event": "CES 2019, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.goauto.com.au/news/hyundai/ces-hyundai-struts-out-elevate-walking-car/2019-01-08/77080.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Concept with a scale model only; no production timetable." }, "components": { "actuators": "Four robotic legs with a wheel at each foot on a modular electric-vehicle platform; legs fold and are depowered to drive normally", "other": "Designed to step over a 5 ft gap and climb a 5 ft wall while keeping the cabin level; aimed at disaster response and accessibility", "sources": [ "hs-3d7ee9b2f2" ] }, "production": { "built": "Concept (developed by Hyundai CRADLE over about three years)", "sold": "not sold" }, "news": [ { "date": "2019-01-08", "title": "Hyundai shows Elevate walking car at CES", "summary": "GoAuto reported Hyundai's Elevate concept, which walks on four wheeled legs, at CES 2019.", "publisher": "GoAuto", "url": "https://www.goauto.com.au/news/hyundai/ces-hyundai-struts-out-elevate-walking-car/2019-01-08/77080.html" } ], "video": { "id": "SZvQtlh6ueM", "title": "CES 2019 | Hyundai ELEVATE: Walking Car", "channel": "HyundaiWorldwide" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hyundai-elevate-2019.jpg", "author": "Hyundai Motor Group", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.hyundai.com/au/en/news/design-and-innovation/hyundai-walking-car-concept-is-the-future-of-the-first-responder-industry", "page": "https://www.hyundai.com/au/en/news/design-and-innovation/hyundai-walking-car-concept-is-the-future-of-the-first-responder-industry", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "boeing-passenger-air-vehicle-2019", "name": "Passenger Air Vehicle (PAV)", "maker": "Boeing NeXt with Aurora Flight Sciences", "makerId": "boeing-next", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-01-22", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "autonomous passenger air taxi research" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "air-taxi", "domain": [ "mobility", "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "prototype; never sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Boeing's first fully autonomous electric passenger air taxi prototype to fly.", "deployments": "The PAV prototype crashed during unmanned testing on 4 June 2019 (AIN, 2019). Boeing announced a pause in NeXt-led future mobility programs in 2020 (Boeing, Annual Report 2020).", "summary": "An electric vertical take-off prototype designed by Aurora Flight Sciences, about 30 ft long and 28 ft wide, with eight lift rotors under the wings and a pusher propeller, built to fly passengers up to 50 miles with no pilot. Its first flight was an autonomous hover and landing in Manassas, Virginia.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-404705e973", "hs-61ca997bad", "hs-b6d3fcc33c", "hs-3a406b1eb7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-01-22", "event": "First flight, Manassas, Virginia", "url": "https://investors.boeing.com/investors/news/press-release-details/2019/Boeing-Autonomous-Passenger-Air-Vehicle-Completes-First-Flight/default.aspx" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "test prototype only; work paused with Boeing NeXt in 2020, never formally cancelled in found sources" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "test flights in Manassas, Virginia, USA", "since": "2019-01-22", "fleet": "one prototype (Boeing, Jan 2019)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 80 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/boeing-passenger-air-vehicle-2019.jpg", "author": "Boeing NeXt with Aurora Flight Sciences", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://investors.boeing.com/investors/news/press-release-details/2019/Boeing-Autonomous-Passenger-Air-Vehicle-Completes-First-Flight/default.aspx", "page": "https://investors.boeing.com/investors/news/press-release-details/2019/Boeing-Autonomous-Passenger-Air-Vehicle-Completes-First-Flight/default.aspx", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "scania-citywide-lf-autonomous-2019", "name": "Citywide LF electric autonomous bus", "maker": "Scania with Nobina", "makerId": "scania", "country": "Sweden", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-02", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Two buses were planned for a 5 km, four-stop route between Barkarby and a metro station near Stockholm from 2020, with a safety driver.", "summary": "Full-length 12 m Scania electric city buses converted for automated driving in a trial with operator Nobina. No public results of the passenger phase were found.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e2ff68825d", "hs-4a543b8ec6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-02", "event": "Scania and Nobina announcement", "url": "https://www.electrive.com/2019/02/21/scania-to-test-autonomous-e-buses-in-sweden" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Barkarby, Stockholm region (planned trial)", "since": null, "fleet": "2 buses planned (Scania, 2019)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/scania-citywide-lf-autonomous-2019.jpg", "author": "Scania", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.scania.com/group/en/home/newsroom/news/2019/nobina-and-scania-pioneer-full-length-autonomous-buses-in-sweden.html", "page": "https://www.scania.com/group/en/home/newsroom/news/2019/nobina-and-scania-pioneer-full-length-autonomous-buses-in-sweden.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 437 } }, { "id": "boeing-mq-28-ghost-bat-2021", "name": "MQ-28 Ghost Bat", "maker": "Boeing Australia", "makerId": "boeing-australia", "country": "Australia", "year": 2021, "date": "2019-02", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "collaborative combat aircraft", "loyal wingman", "surveillance" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "military-aircraft", "domain": [ "defense" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 1080, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "military only; about A$1.4 billion added in December 2025 for more Block 2 aircraft and a Block 3 prototype", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Boeing says it was the first autonomous aircraft to complete an air-to-air engagement with an AIM-120 missile, destroying a target drone in December 2025.", "deployments": "MQ-28 aircraft completed crewed-aircraft teaming demonstrations with the RAAF in 2025, including a December air-to-air missile test (Boeing).", "summary": "An Australian-built jet drone designed to fly with crewed aircraft and carry out missions on its own using AI. In the 2025 missile test it positioned itself and fired after an operator in an E-7A Wedgetail authorised the shot.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-06fe540af1", "hs-d0411ed848" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-02", "event": "Full-scale mock-up at the Avalon Airshow", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "RAAF introduction planned for 2028" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "RAAF Base Woomera and Australian test ranges", "since": "2021-02-27", "fleet": "6 additional Block 2 aircraft funded in December 2025; first previously contracted Block 2 expected by end-2026 (Australian Defence Ministers, 2025)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 3700 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/boeing-mq-28-ghost-bat-2021-1.jpg", "author": "André Gerwing", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_MQ-28_Ghost_Bat_(ATS-002)_2026-06-11_Andre_Gerwing_Collection_ID_029742.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "boeing-orca-xluuv-2023", "name": "Orca XLUUV", "maker": "Boeing with Huntington Ingalls Industries", "makerId": "boeing", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2019-02", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "undersea surveillance", "mine warfare", "naval experimentation" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "underwater", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 14.8, "payloadKg": 8000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Five Orca prototypes and related support units under contract awards totalling $274.4 million (Washington Technology, 2019)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The US Navy's first extra-large uncrewed submarine ordered for operational use.", "deployments": "Navy ordered four in February 2019 and a fifth in March 2019; Boeing delivered the first in December 2023 after acceptance testing.", "summary": "A 16 m (up to 26 m with a payload module) uncrewed submarine that carries out missions of several months by itself without a host ship, running on batteries submerged and recharging by diesel on the surface. The Navy has outlined mine-laying, surveillance and electronic warfare roles.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-91463beefa", "hs-ee4e5f7b48" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-02", "event": "US Navy contract for four vehicles", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2023-12", "note": "First vehicle delivered to the US Navy" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "US Navy test ranges (Southern California)", "since": "2023-12", "fleet": "5 ordered, first delivered Dec 2023 (Naval News); later deliveries not confirmed", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 10500 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/boeing-orca-xluuv-2023-1.jpg", "author": "U.S. Navy photo by Chief Mass Communication Specialist William Spears", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CNO_Adm._Lisa_Franchetti_speaks_in_front_of_Boeing%E2%80%99s_Orca_Extra_Large_Unmanned_Undersea_Vehicle_(cropped).jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CNO_Adm._Lisa_Franchetti_speaks_in_front_of_Boeing%E2%80%99s_Orca_Extra_Large_Unmanned_Undersea_Vehicle_(cropped).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 366 } }, { "id": "golden-dragon-astar-autonomous-2019", "name": "Astar autonomous minibus", "maker": "Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus", "makerId": "xiamen-golden-dragon-bus", "country": "China", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-03", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "no price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Reported as the first fully automatic driverless bus tested in Israel (March 2019).", "deployments": "Passed a closed-road test in Tel Aviv in March 2019; autonomous A-Star trials followed in Suzhou and Xiamen around 2020-2021.", "summary": "A 6.2 m electric minibus with 14 seats (up to 19 riders) and a 150 km range, Golden Dragon's second-generation driverless bus after work that began in 2008. It was aimed at campuses, research parks and other closed areas.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-407564d79e", "hs-5cc46da7ea" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-03", "event": "Closed-road test at Tel Aviv-Yafo Exhibition Center, Israel", "url": "https://govt.chinadaily.com.cn/s/201903/18/WS5c8eee78498e27e33803a785/xiamen-made-driverless-vehicle-road-tested-in-israel.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "pilot use" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Tel Aviv test site (Mar 2019); Suzhou and Xiamen trials (DCA Design, 2021)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": 150 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/golden-dragon-astar-autonomous-2019.jpg", "author": "Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://cdn.dca-design.com/uploads/images/News/_full_width_content_image/125618/golden_dragon_shuttle_news_article_001.webp?v=1749086839%2C0.3918%2C0.5039", "page": "https://cdn.dca-design.com/uploads/images/News/_full_width_content_image/125618/golden_dragon_shuttle_news_article_001.webp?v=1749086839%2C0.3918%2C0.5039", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 489 } }, { "id": "mit-mini-cheetah-2019", "name": "Mini Cheetah", "maker": "MIT Biomimetic Robotics Lab", "makerId": "mit-biomimetic-lab", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-03-04", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 30, "weightKg": 9, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 8.8, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 2, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "research platform; MIT built units to lend to other labs", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The first quadruped robot to do a backflip; its open design influenced many low-cost Chinese robot dogs.", "deployments": "MIT built a batch of units for researchers at other institutions.", "summary": "A 9 kg electric research quadruped with 12 actuated joints, built to be hard to break so labs could test new controllers. It could run, pronk, bound and flip.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-0224204b93", "hs-e88f1d010b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-03-04", "event": "MIT News backflip announcement", "url": "https://news.mit.edu/2019/mit-mini-cheetah-first-four-legged-robot-to-backflip-0304" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "loaned to research labs" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 modular low-cost electric actuators (three per leg), each a small off-the-shelf motor rebuilt with its own controller, 6:1 gearbox and position sensor; swappable if one fails", "materials": "About 9 kg (20 lb)", "software": "Offline trajectory optimisation for the backflip; self-righting after falls", "other": "Runs about 8 km/h (5 mph)", "sources": [ "hs-0224204b93" ] }, "production": { "built": "About 10 built in 2019 to lend to collaborating labs", "sold": "not sold (loaned)", "where": "MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States" }, "news": [ { "date": "2019-03-04", "title": "Mini Cheetah becomes first four-legged robot to backflip", "summary": "MIT unveiled the 9 kg Mini Cheetah, built from modular low-cost motors, doing a backflip.", "publisher": "MIT News", "url": "https://news.mit.edu/2019/mit-mini-cheetah-first-four-legged-robot-to-backflip-0304" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers steered it with a remote while it balanced, ran and flipped by itself.", "video": { "id": "xNeZWP5Mx9s", "title": "Backflipping MIT Mini Cheetah", "channel": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mit-mini-cheetah-2019.jpg", "author": "MIT Biomimetic Robotics Lab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://news.mit.edu/2019/mit-mini-cheetah-first-four-legged-robot-to-backflip-0304", "page": "https://news.mit.edu/2019/mit-mini-cheetah-first-four-legged-robot-to-backflip-0304", "kind": "maker", "w": 948, "h": 632 } }, { "id": "volvo-7900-electric-autonomous-2019", "name": "7900 Electric autonomous bus", "maker": "Volvo Buses with NTU Singapore", "makerId": "volvo-buses", "country": "Sweden", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-03-05", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Presented by Volvo and NTU as the first full-size (12 m) autonomous electric bus.", "deployments": "Two buses were tested at Singapore's CETRAN test centre and NTU campus; by 2022 they had shown Level 3 driving per Land Transport Guru.", "summary": "A 12 m Volvo 7900 Electric city bus fitted with lidar, stereo cameras and satellite positioning, with self-driving software from NTU. It carried about 80 to 85 passengers depending on the source.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-9e5d9d2d18", "hs-52d0938a3d", "hs-07203a8c6f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-03-05", "event": "NTU Singapore unveiling", "url": "https://www.volvogroup.com/en/news-and-media/news/2019/mar/autonomous-electric-bus.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Singapore (NTU campus, CETRAN test centre)", "since": null, "fleet": "2 buses (Land Transport Guru)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/volvo-7900-electric-autonomous-2019.jpg", "author": "Volvo Buses with NTU Singapore", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://kyodonewsprwire.jp/release/201903063919", "page": "https://kyodonewsprwire.jp/release/201903063919", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "kratos-xq-58-valkyrie-2019", "name": "XQ-58 Valkyrie", "maker": "Kratos Defense & Security Solutions", "makerId": "kratos-defense", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-03-05", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "collaborative combat aircraft", "loyal wingman" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "military-aircraft", "domain": [ "defense" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 2722, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 1048, "payloadKg": 544, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Military aircraft; projected flyaway cost about US$4 million at 50 aircraft per year, excluding mission systems (Aviation Week, 2024 Military Fleet and MRO Forecast).", "hands": "none", "firsts": "An early low-cost, runway-independent jet drone built to fly alongside fighters; the US Marine Corps picked it for its first operational collaborative combat aircraft in January 2026.", "deployments": "More than 20 successful flight demonstrations in operationally relevant environments (Kratos, January 2026); Airbus was preparing two Valkyries in Manching, Germany, for a German Air Force offering (Kratos, March 2026).", "summary": "A rocket-launched jet drone designed to fly as a wingman to crewed fighters. Under the Marine Corps programme, Northrop Grumman's Prism autonomy software is to run its operations on its own.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-71d22c8b14", "hs-e607ac6b93" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-03-05", "event": "First flight, Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "USMC MUX TACAIR selection January 2026" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Yuma Proving Ground and Eglin AFB, US", "since": "2019-03-05", "fleet": "not published", "usage": "more than 20 flight demonstrations (Kratos, January 2026)", "rangeKm": 5600 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/kratos-xq-58-valkyrie-2019-1.jpg", "author": "Pfc. Jose Rolando Garcia", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:XQ-58A_Valkrie_displayed_at_the_Pentagon_Center_Courtyard.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:XQ-58A_Valkrie_displayed_at_the_Pentagon_Center_Courtyard.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "sensible-4-muji-gacha-2019", "name": "GACHA", "maker": "Sensible 4 with MUJI", "makerId": "sensible-4", "country": "Finland", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-03-08", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "on-demand shuttle", "all-weather public transport trials" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": 280, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 40, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; demonstrator", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed as the first autonomous bus designed to run in all weather, including heavy rain, fog and snow, after testing in Lapland.", "deployments": "Debuted in Helsinki on 8 March 2019, with public trials planned from April 2019 in Espoo and later Hämeenlinna and Vantaa (Dezeen; Truck & Bus Builder, 2019).", "summary": "A 4.5 m four-wheel-drive electric shuttle with 10 seats plus standing room for six, no front or back and an LED band for lights and messages; Sensible 4 supplied all-weather positioning and obstacle detection and MUJI the design. Listed top speed 40 km/h and range about 100 km.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-dfc3d806c7", "hs-570ce6a0cb", "hs-7f05fe9252", "hs-6bf34334c1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-03-08", "event": "Test drive outside Oodi Central Library, Helsinki", "url": "https://www.dezeen.com/?p=1333184" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "trial vehicle only; Sensible 4 filed for bankruptcy in July 2023" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Helsinki and Espoo, Finland (2019 trials)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": 100 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/sensible-4-muji-gacha-2019.jpg", "author": "Sensible 4 with MUJI", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.dezeen.com/?p=1333184", "page": "https://www.dezeen.com/?p=1333184", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "alexander-dennis-enviro200av-2019", "name": "Enviro200AV (CAVForth)", "maker": "Alexander Dennis with Fusion Processing", "makerId": "alexander-dennis", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-03-18", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "CAVForth was the UK's first registered autonomous bus service, using full-size single-deck buses.", "deployments": "Five buses ran the 14-mile AB1 route over the Forth Road Bridge from 15 May 2023 until the service closed for low ridership on 14 February 2025.", "summary": "A standard Enviro200 single-decker fitted with Fusion Processing's Level 4 driving system. It first drove itself around a Stagecoach depot in Manchester in 2019, then ran a supervised park-and-ride service between Fife and Edinburgh.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c83d722019", "hs-f416e841d4", "hs-8615188ea2", "hs-6d68c51408" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-03-18", "event": "First public demonstration during autonomous trials at Stagecoach Manchester's Sharston depot", "url": "https://www.alexander-dennis.com/uks-first-full-sized-autonomous-bus-begins-depot-trials/" }, "released": { "date": "2023-05-15", "note": "Registered public bus service AB1 (Stagecoach East Scotland), ended 14 February 2025" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Manchester Sharston depot (driverless depot moves, 2019); Fife to Edinburgh Park via Forth Road Bridge (2023-2025, safety driver on board); one bus briefly trialled in Dubai with the RTA", "since": "2019", "fleet": "5 buses (CAVForth, 2023)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/alexander-dennis-enviro200av-2019-1.jpg", "author": "Coopydood", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stagecoach_AB1_(YX69_NUH)_(cropped).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-handle-2019", "name": "Handle (logistics version)", "maker": "Boston Dynamics", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-04", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "pallet building", "depalletizing", "warehouse box handling" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 200, "weightKg": 150, "dof": 10, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 15, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": "A balancing wheeled robot with a vacuum-gripper arm that built and unpacked mixed pallets on its own.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A redesigned Handle that used a counterweight tail and vision to pick boxes up to 15 kg and reach 2.8 m. Boston Dynamics replaced it with the Stretch robot.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f9b0f313d5", "hs-39ea478eb9", "hs-807f337268", "hs-3d0d992ad1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-04", "event": "New Handle version unveiled by Boston Dynamics", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Inactive; superseded by Stretch." }, "components": { "actuators": "Electric; two wheels on legs, with a swinging counterweight tail for balance", "hands": "Vacuum suction gripper on a jointed arm with 2.8 m reach; boxes up to 15 kg", "sensors": "On-board vision with depth cameras to track pallets and find boxes", "battery": "On-board battery", "sources": [] }, "production": { "built": "Prototype", "sold": "not sold; superseded by Stretch", "where": "Waltham, Massachusetts, United States" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "In demonstrations it found, picked and stacked boxes by itself using its vision system.", "video": { "id": "5iV_hB08Uns", "title": "Handle Robot Reimagined for Logistics", "channel": "Boston Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/boston-dynamics-handle-2019.jpg", "author": "Boston Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://bostondynamics.com/about/history/", "page": "https://bostondynamics.com/about/history/", "kind": "maker", "w": 940, "h": 628 } }, { "id": "tennant-t7amr-brainos-2019", "name": "T7AMR (BrainOS)", "maker": "Tennant Company with Brain Corp", "makerId": "tennant", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-04-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "retail floor scrubbing", "shelf inventory scanning (add-on)" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Walmart's 1,860-machine order made it one of the largest autonomous cleaning fleets.", "deployments": "Walmart agreed in 2019 to a fleet of 1,860 BrainOS scrubbers; Brain Corp reports more than 50,000 robots of all kinds running its software by 2026.", "summary": "A Tennant ride-on scrubber made autonomous by Brain Corp's BrainOS, covering up to about 45,760 sq ft per run.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-8d04a0172f", "hs-80fe4e9a31", "hs-fd37cf8485", "hs-59454c1a6a", "hs-a5a632c021" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-04-10", "event": "Walmart fleet agreement announced (earliest sourced date; machine introduced earlier)", "url": "https://s29.q4cdn.com/776944512/files/doc_news/Tennant-Company-Announces-Agreement-with-Major-U.S.-Retailer-to-Supply-Fleet-of-Robotic-Floor-Cleaners-04-10-2019-2019.pdf" }, "released": { "date": "2019", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Vision-based perception for people and obstacle avoidance (BrainOS)", "battery": "Up to 4 hours on flooded lead-acid or 6.5 hours on high-capacity lithium-ion; off-board charger", "software": "Brain Corp BrainOS autonomous navigation; can also be driven manually", "other": "26 in (650 mm) scrub path, 110 L solution and recovery tanks, up to 4,250 m2 per hour; 492 kg", "sources": [ "hs-fd37cf8485", "hs-8d04a0172f" ] }, "production": { "where": "Tennant Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States", "customers": "Walmart (fleet agreement April 2019)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "An operator drives the route once, then it scrubs that route on its own; it can also be driven manually.", "video": { "id": "MorsoYrtdtA", "title": "T7AMR Robotic Cleaning Machine - Product Overview - Tennant Company", "channel": "Tennant Equipment Insights" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/tennant-t7amr-brainos-2019.jpg", "author": "Tennant Company", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.tennantco.com/en_us/1/machines/scrubbers/product.t7amr.robotic-floor-scrubber.2000056.html", "page": "https://www.tennantco.com/en_us/1/machines/scrubbers/product.t7amr.robotic-floor-scrubber.2000056.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 535, "h": 485 } }, { "id": "neolix-first-generation-2019", "name": "Neolix first-generation L4 delivery vehicle", "maker": "Neolix (Xinshiqi)", "makerId": "neolix", "country": "China", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-05", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "parcel delivery", "mobile retail", "security patrol" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "No verified price found", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Neolix says this was the first L4 delivery vehicle built on a dedicated mass-production line, at its Changzhou plant in May 2019.", "deployments": "Early customers named by the company in 2019 were JD.com and Huawei; it aimed to deliver over 1,000 units by end-2019.", "summary": "Neolix's first production self-driving cargo van, a small boxy electric pod aimed at parks, campuses and low-speed roads. It started rolling off a new Changzhou factory line in late May 2019 and has since been replaced by later Neolix generations.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5e174054f1", "hs-3b33796488" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-05", "event": "Start of mass production at Neolix's Changzhou plant", "url": "https://kr-asia.com/chinese-startup-neolix-technologies-starts-to-mass-produce-self-driving-delivery-vans-in-changzhou" }, "released": { "date": "2019-05", "note": "Sold to business customers from mass production in 2019" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Chinese campuses, parks and test zones (2019)", "since": null, "fleet": "Company targeted more than 1,000 deliveries by end-2019 (KrASIA, May 2019); actual 2019 total not confirmed here", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/neolix-first-generation-2019.jpg", "author": "Neolix (Xinshiqi)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.neolix.net/_nuxt/deve-2018.Dm52NQvl.png", "page": "https://www.neolix.net/_nuxt/deve-2018.Dm52NQvl.png", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "stanford-doggo-2019", "name": "Stanford Doggo", "maker": "Stanford Student Robotics", "makerId": "stanford-student", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-05-21", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "open-source; parts under US$3,000", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Matched the best animal in vertical jumping agility and beat the previous best robot by 22%.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An open-source quasi-direct-drive quadruped that anyone could build with hand tools. It was presented at ICRA 2019 in Montreal and has since been retired.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-a6f0d961c5", "hs-8a7bd5336c" ], "canada": "Presented at ICRA 2019 in Montreal, Canada.", "firstShown": { "date": "2019-05-21", "event": "ICRA 2019, Montreal", "url": "https://stanforddaily.com/2019/05/31/stanford-doggo-students-develop-open-source-agile-quadruped-robot/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "open-source design" }, "components": { "actuators": "Quasi-direct-drive brushless motors driving kite-shaped (five-bar) planar legs; legs move only fore and aft", "software": "Open-source hardware and software", "other": "Matched the best animal and beat the previous best robot by 22% in vertical jumping agility", "sources": [ "hs-cbc1c02b1a", "hs-8a7bd5336c" ] }, "production": { "built": "Student research robot; open-source design", "sold": "not sold (parts under US$3,000 to replicate)", "where": "Stanford University, California, United States" }, "news": [ { "date": "2019-05-31", "title": "Stanford students release open-source Doggo", "summary": "Stanford Student Robotics published build files for Doggo, which costs under $3,000 to make and set a jumping-agility record.", "publisher": "Stanford Daily", "url": "https://stanforddaily.com/2019/05/31/stanford-doggo-students-develop-open-source-agile-quadruped-robot/" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Students drove it with a remote controller while its motors and control loop handled balance and leaping.", "video": { "id": "2E82o2pP9Jo", "title": "Meet Doggo: Stanford's student built, four-legged robot", "channel": "Stanford" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/stanford-doggo-2019.jpg", "author": "Stanford Student Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://github.com/Nate711/StanfordDoggoProject", "page": "https://github.com/Nate711/StanfordDoggoProject", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "iit-hyqreal-2019", "name": "HyQReal", "maker": "Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) with Moog", "makerId": "istituto-italiano-di-tecnologia", "country": "Italy", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-05-23", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research", "disaster response research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 90, "weightKg": 130, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Pulled a 3,300 kg Piaggio P180 passenger aircraft more than 10 m.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A 130 kg battery-powered hydraulic quadruped built with Moog, carrying its own hydraulics and computers. It was presented at ICRA 2019 in Montreal.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4cada02699", "hs-f7cc867dea", "hs-667b8cbc6e" ], "canada": "Results presented at ICRA 2019 in Montreal, Canada.", "firstShown": { "date": "2019-05-23", "event": "Airplane-pull demonstration at Genoa Airport announced (shown at ICRA 2019)", "url": "https://www.moog.com/news/operating-group-news/2019/Moog-IIT-Istituto-Italiano-di-Tecnologia-Test-New-Quadruped-Robot-yQReal-Pulling-Airplane.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "research only" }, "components": { "actuators": "Hydraulic: Moog Integrated Smart Actuators with 3D-printed titanium bodies housing servo valves, sensors and electronics; two independent hydraulic pumps (front and hind legs); Moog also supplied pump units, manifolds and rotary unions", "compute": "Two on-board computers, one for vision and one for control", "battery": "15 kg battery, estimated at about two hours", "materials": "Aluminium roll cage with Kevlar, glass-fibre and plastic skin; mostly sealed against water and dust; 130 kg, 1.33 m long, 0.9 m tall", "other": "Pulled a 3,300 kg Piaggio P180 Avanti aircraft more than 10 m at Genoa Airport", "sources": [ "hs-4cada02699", "hs-f7cc867dea" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "IIT, Genoa, Italy (IIT-Moog joint lab)", "customers": "Funded by IIT and Moog with INAIL and EU ECHORD++ support" }, "news": [ { "date": "2019-05-23", "title": "HyQReal pulls a passenger plane", "summary": "IIT and Moog showed the 130 kg hydraulic quadruped towing a 3.3 t aircraft at Genoa Airport.", "publisher": "Moog", "url": "https://www.moog.com/news/operating-group-news/2019/Moog-IIT-Istituto-Italiano-di-Tecnologia-Test-New-Quadruped-Robot-yQReal-Pulling-Airplane.html" }, { "date": "2019-05-23", "title": "IEEE Spectrum details HyQReal", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum described HyQReal's titanium hydraulic actuators, battery and two on-board computers.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/watch-iits-new-hyqreal-quadruped-robot-pull-an-airplane" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers commanded its movements while it balanced itself, for example while pulling a small aircraft.", "video": { "id": "pLsNs1ZS_TI", "title": "HyQReal robot release: Walking robot pulls a plane (extended version)", "channel": "Dynamic Legged Systems lab (IIT DLS, @DynamicLeggedSystemslab)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/iit-hyqreal-2019.jpg", "author": "Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://dls.iit.it/web/dynamic-legged-systems/hyqreal", "page": "https://dls.iit.it/web/dynamic-legged-systems/hyqreal", "kind": "maker", "w": 500, "h": 500 } }, { "id": "easymile-ez10-gen3-2019", "name": "EZ10 Gen 3", "maker": "EasyMile", "makerId": "easymile", "country": "France", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The EZ10 at Toulouse's Oncopole campus was described as the first driverless vehicle in Europe authorised for Level 4 operation in mixed traffic on a public road (authorised November 2021).", "deployments": "Ran with no one on board at Kongsberg (Norway) from September 2021 and on weekdays at Toulouse Oncopole from 2022; also used at the Colorado School of Mines (2021) and by TU Dresden (2023).", "summary": "Upgraded EZ10 with a new safety design meant to work without an onboard attendant, plus better GPS, lidar and inertial sensors. It carries up to 12 people according to EasyMile.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-b8b1bcc622", "hs-8a5606898f", "hs-f1ca868a0b", "hs-9c7f6014ca", "hs-7852de2558", "hs-aa38e4a799" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-06", "event": "UITP Global Public Transport Summit 2019", "url": "https://www.intelligenttransport.com/?p=81670" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Leased or sold to operators; no public price" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Toulouse (IUCT Oncopole campus), Kongsberg Technology Park (Norway), Fairfax (Virginia, 2020), Golden (Colorado School of Mines, 2021), Dresden (TU Dresden research, 2023), Paris (RATP tests from 2021)", "since": "2021-09", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/easymile-ez10-gen3-2019-1.jpg", "author": "Fridolin freudenfett", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tegel_Am_Tegeler_Hafen_Autonomer_Bus.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "gaussin-apm-75t-2019", "name": "Gaussin APM 75T autonomous terminal tractor", "maker": "Gaussin", "makerId": "gaussin", "country": "France", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-06", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "container moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "ports", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 100% electric terminal tractor built to run without a driver in mixed traffic inside gated port areas, developed with input from DP World and PSA. Gaussin entered a French court safeguard procedure in 2023.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-5929aadd63", "hs-7c27434b81", "hs-812fd0e0cf" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-06", "event": "TOC Europe 2019", "url": "https://live.euronext.com/sites/default/files/Connect_CP%20APM%2075T%20au%20TOC%204%20juin%2019%20DEF.pdf" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": null, "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/gaussin-apm-75t-2019.jpg", "author": "Gaussin", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://release.media-outreach.com/release.php/Images/19287/Picture17.jpg", "page": "https://release.media-outreach.com/release.php/Images/19287/Picture17.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 241, "h": 217 } }, { "id": "amazon-pegasus-2019", "name": "Pegasus", "maker": "Amazon Robotics", "makerId": "amazon", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-06-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel sortation" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Amazon's first drive robot used in sortation buildings, sorting single parcels instead of moving pods.", "deployments": "Amazon said 800 Pegasus units were deployed by June 2019 and had cut mis-sorted packages by half.", "summary": "Built on the Hercules drive, Pegasus carries one parcel on a small conveyor and tips it down a chute in the floor that leads to the right delivery route.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-af8c1b24a5", "hs-33f6292725", "hs-bfd8aa77ac" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-06-05", "event": "Unveiled at Amazon re:MARS, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.dcvelocity.com/articles/30765-amazon-unveils-xanthus-and-pegasus-fulfillment-robots" }, "released": { "date": "2018", "note": "Amazon Science dates its introduction to 2018, before the public unveiling" }, "components": { "actuators": "Puck-shaped drive unit based on the Hercules drive, with a mini conveyor belt on top", "sensors": "Navigates a field of floor markers; fully sensored to work around people, robots and obstructions", "software": "Routes each parcel along the most efficient path and drops it through floor chutes by destination", "sources": [ "hs-33f6292725", "hs-af8c1b24a5" ] }, "production": { "built": "800 units deployed by June 2019 (Amazon)", "sold": "not sold (Amazon internal)", "customers": "Amazon sortation centres" }, "news": [ { "date": "2019-06-05", "title": "Amazon unveils Pegasus and Xanthus", "summary": "Amazon showed its Pegasus parcel-sorting robot, with 800 already deployed, and the redesigned Xanthus drive at re:MARS.", "publisher": "DC Velocity", "url": "https://www.dcvelocity.com/articles/30765-amazon-unveils-xanthus-and-pegasus-fulfillment-robots" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It carries parcels to the right floor chute on its own, directed by warehouse software.", "video": { "id": "4MH7LSLK8Dk", "title": "Amazon's Newest Robots Mean New Jobs", "channel": "Amazon News" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/amazon-pegasus-2019.jpg", "author": "Amazon", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/new-robots-new-jobs", "page": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/new-robots-new-jobs", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "amazon-xanthus-2019", "name": "Xanthus (X-bot)", "maker": "Amazon Robotics", "makerId": "amazon", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-06-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel sortation", "tote moving", "modular base for attachments" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Amazon called it the first major redesign of its core drive robot: one-third the parts and half the cost of the Kiva unit.", "deployments": "Demonstrated in sort-bot and tote-mover versions in 2019; unit count not published.", "summary": "A thin, sled-style drive base that takes different tops, such as a sorting conveyor or a tote carrier, with longer-range sensing for people and obstacles.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-af8c1b24a5", "hs-33f6292725", "hs-bfd8aa77ac" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-06-05", "event": "Unveiled at Amazon re:MARS, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.dcvelocity.com/articles/30765-amazon-unveils-xanthus-and-pegasus-fulfillment-robots" }, "released": { "date": "2019", "note": "Shown working in a sort centre at launch" }, "components": { "actuators": "Thin sled-style drive base taking different attachments (sort bot, tote mover); one-third the parts and half the cost of the Kiva drive (Amazon)", "sensors": "Upgraded sensors that detect people, robots and obstructions from farther away than earlier Amazon drives", "sources": [ "hs-33f6292725", "hs-af8c1b24a5" ] }, "production": { "sold": "not sold (Amazon internal)", "customers": "Amazon sortation and fulfilment centres" }, "news": [ { "date": "2019-06-05", "title": "Amazon unveils Xanthus redesign", "summary": "Amazon called Xanthus the first major redesign of its drive robot, with sort-bot and tote-mover versions.", "publisher": "DC Velocity", "url": "https://www.dcvelocity.com/articles/30765-amazon-unveils-xanthus-and-pegasus-fulfillment-robots" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It moves totes and sorts parcels around Amazon sites on its own under fleet software.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/amazon-xanthus-2019.jpg", "author": "Amazon", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-unveils-titan-fulfillment-center-robot", "page": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-unveils-titan-fulfillment-center-robot", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "ohmio-lift-2019", "name": "Ohmio Lift", "maker": "Ohmio", "makerId": "ohmio", "country": "New Zealand", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-06-21", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Called New Zealand's first locally built self-driving shuttle; its maker said it was among the largest 3D-printed vehicles.", "deployments": "Launched at Christchurch Airport on 21 June 2019; later used at Christchurch Botanic Gardens and in projects in Tampere (2026) and Solihull/Coventry (2025).", "summary": "A partly 3D-printed electric shuttle for up to 15 adults, made for first and last mile trips on fixed routes and able to run in convoys.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b62533a5ae", "hs-32fcb0b8ea", "hs-18d28d8d56", "hs-ecf985d56d", "hs-84ff701c2a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-06-21", "event": "Christchurch Airport launch", "url": "https://internationalairportreview.com/?p=95394" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Christchurch Airport (2019), Christchurch Botanic Gardens (2020), Paerata Rise (Auckland), Solihull and Coventry (SCALE project, 2025), Tampere (2026), Riverside platooning demo (2026)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-10-11", "title": "Ohmio shuttle now carries passengers at Phoenix Sky Harbor", "summary": "Phoenix Sky Harbor airport is running an Ohmio driverless shuttle between its East Economy parking lot and the Sky Train station on weekdays, part of a six-month trial that began in July.", "publisher": "KJZZ", "url": "https://www.kjzz.org/business/2026-10-11/phoenix-sky-harbor-debuts-autonomous-shuttle-for-parking-lot" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ohmio-lift-2019.jpg", "author": "Ohmio", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.ohmio.com/", "page": "https://www.ohmio.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "yandex-hyundai-sonata-robotaxi-2019", "name": "Yandex robotaxi (Hyundai Sonata)", "maker": "Yandex (Yandex Self-Driving Group) with Hyundai Mobis", "makerId": "yandex", "country": "Russia", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-07", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Yandex ran one of Europe's first public driverless robotaxi services, in Innopolis from August 2018.", "deployments": "Sonata-based cars (fourth generation from June 2020) ran in Innopolis, Moscow, Tel Aviv and Ann Arbor; about 170 vehicles by September 2021. US work stopped in March 2022 and the non-Russian business became Avride.", "summary": "Hyundai Sonata sedans with Yandex's lidars, radars and cameras, used for its Russian robotaxi service and international testing.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-cb765abee6", "hs-b20ba320e8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-07", "event": "Yandex and Hyundai Mobis present self-driving Sonata", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Free robotaxi rides in Innopolis; current commercial status not confirmed" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Innopolis and Moscow (Russia); earlier Tel Aviv and Ann Arbor", "since": "2018-08", "fleet": "about 170 vehicles (Yandex, September 2021)", "usage": "over 5,000 autonomous rides in Innopolis by February 2020 (Yandex)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/yandex-hyundai-sonata-robotaxi-2019-1.jpg", "author": "Retired electrician", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow,_Yandex_self-driving_Hyundai_Sonata,_Aug_2025_02.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 713 } }, { "id": "academy-of-robotics-kar-go-2019", "name": "Kar-go", "maker": "Academy of Robotics", "makerId": "academy-of", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-07-04", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "last-mile parcel and medical delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Trialled pharmacy-to-care-home deliveries in Hounslow, store deliveries in Banstead, Surrey (2021) and runs at RAF Brize Norton (September 2021).", "summary": "A road-going autonomous delivery vehicle from a Welsh start-up that relies on cameras rather than lidar, with operators able to monitor and take over from a mobile command hub.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-50de216250" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-07-04", "event": "Kar-go unveiled at Goodwood Festival of Speed’s Future Lab", "url": "https://www.academyofrobotics.co.uk/OLD-SITE/ourtimeline.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Trials only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "England (trials in Hounslow, Surrey, RAF Brize Norton)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/academy-of-robotics-kar-go-2019-1.jpg", "author": "CCUK23", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kar-go_driving_through_RAF_Brize_Norton_air_base.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "iav-heat-shuttle-2019", "name": "HEAT shuttle (Hamburg Electric Autonomous Transportation)", "maker": "IAV", "makerId": "iav", "country": "Germany", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-07-31", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 25, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Tested in Hamburg's HafenCity from August 2019 and carried passengers on a 1.8 km, five-stop route from August 2021, around the ITS World Congress.", "summary": "A small electric minibus with three seats and four standing places, built by IAV for operator Hochbahn and supported by roadside sensors and a control centre. It ran at up to 25 km/h with an attendant on board.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8630acedc5", "hs-9b03687d16", "hs-f9a208a631", "hs-1fbba8a18d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-07-31", "event": "Siemens/Hochbahn press release", "url": "https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:509d8cfe-11d9-479d-b48f-037f43e891bc/press-release-first-autonomous-shuttle-bus.pdf" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Hamburg HafenCity (2019-2021)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/iav-heat-shuttle-2019.jpg", "author": "IAV", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.iav.com", "page": "https://www.iav.com", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "baidu-apollo-hongqi-ev-robotaxi-2019", "name": "Apollo Robotaxi (Hongqi E-Jie / Hongqi EV)", "maker": "Baidu Apollo with FAW Hongqi", "makerId": "baidu-apollo", "country": "China", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-08-02", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed as China's first factory-built, volume-produced L4 car, and the vehicle that launched the Apollo Go robotaxi service in Changsha.", "deployments": "A first batch of 45 cars began public trial rides with safety operators in Changsha on 26 September 2019, later followed by Cangzhou in 2020.", "summary": "An electric Hongqi sedan co-developed by Baidu and FAW with the self-driving kit installed at the factory. It carried Apollo Go's first public trial passengers, with a safety operator on board.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-7b141d95c7", "hs-f9fa50b431", "hs-1df6dc8a09" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-08-02", "event": "Road tests of the Robotaxi-Hongqi E-Jie began in Changsha", "url": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/market-industry/70017430" }, "released": { "date": "2019-09-26", "note": "free public trial rides in Changsha with safety operators" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Changsha (2019 trial), Cangzhou (2020)", "since": null, "fleet": "45 cars in the first Changsha batch (Gasgoo/Just Auto, 2019)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/baidu-apollo-hongqi-ev-robotaxi-2019-1.jpg", "author": "Wzsylyhhh", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robotaxi.png", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 865, "h": 571 } }, { "id": "anybotics-anymal-c-2019", "name": "ANYmal C", "maker": "ANYbotics", "makerId": "anybotics", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-08-22", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "inspection", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 50, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Four ANYmal C robots helped Team CERBERUS win the 2021 DARPA Subterranean Challenge and its $2 million prize.", "deployments": "Used in the DARPA SubT finals (2021) and at industrial sites.", "summary": "A weather-sealed IP67 industrial redesign of ANYmal with 360-degree obstacle detection and autonomous docking to recharge.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f8e1e1b987", "hs-9ed954d752" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-08-22", "event": "ANYbotics introduction (IEEE Spectrum coverage)", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/anybotics-introduces-sleek-new-anymal-c-quadruped" }, "released": { "date": "2019", "note": "industrial customers" }, "components": { "actuators": "Redesigned electric joint drives (12 joints); 1 m/s top speed, 20-degree slopes, 45-degree stairs", "sensors": "Lidar for 3D mapping and SLAM, depth cameras and wide-angle cameras for 360-degree vision; optional inspection payload with thermal camera", "compute": "Hexacore Intel Core i7 PC (research version: two i7 computers, optional NVIDIA Jetson Xavier)", "battery": "Over 2 hours per charge; docks itself on a cone-shaped charging station", "materials": "IP67 sealed body; about 50 kg", "other": "10 kg payload; fits through 60 cm openings", "sources": [ "hs-e808d0da4c" ] }, "production": { "where": "Zurich, Switzerland", "customers": "Industrial inspection sites and research labs; used by teams in the DARPA SubT finals (2021)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2019-08-22", "title": "ANYbotics introduces ANYmal C", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum covered the sealed IP67 industrial ANYmal C with lidar, docking and a 10 kg payload.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/anybotics-introduces-sleek-new-anymal-c-quadruped" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It walks inspection rounds on its own and docks itself to recharge; operators can also steer it remotely.", "video": { "id": "_ffgWvdZyvk", "title": "ANYmal C Legged Robot – The Next Step in Robotic Industrial Inspection", "channel": "ANYbotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/anybotics-anymal-c-2019.jpg", "author": "ANYbotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200417152607/https://www.anybotics.com/anymal-legged-robot/", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200417152607/https://www.anybotics.com/anymal-legged-robot/", "kind": "maker", "w": 960, "h": 540 } }, { "id": "local-motors-olli-2-0-2019", "name": "Olli 2.0", "maker": "Local Motors", "makerId": "local-motors", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-09", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 40, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Tested at Jacksonville's Ultimate Urban Circulator test track and in Toronto, where the pandemic interrupted trials; ended with the company's closure in January 2022.", "summary": "Second Olli with hub motors, two extra seats, programmable lighting and more 3D-printed parts. Local Motors gave a 25 mph (40 km/h) top speed and about 100 miles of range.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-3fe057e3ff", "hs-01e7751e8d", "hs-d0a5d86793", "hs-9975a74a37" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-09", "event": "Local Motors announcement", "url": "https://www.3dnatives.com/en/olli-2-0-3d-printed-minibus-050920194/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Pilot deployments only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Jacksonville (JTA test track, 2019-2021), Toronto", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": 160 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/local-motors-olli-2-0-2019-1.jpg", "author": "AdelanteRiver", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3D_Printed_Olli.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 960, "h": 640 } }, { "id": "reliable-robotics-cessna-208-caravan-2020", "name": "Reliable Robotics Cessna 208 Caravan", "maker": "Reliable Robotics", "makerId": "reliable", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2019-09", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "cargo", "freight" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "cargo-aircraft", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; retrofit system in FAA certification, planned as a service", "hands": "none", "firsts": "In September 2019 the company flew a Cessna 172 near San Jose with nobody on board, described as the first remote-piloted flight of a passenger airplane in the US; it then moved its system to the larger Caravan.", "deployments": "Fully remote landing of a Caravan demonstrated on the San Jose approach in June 2020; first Caravan retrofit was on an aircraft owned by FedEx (TechCrunch, 2020).", "summary": "A retrofit kit that lets an existing Cessna Caravan freighter taxi, take off, fly and land itself, including auto-landing at small airfields, while a licensed pilot in a ground control centre supervises and can take over.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-46a244bb71", "hs-d83ccf48b2" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-09", "event": "Uncrewed Cessna 172 flight near San Jose, California", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "FAA certification of the automation system in progress" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Northern California test flights", "since": "2019-09", "fleet": "not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/reliable-robotics-cessna-208-caravan-2020.jpg", "author": "Reliable Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://reliable.co/", "page": "https://reliable.co/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-spot-2019", "name": "Spot", "maker": "Boston Dynamics", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "inspection", "data capture", "public safety", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "public-safety", "research", "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 61, "weightKg": 33.8, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5.8, "payloadKg": 14, "batteryHours": 1.5, "priceUsd": 74500, "priceNote": "US$74,500 base price at public sale in June 2020; leased from September 2019; maker now says contact sales", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The first legged robot sold commercially at scale for industrial work.", "deployments": "Massachusetts State Police were the first police force to use it (2019); the maker says over 1,500 robots are in customers' hands.", "summary": "An all-electric quadruped for inspection and data capture, with an IP54 body, 14 kg payload and about 90 minutes of runtime. Hyundai has controlled Boston Dynamics since June 2021. Spot has been used by police, fire services and militaries, and Boston Dynamics led a 2022 pledge against weaponising general-purpose robots.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-768df202f9", "hs-494d894d48", "hs-c639a900c4", "hs-a73ac17ea8", "hs-7426cbf733" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-09", "event": "Commercial launch through Early Adopter lease programme", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/spot-commercial-availability-a-milestone-for-quadrupeds/" }, "released": { "date": "2020-06-16", "note": "open sale at $74,500" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 electric joint actuators, three per leg; top speed 1.6 m/s, climbs 30-degree slopes and 300 mm steps", "hands": "None on the base robot; the optional Spot Arm adds a manipulator with a gripper (see Spot Enterprise and Spot Arm)", "sensors": "Stereo depth cameras giving 360-degree terrain sensing to about 4 m; works in light above 2 lux; optional Spot CAM/CAM+ (thermal), lidar, laser scanner and acoustic leak-detection payloads", "battery": "564 Wh pack (5.2 kg), about 90 minutes average runtime, 180 minutes standby, about 60 minutes to recharge; autonomous docking and charging supported", "materials": "IP54 body; operates from -20 to 55 C; 33.8 kg with battery", "software": "Orbit fleet, facility and inspection management; AI Visual Inspection (AIVI-Learning) moved to Google Gemini / Gemini Robotics models in April 2026; Spot 5.2 adds asset-based data and links to maintenance systems; public SDK and API; autonomous replanning and self-righting", "other": "14 kg payload on M5 T-slot rails with two DB25 power/data ports (150 W each); Wi-Fi 2.4/5 GHz and Ethernet", "sources": [ "hs-768df202f9", "hs-9be52e64a6", "hs-97ad5b610e" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Over 1,500 robots with customers (maker)", "where": "Waltham, Massachusetts, United States", "customers": "bp, National Grid, GFS, Turner Construction, Woodside, Acciona, RATP Infrastructures, Virginia Tech; police and fire services including Massachusetts State Police" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-10-09", "title": "Bedrock to test Spot robots in downtown Detroit", "summary": "Property firm Bedrock Detroit and Boston Dynamics plan to test Spot in downtown Detroit for jobs such as picking up litter, building inspections and patrols.", "publisher": "WRIF", "url": "https://wrif.com/2026/10/09/detroit-debuts-boston-dynamics-robot-dogs-for-urban-innovation-testing/" }, { "date": "2026-04-08", "title": "Spot inspection AI switches to Gemini Robotics", "summary": "Boston Dynamics moved Orbit AIVI-Learning visual inspection for Spot onto Google Gemini and Gemini Robotics models, adding new gauge and 5S checks.", "publisher": "Boston Dynamics", "url": "https://bostondynamics.com/blog/aivi-learning-now-powered-google-gemini-robotics/" }, { "date": "2026-03-12", "title": "Boston Dynamics and FieldAI team up on Spot", "summary": "Boston Dynamics partnered with FieldAI to run FieldAI's field foundation models on Spot for autonomous construction-site inspection and mapping.", "publisher": "Boston Dynamics", "url": "https://bostondynamics.com/news/boston-dynamics-fieldai-partner-to-bring-robots-into-uncharted-dynamic-environments/" }, { "date": "2020-06-16", "title": "You Can Now Buy Spot the Robot Dog—If You’ve Got $74,500", "summary": "Spot became available for outright purchase by US commercial and industrial customers at $74,500, following its leasing program.", "publisher": "WIRED", "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/you-can-now-buy-spot-the-robot-dog/" } ], "availability": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "how": "Through the maker's sales form; its partners page and integration services are linked from the product page", "support": "Spot Care long-term service plan, support centre, customer success and integration services, and Boston Dynamics University training", "note": "No sales regions, lease terms or warranty terms stated on the pages read. Orders go through the maker directly; no public order page.", "source": "https://bostondynamics.com/products/spot/" }, "dev": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "access": "open", "how": "Public Spot SDK: Python client library, API protocol definition for other languages, examples, payload docs and interface control document", "note": "Licence terms are in the repository's licence file; not read.", "sdkUrl": "https://github.com/boston-dynamics/spot-sdk", "source": "https://dev.bostondynamics.com/" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/boston-dynamics-spot-2019.jpg", "author": "Web Summit", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SpotMini,_Boston_Dynamics,_Robot.jpg", "article": "File:SpotMini, Boston Dynamics, Robot.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 332 }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "The base Spot is mostly driven by an operator with a tablet while it handles balance, stairs and obstacles; Autowalk lets it repeat recorded routes." }, { "id": "boeing-mq-25-stingray-2019", "name": "MQ-25 Stingray", "maker": "Boeing", "makerId": "boeing", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-09-19", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "aerial refuelling", "carrier-based tanker", "surveillance" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "military-aircraft", "domain": [ "defense" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "military only; US$562 million Lot 1 contract for three aircraft (Naval News, September 2026)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "On 4 June 2021 it became the first uncrewed aircraft to refuel another aircraft in flight, passing fuel to a US Navy F/A-18.", "deployments": "Low-rate initial production approved in 2026, with first deliveries expected in 2029 (Naval News, September 2026).", "summary": "A carrier-based tanker drone. A recent first flight showed autonomous taxi, takeoff, flight and landing under commands from a ground control station, whose operator also runs the refuelling hose.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e30dc6c5d7", "hs-e6d475a058", "hs-67af9f0047" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-09-19", "event": "First flight of test aircraft T1, MidAmerica Airport, Illinois", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "deliveries expected from 2029" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "MidAmerica St. Louis Airport, Illinois; USS George H.W. Bush trials (2021)", "since": "2019-09-19", "fleet": "test aircraft plus three Lot 1 production aircraft on order (Naval News, September 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 930 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/boeing-mq-25-stingray-2019-1.jpg", "author": "U.S. Navy photo courtesy of Boeing", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MQ-25_T1_Stingray_test_aircraft_takes_off.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MQ-25_T1_Stingray_test_aircraft_takes_off.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 588 } }, { "id": "gdls-mutt-smet-2019", "name": "MUTT (S-MET Increment I)", "maker": "General Dynamics Land Systems", "makerId": "general-dynamics-land-systems", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "carrying loads", "squad support" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 454, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Army target price about $112,000 per system (RFP); contract ceiling $249M. Initial 2019 award was $162.4M for 624 vehicles before cancellation.", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Army planned to field 624 S-METs; GDLS-UK also delivered two 8x8 MUTTs to the British Army.", "summary": "A small wheeled robot mule that follows infantry squads and carries about 450 kg of their gear. Chosen for the US Army's Small Multipurpose Equipment Transport programme.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1ba638457c", "hs-b531fbadda", "hs-5b552b33ad", "hs-c189fb4ad0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-10", "event": "Selected as US Army S-MET winner", "url": "https://www.militarytimes.com/land/2019/10/31/heres-the-robotic-vehicle-that-will-carry-equipment-for-us-troops/" }, "released": { "date": "2020-07-15", "note": "Re-awarded $249M five-year S-MET contract for 624 vehicles after a protest (announced the Wednesday before 17 July 2020)" }, "components": { "actuators": "Eight-wheel MUTT chassis; S-MET requirement included silent running, about 60 miles over 72 hours", "battery": "Exports at least 3 kW stationary and 1 kW while moving to charge squad equipment (S-MET requirement)", "other": "Carries about 1,000 lb (MUTT up to 1,200 lb); vehicle weighs 3,000-3,500 lb, about 10 x 6 ft", "sources": [ "hs-5b552b33ad", "hs-b531fbadda" ] }, "production": { "built": "624 S-MET vehicles planned under a five-year, $249 million contract (July 2020)", "where": "General Dynamics Land Systems, Sterling Heights, Michigan, United States", "customers": "US Army (S-MET Increment I); British Army bought two 8x8 MUTTs" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-07-17", "title": "GDLS wins $249 million S-MET contract", "summary": "The US Army re-awarded the robotic mule programme to General Dynamics' eight-wheel MUTT after a recompetition, with 624 vehicles to field by 2025.", "publisher": "Military & Aerospace Electronics", "url": "https://www.militaryaerospace.com/unmanned/article/14179700/unmanned-combat-vehicle-battlefield-cargo" }, { "date": "2020-02-18", "title": "Army restarts S-MET competition after protest", "summary": "The Army cancelled the October 2019 award to GDLS after a Textron protest and issued a new request for proposals.", "publisher": "Defense News", "url": "https://www.defensenews.com/land/2020/02/18/after-protest-army-launches-new-competition-for-robotic-mule/" }, { "date": "2019-10-31", "title": "MUTT picked as the Army's robotic mule", "summary": "The Army selected GDLS's MUTT for S-MET with an initial $162.4 million deal for 624 systems.", "publisher": "Military Times", "url": "https://www.militarytimes.com/land/2019/10/31/heres-the-robotic-vehicle-that-will-carry-equipment-for-us-troops/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It follows its squad or is driven by remote control, with soldiers directing it throughout.", "video": { "id": "82UkhsOwzec", "title": "Two 8×8 MUTT Unmanned Ground Vehicles Delivered to the British Army", "channel": "General Dynamics Land Systems" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/gdls-mutt-smet-2019.jpg", "author": "General Dynamics Land Systems", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.gdls.com/mutt/", "page": "https://www.gdls.com/mutt/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 729 } }, { "id": "android-technology-marker-2019", "name": "Marker", "maker": "Androidnaya Tekhnika (for the Advanced Research Foundation)", "makerId": "androidnaya-tekhnika", "country": "Russia", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-10", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "reconnaissance", "anti-armour", "guard", "logistics" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "defence-research", "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A research robot platform, in tracked and wheeled versions, for testing autonomy in scouting, combat, guard and logistics roles. Russian officials talked of sending it to Ukraine in 2023.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ed2e2bd17f", "hs-10f77e2bae" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-10", "event": "First-stage results demonstrated at Magnitogorsk test site (sources also cite October 2020)", "url": "https://www.army-technology.com/projects/marker-anti-tank-ugv-russia/" }, "released": { "date": "2020-08", "note": "Two shown at Army-2020 forum" }, "components": { "actuators": "Five platforms built: two tracked and three wheeled; about 3 t", "sensors": "Modular multispectral vision system for autonomy", "software": "Neural-network object recognition and autonomous route patrol, as described by Army Technology", "other": "Modular payload; tethered reconnaissance variant reported", "sources": [ "hs-ed2e2bd17f", "hs-10f77e2bae" ] }, "production": { "built": "Five platforms (two tracked, three wheeled); four passed acceptance tests in December 2021", "sold": "Development project completed January 2022 for the Advanced Research Foundation", "where": "Russia (Androidnaya Tekhnika, Magnitogorsk)", "customers": "Advanced Research Foundation; a small number reported sent to the war zone in Ukraine in February 2023" }, "news": [ { "date": "2023-02-10", "title": "Rogozin sends Marker robots to Donbas", "summary": "Modern War Institute analysed the arrival of a few Marker UGVs in occupied Donbas, announced by Dmitry Rogozin on 2 February 2023.", "publisher": "Modern War Institute", "url": "https://mwi.westpoint.edu/bureaucrats-gambit-why-is-dmitry-rogozin-sending-russian-uncrewed-ground-vehicles-to-ukraine-and-does-it-matter/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It has demonstrated autonomous driving and following on test ranges, but operators oversee it and any weapon use needs a person.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/android-technology-marker-2019-1.jpg", "author": "Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marker_combat_UGV.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "textron-ripsaw-m5-2019", "name": "Ripsaw M5 (RCV-M)", "maker": "Howe & Howe / Textron Systems", "makerId": "howe", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-10-14", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "armed reconnaissance", "fire support" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "defence-research" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 4100, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 3629, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An all-electric, tracked robotic combat vehicle chosen in 2020 for the US Army's medium Robotic Combat Vehicle prototype work. Army development stopped in May 2025.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-7610e6f784", "hs-b06a307c96", "hs-89fcc12073" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-10-14", "event": "Ripsaw M5 debuted at the 2019 AUSA Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C.", "url": "https://www.textronsystems.com/our-company/news-events/articles/press-release/howe-howe-textron-systems-and-flir-systems-debut" }, "released": { "date": "2020-01", "note": "Four RCV-M prototypes ordered January 2020; Army RCV development halted May 2025" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tracked platform with diesel or hybrid-electric drivetrain options (Textron Systems, 2019–2020).", "sensors": "360-degree cameras for the remote operator", "other": "About 10.5 t combat weight; 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) payload", "sources": [ "hs-7610e6f784" ] }, "production": { "built": "Four RCV-M prototypes ordered for Army company-level testing", "sold": "Prototypes only", "where": "Howe & Howe, Waterboro, Maine, United States", "customers": "US Army Robotic Combat Vehicle programme" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-05-20", "title": "Army to halt work on the RCV development approach", "summary": "Following the May 1 Army Transformation Initiative, CRS reported that the Army planned to stop RCV development and reopen its approach to industry. CRS characterized this as a change in direction rather than outright cancellation.", "publisher": "Congressional Research Service", "url": "https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF11876/IF11876.15.pdf" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/textron-ripsaw-m5-2019.jpg", "author": "US Army photo", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ripsaw_M5.webp", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ripsaw_M5.webp", "article": "Ripsaw (vehicle)", "w": 500, "h": 281 }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Soldiers in a nearby control vehicle drove and directed it, helped by autonomy software, and only they could fire its weapons." }, { "id": "pony-ai-botride-hyundai-kona-2019", "name": "BotRide (Hyundai KONA Electric)", "maker": "Pony.ai with Hyundai and Via", "makerId": "pony-ai", "country": "China", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-10-25", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "ride-hail", "trial" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Pony.ai's company timeline calls it California's first public robotaxi service.", "deployments": "Ten KONA Electric SUVs with safety drivers gave public rides in Irvine, California, from 4 November 2019 through January 2020, booked through Via's app.", "summary": "A short public ride-hail trial in which Hyundai electric SUVs ran Pony.ai's self-driving system and Via handled booking. Every car had a human safety driver.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6f9b45f4ba", "hs-03353707aa" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-10-25", "event": "BotRide announcement for Irvine, California", "url": "https://venturebeat.com/2019/10/25/pony-ai-to-launch-botride-robo-taxi-service-in-irvine/" }, "released": { "date": "2019-11-04", "note": "free public trial, Irvine; planned to run through January 2020" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Irvine, California (2019-2020 trial)", "since": null, "fleet": "10 vehicles (VentureBeat, Oct 2019)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pony-ai-botride-hyundai-kona-2019.jpg", "author": "Pony.ai", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://ridewithvia.com/news/hyundai-autonomous-cars-hit-the-streets-in-irvine-california", "page": "https://ridewithvia.com/news/hyundai-autonomous-cars-hit-the-streets-in-irvine-california", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "flir-kobra-2019", "name": "Kobra (CRS-H)", "maker": "FLIR Systems / Teledyne FLIR (derived from iRobot/Endeavor 710 line)", "makerId": "flir-systems", "country": "United States", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "bomb disposal", "heavy lifting" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 226.8, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 12.9, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 10, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "US Army CRS-H contract up to $109M (5 years); 34 systems in the first order, about 350 if all options exercised.", "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A heavy tracked bomb-disposal robot with a long, strong arm. Selected as the US Army's Common Robotic System-Heavy.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-04e5542767", "hs-13957c6ae5", "hs-c3e2262b24" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-11", "event": "Selected for US Army CRS-H programme", "url": "https://www.defensenews.com/land/2019/11/15/heres-who-just-won-a-contract-to-build-the-armys-heavy-robot/" }, "released": { "date": "2019-11", "note": "In production for the US Army" }, "components": { "hands": "Heavy manipulator arm reaching about 3.5 m (11.5 ft) and lifting about 150 kg (330 lb)", "other": "Climbs Jersey barriers and fits in a standard utility vehicle; built for explosive ordnance disposal", "sources": [ "hs-04e5542767" ] }, "production": { "where": "Teledyne FLIR, Chelmsford, Massachusetts, United States", "customers": "US Army CRS-H programme (five-year contract worth up to $109 million)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2019-11-15", "title": "FLIR Kobra wins Army heavy robot contract", "summary": "The US Army chose Kobra over QinetiQ for its heavy Common Robotic System, in a deal worth up to $109 million.", "publisher": "Defense News", "url": "https://www.defensenews.com/land/2019/11/15/heres-who-just-won-a-contract-to-build-the-armys-heavy-robot/" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "An operator tele-operates the vehicle and its heavy arm from a controller.", "video": { "id": "JS9R8dhErk8", "title": "In-Depth with the FLIR Kobra Unmanned Ground Vehicle | AUSA 2019", "channel": "Teledyne FLIR", "display": true }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/flir-kobra-2019-1.jpg", "author": "Ana Henderson, U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground (DVIDS)", "license": "Public domain (US government work)", "licenseUrl": "https://www.dvidshub.net/image/8275012/yuma-test-center-demonstrates-capabilities-new-robots-used-ammunition-recovery", "page": "https://www.dvidshub.net/image/8275012/yuma-test-center-demonstrates-capabilities-new-robots-used-ammunition-recovery", "via": "dvidshub.net", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "wayve-jaguar-i-pace-2019", "name": "Wayve Jaguar I-PACE test fleet", "maker": "Wayve", "makerId": "wayve", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-11", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "research", "delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Retrofitted I-PACE SUVs have run Wayve's end-to-end learned driving software in London with safety drivers since November 2019, including grocery delivery trials with Ocado.", "summary": "Jaguar I-PACE SUVs used by Wayve to train and test its 'embodied AI' driver, which learns driving behaviour from data instead of hand-written rules.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-467e5128d6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-11", "event": "London pilot fleet", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Test fleet only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "London", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/wayve-jaguar-i-pace-2019.jpg", "author": "Wayve", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://wayve.ai/", "page": "https://wayve.ai/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 619 } }, { "id": "clearpath-dingo-2020", "name": "Dingo", "maker": "Clearpath Robotics (now part of Rockwell Automation)", "makerId": "clearpath", "country": "Canada", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-11-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "indoor research platform", "indoor navigation research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 11.4, "weightKg": 13, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.7, "payloadKg": 20, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A low, flat indoor research robot about 69 cm long and 11 cm tall that carries up to 20 kg of sensors or arms on its deck. It ships with ROS 2 drivers and is aimed at labs working on indoor navigation and mobile manipulation.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-0fc2c605e3", "hs-6bfca423c9", "hs-08f3c546fa" ], "canada": "Designed by Clearpath Robotics of Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario.", "firstShown": { "date": "2019-11-04", "event": "Announced by Clearpath Robotics at IROS 2019, Macau", "url": "https://store.clearpathrobotics.com/blogs/blog/clearpath-robotics-announces-dingo-indoor-research-robot" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "Still listed as a current product in 2026" }, "components": { "actuators": "Differential (Dingo-D) or omnidirectional (Dingo-O) electric drive; 1.3 m/s", "sensors": "Optional packages: ZED 2i stereo camera and 3D lidar (Vision), Intel RealSense D435 (Manipulation), two 2D lidars and IMU (IndoorNav)", "compute": "NVIDIA Jetson AGX Orin (Vision package), Mini-ITX PC (Manipulation package) or backpack computer; Clearpath added NVIDIA Jetson (Nano, TX2, Xavier NX/AGX) options for Dingo, Jackal and Husky in October 2020", "battery": "Optional Wibotic 150 W wireless charging kit", "materials": "Aluminium chassis; 13 kg; 686 x 517 x 114 mm", "software": "ROS 2 Jazzy driver and API; Gazebo, RViz and MoveIt support", "other": "20 kg payload", "sources": [ "hs-0fc2c605e3", "hs-6bfca423c9" ] }, "production": { "where": "Clearpath Robotics, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada (Rockwell Automation)" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Out of the box it is driven with a gamepad; any autonomy is software that the research team builds on top.", "video": { "id": "NnXYX3Y2KIk", "title": "Meet DINGO | Indoor Mobile Robot for Research & Education", "channel": "Clearpath Robotics by Rockwell Automation" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/clearpath-dingo-2020.jpg", "author": "Clearpath Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/dingo-indoor-mobile-robot/", "page": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/dingo-indoor-mobile-robot/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 535 } }, { "id": "yandex-rover-2019", "name": "Yandex.Rover", "maker": "Yandex", "makerId": "yandex", "country": "Russia", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-11-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "sidewalk delivery", "food delivery", "parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; used in Yandex's own delivery services", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Began first commercial deliveries in Moscow's Skolkovo district in April 2020 and later delivered Yandex Eats orders in Moscow and Innopolis (VentureBeat; Moscow Times).", "summary": "A suitcase-sized six-wheeled sidewalk robot with a lidar on top that drives itself at walking pace while a remote operator monitors it. It started on Yandex's Moscow campus and became the base for the delivery robots later run by Avride outside Russia.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6d0b0a3369", "hs-eab0395967" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-11-07", "event": "Unveiled with testing on Yandex's Moscow campus", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/07/yandex-is-now-testing-a-self-driving-sidewalk-cargo-delivery-robot/" }, "released": { "date": "2020-04", "note": "first commercial deliveries in Skolkovo" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/yandex-rover-2019.jpg", "author": "Yandex", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yandex_delivery_robot.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yandex_delivery_robot.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 763 } }, { "id": "doosan-infracore-concept-x-2019", "name": "Concept-X unmanned excavator and wheel loader", "maker": "Doosan Infracore (now HD Hyundai Infracore / DEVELON)", "makerId": "doosan-infracore", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2019, "date": "2019-11-20", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "construction", "excavation", "loading earth" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Doosan called it the world's first fully automated construction site solution covering drone surveying through unmanned machine operation.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A site system that maps the ground with drones, plans the work and runs excavators and wheel loaders with no operator, monitored from an X-Center control hub. Commercialisation was planned by 2025.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f89904c5e8", "hs-af4a07edeb" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2019-11-20", "event": "Demonstration at Doosan's test centre in Boryeong, South Korea", "url": "https://eu.develon-ce.com/en/news/2019-20-11-doosan-unmanned-automated-construction" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Succeeded by Concept-X2 in 2023" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/doosan-infracore-concept-x-2019.jpg", "author": "Doosan Infracore", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://eu.develon-ce.com/en/news/2019-20-11-doosan-unmanned-automated-construction", "page": "https://eu.develon-ce.com/en/news/2019-20-11-doosan-unmanned-automated-construction", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "aiten-am15-2020", "name": "AM15", "maker": "AiTEN Robotics", "makerId": "aiten", "country": "China", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous pallet stacking", "narrow-aisle forklift work" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 189, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5.4, "payloadKg": 1500, "batteryHours": 10, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A compact autonomous pallet-stacking forklift that lifts 1,500 kg to 1.6 m and works aisles about 2 m wide using laser SLAM", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-cd44245c21", "hs-0cd8eebd05" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "AM line launched in 2020 per AiTEN's company timeline (exact first showing of the AM15 not found)", "url": "https://www.aitenrobot.com/company-overview" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "Shown at LogiMAT 2026" }, "components": { "actuators": "Compact automated forklift with steering-wheel chassis; 1,500 kg rated load, 1,600 mm lift; 1.5 m/s empty", "sensors": "Lidar-based multi-sensor fusion with 360-degree perception and machine-learning pallet recognition", "battery": "24 V 100 Ah; up to 10 hours per charge, about 2-hour automatic charging", "software": "In-house laser SLAM navigation and obstacle avoidance", "sources": [ "hs-cd44245c21" ] }, "production": { "where": "AiTEN Robotics, China" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It picks, carries and stacks pallets on its own using laser SLAM, taking jobs from warehouse software.", "video": { "id": "7cXPTuhTqMg", "title": "AM15 Handling Robot", "channel": "AiTEN Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/aiten-am15-2020.jpg", "author": "AiTEN Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aitenrobot.com/products/am15", "page": "https://www.aitenrobot.com/products/am15", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 496 } }, { "id": "ecorobotix-avo-2020", "name": "AVO", "maker": "Ecorobotix", "makerId": "ecorobotix", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "spot spraying", "weeding" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "About a dozen robots were trialled across Europe to gather images for its weed-detection software.", "summary": "An autonomous precision-spraying robot; Ecorobotix later dropped it for efficiency and legal reasons and moved its technology into the tractor-pulled ARA sprayer.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-8b6009a98b", "hs-67414591c3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "Introduced 2020 (per Ecorobotix)", "url": "https://ecorobotix.com/en/avo/" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "Trials across Europe with about a dozen robots; replaced by the tractor-pulled ARA (2021)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ecorobotix-avo-2020.jpg", "author": "Ecorobotix", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://ecorobotix.com/", "page": "https://ecorobotix.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "agxeed-agbot-5-115t2-2020", "name": "AgBot 5.115T2", "maker": "AgXeed", "makerId": "agxeed", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous tillage and field work", "pulling and lifting implements", "mowing" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 200, "weightKg": 7800, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 13.5, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 20, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "About EUR 320,000 plus VAT (GBP 300,000 in England) in 2024 per Farmers Journal; Future Farming lists EUR 265,000. Not published in USD.", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first purpose-built cabless autonomous tractors sold commercially in Europe.", "deployments": "By February 2024 AgXeed had delivered 80 machines across its range (about 20 each in the Netherlands and Germany, 15 in France, plus Canada, Switzerland, Australia and New Zealand), with 115 more on order.", "summary": "A cabless diesel-electric crawler tractor with a 115 kW (156 hp) Deutz engine that follows a pre-planned job on its own, carrying implements on front and rear three-point linkages (3 t and 8 t). It weighs 7.8 t, works at up to 13.5 km/h and can run about 20 hours on a 350-litre tank. AgXeed now sells it as the T2 5 Series.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d91386d0cd", "hs-dc74219386", "hs-bb22d9e1e4", "hs-a7a1bc7322", "hs-cdc07d949b" ], "canada": "AgXeed reported machines delivered to Canada by early 2024 (Irish Farmers Journal).", "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "Tracked 156 hp AgBot presented in 2020 (development began June 2018); exact event not found", "url": "https://www.farmersjournal.ie/machinery/news/first-agxeed-autonomous-tractor-arrives-in-ireland-804778" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "In series sale with dealers across Europe; renamed T2 5 Series. Wheeled AgBot 2.055W3 (2021) and W4 models and the 230 hp T2 7 Series (Nov 2025) are separate machines not covered here." }, "components": { "actuators": "156 hp (about 116 kW) 4.1-litre Deutz diesel driving a generator and electric drive motors on rubber tracks; 0-13.5 km/h; electric PTO independent of engine speed; track width 1.90-3.20 m; 3-point linkage", "sensors": "Lidar, radar, ultrasonic sensors, front and rear cameras and a contact bumper; at least three of four safety systems must work for autonomous operation", "battery": "Up to 20 hours per tank at 75% engine load; up to 2,000 hours a year", "software": "TraXwise cloud planning and monitoring; missions sent over the internet; app control; ISOBUS/TIM implement control", "sources": [ "hs-dc74219386", "hs-bb22d9e1e4" ] }, "production": { "built": "80 machines across the range delivered by February 2024, with 115 on order", "where": "Oude Bildtzijl, Netherlands", "customers": "Dealers across Europe; 80 machines delivered by February 2024 (Netherlands, Germany, France, Canada, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-02-14", "title": "First AgXeed AgBot arrives in Ireland", "summary": "Irish Farmers Journal reported the 156 hp diesel-electric AgBot's Irish launch at about EUR 320,000 plus VAT, with 80 machines delivered.", "publisher": "Irish Farmers Journal", "url": "https://www.farmersjournal.ie/machinery/news/first-agxeed-autonomous-tractor-arrives-in-ireland-804778" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It carries out pre-planned field jobs with no one on board, monitored remotely by the farmer.", "video": { "id": "ZuByj95LD5U", "title": "AgXeed AgBot 5.115T2 with Claas Avignon - France", "channel": "AgXeed I FREEDOM TO FARM POWER TO GROW" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/agxeed-agbot-5-115t2-2020.jpg", "author": "AgXeed", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.agxeed.com/solutions/agbots/agbot-t2-5-series/", "page": "https://www.agxeed.com/solutions/agbots/agbot-t2-5-series/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 648 } }, { "id": "coco-robotics-delivery-robot-2020", "name": "Coco delivery robot", "maker": "Coco Robotics", "makerId": "coco", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "restaurant food delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Over 500,000 deliveries by June 2025 and about 1,000 robots by August 2025 in Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami and Helsinki.", "summary": "A cooler-like wheeled robot for short urban deliveries under about three miles, working with Uber Eats and DoorDash.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-78ccb3c301", "hs-27716ffefd" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "Coco founded and service started", "url": "https://restauranttechnologynews.com/2025/06/coco-robotics-raises-80-million-to-scale-autonomous-delivery-fleet-for-restaurants-and-beyond/" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "" }, "components": { "actuators": "Compact electric sidewalk robot", "software": "Collaboration with OpenAI on routing, obstacle detection and decision-making (announced March 2025)", "sources": [ "hs-78ccb3c301", "hs-5455b89e59" ] }, "production": { "built": "About 1,000 robots built, 500,000 deliveries and 1 million miles (company site, October 2026); target of 10,000 robots", "where": "Los Angeles, California, United States", "customers": "Uber Eats (Los Angeles, Miami), DoorDash (Los Angeles, Chicago); 500,000+ deliveries by June 2025" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-06-12", "title": "Coco raises $80 million", "summary": "Coco raised $80 million after passing 500,000 deliveries and set a goal of 10,000 robots by 2026.", "publisher": "Restaurant Technology News", "url": "https://restauranttechnologynews.com/2025/06/coco-robotics-raises-80-million-to-scale-autonomous-delivery-fleet-for-restaurants-and-beyond/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Onboard software handles basic driving while remote pilots watch the feeds and take control in tricky spots such as busy crossings.", "video": { "id": "jubbuMxCINs", "title": "New era of success for Coco, autonomous vehicle delivery service", "channel": "CBS LA" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/coco-robotics-delivery-robot-2020-1.jpg", "author": "Alexis Doine", "license": "CC0 1.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en/", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=151725886", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "tevel-far-2020", "name": "Flying Autonomous Robot (FAR)", "maker": "Tevel Aerobotics Technologies", "makerId": "tevel-aerobotics", "country": "Israel", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "fruit picking", "harvest data" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Customers named by Tevel include growers in Italy, California and Chile.", "summary": "Flying fruit-picking robots that select ripe apples, stone fruit and pears by colour and log each fruit's size and ripeness.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-1c51bdffbc" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "Public showing (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.tevel-tech.com/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Commercial use in Israel, Italy, the US and Chile" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/tevel-far-2020.jpg", "author": "Tevel Aerobotics Technologies", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.tevel-tech.com/", "page": "https://www.tevel-tech.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "nexus-robotics-la-chevre-2020", "name": "La Chèvre", "maker": "Nexus Robotics", "makerId": "nexus", "country": "Canada", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "hand-weeding replacement", "vegetable weeding" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 500000, "priceNote": "US$500,000 or about US$50,000 a season to lease (Future Farming)", "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Tested in vegetable fields in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, in 2024.", "summary": "A hybrid diesel-electric weeding robot that uses cameras and a neural network to find weeds among leafy crops and pull them out with robotic arms.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-2fb1f9936d", "hs-f565a182ba" ], "canada": "Built by Canadian start-up Nexus Robotics (Halifax), with federal funding; tested in Ontario.", "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "Field tests reported", "url": "https://www.futurefarming.com/tech-in-focus/nexus-robotics-robot-la-chevre-to-help-farmers-weed/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/nexus-robotics-la-chevre-2020.jpg", "author": "Nexus Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.futurefarming.com/tech-in-focus/nexus-robotics-robot-la-chevre-to-help-farmers-weed/", "page": "https://www.futurefarming.com/tech-in-focus/nexus-robotics-robot-la-chevre-to-help-farmers-weed/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 668 } }, { "id": "locomation-autonomous-relay-convoy-2020", "name": "Locomation Autonomous Relay Convoy", "maker": "Locomation", "makerId": "locomation", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "freight", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "A pilot with Wilson Logistics on a 420-mile I-84 route from Oregon to Idaho delivered 14 loads over about 3,400 miles in eight days, driving autonomously about half the time; Wilson ordered 1,120 units.", "summary": "A two-truck convoy system: a human drives the lead truck and the follower drives itself close behind, letting its driver rest. Pittsburgh-based Locomation laid off most staff in early 2023 after failing to raise funds.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-952f6e78a6", "hs-0ab09c9cf2", "hs-1eb02ec8e8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "Wilson Logistics on-road pilot", "url": "https://insideautonomousvehicles.com/locomation-wilson-logistics-complete-autonomous-freight-deliveries/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not commercialised; company wound down from February 2023" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "I-84, Oregon to Idaho (pilot)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/locomation-autonomous-relay-convoy-2020.jpg", "author": "Locomation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/2022/https://locomation.ai/", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/2022/https://locomation.ai/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "mir-mir250-2020", "name": "MiR250", "maker": "Mobile Industrial Robots (MiR, Teradyne)", "makerId": "mobile-industrial-robots", "country": "Denmark", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving goods inside factories and warehouses", "base for mobile cobots" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 30, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": 250, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A compact autonomous mobile robot (580 x 800 mm, about 30 cm tall) that carries 250 kg at up to 2 m/s and has a swappable battery. Hook, shelf-lift and Universal Robots arm (MC250) versions build on the same base.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-5206dbb224", "hs-64296e78b3", "hs-6bdb018f17" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "Introduced in 2020 (MiR company history)", "url": "https://mobile-industrial-robots.com/about/mir-history" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "MiR250 Hook towing version launched May 2021" }, "components": { "battery": "Swappable battery; up to 20 hours operation a day", "software": "MiR Fleet for multi-robot control, task priority and traffic management", "other": "250 kg payload, 2 m/s, 580 x 800 mm footprint, 30 cm tall; passes 80 cm gaps; Hook 250 and Shelf Carrier 250 top modules; ESD version", "sources": [ "hs-5206dbb224" ] }, "production": { "where": "Odense, Denmark", "customers": "Denso (case study)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It carries loads around factories and warehouses on its own, sent jobs by fleet software.", "video": { "id": "-Jw_3dJhsTk", "title": "MiR250 Introduction", "channel": "Mobile Industrial Robots" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mir-mir250-2020.jpg", "author": "Mobile Industrial Robots", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://mobile-industrial-robots.com/products/robots/mir250", "page": "https://mobile-industrial-robots.com/products/robots/mir250", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 624 } }, { "id": "ocado-500-series-bot-2020", "name": "Ocado 500 Series bot", "maker": "Ocado Group", "makerId": "ocado", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "grocery order fulfilment on a storage grid" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used across Ocado Smart Platform sites, whose partners include Kroger (US), Sobeys (Canada), Coles (Australia) and Casino (France).", "summary": "An in-house redesigned grid robot with modular, swappable parts, completed in early 2020.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e3e2515626", "hs-0419898e46", "hs-12741da3d7" ], "canada": "Sobeys signed for the Ocado Smart Platform in Canada in 2018.", "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "Design completed early 2020", "url": "https://ocadogroup.com/newsroom/stories/engineering-the-future-the-evolution-of-ocados-fulfilment-robots" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "" }, "components": { "other": "Designed and prototyped in-house with a modular design so parts can be swapped and upgraded; works on the Ocado grid ('Hive')", "sources": [ "hs-e3e2515626" ] }, "production": { "where": "Ocado Group, United Kingdom", "customers": "Ocado Smart Platform partners including Kroger, Sobeys, Coles and Casino" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It moves around the storage grid fetching crates entirely under the control of Ocado's software.", "video": { "id": "iu8awTnNQeE", "title": "Ocado's robots supply groceries to Londoners", "channel": "Reuters (@Reuters)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ocado-500-series-bot-2020.jpg", "author": "Ocado Group", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.ocadogroup.com/newsroom/stories/engineering-the-future-the-evolution-of-ocados-fulfilment-robots", "page": "https://www.ocadogroup.com/newsroom/stories/engineering-the-future-the-evolution-of-ocados-fulfilment-robots", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 523 } }, { "id": "sany-skt90e-2020", "name": "SANY SKT90E unmanned electric wide-body mining truck", "maker": "SANY", "makerId": "sany", "country": "China", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ore haulage", "overburden haulage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 44, "payloadKg": 60000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Six SKT90E units shipped to a Thai mining contractor in November 2021, which International Mining describes as autonomous-ready rather than running driverless.", "summary": "A 60-tonne battery-electric wide-body mine truck with autonomous route following, obstacle avoidance, loading, dumping and parking. Two units were tested with a 5G-controlled excavator in 2020.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b8285ba226", "hs-4a9b3315f1", "hs-dd823f9cac" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "Two-truck unmanned test with a 5G remote excavator", "url": "https://www.plantandequipment.com/news/global/autonomous-driving-highlights-sany-s-solution-to-intelligent-mining" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Test sites in China; six units delivered to a contractor in Thailand (2021)", "since": null, "fleet": "6 SKT90E delivered to Thailand (SANY, Dec 2021)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/sany-skt90e-2020.jpg", "author": "SANY", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.sanyglobal.com/press_releases/647/", "page": "https://www.sanyglobal.com/press_releases/647/", "kind": "maker", "w": 963, "h": 552 } }, { "id": "sabanto-autonomy-system-2020", "name": "Sabanto Autonomy System", "maker": "Sabanto", "makerId": "sabanto", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "tillage", "planting", "field work" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An aftermarket kit that adds cameras, GNSS, obstacle sensors and a control unit to an existing tractor so it can work fields with no one in the seat.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-f8a10d929c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "Commercial service start (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://sabantoag.com/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Sold through select US dealers" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/sabanto-autonomy-system-2020.jpg", "author": "Sabanto", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://sabantoag.com/", "page": "https://sabantoag.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 500 } }, { "id": "bear-robotics-servi-2020", "name": "Servi", "maker": "Bear Robotics", "makerId": "bear", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "restaurant food delivery", "bussing dishes" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 104.6, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": 30, "batteryHours": 12, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Sold in the United States, South Korea and Japan; Bear said Servi had driven over 247,500 miles by January 2022.", "summary": "Bear Robotics' first mass-produced serving robot, carrying two trays and a bus tub (30 kg in total) around restaurants on a 10-12 hour battery. The smaller Servi Mini (98 cm, one tray plus bus tub) is a trim of the same robot. LG Electronics took a controlling 51% stake in Bear Robotics in January 2025.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-6efa236b85", "hs-300cd08aef", "hs-307f034100", "hs-fdba7df4d3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "Launched as Bear Robotics' first mass-production model (company timeline; exact month not found)", "url": "https://www.bearrobotics.ai/company-history" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "Servi Mini is a smaller trim; LG Electronics became majority owner (51%) after exercising a call option on 22 January 2025" }, "components": { "sensors": "Lidar and cameras for mapping and obstacle avoidance", "battery": "10-12 hours per charge, about 4 hours to charge", "software": "Cloud Fleet Control Suite and Bear Universe multi-robot orchestration; 7-inch touchscreen", "other": "Two trays plus bus tub, 30 kg total; 0.1-1.2 m/s; NSF-certified", "sources": [ "hs-6efa236b85", "hs-307f034100" ] }, "production": { "where": "Bear Robotics (US and South Korea)", "customers": "Restaurants in the United States, South Korea and Japan" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-01-24", "title": "LG takes control of Bear Robotics", "summary": "LG Electronics exercised an option to raise its stake in Servi maker Bear Robotics to 51%.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/lg-acquires-majority-stake-in-bear-robotics/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff load it and choose tables, and it delivers food and returns on its own.", "video": { "id": "AuxRcBPm1gw", "title": "How to Unbox SERVI", "channel": "Bear Robotics, Inc." }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/bear-robotics-servi-2020.jpg", "author": "Bear Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.bearrobotics.ai/servi", "page": "https://www.bearrobotics.ai/servi", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 490 } }, { "id": "ghost-robotics-spirit-40-2020", "name": "Spirit 40", "maker": "Ghost Robotics", "makerId": "ghost", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "research", "inspection" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A smaller Ghost Robotics quadruped from the Spirit series, used by research labs such as Carnegie Mellon's. Public specifications were not found.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-1a75fce49b", "hs-d22d7bb3d7", "hs-06998fd26b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "Spirit series introduction", "url": "https://www.cmu.edu/me/robomechanicslab/robots.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "launch date not confirmed" }, "components": { "sources": [ "hs-1a75fce49b" ] }, "production": { "where": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States", "customers": "Research labs including Carnegie Mellon University's Robomechanics Lab" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-07-29", "title": "LIG Nex1 buys 60% of Ghost Robotics", "summary": "South Korea's LIG Nex1 agreed to buy a 60% stake in Ghost Robotics, maker of the Spirit and Vision quadrupeds, for $240 million.", "publisher": "Korea JoongAng Daily", "url": "https://www.koreajoongangdaily.com/business/lig-nex1-acquires-60-of-us-four-legged-robot-maker-ghost-robotics/12314427" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Research labs steer it while it balances itself, and add their own autonomy software.", "video": { "id": "FrqUo4M3tY4", "title": "Spirit series: Spirit 40 small Q-UGV for Swarm, ISR, Subterranean Domain and General R&D", "channel": "Ghost Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ghost-robotics-spirit-40-2020.jpg", "author": "Ghost Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210122131736/https://www.ghostrobotics.io/spirit-40", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210122131736/https://www.ghostrobotics.io/spirit-40", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 594 } }, { "id": "stanford-pupper-2020", "name": "Stanford Pupper", "maker": "Stanford Student Robotics", "makerId": "stanford-student", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "education", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "open-source; under US$2,000 per paper, $600-$1,000 self-sourced", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A Raspberry Pi-based open-source quadruped with 12 servos, built in under 8 hours as a low-cost benchmark for legged-robotics teaching.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-0503d8863d", "hs-1065525081", "hs-97bcd98877" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "TC Sessions: Robotics + AI preview", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/29/stanfords-doggo-quadrupedal-robot-and-siblings-pupper-and-woofer-are-coming-to-tc-sessions-roboticsai" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "open-source design" }, "components": { "actuators": "Torque-controllable brushless motors with high specific power (paper version)", "compute": "Raspberry Pi running Python control code", "materials": "Off-the-shelf and 3D-printed parts; built in under 8 hours", "software": "Open-source design for research and teaching; impedance and torque control", "sources": [ "hs-0503d8863d", "hs-97bcd98877" ] }, "production": { "built": "Open-source design, built by universities and hobbyists", "sold": "not sold by Stanford (parts under US$2,000)", "where": "Stanford University, California, United States" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-01-29", "title": "Stanford Pupper heads to TC Sessions", "summary": "TechCrunch previewed Pupper, a cheaper Raspberry Pi-based sibling of Doggo costing under $500 in materials to build.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/29/stanfords-doggo-quadrupedal-robot-and-siblings-pupper-and-woofer-are-coming-to-tc-sessions-roboticsai" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Students steer it with a game controller while its software handles the gait.", "video": { "id": "NIjodHA78UE", "title": "Stanford Pupper", "channel": "Nathan (Nathan Kau, Pupper lead developer)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/stanford-pupper-2020.jpg", "author": "Stanford Student Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://pupper.readthedocs.io/en/latest/", "page": "https://pupper.readthedocs.io/en/latest/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "taurob-inspector-2020", "name": "Taurob Inspector", "maker": "Taurob", "makerId": "taurob", "country": "Austria", "year": 2020, "date": "2020", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous inspection rounds", "gas leak detection", "hazardous-area inspection" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "inspection", "domain": [ "inspection", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 72.5, "weightKg": 92, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 1.6, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 4, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Described as the first autonomous robot certified for ATEX Zone 1 explosive atmospheres to work on an offshore gas platform (TotalEnergies K5 field, 2020).", "deployments": "First offshore trial in August 2020 on TotalEnergies' K5 gas platform off the Netherlands; two Inspectors then began a 12-month trial at the Shetland Gas Plant in November 2020 (Offshore Engineer, 2021).", "summary": "A tracked, explosion-proof inspection robot that drives itself on rounds through oil, gas and chemical plants, climbing stairs and using a long camera arm, thermal and gas cameras and lidar to spot leaks and faults. The current V8 version weighs 92 kg and runs about 4 hours per charge; prototypes date from early 2018.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-a020dd5afd", "hs-b246e9790e", "hs-2a5b003dcf" ], "canada": "Measur (Canada) signed as Taurob's Canadian reseller.", "firstShown": { "date": "2020", "event": "Product launch per Taurob's company timeline (prototypes built early 2018 in the OGRIP project)", "url": "https://taurob.com/inspector/" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "serial production began Q3 2021 with Dietsmann in France" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/taurob-inspector-2020.jpg", "author": "Taurob", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://taurob.com/inspector/", "page": "https://taurob.com/inspector/", "kind": "maker", "w": 630, "h": 630 } }, { "id": "unitree-a1-2020", "name": "A1", "maker": "Unitree Robotics", "makerId": "unitree", "country": "China", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-01", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "education", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research", "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 40, "weightKg": 12, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 11.9, "payloadKg": 5, "batteryHours": 2.5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "under US$10,000 (New Atlas)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Brought a capable robot dog under $10,000; 24 A1s danced on China's 2021 Spring Festival Gala broadcast.", "deployments": "24 units performed on the CCTV Spring Festival Gala in February 2021.", "summary": "A 12 kg education and research quadruped launched at CES 2020, with depth cameras and a person-following mode. Unitree called it China's fastest small-to-medium quadruped at 3.3 m/s.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-07d6408cae", "hs-dbc37b4fb7", "hs-d1930d814c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-01", "event": "CES 2020", "url": "https://shop.unitree.com/pages/about-us" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "sold online" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 joint motors, peak joint torque 33.5 Nm and speed 21 rad/s, with crossed roller bearings", "sensors": "Intel RealSense depth camera, four foot-end force sensors; options for lidar, ultra-wide camera, ultrasound and microphone array", "compute": "Separate perception and motion controllers with real-time OS; AI module on the Exploration version", "battery": "Lithium battery, 1 to 2.5 hours per charge", "materials": "12 kg with battery", "software": "High- and low-level real-time APIs; vision obstacle avoidance, following, gesture and skeleton recognition; lidar mapping and navigation", "other": "5 kg payload; 3.3 m/s top speed", "sources": [ "hs-2e326a4761", "hs-07d6408cae" ] }, "production": { "where": "Hangzhou, China", "customers": "24 units performed at the CCTV Spring Festival Gala in February 2021" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-05-04", "title": "New Atlas reviews Unitree A1", "summary": "New Atlas described the 12 kg A1, which runs at 3.3 m/s and sells for under $10,000.", "publisher": "New Atlas", "url": "https://newatlas.com/robotics/unitree-a1-quadruped-robot/" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Users steer it with a remote while it balances itself; it also has a person-following mode.", "video": { "id": "emF9BW0DHoc", "title": "The Preview of Unitree A1", "channel": "Unitree Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/unitree-a1-2020.jpg", "author": "Unitree Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://oss-global-cdn.unitree.com/static/2674fb4031bd41f6ba43a556d71ef358_1094x1042.png", "page": "https://oss-global-cdn.unitree.com/static/2674fb4031bd41f6ba43a556d71ef358_1094x1042.png", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 952 } }, { "id": "cruise-origin-2020", "name": "Cruise Origin", "maker": "Cruise (General Motors) with Honda", "makerId": "cruise", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-01", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first purpose-built six-seat robotaxis with no steering wheel or pedals to reach pre-production.", "deployments": "A small batch of pre-commercial vehicles was built before GM paused production in November 2023; GM scrapped the Origin in mid-2024, and a planned Honda service in Tokyo did not go ahead.", "summary": "A boxy, shared-ride shuttle-style robotaxi revealed in San Francisco in 2020 and engineered with Honda. It never entered public service.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-02ce3ccccd", "hs-61a33f0c42", "hs-00b2dff586", "hs-3be303ad10" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-01", "event": "Unveiled at a Cruise event in San Francisco", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Never entered service; cancelled 2024" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Limited testing in San Francisco and a prototype in Tokyo (2022)", "since": null, "fleet": "small pre-commercial batch only (GM, 2023)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cruise-origin-2020.jpg", "author": "Cruise", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.getcruise.com/origin/", "page": "https://www.getcruise.com/origin/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 497 } }, { "id": "meituan-autonomous-delivery-vehicle-2020", "name": "Meituan autonomous delivery vehicle", "maker": "Meituan", "makerId": "meituan", "country": "China", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-02", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "grocery delivery on public roads" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Meituan's first driverless deliveries on open roads, used for contact-free grocery delivery in Beijing during COVID-19.", "deployments": "Two vehicles in Shunyi, Beijing from February 2020; about 35,000 orders by early 2021.", "summary": "Small driverless delivery vans that carried groceries from a station to pickup points within about 5 km.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5ef20fb1cf", "hs-1d1a7f0d89" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-02", "event": "Pilot deliveries in Shunyi, Beijing", "url": "https://technode.com/2020/02/21/meituan-is-piloting-driverless-deliveries-in-beijing/" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Lidar, radar and cameras with machine-learning software", "other": "Up to 100 kg across five orders per trip; designed in-house", "sources": [ "hs-1d1a7f0d89", "hs-5ef20fb1cf" ] }, "production": { "built": "Two vehicles in the February 2020 Shunyi pilot", "customers": "Meituan grocery customers in Shunyi, Beijing" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-02-21", "title": "Meituan pilots driverless deliveries in Beijing", "summary": "TechNode reported Meituan running two in-house delivery vehicles in Shunyi, each carrying up to 100 kg across five orders.", "publisher": "TechNode", "url": "https://technode.com/2020/02/21/meituan-is-piloting-driverless-deliveries-in-beijing/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "The vans drove their delivery routes with nobody aboard, with remote staff monitoring them.", "video": { "id": "OGnYve9XgqA", "title": "Chinese tech giants turn to robot delivery workers", "channel": "Reuters" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/meituan-autonomous-delivery-vehicle-2020-1.jpg", "author": "Anonymousfox36", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meituan_autonomous_delivery_vehicle_IMG005.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "nuro-r2-2020", "name": "Nuro R2", "maker": "Nuro", "makerId": "nuro", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-02", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "on-road grocery, pizza and pharmacy delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Received the first NHTSA exemption for a driverless low-speed vehicle without mirrors or windshield (February 2020).", "deployments": "Tested in Houston from February 2020; the exemption allowed up to 5,000 vehicles over two years.", "summary": "Second-generation occupant-free delivery pod with no steering wheel or pedals. Nuro pivoted to licensing its software in 2024; current R2 operations not confirmed.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b6c72bc637", "hs-39f65bd871", "hs-d30a89608c", "hs-c1cbf0a70b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-02", "event": "NHTSA exemption granted; Houston testing began", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/node/100421" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "Status after Nuro's 2024 pivot to licensing is unclear" }, "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Houston, Texas and Mountain View, California (until Nuro's 2023-24 restructuring)", "since": "2021-04", "fleet": "Single-figure bot counts per city (TechCrunch, August 2021)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "autonomy": "supervised", "components": { "actuators": "Low-speed electric delivery vehicle with no steering wheel, pedals or side mirrors", "software": "Nuro Driver self-driving system", "sources": [ "hs-39f65bd871", "hs-d30a89608c" ] }, "production": { "built": "NHTSA exemption allowed up to 5,000 R2s over two years", "customers": "Houston deliveries from February 2020 (partners included Kroger, Domino's and CVS); medical supply moves in California, April 2020" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-02-09", "title": "US exempts Nuro R2 from car rules", "summary": "NHTSA let Nuro run up to 5,000 R2 vehicles without mirrors or a windshield for two years, starting in Houston.", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://electrive.com/2020/02/09/feds-exempt-autonomous-delivery-pod-r2-by-nuro" } ], "video": { "id": "yFYljZc968I", "title": "R2 on the Road", "channel": "Nuro" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/nuro-r2-2020.jpg", "author": "Nuro", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://nuro.ai/product", "page": "https://nuro.ai/product", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 751 } }, { "id": "outrider-autonomous-yard-truck-2020", "name": "Outrider autonomous yard truck", "maker": "Outrider", "makerId": "outrider", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-02", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "trailer moving", "yard logistics" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "subscription service", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "24 next-generation trucks bought for customer pilots (July 2022); driverless commissioning with select enterprise customers began in the second half of 2025.", "summary": "Battery-electric Class 8 yard trucks (latest on an Orange EV base) fitted with lidar, NVIDIA compute and a robot arm that hooks up trailer brake and power lines, so trailers can be moved around distribution yards with nobody aboard.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f973e0b556", "hs-d32d589a50", "hs-24a6c303c4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-02", "event": "Company launch out of stealth", "url": "https://fleetowner.com/technology/article/21123531/autonomous-yard-trucking-startup-outrider-launches-with-53m-backing" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Driverless deployments with select customers from late 2025; wider rollout in 2026 (subscription)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "US distribution yards (Georgia-Pacific and other customers)", "since": "2025", "fleet": "24 autonomy-kit trucks purchased by Outrider and customers (Outrider, July 2022)", "usage": "more than 12,000 autonomous trailer moves by July 2022 (Outrider)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/outrider-autonomous-yard-truck-2020.jpg", "author": "Outrider", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://fleetowner.com/technology/article/21123531/autonomous-yard-trucking-startup-outrider-launches-with-53m-backing", "page": "https://fleetowner.com/technology/article/21123531/autonomous-yard-trucking-startup-outrider-launches-with-53m-backing", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "agrointelli-robotti-150d-2020", "name": "Robotti 150D", "maker": "AgroIntelli", "makerId": "agrointelli", "country": "Denmark", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-02", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "field work", "pulling implements", "mowing seed grass", "tillage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 3150, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 750, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "maker said it would cost about the same as a comparable tractor with auto-steering (2019)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "AgroIntelli said 16 robots were sold for the 2020 season, with first deliveries in spring 2020 (Landbrugsavisen, Feb 2020).", "summary": "A driverless diesel field robot with two Kubota engines (about 150 hp combined) and a three-point hitch that lifts 750 kg, so it can pull standard tractor implements around the clock. It replaced the smaller 50 hp Robotti and was later joined by the single-engine Robotti LR.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-6e33c9f73b", "hs-61565d599c", "hs-ceb7dde0d2" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-02", "event": "Public unveiling at a barn event in Ringkøbing, Denmark (planned Agritechnica 2019 debut was moved)", "url": "https://landbrugsavisen.dk/traktortech/video-se-afsloeringen-af-robotternes-nye-stortraktor-157445" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "first customer deliveries for the 2020 season" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/agrointelli-robotti-150d-2020-1.jpg", "author": "MarcelX42", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Agrointelli_Robotti_Agritechnica_2025_(DSC05402).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "manna-delivery-drone-2020", "name": "Manna delivery drone", "maker": "Manna", "makerId": "manna", "country": "Ireland", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "food delivery", "grocery delivery", "medicine delivery" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "delivery-drone", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 80, "payloadKg": 4, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its 2020 Moneygall trial, approved by the Irish Aviation Authority for flights beyond line of sight, was among Europe's first full-scale drone home-delivery services.", "deployments": "Started with medicine deliveries in Moneygall, County Offaly, in April 2020; by April 2025 it was making up to 80 autonomous deliveries per drone per day in Dublin suburbs and had a US partnership in Dallas-Fort Worth (DroneDJ, Apr 2025).", "summary": "A multirotor delivery drone that flies its route itself, hovers about 9 m above the drop point and lowers the package on a cable, with a parachute for emergencies. Manna cites speeds up to about 50 mph and loads up to about 4 kg.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-55c5548160", "hs-3f71b63616", "hs-d75dd5c4e8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-04", "event": "Moneygall, County Offaly trial", "url": "https://dronexl.co/2020/04/03/manna-aero-delivers-medicines-to-isolated-people-during-coronavirus-crisis" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "trial service, later commercial in Dublin" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Dublin suburbs, Ireland; Dallas-Fort Worth, USA", "since": "2020-04", "fleet": null, "usage": "up to 80 deliveries per drone per day (DroneDJ, Apr 2025)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/manna-delivery-drone-2020.jpg", "author": "Manna", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.manna.aero", "page": "https://www.manna.aero", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 572 } }, { "id": "waytous-mt4400-autonomous-haul-truck-2020", "name": "Driverless MT4400 220-tonne haul trucks (Baorixile mine)", "maker": "Waytous (Huituo) with CASIC Aerospace Heavy Industry", "makerId": "waytous", "country": "China", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ore and overburden haulage", "coal mining" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 220000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "retrofit system sold to mine operators; no price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed by the project partners as the world's first platoon of large driverless haul trucks working in extreme cold (down to minus 50 C) and China's first five-truck driverless haulage over a 5G network.", "deployments": "Five 220-tonne MT4400 electric-drive trucks were converted from May 2020 at China Energy's Baorixile open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia and were hauling day and night by January 2021 (China Securities Journal, Feb 2021); Waytous said it had delivered more than 200 driverless vehicles by January 2022 (PEdaily, Jan 2022).", "summary": "Waytous, a spin-out of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Automation, supplied the driverless software and Aerospace Heavy Industry rebuilt the steering, braking, drive, dump and lighting controls of 220-tonne MT4400 electric-drive mine trucks, adding sensors, positioning and 5G links. The trucks work in a five-truck platoon alongside an electric shovel and support vehicles, watched by a safety officer.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d2b2f2dd50", "hs-20ccbf1e38", "hs-fbbdf4e246", "hs-81bb0fd861" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-05", "event": "Launch of the Baorixile extreme-cold driverless haul-truck platoon project (China Energy, Aerospace Heavy Industry, Waytous)", "url": "https://cs.com.cn/qc/202102/t20210201_6136122.html" }, "released": { "date": "2021-01", "note": "five trucks in industrial operation at Baorixile by January 2021" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Baorixile open-pit coal mine (Inner Mongolia); Waytous also cites Huaneng Yimin mine (Inner Mongolia), the Weijiamao mine and SCG sites in Thailand", "since": "by January 2022 Waytous claimed 'safety officer out of the cab' mixed operation with crewed trucks at Huaneng Yimin (PEdaily, Jan 2022); at Baorixile a safety officer still monitored in early 2021", "fleet": "5 MT4400 trucks at Baorixile (2021); more than 200 driverless vehicles delivered across sites (Waytous via PEdaily/Gasgoo, Jan 2022); 14 more dump trucks contracted at Weijiamao (Gasgoo, Feb 2025)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/waytous-mt4400-autonomous-haul-truck-2020.jpg", "author": "Waytous with CASIC Aerospace Heavy Industry", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://news.pedaily.cn/202201/485045.shtml", "page": "https://news.pedaily.cn/202201/485045.shtml", "kind": "maker", "w": 640, "h": 360 } }, { "id": "turing-drive-taipei-xinyi-bus-2020", "name": "Turing Drive Xinyi Road autonomous bus", "maker": "Turing Drive", "makerId": "turing-drive", "country": "Taiwan", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-05", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "public transit" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 20, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "trial project; not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Taipei's first self-driving bus trial in a city-centre bus lane (2020).", "deployments": "Ran overnight (about 00:30-02:30) on a 12.3 km Xinyi Road bus lane in Taipei, without passengers from May 2020 and with passengers from October 2020 to February 2021.", "summary": "An electric bus run by Taiwanese startup Turing Drive with lidar, cameras, radar and live traffic-light data from roadside units. It was capped at 20 km/h and carried a driver and an observer.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-aa93b40921" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-05", "event": "Taipei Xinyi Road bus-lane autonomous bus trial", "url": "https://www.trendaisecurity.com/en-gb/resources-insights/research/a-ride-on-taiwan-s-self-driving-bus" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "one-year trial" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Xinyi Road bus lane, Taipei (May 2020 to Feb 2021)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/turing-drive-taipei-xinyi-bus-2020.jpg", "author": "Turing Drive", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://turing-drive.com/", "page": "https://turing-drive.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "milrem-type-x-2020", "name": "Type-X", "maker": "Milrem Robotics", "makerId": "milrem", "country": "Estonia", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-06", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "direct fire support", "escort" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 12000, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 80, "payloadKg": 4100, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 12-tonne tracked robotic combat vehicle designed to carry a medium-calibre turret and work alongside crewed armoured vehicles.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8519dd8791", "hs-3f9b700257", "hs-1e5e39af35" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-06", "event": "Type-X unveiled (ERR report, 18 June 2020)", "url": "https://news.err.ee/1103471/milrem-unveils-new-unmanned-armored-vehicle" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "Passed initial mobility tests in January 2021 (Milrem Robotics, 2021)" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tracked; electric drive with a diesel generator (hybrid-electric)", "materials": "About 12 t; 4.1 t payload", "software": "Remote operator with AI assistance and follow-me convoy driving", "other": "Designed to carry turrets up to a 50 mm cannon; a loitering-munition launcher variant was announced with UVision in October 2020", "sources": [ "hs-3f9b700257", "hs-8519dd8791" ] }, "production": { "built": "Passed initial mobility tests in January 2021 (Milrem Robotics, 2021)", "where": "Tallinn, Estonia" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-06-08", "title": "Milrem presents Type-X robotic combat vehicle", "summary": "Milrem introduced the Type-X as an unmanned fire-support vehicle, its second UGV after THeMIS.", "publisher": "Milrem Robotics", "url": "https://milremrobotics.com/type-x/" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/milrem-type-x-2020.jpg", "author": "Milremrobotics", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TypeX_RCV.jpg", "article": "Type-X (unmanned ground vehicle)", "w": 500, "h": 333 }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It is designed for remote driving plus follow-me and waypoint autonomy with a human in the loop, and its weapons need a person to fire." }, { "id": "didi-robotaxi-shanghai-2020", "name": "DiDi Autonomous Driving robotaxi (Shanghai pilot)", "maker": "DiDi Autonomous Driving", "makerId": "didi-autonomous-driving", "country": "China", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-06-27", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "DiDi's first robotaxi rides open to the public, booked in the main DiDi app.", "deployments": "From 27 June 2020 approved members of the public could book test rides on set roads in Shanghai's Jiading district, with a safety officer in every car.", "summary": "DiDi's ride-hail robotaxi pilot in Shanghai, run by its autonomous unit that became a separate company in August 2019. Car models were not named in the source.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1847edc878", "hs-d6d1ed2b5d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-06-27", "event": "Public robotaxi pilot in Jiading, Shanghai", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2020/06/27/chinas-ride-hailing-giant-didi-chuxing-tests-driverless-taxis-in-shanghai/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "free public test rides with safety officers" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Shanghai Jiading district (2020)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/didi-robotaxi-shanghai-2020.jpg", "author": "DiDi Autonomous Driving", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://techcrunch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/55371642044639_.pic_.jpg", "page": "https://techcrunch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/55371642044639_.pic_.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "isuzu-erga-mio-autonomous-2020", "name": "Erga Mio autonomous mid-size bus", "maker": "Isuzu with AIST and Nippon Koei", "makerId": "isuzu", "country": "Japan", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-07", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Public-road demonstrations began in July 2020 in Otsu, Sanda and three other areas.", "summary": "A mid-size Isuzu city bus fitted for automated driving in a Japanese government-backed public-road test programme.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5caf07adb7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-07", "event": "Start of public-road demonstration tests in Otsu on 12 July 2020", "url": "https://www.aist.go.jp/Portals/0/resource_images/aist_j/topics/to2020/to20200710/reference.pdf" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Otsu, Sanda and three other areas in Japan (2020)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/isuzu-erga-mio-autonomous-2020-1.jpg", "author": "あっちゃん2011", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KantoJidosha_Tochigi_667_Autonomous_Bus.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "agilex-tracer-2020", "name": "Tracer", "maker": "AgileX Robotics", "makerId": "agilex", "country": "China", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "indoor logistics", "robotics research and development", "mobile base for custom robots" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics", "research", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": 150, "batteryHours": 3.5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A low, two-wheel-drive differential chassis for indoor floors that developers fit with their own sensors and top modules, with CAN bus control and an open SDK. Figures are for the current Tracer 2.0 (150 kg payload, 2 m/s, about 3.5 hours).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d55cc52268", "hs-15f4455b8d", "hs-9b5dfe86d7", "hs-5159eeac6c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-07", "event": "Earliest dated public trace: AgileX published its tracer_ros software package on GitHub on 13 July 2020 (a formal launch event was not found)", "url": "https://github.com/agilexrobotics/tracer_ros" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "Sold as a developer and logistics chassis; the current version is Tracer 2.0 (IP22, 10 mm step, 25 mm gap). No public price." }, "components": { "actuators": "Two-wheel differential drive, 400 W motor; up to 2 m/s (Tracer 2.0)", "battery": "30 Ah; about 3.5 hours", "materials": "Aluminium T-slot rails for sensors; IP22", "software": "CAN bus with open-source SDK; tracer_ros ROS package on GitHub", "other": "150 kg payload", "sources": [ "hs-d55cc52268" ] }, "production": { "where": "China" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "It is a developer chassis driven by remote control or the customer's own software; autonomy depends on what the builder adds.", "video": { "id": "Kx36DVv7Ymo", "title": "Lab Mobility Elevated: TRACER 2.0 Featuring Precision Differential Drive!", "channel": "AgileX Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/agilex-tracer-2020.jpg", "author": "AgileX Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://global.agilex.ai/products/tracer-2-0-indoor-robot-smart-logistics", "page": "https://global.agilex.ai/products/tracer-2-0-indoor-robot-smart-logistics", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "navya-autonom-shuttle-evo-2020", "name": "Autonom Shuttle Evo (Evo L4)", "maker": "Navya (Gama from 2023, Navya Mobility from 2024)", "makerId": "navya", "country": "France", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-07-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Navya said its June 2020 Chateauroux run was its first Level 4 operation with no safety operator on board, supervised remotely instead.", "deployments": "Entered service in June 2020 at the National Sport Shooting Centre in Chateauroux with Keolis; later sold in Japan and planned for a Malta pilot from June 2026.", "summary": "The upgraded Navya shuttle with a wider sensor set, better wheelchair access and a remote supervision centre that replaces the onboard operator. After Navya's 2023 receivership the business passed to Gama (Gaussin and Macnica) and in 2024 to Navya Mobility (Macnica and NTT West).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-b099f0bc9a", "hs-2a591f6ec8", "hs-75c9bdee57", "hs-01ba5ec85a", "hs-7adae81c84" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-07-09", "event": "Navya press release on the Chateauroux Level 4 service", "url": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200709005761/en/Navya-Reaches-a-New-Milestone-in-Autonomous-Mobility-With-the-First-Fully-Autonomous-Level-4-Operation-on-a-Closed-Site" }, "released": { "date": "2020-06", "note": "First deployment at Chateauroux with Keolis" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Châteauroux (closed-site Autonom Shuttle Evo service from June 2020; Navya); Japan (7 autonomous shuttles ordered in July 2023; Gaussin-Macnica-Mobility).", "since": "2020-06-22", "fleet": "Not published; Gama announced a 7-shuttle order for Japan in July 2023 (Sustainable Bus)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/navya-autonom-shuttle-evo-2020-1.jpg", "author": "Alexander Migl", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Navya_Autonom_Shuttle_IAA_2021_1X7A0172.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "hello-robot-stretch-2020", "name": "Stretch (RE1)", "maker": "Hello Robot", "makerId": "hello", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-07-14", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "research", "assistive tasks at home" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "research", "healthcare" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 23, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1.5, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 17950, "priceNote": "$17,950 per unit at launch, slightly less for multiple units", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Brought a light, low-cost mobile manipulator with a telescoping arm to research labs, aimed at eventually helping people at home.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A slim mobile manipulator: a small wheeled base with a vertical mast and a single telescoping carbon-fibre arm, plus a pan-tilt depth camera. It weighs 23 kg and lifts 1.5 kg.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-38dbb7fce0", "hs-8779900040" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-07-14", "event": "Hello Robot announced Stretch RE1", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/hello-robots-stretch-mobile-manipulator" }, "released": { "date": "2020-07", "note": "Followed by Stretch 2, Stretch 3 (2024) and Stretch 4" }, "components": { "actuators": "Differential-drive base, vertical lift on a mast, and a telescoping arm of five carbon-fibre links driven by one motor", "hands": "Compliant gripper modelled on assistive reacher-grabbers; arm reaches over 0.5 m and holds up to 1.5 kg", "sensors": "Intel RealSense D435i depth camera on a pan-tilt head", "materials": "23 kg; about 34 cm square footprint", "software": "Open-source software; Python and FUNMAP autonomy demos", "sources": [ "hs-38dbb7fce0" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold at $17,950 per unit (2020)", "where": "Made in-house in Martinez, California, United States" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-07-14", "title": "Hello Robot launches Stretch", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum covered the launch of the lightweight $17,950 Stretch mobile manipulator from Aaron Edsinger and Charlie Kemp.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/hello-robots-stretch-mobile-manipulator" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Users mostly drive it and its arm by gamepad or web teleoperation, while researchers add their own autonomous behaviours.", "video": { "id": "2msVU0ygrqM", "title": "Stretch RE1 Launch", "channel": "Hello Robot" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hello-robot-stretch-2020.jpg", "author": "Hello Robot", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "http://web.archive.org/web/20200904171035/https://hello-robot.com/product", "page": "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c16b5974eddec882174ca75/1580074501061-0VVWGOVCVS3ZYJYLLTSA/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kGNN3t-jeZY9rgxQUIR0-j17gQa3H78H3Y0txjaiv_0fDoOvxcdMmMKkDsyUqMSsMWxHk725yiiHCCLfrh8O1z5QPOohDIaIeljMHgDF5CVlOqpeNLcJ80NK65_fV7S1URky4zue9qaLK4PNV9AJdUnv--KwFJvD8Z0NVfjEj-wY-l8SbqEQETXtWSViB8Fp2g/200123_HELLO_ROBOT_LK01-0177.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 942 } }, { "id": "artc-winbus-2020", "name": "WinBus", "maker": "Automotive Research & Testing Center (ARTC)", "makerId": "automotive-research", "country": "Taiwan", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-07-15", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "shuttle", "public transit" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "public-transit", "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Described as Taiwan's first home-grown autonomous shuttle to receive an operating licence (January 2021).", "deployments": "Trial service began in Changhua in July 2020 on a 7.5 km route, with a one-year Level 4 sandbox licence granted in January 2021.", "summary": "A Taiwanese-developed autonomous minibus run on a public route in Changhua under the country's unmanned vehicle sandbox rules.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8cb147e4fd", "hs-39a606cc70", "hs-435bac34a9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-07-15", "event": "Start of Changhua public trial rides", "url": "https://ocacnews.net/article/259872" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Lukang and Changhua Coastal Industrial Park, Changhua County (sandbox trials)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/artc-winbus-2020.jpg", "author": "Automotive Research & Testing Center", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.artc.org.tw/tw/research/detail/55", "page": "https://www.artc.org.tw/tw/research/detail/55", "kind": "maker", "w": 663, "h": 381 } }, { "id": "omron-hd-1500-2020", "name": "HD-1500", "maker": "Omron", "makerId": "omron", "country": "Japan", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-07-22", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving pallets and heavy car parts in factories" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1500, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Omron's heaviest autonomous mobile robot, rated for 1,500 kg loads such as car chassis and pallets that forklifts used to move, with 360-degree safety scanning and fleet control.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-690259884c", "hs-f1ad2aac44" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-07-22", "event": "Omron announced sales start", "url": "https://www.omron.com/global/en/media/2020/07/c0722.html" }, "released": { "date": "2020-08", "note": "Omron announced sales start (Automated Warehouse, 7 August 2020)" }, "components": { "sensors": "Laser scanners used for both localisation and safety, with lidar-based adaptive safety zones and 360-degree coverage", "battery": "Charges in about 39 minutes", "materials": "Metal skins to withstand impacts", "software": "Omron Fleet Manager controls up to 100 mixed mobile robots; improved CAPS docking alignment", "other": "1,500 kg payload for car bodies and pallet loads", "sources": [ "hs-690259884c" ] }, "production": { "where": "Omron, Japan", "customers": "Automotive and pallet-handling plants (target)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-08-07", "title": "Omron launches 1,500 kg HD-1500", "summary": "Omron began selling its heaviest mobile robot, built to carry car frames and pallet loads.", "publisher": "Automated Warehouse", "url": "https://www.automatedwarehouseonline.com/omron-launches-hd-1500-mobile-robot-with-1500kg-payload-capacity/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It carries heavy loads around plants on its own under Omron's fleet manager.", "video": { "id": "IM31FyT6e8I", "title": "OMRON's HD-1500 autonomous mobile robot for pallet-size loads", "channel": "Omron Industrial Automation EMEA (@omronEurope)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/omron-hd-1500-2020.jpg", "author": "Omron", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://industrial.omron.eu/en/products/hd-series", "page": "https://industrial.omron.eu/en/products/hd-series", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 525 } }, { "id": "okibo-plastering-robot-2020", "name": "Autonomous plastering and painting robot (first model)", "maker": "Okibo", "makerId": "okibo", "country": "Israel", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-08", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "construction", "plastering", "painting" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 195, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Okibo claimed it as the world's first autonomous plastering and painting robot.", "deployments": "Was being tested on site as a subcontractor in 2020, with sales expected in early 2021.", "summary": "A battery-powered mobile robot with an industrial arm and floor-to-ceiling reach that scans rooms and plasters or paints walls, standing 195 cm tall. It led to Okibo's EG-series robots.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-842aa2afca", "hs-7e4e0d91a5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-08", "event": "Demonstration reported by Construction Management", "url": "https://constructionmanagement.co.uk/worlds-first-autonomous-robot-painter-makes-its-de/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Superseded by the EG6 and EG7 models" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/okibo-plastering-robot-2020.jpg", "author": "Okibo", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://okibo.com/", "page": "https://okibo.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "petoi-bittle-2020", "name": "Bittle", "maker": "Petoi", "makerId": "petoi", "country": "China", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-08", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "education", "hobby" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 11, "weightKg": 0.3, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 0.5, "batteryHours": 1, "priceUsd": 195, "priceNote": "US$195 Kickstarter pledge; later retail $269-$339 by kit", "hands": "none", "firsts": "A palm-sized programmable robot dog that put legged robots into classrooms.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A small servo-driven robot-dog kit (20 x 11 x 11 cm, under 280 g) that buyers assemble and program. Included as a notable educational robot even though it is under 30 cm.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-88ac6189d2", "hs-17adc9552a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-08", "event": "Kickstarter campaign", "url": "https://newatlas.com/robotics/petoi-bittle-robot-dog/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "shipped to backers then retail" }, "components": { "actuators": "Nine servos (eight for legs, one for head), 270-degree range", "sensors": "Orientation and acceleration sensing; infrared receiver", "compute": "NyBoard V1 Arduino-compatible controller (Uno-class chip); optional Raspberry Pi; Wi-Fi/Bluetooth dongle", "battery": "Lithium-ion pack, about one hour of walking", "materials": "Injection-moulded plastic puzzle-style frame; under 280 g; not waterproof", "software": "Open-source OpenCat; Arduino C++, Python serial API, block coding and Petoi desktop app", "sources": [ "hs-898bf64154", "hs-88ac6189d2" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold via Kickstarter from 2020 and retail; total not published", "where": "China", "customers": "Schools, STEM camps and university labs (per maker testimonials)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-08-27", "title": "Bittle robot dog on Kickstarter", "summary": "New Atlas covered Petoi's palm-sized, Arduino-based Bittle kit at a $195 pledge.", "publisher": "New Atlas", "url": "https://newatlas.com/robotics/petoi-bittle-robot-dog/" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Owners steer it with a remote or app and program its moves, while its controller handles gaits and balance.", "video": { "id": "MEhJzbhxm8A", "title": "Petoi Robot Dog Bittle: Open Source Robot Kit", "channel": "PetoiCamp (Petoi, @petoicamp)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/petoi-bittle-2020.jpg", "author": "Petoi", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.petoi.com/pages/bittle-open-source-bionic-robot-dog", "page": "https://www.petoi.com/pages/bittle-open-source-bionic-robot-dog", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 671 } }, { "id": "woowa-brothers-dilly-drive-2020", "name": "Dilly Drive", "maker": "Woowa Brothers (Baemin)", "makerId": "woowa-brothers", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-08", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "food delivery", "last-metre delivery in housing complexes" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery", "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; run by the Baemin delivery app", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of South Korea's first outdoor food-delivery robot services, run by the country's biggest delivery app.", "deployments": "From August 2020 it carried restaurant orders inside the Gwanggyo Alley Way housing complex in Suwon, with control-centre staff watching (Verdict Foodservice, Aug 2020).", "summary": "A six-wheeled outdoor delivery robot from the company behind Baemin that drives at about 4 to 5 km/h for more than eight hours a charge and has headlights for night runs. Each trip holds about six lunch boxes or 12 drinks, ordered by scanning a QR code in the app.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-55732f9f16", "hs-ec57a7df68" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-08", "event": "Pilot service start at Gwanggyo Alley Way, Suwon", "url": "https://www.verdictfoodservice.com/news/south-koreas-woowa-brothers-robot" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "pilot service inside one housing complex; not sold" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/woowa-brothers-dilly-drive-2020.jpg", "author": "Woowa Brothers", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.verdictfoodservice.com/news/south-koreas-woowa-brothers-robot", "page": "https://www.verdictfoodservice.com/news/south-koreas-woowa-brothers-robot", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 533 } }, { "id": "tiny-mile-geoffrey-2020", "name": "Geoffrey", "maker": "Tiny Mile", "makerId": "tiny-mile", "country": "Canada", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-09", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "food delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 4.5, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 6, "payloadKg": 2.7, "batteryHours": 12, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "A handful of robots delivered food in downtown Toronto through foodora and Uber Eats in 2020; current status not confirmed.", "summary": "A small pink sidewalk delivery robot, about 4.5 kg, that remote drivers in a Toronto office steer through five cameras. It carries about 2.7 kg within a short radius of restaurants.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c4cd08cf3f", "hs-be5be2dd71", "hs-027caee5a8" ], "canada": "Toronto start-up; named after University of Toronto AI pioneer Geoffrey Hinton.", "firstShown": { "date": "2020-09", "event": "Appeared on Toronto sidewalks", "url": "https://www.blogto.com/tech/2020/09/delivery-robot-geoffrey-toronto/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "remote", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/tiny-mile-geoffrey-2020-1.jpg", "author": "Phillip Pessar", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tiny_Mile_Robot_Delivery_Downtown_Miami,_FL,_2_May_2023.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "gaardtech-jaeger-c-2020", "name": "Jaeger-C", "maker": "GaardTech", "makerId": "gaardtech", "country": "Australia", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-09", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "anti-armour", "perimeter surveillance" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 80, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A small armoured wheeled robot with surveillance and attack modes, contracted by the Australian military.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-566c894971", "hs-417ae42897" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-09", "event": "Revealed (Overt Defense report)", "url": "https://overtdefense.com/2020/09/18/new-australian-jaeger-c-armed-ugv" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "Delivery to Australian forces planned for 2022 (reported)" }, "components": { "software": "Reported as autonomous, with on-board image analysis to identify targets; a 2020 video showed coordinated multi-vehicle operation", "other": "Small wheeled unmanned combat vehicle; armed configurations reported", "sources": [ "hs-566c894971" ] }, "production": { "customers": "Australian Defence Force (contracted GaardTech, per The Defense Post)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-11-05", "title": "Australia's Jaeger-C robot described", "summary": "The Defense Post reported that Australia had contracted GaardTech for the small autonomous Jaeger-C combat robot.", "publisher": "The Defense Post", "url": "https://www.thedefensepost.com/2021/11/05/australia-jaeger-attack-robot/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It can be driven remotely or act on its own image analysis, but its attack functions are described as human-approved.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/gaardtech-jaeger-c-2020.jpg", "author": "GaardTech", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.gaard.tech/", "page": "https://www.gaard.tech/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "white-rhino-delivery-vehicle-2020", "name": "White Rhino early unmanned delivery vehicle", "maker": "White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai)", "makerId": "white-rhino", "country": "China", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-09", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "grocery delivery", "retail delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "From September 2020 ten vehicles delivered for Yonghui Superstores in Anting, Jiading District, Shanghai, within 3-5 km of the store; Dada/JD Daojia orders added from July 2021.", "summary": "White Rhino's first-generation small L4 goods carriers, run as a supermarket delivery service with remote operators handling tricky moments. They were tested in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Shenzhen before the company moved to the larger R5 van.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-210ea34269", "hs-709177c3c6", "hs-70a01ecff7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-09", "event": "Yonghui Superstores service launch, Anting, Shanghai", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/white-rhino-raises-7m-delivery-robots/" }, "released": { "date": "2020-09", "note": "Retail delivery service" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Shanghai (Anting), Beijing, Chengdu, Shenzhen, Hefei (2020-2022)", "since": "2020-09", "fleet": "10 vehicles in Anting (The Robot Report, Jan 2022); 'dozens' testing (TechNode, Dec 2021)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/white-rhino-delivery-vehicle-2020.jpg", "author": "White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.rino.ai/data/watermark/main/ueditor/20250806/6892fef9c33ed.jpg", "page": "https://www.rino.ai/data/watermark/main/ueditor/20250806/6892fef9c33ed.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 740, "h": 511 } }, { "id": "avidbots-neo-2-2020", "name": "Neo 2", "maker": "Avidbots", "makerId": "avidbots", "country": "Canada", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-09-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "commercial floor scrubbing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial", "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.9, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Avidbots says hundreds of Neos work in more than a dozen countries.", "summary": "A ride-on-sized autonomous floor scrubber for airports, malls and warehouses, with 360-degree sensing (10 or 14 sensors depending on the release).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-83b4d63736", "hs-5c33c03c26", "hs-af8960f9e8", "hs-bcf120558f" ], "canada": "Avidbots is based in Kitchener, Ontario.", "firstShown": { "date": "2020-09-01", "event": "Launched from Kitchener", "url": "https://avidbots.com/news/avidbots-news-avidbots-launches-neo-2-the-next-generation-and-new-industry-standard-in-robot-floor-scrubbers/" }, "released": { "date": "2020", "note": "Successor to the original Neo" }, "components": { "sensors": "Ten sensors giving 360-degree visibility for obstacle avoidance (types not specified)", "software": "Avidbots Autonomy and the cloud Avidbots Command Center with diagnostics", "other": "Up to 1.35 m/s", "sources": [ "hs-83b4d63736", "hs-af8960f9e8" ] }, "production": { "built": "Hundreds of Neos deployed worldwide (maker)", "where": "Kitchener, Ontario, Canada", "customers": "DHL, Singapore Changi Airport, 3M, Christie Lites" }, "news": [ { "date": "2020-09-01", "title": "Avidbots launches Neo 2", "summary": "Avidbots released its second-generation autonomous floor scrubber with more sensors and the Command Center platform.", "publisher": "Avidbots", "url": "https://avidbots.com/news/avidbots-news-avidbots-launches-neo-2-the-next-generation-and-new-industry-standard-in-robot-floor-scrubbers/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It scrubs mapped floor areas on its own after staff start the job.", "video": { "id": "xh4ob-9tbyQ", "title": "Avidbots' Neo 2 floor scrubbing robot now disinfects areas", "channel": "The Robot Report" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/avidbots-neo-2-2020-1.jpg", "author": "Skylarlawrencelebel", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neo_2_by_Avidbots.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "yutong-u12-autonomous-bus-2020", "name": "Yutong U12 intelligent bus (WITGO system)", "maker": "Yutong Bus", "makerId": "yutong-bus", "country": "China", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-09-08", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "public transit" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "no price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Shown in September 2020 on a 17.4 km Zhengzhou route with 34 capsule-style stops, where intelligent mid-capacity buses ran the main section and Level 4 minibuses ran a feeder loop.", "summary": "A larger Yutong city bus used in the company's 5G WITGO showcase alongside its Level 4 minibuses, with an automated depot where buses park, charge and leave without human handling. Sources do not state whether the U12 itself ran without a driver aboard.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9fe668b0c7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-09-08", "event": "Yutong 5G mobility (WITGO) showcase, Zhengzhou", "url": "https://www.sustainable-bus.com/news/yutong-5g-mobility-autonomous-bus-zhengzhou" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Sustainable Bus reported the route in regular operation in Sept 2020" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Dedicated 17.4 km route, Zhengzhou (Sept 2020)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/yutong-u12-autonomous-bus-2020-1.jpg", "author": "Windmemories", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20210716_Yutong_U12_on_Zhengdong_Autopilot_Line_1_Outer_Ring_01.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "trombia-technologies-trombia-free-2020", "name": "Trombia Free", "maker": "Trombia Technologies", "makerId": "trombia", "country": "Finland", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-09-29", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "street sweeping", "dust removal" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 2600, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 10, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed by its maker as the first full-power autonomous street sweeper.", "deployments": "City pilots in Espoo and Helsinki in 2021 with an operator accompanying it.", "summary": "A car-sized, battery-electric street sweeper that drives itself using lidar and machine vision tuned for rain and snow. Trombia says it uses under 15% of the power of a conventional suction sweeper.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6fa2e769d2", "hs-08497a1eb7", "hs-af83cc83f6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-09-29", "event": "Product launch by Trombia Technologies", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/trombia-free-autonomous-street-sweeper-launched/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Pilots in Espoo (March 2021), Helsinki (April 2021) and Helsinki Airport" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/trombia-technologies-trombia-free-2020.jpg", "author": "Trombia Technologies", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.therobotreport.com/trombia-free-autonomous-street-sweeper-launched/", "page": "https://www.therobotreport.com/trombia-free-autonomous-street-sweeper-launched/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "safeai-obayashi-autonomous-adt-2020", "name": "Autonomous Caterpillar 725 articulated dump truck retrofit", "maker": "SafeAI with Obayashi Corporation", "makerId": "safeai", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-10", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "construction", "hauling earth", "load-haul-dump cycles" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Retrofit project, not a catalogue product", "hands": "none", "firsts": "SafeAI says the 2023 electric version was the first haul truck retrofitted with both autonomy and electrification.", "deployments": "Pilot began at a Cupertino, California site in late 2020 and completed over 580 load-haul-dump cycles; a battery-electric autonomous version was unveiled after trials in Spain in December 2023.", "summary": "A standard Caterpillar 725 articulated dump truck fitted with SafeAI's make-agnostic autonomy kit so it hauls without a driver, later converted to battery power with Siemens and AVIA. SafeAI's web domain now redirects to Pronto.ai.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-847ab3bd46", "hs-ab72d0ca26", "hs-bbf597105b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-10", "event": "SafeAI and Obayashi announce autonomous ADT pilot", "url": "https://constructionequipment.com/home/news/10757812/safeai-obayashi-to-launch-autonomous-const-pilot" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Pilot and retrofit programme" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/safeai-obayashi-autonomous-adt-2020.jpg", "author": "SafeAI", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.equipmentjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/SafeAI.jpg", "page": "https://www.equipmentjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/SafeAI.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 625 } }, { "id": "agilex-hunter-2020", "name": "HUNTER (HUNTER 2.0 / HUNTER SE)", "maker": "AgileX Robotics", "makerId": "agilex", "country": "China", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "outdoor robotics research", "campus delivery and patrol development" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research", "domain": [ "research", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 17.3, "payloadKg": 50, "batteryHours": 9.5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A car-like research chassis with Ackermann steering for outdoor autonomy work. The current HUNTER SE is rated at 4.8 m/s, 50 kg payload and 9.5 hours per charge (figures below are for the SE).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-dff40e8293", "hs-b29199554c", "hs-5159eeac6c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-10", "event": "Earliest dated evidence: AgileX's hunter_ros software package created October 2020 (launch event not found)", "url": "https://github.com/agilexrobotics/hunter_ros" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "HUNTER 2.0 no longer on AgileX's product list" }, "components": { "actuators": "Ackermann front-wheel steering, car-like chassis; up to 4.8 m/s (HUNTER SE)", "battery": "About 9.5 hours (HUNTER SE)", "software": "CAN bus with open-source SDK; hunter_ros ROS package", "other": "50 kg payload (HUNTER SE)", "sources": [ "hs-dff40e8293" ] }, "production": { "where": "China" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "It is a research chassis driven by remote control until the customer adds autonomy software.", "video": { "id": "WZRUQe306mw", "title": "HUNTER 2, our new \"monster\" to speed up your autonomous solution", "channel": "AgileX Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/agilex-hunter-2020.jpg", "author": "AgileX Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://global.agilex.ai/products/hunter-se", "page": "https://global.agilex.ai/products/hunter-se", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "hilti-jaibot-2020", "name": "Jaibot", "maker": "Hilti", "makerId": "hilti", "country": "Liechtenstein", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-10-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "overhead drilling", "marking anchor holes for MEP installation" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not published at launch", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Hilti's first robot, a BIM-driven ceiling-drilling robot for building services contractors.", "deployments": "Launched first in North America in late 2020 and later used on projects worldwide; a 2022 update added wall drilling.", "summary": "A cordless tracked robot with a lifting arm that locates itself with a Hilti robotic total station and drills and marks ceiling anchor holes from the BIM model, with on-board dust extraction. It runs about 8 hours per charge and reaches about 5 m high.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-3e9a66bfec", "hs-63c3b6ca49", "hs-da7f3ad63d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-10-28", "event": "Hilti press release unveiling the Jaibot", "url": "https://www.hilti.group/content/hilti/CP/XX/en/company/media-relations/media-releases/Jaibot.html" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "Expected availability in 2021 at launch, starting in North America" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hilti-jaibot-2020.jpg", "author": "Hilti Corporation", "license": "Hilti Press Photos Policy", "licenseUrl": "https://www.hilti.group/content/hilti/CP/XX/en/company/media-relations/press-photos.html", "page": "https://www.hilti.group/content/hilti/CP/XX/en/company/media-relations/media-releases/Jaibot.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "canvas-drywall-finishing-robot-2020", "name": "Canvas drywall finishing robot (Canvas Finishing System)", "maker": "Canvas (core technology acquired by JLG Industries, 2026)", "makerId": "canvas", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "drywall finishing", "spraying and sanding joint compound" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Initially used by Canvas as a subcontracting service; later trained to partner contractors", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Described by its maker as the world's first drywall finishing robot.", "deployments": "Used on projects such as SFO Terminal 1 and Terminal B and run by union painters; partner contractors including Webcor, DPR and Swinerton trained crews from 2022.", "summary": "A modified JLG lift carrying a robot arm, sensors and spray and sanding tools that applies and sands drywall compound for Level 4 and 5 finishes, reaching about 17 ft. JLG bought Canvas's core technology in January 2026 and sells newer Canvas machines.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-52ce362b69", "hs-c9d778e20c", "hs-4a8a6442f2", "hs-655b1b25f5", "hs-48979765fb" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-11", "event": "Canvas came out of stealth (ENR says early 2021)", "url": "https://venturebeat.com/business/canvas-emerges-from-stealth-with-ai-for-drywall-installation" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "Raised $24M Series B in April 2021; JLG acquired the core technology on 6 January 2026" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/canvas-drywall-finishing-robot-2020.jpg", "author": "Canvas", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.therobotreport.com/canvas-24m-series-b-drywalling-robot/", "page": "https://www.therobotreport.com/canvas-24m-series-b-drywalling-robot/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 657 } }, { "id": "tencent-jamoca-2020", "name": "Jamoca", "maker": "Tencent Robotics X", "makerId": "tencent-x", "country": "China", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-11", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Tencent Robotics X's first legged robot dog, shown walking across unevenly spaced posts. The date comes from a third-party spec site.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-9a869d271d", "hs-ece73873ef" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-11", "event": "Tencent Robotics X demonstration", "url": "https://www.originofbots.com/robot-dog/jamoca-by-tencent-robotics-x-robot-dog-specifications" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "research prototype" }, "components": { "sources": [ "hs-17b1b11f19" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Tencent Robotics X, Shenzhen, China" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "In the lab it chose its own footholds on the posts using its camera, while researchers set its task.", "video": { "id": "BzSgdnI2okk", "title": "Meet Jamoca, the robot dog", "channel": "New China TV (Xinhua) (@ChinaViewTV)" } }, { "id": "autox-robotaxi-2021", "name": "AutoX RoboTaxi (Shenzhen driverless fleet)", "maker": "AutoX", "makerId": "autox", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2020-12", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "AutoX claimed China's first public fully driverless robotaxi rides (Shenzhen, January 2021) and was the second company to get a California DMV permit for a fully driverless fleet.", "deployments": "Began non-public driverless trials with 25 cars in Shenzhen in December 2020, opened to the public in January 2021, and by November 2021 covered 168 sq km of Pingshan district with more than 100 robotaxis across Chinese cities.", "summary": "Alibaba-backed AutoX's robotaxi fleet, which ran with no safety driver on public roads in Shenzhen from early 2021. Its current operating status could not be confirmed.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-56d7f30319", "hs-8e0ef87bca", "hs-6e2f9539f0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-12", "event": "Driverless testing in Shenzhen", "url": "https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autox-autonomous/alibaba-backed-autonomous-car-firm-autox-starts-driverless-testing-idUSKBN28D047" }, "released": { "date": "2021-01", "note": "fully driverless rides opened to the public in Shenzhen" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Shenzhen (Pingshan district), Shanghai and other Chinese cities (2021)", "since": "2020-12", "fleet": "more than 100 robotaxis (AutoX, Nov 2021, via Robotics 24/7); no later figure found", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/autox-robotaxi-2021.jpg", "author": "AutoX", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://home.autox.ai/img/journey/autonavi25.jpg", "page": "https://home.autox.ai/img/journey/autonavi25.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 578, "h": 255 } }, { "id": "zoox-robotaxi-2020", "name": "Zoox robotaxi", "maker": "Zoox (Amazon)", "makerId": "zoox", "country": "United States", "year": 2020, "date": "2020-12-14", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 121, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "First vehicle without manual controls to win a US federal exemption for paid robotaxi service (July 2026).", "deployments": "Free public rides on the Las Vegas Strip from September 2025 and in San Francisco from November 2025; Zoox started charging fares in Las Vegas on 10 August 2026.", "summary": "A symmetrical, bidirectional four-seat electric pod with no steering wheel, designed from scratch for ride-hail. Zoox builds it in-house in California.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c0c71f1f8e", "hs-6adedd07ae", "hs-4252d84e21", "hs-fa3371aec1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-12-14", "event": "Zoox vehicle reveal", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2026-08-10", "note": "Paid rides began in Las Vegas after NHTSA's Part 555 exemption (up to 2,500 vehicles a year for two years)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Las Vegas (paid, including Harry Reid airport from September 2026), San Francisco (free rides); rollout planned in Austin and Miami", "since": "2025-09-10", "fleet": "About 100 purpose-built robotaxis across four U.S. cities (TechCrunch, September 17, 2026).", "usage": "more than 350,000 passengers carried (Zoox, March 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/zoox-robotaxi-2020-1.jpg", "author": "9yz", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zoox_Autonomous_Robotaxi_-_San_Francisco_May_2025_(3).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 664 } }, { "id": "yamaha-zen-drive-pilot-eiheiji-2023", "name": "ZEN drive Pilot (Yamaha Land Car)", "maker": "Yamaha Motor with AIST", "makerId": "yamaha", "country": "Japan", "year": 2023, "date": "2020-12-22", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Became the first vehicle approved under Japan's Level 4 rules, in March 2023.", "deployments": "Runs on a guided route in Eiheiji town, Fukui; trials began with remote operation in December 2020 before Level 3 and then Level 4 approval.", "summary": "A small Yamaha electric cart that follows an embedded guide line on a former railway path to the Eiheiji temple area, watched remotely instead of by a driver.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e0aaa8a21d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2020-12-22", "event": "Scheduled start of remote-operated trial service in Eiheiji", "url": "https://www.aist.go.jp/aist_j/news/au20201211.html" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "Public service in Eiheiji" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Eiheiji, Fukui Prefecture", "since": "2023", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/yamaha-zen-drive-pilot-eiheiji-2023-1.jpg", "author": "SuFlyer", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ZEN_Drive_at_Japan_Mobility_Show_2023.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "anybotics-anymal-d-2021", "name": "ANYmal D", "maker": "ANYbotics", "makerId": "anybotics", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "inspection", "gas sensing", "thermal inspection" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 89, "weightKg": 55.7, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 4.7, "payloadKg": 10, "batteryHours": 2, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Won the 2022 IEEE Robotics and Automation Award for Product Innovation.", "deployments": "Used for inspection at chemical, mining, energy and oil and gas sites; commercial sales opened in 2022.", "summary": "ANYbotics' current IP67 inspection quadruped, carrying lidar, zoom, thermal and acoustic sensors for autonomous rounds and docking to recharge. The maker gives 0.75 m/s normal walking speed.7 km/h maximum.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d5e9d502e0", "hs-a9253bc139", "hs-8b563d5b7a", "hs-9ed954d752" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "ANYbotics product launch", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "commercial sales" }, "components": { "sensors": "Inspection payload on a pan-tilt unit: 20x optical-zoom camera, thermal camera (-40 to 550 C), ultrasonic microphone (to 384 kHz), spotlight; 360-degree lidar, six depth cameras and two teleoperation cameras; optional gas sensors and acoustic imager", "compute": "Two Intel Core i7 (8th generation, six-core) processors on board", "battery": "About 90 minutes runtime (about 2 km walking); 70% charge in 100 minutes, full in 3 hours; docks itself to charge", "materials": "IP67 dust- and water-tight body with impact protection", "software": "AI-based locomotion; Data Navigator inspection software, replaced in October 2026 by the Shift operations platform (Fleet, Insight, Connect, Maps modules); Yokogawa OPREX robot management integration", "other": "10 kg custom payload; Wi-Fi and 4G/LTE; hardware emergency stop; FCC, CE and Anatel compliant", "sources": [ "hs-d5e9d502e0", "hs-0a2fd70cfb" ] }, "production": { "built": "More than 200 robot deployments (maker, 2026)", "where": "Zurich, Switzerland", "customers": "W.R. Grace, RTE (French grid operator), Vigier Cement, SAP, GE Vernova, Steelmet, Kanadevia Inova; partner Yokogawa" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-10-01", "title": "ANYbotics launches Shift operations platform", "summary": "ANYbotics replaced its Data Navigator software with Shift, which links ANYmal fleets to plant digital twins and maintenance systems and cites more than 200 deployments.", "publisher": "ANYbotics", "url": "https://www.anybotics.com/news/shift-launch/" }, { "date": "2026-02-10", "title": "Yokogawa and ANYbotics link robot software", "summary": "Yokogawa agreed to integrate its OpreX Robot Management Core with ANYmal robots, including the explosion-proof ANYmal X.", "publisher": "ANYbotics", "url": "https://www.anybotics.com/news/yokogawa-and-anybotics-to-integrate-oprex-robot-management-core-software-with-anymal-robotic-inspection-solutions/" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/anybotics-anymal-d-2021.jpg", "author": "Cvoellmy", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anymal-robot-inspection-power-grid.jpg", "article": "File:Anymal-robot-inspection-power-grid.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 333 }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It runs scheduled inspection rounds on its own and docks to recharge; operators can take over remotely." }, { "id": "farm-ng-amiga-2021", "name": "Amiga", "maker": "farm-ng (now Bonsai Robotics)", "makerId": "farm-ng", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "hauling and towing on farms", "seeding and spraying", "crop data collection", "research platform" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 8, "payloadKg": 363, "batteryHours": 8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "farm-ng said more than 100 Amigas had been deployed in under 18 months at the time of its Series A (dateline January 2023).", "summary": "A small, modular electric farm robot for small and mid-sized farms that carries tools or tows carts and can be driven by hand or run autonomously with an on-board AI computer and open software. Current Amiga Flex figures: 800 lb (363 kg) payload, 1,600 lb towing, 5 mph, about 8 hours on swappable batteries.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-1f461baeb2", "hs-9049e5a9ed", "hs-cbb8325a42", "hs-3ee21b2969", "hs-7b7cf5a69d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Inferred from farm-ng's statement (dateline January 2023) that over 100 units had shipped in under 18 months; Amiga developer kit published on GitHub June 2022; exact first showing not found", "url": "https://bonsairobotics.ai/news/farm-ng-raises-10-million-series-a-to-scale-affordable-autonomous-robots-and-ai-solutions-for-small-to-mid-sized-farms/" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "farm-ng (founded 2020, Watsonville, California) was acquired by Bonsai Robotics in July 2025; the line is now sold as Bonsai Amiga Flex and the larger Amiga Max. No public price." }, "components": { "actuators": "Modular electric platform; 2.6 hp peak, 5 mph (Amiga Flex)", "compute": "On-board AI computer", "battery": "Swappable batteries, about 8 hours (Amiga Flex)", "software": "Open, extensible software for developers; now the Bonsai autonomy stack under Bonsai Pilot; open API on the education version", "other": "Carries 800 lb and tows 1,600 lb (Amiga Flex); seeding, spraying, compost spreading and data collection", "sources": [ "hs-1f461baeb2", "hs-9049e5a9ed" ] }, "production": { "sold": "More than 100 deployed in under 18 months (dateline January 2023)", "where": "Watsonville, California, United States", "customers": "Small and mid-sized farms" }, "news": [ { "date": "2023-01-18", "title": "farm-ng raises $10 million Series A", "summary": "farm-ng raised over $10 million led by Acre Venture Partners after deploying more than 100 Amiga robots.", "publisher": "Bonsai Robotics", "url": "https://bonsairobotics.ai/news/farm-ng-raises-10-million-series-a-to-scale-affordable-autonomous-robots-and-ai-solutions-for-small-to-mid-sized-farms/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It can be driven by hand, follow a worker or drive hands-free along recorded tracks, with a farmer nearby directing the work.", "video": { "id": "XdK-ZNgBLW8", "title": "farm-ng Amiga Max demo", "channel": "The Robot Report" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/farm-ng-amiga-2021.jpg", "author": "farm-ng", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://bonsairobotics.ai/equipment/amiga-flex/", "page": "https://bonsairobotics.ai/equipment/amiga-flex/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 642 } }, { "id": "carbon-robotics-autonomous-laserweeder-2021", "name": "Autonomous LaserWeeder (first unit)", "maker": "Carbon Robotics", "makerId": "carbon", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "laser weeding" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Carbon's first self-driving laser weeder, the start of its LaserWeeder line.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Carbon's first, self-propelled weeding robot: a 74-hp diesel machine with four hydraulic wheel motors, 8 CO2 lasers and 12 cameras. Carbon says it was used only for field demos; the LaserWeeders it sells are pulled by a tractor.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-f759b9447e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "First autonomous LaserWeeder unit, 2021", "url": "https://www.carbonrobotics.com/laserweeder" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Demo unit only, never sold; commercial LaserWeeders are tractor-pulled" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/carbon-robotics-autonomous-laserweeder-2021.jpg", "author": "Carbon Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://carbonrobotics.com/autonomous-weeder", "page": "https://carbonrobotics.com/autonomous-weeder", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 747 } }, { "id": "karsan-autonomous-e-atak-2021", "name": "Autonomous e-ATAK", "maker": "Karsan with ADASTEC", "makerId": "karsan", "country": "Turkey", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 50, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Karsan calls it the first series-production Level 4 bus for Europe and America; in April 2026 Norway approved it to run in Stavanger with no safety driver.", "deployments": "Sold to Vy Buss for Kolumbus in Stavanger, where it has carried passengers since 2022; also used at Michigan State University (2022) and in Tampere.", "summary": "An 8.3 m battery-electric midibus driven by ADASTEC's Level 4 software, using lidar, radar, normal and thermal cameras on fixed urban routes at up to about 50 km/h.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-f63d58a167", "hs-ee1940c23e", "hs-033ac8d2cf", "hs-fec30e0a7b", "hs-7b6b34655d", "hs-24c83220ac" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Karsan launch and presidential demonstration of Autonomous Atak Electric", "url": "https://www.karsan.com/en/press/current-news/a-first-in-history-a-president-travels-in-a-level-4-autonomous-electric-bus" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "Sold to operators (Vy Buss for Kolumbus); no public price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Stavanger (Kolumbus network, since 2022), East Lansing (Michigan State University, 2022), Tampere", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/karsan-autonomous-e-atak-2021-1.jpg", "author": "Styyx", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RET_Karsan_e-ATAK_Autonomous_410_as_Line_533,_2026.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "unitree-b1-2021", "name": "B1", "maker": "Unitree Robotics", "makerId": "unitree", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "inspection", "industrial" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 50, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 6.5, "payloadKg": 20, "batteryHours": 2, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not published (Unitree shop shows a $100,000 list figure for its industrial dogs, likely a placeholder)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Unitree's first large industrial quadruped, about 50 kg and IP68-sealed, carrying 20 kg while walking (80 kg standing). It walks about 2 hours unloaded. Launch year is from a reseller review.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-edcc4a7251", "hs-12daedba6b", "hs-d1930d814c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Unitree industrial launch", "url": "https://top3dshop.com/blog/unitree-robotics-b1-robot-dog-revie" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "replaced by B2" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 waterproof joint motors (B1-16 joints); torque not published", "sensors": "Five Intel RealSense D430 depth cameras", "compute": "Intel Core i5-1135G7 main controller; three NVIDIA Jetson Xavier NX modules for perception", "battery": "51.8 V 18 Ah lithium pack (932 Wh, about 5 kg); about 2 hours walking or 5 hours standing; 1-2 hour charge", "materials": "IP68; about 50 kg with battery", "other": "20 kg walking payload, 80 kg standing load; 12/24 V outputs, seven gigabit Ethernet, RS485, USB and CAN ports", "sources": [ "hs-edcc4a7251" ] }, "production": { "where": "Hangzhou, China" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Users steer it with a remote while it balances and handles terrain itself.", "video": { "id": "wSOlpth8FaE", "title": "Unitree B1: Super load capacity, super protection level, go anywhere", "channel": "Unitree Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/unitree-b1-2021.jpg", "author": "Unitree Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.unitree.com/b1", "page": "https://www.unitree.com/b1", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 579 } }, { "id": "baubot-2021", "name": "Baubot (later MRS5 and MRS15)", "maker": "Baubot (fischer BAUBOT; formerly Printstones)", "makerId": "baubot", "country": "Austria", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "drilling", "concrete 3D printing", "multi-task site work" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 3.2, "payloadKg": 500, "batteryHours": 8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A tracked electric mobile robot with an arm that can drill, print concrete and do other site tasks from BIM-planned missions; launch coverage gave 3.2 km/h, 500 kg payload and up to 8 hours of battery. Current models are the MRS15 (under 1,300 kg, 3 km/h, 20 kg arm payload, 4 m reach) and the lighter MRS5 (500 kg, 10 km/h).", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-bdee2dfb35", "hs-78f7d95d57", "hs-def7dd7264" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Printstones revealed the Baubot (launch coverage reprinted April 2021)", "url": "https://www.bimplus.co.uk/multi-function-robot-launched/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "MRS5 and MRS15 sold with service subscriptions (2025)" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/baubot-2021.jpg", "author": "Baubot", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.baubot.com/", "page": "https://www.baubot.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 628 } }, { "id": "bluewhite-autonomy-kit-2021", "name": "Bluewhite autonomy kit", "maker": "Bluewhite", "makerId": "bluewhite", "country": "Israel", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "orchard spraying", "mowing", "hauling" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An add-on kit that gives existing tractors perception and control so they can run themselves; Bluewhite also builds autonomy into makers' machines and now pitches it for defence ground vehicles.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-2cf0854454" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Aftermarket orchard kit (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.bluewhite.ai/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Bluewhite cites more than 100,000 autonomous operating hours" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/bluewhite-autonomy-kit-2021.jpg", "author": "Bluewhite", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.bluewhite.co/press", "page": "https://www.bluewhite.co/press", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "zmp-deliro-2021", "name": "DeliRo", "maker": "ZMP", "makerId": "zmp", "country": "Japan", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "food delivery", "parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Four DeliRos served about 17,000 households from two ENEOS stations in Tsukishima, Tokyo in a January 2023 trial.", "summary": "A friendly-faced sidewalk delivery robot with six cameras that recognises traffic lights, tested with ENEOS and Japan Post in Tokyo and monitored remotely.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-494f7926c8", "hs-e9f2f3bbcc" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "First trials with ENEOS in Tokyo (about two years before early 2023, per AFP)", "url": "https://techxplore.com/news/2023-02-japan-humble-lovable-delivery-robots.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/zmp-deliro-2021.jpg", "author": "ZMP", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.zmp.co.jp/en/products/lrb/deliro", "page": "https://www.zmp.co.jp/en/products/lrb/deliro", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 690 } }, { "id": "built-robotics-exosystem-2021", "name": "Exosystem", "maker": "Built Robotics", "makerId": "built", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous trenching", "excavation for solar, pipeline and infrastructure projects" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Rented per unit plus an hourly software licence; prices not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first autonomy kits rented commercially to turn ordinary construction excavators into self-operating machines.", "deployments": "Built's rental fleet was reported fully booked into 2023; used on solar farm and pipeline trenching jobs.", "summary": "A bolt-on kit of computer, radar, GPS and cameras that makes a standard excavator dig trenches on its own, installed in under a day. Contractors rented the kits or leased upgraded excavators and paid hourly for the software.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e120648320", "hs-f7484211ec", "hs-4b63b42bd3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "First brought to market in 2021 after development from 2018 (per Wikipedia)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_Robotics" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "Rented, not sold; Built's focus shifted to its RPD 35 solar pile driver from 2023, so current Exosystem availability is unclear" }, "components": { "sensors": "Proximity radar, 360-degree cameras and GPS in an all-weather enclosure", "software": "Everest cloud platform for monitoring and control; supervised by remote robot equipment operators; hourly software licence", "other": "Retrofit kit installed and calibrated in under a day; maker claims compatibility with Caterpillar, Hitachi, John Deere and Volvo excavators", "sources": [ "hs-f7484211ec", "hs-e120648320" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Rented, not sold; rental fleet fully booked into 2023", "where": "San Francisco, California, United States", "customers": "Solar-farm and pipeline trenching contractors" }, "news": [ { "date": "2022-04-06", "title": "Built Robotics raises $64 million", "summary": "Built raised a $64 million Series C led by Tiger Global to grow its Exosystem excavator autonomy kits.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/built-robotics-digs-up-64m-for-construction-vehicle-autonomy-kits/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "The excavator digs trenches on its own, pausing for obstacles, while a supervisor monitors it remotely.", "video": { "id": "drB3-KtpbO4", "title": "Building New Tools: the Exosystem™ — Built Robotics", "channel": "Built Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/built-robotics-exosystem-2021-1.jpg", "author": "Built Robotics, Inc", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Built_Robotics_Exosystem.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "fox-robotics-foxbot-2021", "name": "FoxBot", "maker": "Fox Robotics", "makerId": "fox", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "trailer unloading", "pallet moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Walmart ordered 19 FoxBots for four distribution centres in 2024 after a 16-month pilot in Brooksville, Florida, and took a minority stake in Fox.", "summary": "An autonomous forklift that uses machine vision to unload pallets from truck trailers at the loading dock, overseen by staff who direct several units.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-830bb03d2e", "hs-fb22edab0c", "hs-9f45fdc71a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Commercial sales began", "url": "https://electrek.co/2024/04/22/walmart-is-putting-ai-powered-electric-forklifts-to-work-video/" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "Sold since 2021 (Electrek)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/fox-robotics-foxbot-2021.jpg", "author": "Fox Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.foxrobotics.com/", "page": "https://www.foxrobotics.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "iai-jaguar-2021", "name": "Jaguar", "maker": "Israel Aerospace Industries (ELTA)", "makerId": "israel-aerospace-industries", "country": "Israel", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "border patrol" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "security" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A six-wheeled semi-autonomous patrol robot with a machine gun, cameras and a loudspeaker, used to guard Israel's Gaza border.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f5871e2dcb", "hs-8474e50024" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Unveiled by the IDF (month approximate)", "url": "https://defence-blog.com/israel-defense-forces-unveil-its-revolutionary-robotic-system/" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "In IDF use on the Gaza border" }, "components": { "software": "Described by the Israeli army as semi-autonomous", "sources": [ "hs-8474e50024" ] }, "production": { "customers": "Israel Defense Forces, Gaza border patrols" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-09-13", "title": "IAI shows REX MKII; Jaguar already on Gaza border", "summary": "AP reported IAI's new REX MKII robot and noted the smaller, similar Jaguar was already patrolling the Gaza border for the Israeli army.", "publisher": "Associated Press via News4JAX", "url": "https://www.news4jax.com/tech/2021/09/13/israeli-firm-unveils-armed-robot-to-patrol-volatile-borders/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It patrols the border semi-autonomously while operators monitor it, and its machine gun is fired only by a person." }, { "id": "kargobot-robotruck-2021", "name": "KargoBot L4 robotruck (KargoPlatform)", "maker": "KargoBot (spun out of DiDi)", "makerId": "kargobot", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "freight", "bulk haulage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "freight service; trucks not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "KargoBot says it was the first in China to run a commercially closed-loop autonomous trunk service for bulk goods.", "deployments": "Runs regular autonomous freight in northwest and north China for customers in more than 10 provinces; received a cross-region remote commercial pilot qualification in April 2026.", "summary": "Self-driving trucks built on factory-fitted platforms from partners such as Shaanxi Automobile and CIMC, in diesel, natural gas and electric versions. KargoBot runs both single trucks and '1+N' platoons led by one truck.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-c20fc49537" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Company founded and testing began", "url": "https://www.kargo-bot.com/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "commercial freight operation" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Northwest and north China freight corridors, more than 10 provinces (KargoBot, Apr 2026)", "since": null, "fleet": "over 400 vehicles (KargoBot, Apr 2026)", "usage": "about 1.4 billion tonne-km and 45 million km cumulative (KargoBot, Apr 2026)", "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "seegrid-lift-rs1-2021", "name": "Lift RS1 (Palion Lift)", "maker": "Seegrid", "makerId": "seegrid", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous pallet lifting and moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1588, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Seegrid's first autonomous lift truck.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An autonomous low-lift reach truck that picks pallets of up to 3,500 lb and lifts them to about 6 ft, navigating with Seegrid's camera-based mapping instead of floor markers.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-686a83c966", "hs-0fe0c48d2e", "hs-d958ed1bd0", "hs-537fb95fa6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Premiered as the Palion Lift AMR, Seegrid's first autonomous lift truck (2021 per search-result summary of a Seegrid release; exact date not confirmed)", "url": "https://www.sdcexec.com/warehousing/material-handling-equipment/news/21283149/seegrid-seegrid-introduces-first-autonomous-lift-truck" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Fielded with customers; won the 2025 MHPN Readers' Choice award" }, "components": { "sensors": "360-degree safety sensors and obstacle detection; Seegrid's AMRs use proprietary 3D computer vision and lidar SLAM", "software": "Seegrid Fleet Central fleet management (successor to Fleet Geek and Supervisor)", "other": "3,500 lb payload, lifts up to 6 ft; for staging, parts-to-line and cross-docking", "sources": [ "hs-686a83c966" ] }, "production": { "where": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States", "customers": "Seegrid says it serves more than 50 global brands" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It picks up and moves pallets on its own using camera-based mapping.", "video": { "id": "ccSgr9mzc6w", "title": "Seegrid Lift RS1 AMR: Precision Lane Staging to End Cap Placement", "channel": "Seegrid (@Seegrid)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/seegrid-lift-rs1-2021.jpg", "author": "Seegrid", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://seegrid.com/autonomous-mobile-robots/lift-rs1-amr/", "page": "https://seegrid.com/autonomous-mobile-robots/lift-rs1-amr/", "kind": "maker", "w": 588, "h": 471 } }, { "id": "may-mobility-lexus-rx450h-2021", "name": "May Mobility Lexus RX 450h", "maker": "May Mobility", "makerId": "may-mobility", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Ran an on-demand service booked through Via's app in Grand Rapids, Michigan from 2021 to April 2022 (over 70,000 rides across the programme) and other early May pilots, with safety operators.", "summary": "Hybrid Lexus SUVs fitted with May Mobility's driving system, which replaced its earlier low-speed shuttles before the Toyota Sienna took over.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c6e75180b0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Grand Rapids on-demand upgrade", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "Free on-demand public service in Grand Rapids" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Grand Rapids (Michigan); other May pilots 2021-2022", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "Grand Rapids pilot delivered over 70,000 rides before ending in April 2022; Lexus RX 450h vehicles joined the fleet in July 2021 (EE Times Asia, 2022).", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/may-mobility-lexus-rx450h-2021.jpg", "author": "May Mobility", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://maymobility.com/posts/may-mobility-announces-on-demand-autonomous-service-in-grand-rapids-michigan/", "page": "https://maymobility.com/posts/may-mobility-announces-on-demand-autonomous-service-in-grand-rapids-michigan/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 602 } }, { "id": "monumental-bricklaying-robot-2021", "name": "Monumental bricklaying robot fleet", "maker": "Monumental", "makerId": "monumental", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "bricklaying", "masonry walls" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold; Monumental runs the robots for builders as a service", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "More than 100 robots have built walls for 100+ homes, a school, a hotel and over 150 m of canal walls across 40+ projects in the Netherlands and UK, with US work starting (2026).", "summary": "A fleet of autonomous electric robots that lay bricks on live housing sites, run by Monumental's own software stack and robot operators. Individual robot specs and model names are not published.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-ec1f3d63ca", "hs-9ff175e00e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Monumental founded in Amsterdam (first public robot showing date not found)", "url": "https://www.monumental.co/llms-full.txt" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Deployed with customers; raised $32M Series B led by Khosla Ventures" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/monumental-bricklaying-robot-2021.jpg", "author": "Monumental", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.monumental.co/", "page": "https://www.monumental.co/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "moovita-moobus-2021", "name": "MooBus", "maker": "MooVita", "makerId": "moovita", "country": "Singapore", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "MooVita says MooBus has been in testing since 2021, with launch plans in progress.", "summary": "A first and last mile autonomous shuttle service from Singapore start-up MooVita, which also sells kits to make other vehicles self-driving.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d8dec4b58d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Start of testing (per MooVita)", "url": "https://www.moovita.com/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Singapore (testing)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "motional-ioniq-5-robotaxi-2021", "name": "Motional IONIQ 5 robotaxi", "maker": "Motional (Hyundai Motor Group)", "makerId": "motional", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Motional says it is one of the first SAE Level 4-capable robotaxis certified to US federal motor vehicle safety standards.", "deployments": "Ran on Lyft in Las Vegas with safety drivers from 2022, paused during a 2024 restructuring, and relaunched on Uber in Las Vegas on 13 March 2026 with an operator behind the wheel.", "summary": "A Hyundai IONIQ 5 built with Motional's driving system for ride-hail. Motional targets fully driverless service in Las Vegas by the end of 2026.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-df93d5a8c0", "hs-01c263a9e4", "hs-7c4ceaa2b7", "hs-0f4d910cb9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Motional and Hyundai reveal IONIQ 5-based robotaxi", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2026-03-13", "note": "Uber riders in Las Vegas matched with Motional cars at no extra cost (operator on board)" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Las Vegas (Strip, Downtown, Town Square); earlier testing in Boston, Pittsburgh and other cities", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "more than 130,000 autonomous rides across earlier pilots (Motional, March 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/motional-ioniq-5-robotaxi-2021-1.jpg", "author": "Alexander Migl", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hyundai_Ioniq_5_Robotaxi_IAA_2021_1X7A0002.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "naio-orio-2021", "name": "Orio", "maker": "Naio Technologies", "makerId": "naio", "country": "France", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "sowing", "hoeing", "vegetable weeding", "tree nursery work" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used by a Polish state forest district for tree-nursery sowing and weeding, and on carrots in South Africa.", "summary": "A tool-carrier robot for vegetable crops and tree nurseries with a 700 kg lift hitch, covering up to 9 hectares a day; Naio has stopped making it.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-c765566225", "hs-849b5f93c8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Introduced by Naio (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.naio-technologies.com/en/orio/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Production stopped; no maker support after 15 June 2026" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/naio-orio-2021.jpg", "author": "Naio Technologies", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.naio-technologies.com/en/orio/", "page": "https://www.naio-technologies.com/en/orio/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "scania-autonomous-hub-to-hub-truck-2021", "name": "Scania autonomous hub-to-hub truck", "maker": "Scania (TRATON)", "makerId": "scania", "country": "Sweden", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "freight", "hub-to-hub trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Carried production parts for Scania from 2021 and commercial goods for HAVI from 2022 on the roughly 300 km Sodertalje-Jonkoping route with a safety driver; an Autonomous Commercial Pilot Programme with PlusAI began in March 2024.", "summary": "Scania tractors running Level 4 software, first with TuSimple and from 2024 with PlusAI, on the E4 motorway between Sodertalje and Jonkoping. A driver must sit in the seat under Swedish rules.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a6c9455b6d", "hs-bef75a3618", "hs-b27ed2adb2" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Swedish Transport Agency approves E4 testing", "url": "https://www.truckinginfo.com/10136197/scania-granted-permission-to-test-autonomous-trucks-on-swedish-public-highways" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Scania expects full driverless hub-to-hub operation in Europe around 2030" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "E4 Sodertalje-Jonkoping, Sweden; other European pilots", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/scania-autonomous-hub-to-hub-truck-2021.jpg", "author": "Scania", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.scania.com/bg/bg/home/about-scania/newsroom/news/2024/scania-accelerates-deployment-of-autonomous-hub-to-hub-transport.html", "page": "https://www.scania.com/bg/bg/home/about-scania/newsroom/news/2024/scania-accelerates-deployment-of-autonomous-hub-to-hub-transport.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 438 } }, { "id": "leidos-seahawk-2021", "name": "Seahawk (medium USV)", "maker": "Leidos", "makerId": "leidos", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "surveillance", "anti-submarine support", "naval experimentation" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "research", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Reported cost about $35 million (The Defense Post, Jan 2026); not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Second vessel of the Sea Hunter class; slated in 2026 to deploy with a carrier strike group as one of the Navy's first operational medium USVs.", "deployments": "Delivered in 2021 and used in fleet exercises in 2022 and 2023; in January 2026 the Navy said it would join fleet control and a carrier strike group.", "summary": "A sister of Sea Hunter, about 41 m long, that sails its patrol routes on its own and sends sensor data to crewed ships, with a remote supervisor rather than a helmsman. It is unarmed in its current role.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a23ba88e15", "hs-cfdf9f3e17" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Delivered to the US Navy", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Navy asset" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "US Pacific fleet exercise areas", "since": null, "fleet": "1 vessel", "usage": "Fleet exercises 2022 and 2023 (The Defense Post, Jan 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/leidos-seahawk-2021-1.jpg", "author": "U.S. Navy/Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Thomas Gooley", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USV_Seahawk_at_Unmanned_Systems_Integrated_Battle_Problem_21_(210419-N-EA818-0180).jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USV_Seahawk_at_Unmanned_Systems_Integrated_Battle_Problem_21_(210419-N-EA818-0180).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-stretch-2021", "name": "Stretch", "maker": "Boston Dynamics", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "truck and container unloading", "case handling" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 23, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "A mobile case-handling robot: a 7-axis arm with a suction gripper on an omnidirectional base about the size of a pallet.", "deployments": "DHL had 10 Stretch robots in three countries by June 2025 and signed a memorandum in May 2025 to add more than 1,000.", "summary": "Stretch drives into trailers and unloads boxes up to 50 lb. Boston Dynamics first claimed up to 800 cases an hour; later brochures say 600 to 800.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-4b01c3c190", "hs-fb7a9a8151", "hs-2f3ae510a4", "hs-0ac460d7e7", "hs-069f8b6baf" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Introduced as a prototype (some coverage dates the commercial launch to 2022)", "url": "https://www.manufacturing.net/21354619/" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "Commercial deliveries; DHL was the development partner from 2018" }, "components": { "hands": "Single industrial arm with a suction gripper that handles boxes up to about 23 kg (50 lb)", "battery": "Battery for one or more shifts per charge (maker gives no hour figure)", "other": "Unloads up to about 700 cases an hour (DHL figure); mobile base drives into trucks and containers; maker says it runs within days of delivery", "sources": [ "hs-4b01c3c190", "hs-1b669a5388" ] }, "production": { "built": "DHL first deployed Stretch in North America in 2023 and plans 1,000+ more by 2030", "where": "Waltham, Massachusetts, United States", "customers": "DHL Supply Chain, Otto Group, NFI, Gap Inc., Arvato, Maersk, H&M" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-05-13", "title": "DHL plans 1,000 more Stretch robots", "summary": "DHL signed a memorandum with Boston Dynamics to add more than 1,000 Stretch robots by 2030 and develop mobile case picking.", "publisher": "Automated Warehouse", "url": "https://www.automatedwarehouseonline.com/dhl-buying-1000-stretch-robots-from-boston-dynamics/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Once positioned at a trailer it picks and unloads boxes on its own.", "video": { "id": "yYUuWWnfRsk", "title": "Introducing Stretch | Boston Dynamics", "channel": "Boston Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/boston-dynamics-stretch-2021.jpg", "author": "Boston Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://bostondynamics.com/products/stretch/", "page": "https://bostondynamics.com/products/stretch/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 669 } }, { "id": "volkswagen-id-buzz-ad-2021", "name": "Volkswagen ID. Buzz AD", "maker": "Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles / MOIA, with Mobileye", "makerId": "volkswagen-commercial-vehicles", "country": "Germany", "year": 2021, "date": "2021", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Volkswagen calls it Europe's first industrially produced robotaxi-shuttle; pre-series production started in Hanover in March 2026.", "deployments": "Argo AI-equipped prototypes tested in Munich from 2021; after Argo closed, VW switched to Mobileye. Passenger pilot rides with safety operators began in Hamburg on 15 July 2026, and on-road validation with Uber began in Los Angeles in April 2026.", "summary": "A self-driving version of the electric ID. Buzz van with a roof module of cameras, radars and lidars and a Mobileye computer, sold as a turnkey fleet package by MOIA. Series production is planned for 2027.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e14e602dfb", "hs-ad8d89238c", "hs-17278b9703", "hs-2b91c5a2c6", "hs-f8d37de456" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021", "event": "Argo AI-equipped ID. Buzz prototypes tested in Munich", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Free pilot rides only; paid Uber rides in Los Angeles targeted for late 2026" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Hamburg (Winterhude, Barmbek, Wandsbek), Los Angeles, Austin (testing); earlier Munich", "since": null, "fleet": "up to 10 in Hamburg (MOIA, July 2026); LA validation fleet scaling to more than 100 (MOIA, April 2026); about 500 pre-series units planned in 2026", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/volkswagen-id-buzz-ad-2021-1.jpg", "author": "Matti Blume", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VW_Commercial_Vehicles,_IAA_2026,_Hanover_(20260914-P1050353).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 751 } }, { "id": "baidu-apollo-lincoln-mkz-2021", "name": "Apollo Lincoln MKZ test car (US)", "maker": "Baidu Apollo", "makerId": "baidu-apollo", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-01", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research", "testing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Baidu was the first company in California to hold driverless testing permits for two different vehicle models (Lincoln MKZ and Chrysler Pacifica), per press reports of the January 2021 DMV permit.", "deployments": "In January 2021 the California DMV allowed three Baidu cars to test with nobody at the wheel on set streets in Sunnyvale, at speeds up to 45 mph.", "summary": "A Lincoln MKZ sedan fitted with Baidu's Apollo driving stack, used for US road testing. It was one of two models named on Baidu's 2021 California driverless test permit.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c51d6aaf06", "hs-29bb218b70" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-01", "event": "California DMV driverless testing permit naming the Lincoln MKZ", "url": "https://theshopmag.com/news/california-gives-baidu-permit-to-test-autonomous-cars-without-driver/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "test vehicle, never in paid service" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Sunnyvale, California (testing only)", "since": "2021-01", "fleet": "3 vehicles covered by the permit across two models (California DMV permit, Jan 2021, as reported)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "weride-robobus-2021", "name": "Robobus (Yutong Xiaoyu 2.0)", "maker": "WeRide with Yutong", "makerId": "weride", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "public transit", "shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "public-transit", "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 40, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Guangzhou fare RMB 10 per ride (about USD 1.40), half price during trial (WeRide, May 2025); vehicle price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "WeRide says it received China's first commercial robobus licence, for Huangpu District, Guangzhou, in December 2023.", "deployments": "Runs on open roads in Guangzhou since 2022; launched a paid 13.6 km evening loop in central Guangzhou in May 2025 (WeRide, May 2, 2025).", "summary": "A 5.5 m electric minibus with no steering wheel or driver's cab that carries up to 10 people, developed by WeRide and built by Yutong, which sells it in China as the Xiaoyu 2.0. Its top speed is held to 40 km/h.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-04bdcebbdd", "hs-e0f3b18728", "hs-0eaa09190a", "hs-010f610305" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-01", "event": "WeRide Robobus launch; first prototype left Yutong's production line in November 2020", "url": "https://www.uncrewed-systems.com/we-ride-robotics-robobus/" }, "released": { "date": "2023-12", "note": "first commercial robobus licence in Huangpu, Guangzhou (WeRide)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Guangzhou (Bio-island and Huangpu from 2022; central Yuexiu loop from May 2025); Drome, France (fully driverless, Feb 2025); Leuven, Belgium (commercial from Sept 2025); also Switzerland, Singapore and Japan (WeRide, May 2025)", "since": "2025-02", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/weride-robobus-2021-1.jpg", "author": "Windmemories", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20220225_Xiaoyu_2.0_at_Tianjian_Lake_01.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "boston-dynamics-spot-enterprise-arm-2021", "name": "Spot Enterprise and Spot Arm", "maker": "Boston Dynamics", "makerId": "boston-dynamics", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-02-02", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "inspection", "mobile manipulation", "valve turning", "door opening" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "base Spot was $74,500", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Turned Spot into a self-charging mobile manipulator that can open doors, turn valves and pull levers.", "deployments": "Sold from 2 February 2021; Boston Dynamics had sold over 400 Spots by then.", "summary": "An upgraded Spot that docks and recharges itself for long autonomous missions, launched with an arm and gripper and the Scout remote-operation software.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d4a4ab0f2c", "hs-846fe489d7", "hs-768df202f9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-02-02", "event": "Boston Dynamics product line expansion", "url": "https://bostondynamics.com/news/boston-dynamics-expands-spot-product-line/" }, "released": { "date": "2021-02-02", "note": "available same day" }, "components": { "hands": "Spot Arm: a body-mounted manipulator with gripper that grasps, lifts, carries, places and drags objects, opens valves, pulls levers, turns handles and opens push and pull doors, manually or semi-autonomously", "sensors": "Spot CAM+IR thermal and image payload for inspection rounds", "battery": "Spot Enterprise is self-charging and ships with a docking station", "software": "Scout web-based fleet control from a virtual control room, with pre-programmed autonomous missions or manual driving (later succeeded by Orbit)", "other": "Enterprise version upgraded safety, communications, Wi-Fi range, payload-port flexibility and large data offload", "sources": [ "hs-d4a4ab0f2c", "hs-768df202f9" ] }, "production": { "sold": "More than 400 Spots in the field at launch (February 2021)", "where": "Waltham, Massachusetts, United States" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-02-02", "title": "Boston Dynamics adds Spot Arm, Spot Enterprise and Scout", "summary": "Boston Dynamics expanded the Spot line with a self-docking Enterprise model, a manipulator arm and Scout fleet-control software.", "publisher": "Boston Dynamics", "url": "https://bostondynamics.com/news/boston-dynamics-expands-spot-product-line/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It runs recorded inspection missions by itself and docks to recharge; Scout lets an operator drive it remotely when needed.", "video": { "id": "6Zbhvaac68Y", "title": "Spot's Got an Arm!", "channel": "Boston Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/boston-dynamics-spot-enterprise-arm-2021.jpg", "author": "Boston Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://bostondynamics.com/products/spot/arm/", "page": "https://bostondynamics.com/products/spot/arm/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "hyundai-tiger-x-1-2021", "name": "TIGER X-1", "maker": "Hyundai Motor Group New Horizons Studio (with Autodesk and Sundberg-Ferar)", "makerId": "hyundai", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-02-09", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "carrying payloads over rough terrain", "remote delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "logistics", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 12, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Hyundai's first uncrewed Ultimate Mobility Vehicle, designed to drive as a 4WD or walk on four legs and be carried by drones.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A small, uncrewed walking-car prototype with carbon-fibre printed legs and an internal cargo bay, roughly 80 cm long. Hyundai planned beta testing in 2023-24 but no later update was found.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6f4f4d8247", "hs-d3be5864fe", "hs-4f50d1b47f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-02-09", "event": "Revealed online by Hyundai Motor Group", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2021/02/09/hyundai-shrinks-its-walking-car-robot-to-carry-cargo-get-rides-from-drones" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Status after 2022 unknown." }, "components": { "actuators": "Four legs with wheels; legs retract for four-wheel driving and lock the wheels to walk over obstacles; 360-degree steering", "sensors": "Sensor suite for remote observation (not detailed)", "battery": "Designed to dock with a drone that carries and recharges it", "other": "Cargo bay; modular platform; designed with Autodesk and Sundberg-Ferar", "sources": [ "hs-d3be5864fe" ] }, "production": { "built": "Prototype", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Hyundai New Horizons Studio, Mountain View, California, United States" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-02-09", "title": "Hyundai's TIGER walks and rolls cargo", "summary": "TechCrunch reported Hyundai's TIGER X-1, a small wheeled-legged cargo robot designed to be carried by drone.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2021/02/09/hyundai-shrinks-its-walking-car-robot-to-carry-cargo-get-rides-from-drones" } ], "video": { "id": "FuqjDgndIro", "title": "See what an Ultimate Mobility Vehicle can do | TIGER | Hyundai", "channel": "HyundaiUSA" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hyundai-tiger-x-1-2021.jpg", "author": "Hyundai Motor Group", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.hyundai.com/au/en/news/mobility/hyundai-motor-group-unveils-tiger-uncrewed-ultimate-mobility-vehicle-concept", "page": "https://www.hyundai.com/au/en/news/mobility/hyundai-motor-group-unveils-tiger-uncrewed-ultimate-mobility-vehicle-concept", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "cartken-courier-2021", "name": "Cartken Courier", "maker": "Cartken", "makerId": "cartken", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "sidewalk food delivery", "campus delivery", "moving samples and parts between buildings" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 62, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5.3, "payloadKg": 20, "batteryHours": 13, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Launched in Miami with REEF in March 2021, then on US campuses and in Fairfax, Virginia with Grubhub and Uber Eats, and in Tokyo with Uber Eats and Mitsubishi Electric from 2024; ZF Lifetec used it in factories from 2023.", "summary": "A six-wheeled sidewalk robot the size of a large cooler (83 x 51 x 62 cm) that carries up to 20 kg in a locked, insulated bin, navigating mainly with cameras and remote help when needed. Speed is the 3.3 mph quoted for the Tokyo service.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-018f1c0ea0", "hs-d79f5ea05f", "hs-c9ad87d16e", "hs-4e61d1670c", "hs-b691ca5d10" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-03", "event": "Public delivery service launched in downtown Miami with REEF Technology after a few months of testing", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/30/google-spinoff-cartken-and-reef-technologies-launch-miamis-first-delivery-robots/" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "Cartken was founded in 2019 by former Google Bookbot engineers. The 2024 Tokyo robot was called Model C. In 2025 Cartken said it would keep but not expand consumer delivery." }, "components": { "sensors": "Camera-first design with depth and colour cameras, no lidar; works in GPS-denied areas", "battery": "13+ hours runtime (Courier)", "software": "AI navigation on human-annotated HD maps; remote operators can take over via LTE; web Fleet Manager with VDA5050 support", "other": "Courier carries 20 kg; earlier Model C had an insulated 27-litre bin and ran about 3.3 mph", "sources": [ "hs-018f1c0ea0", "hs-c9ad87d16e" ] }, "production": { "where": "United States", "customers": "REEF Technology (Miami), Grubhub and Uber Eats (US), Uber Eats and Mitsubishi Electric (Tokyo); partners include Magna, Rakuten, Novo Nordisk and ZF Lifetec" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-02-20", "title": "Uber Eats to use Cartken robots in Tokyo", "summary": "Uber, Mitsubishi Electric and Cartken planned sidewalk robot deliveries in part of Tokyo from March 2024.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/02/20/uber-eats-is-launching-a-delivery-service-with-cartkens-sidewalk-robots-in-japan/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives sidewalk routes mainly by itself with cameras, calling on remote operators only when it needs help.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/cartken-courier-2021-1.jpg", "author": "迷惘的人生", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delivery_robot_by_Cartken_in_Kachidoki,_Tokyo_-_Nov_26,_2024_(1).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "tencent-max-2021", "name": "Max", "maker": "Tencent Robotics X", "makerId": "tencent-x", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-03-02", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research", "patrol", "rescue" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 25, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "An early wheel-legged robot dog from a big Chinese tech company, rolling on knee wheels or walking.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A research robot dog with wheels on its legs that could roll at up to 25 km/h, jump 50 cm and balance on two wheels.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-17b1b11f19", "hs-ece73873ef" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-03-02", "event": "Tencent Robotics X unveiling", "url": "https://yicaiglobal.com/news/tencent-unveils-its-first-multi-modal-robot-dog" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "research prototype" }, "components": { "actuators": "Legs with wheels at the knees for rolling on flat ground; can balance on two wheels; up to 25 km/h; jumps 50 cm", "software": "In-house hardware and software with sub-millisecond control loop; backflips and self-righting", "sources": [ "hs-17b1b11f19" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Tencent Robotics X, Shenzhen, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-03-02", "title": "Tencent unveils Max, a wheeled robot dog", "summary": "Tencent Robotics X showed Max, a leg-and-wheel quadruped that reaches 25 km/h, following its walking dog Jamoca.", "publisher": "Yicai Global", "url": "https://yicaiglobal.com/news/tencent-unveils-its-first-multi-modal-robot-dog" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers commanded its runs and jumps while it balanced itself on its legs and wheels." }, { "id": "inceptio-dongfeng-xuanyuan-l3-truck-2021", "name": "Dongfeng heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system", "maker": "Inceptio Technology with Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle", "makerId": "inceptio", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-03-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "freight", "line-haul" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "sold to fleets; price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Among the first factory-built L3 heavy trucks in China, reaching mass production at the end of 2021 (Inceptio and RoboSense).", "deployments": "Inceptio delivered 400 Dongfeng-based trucks to ZTO Express in 2024, which it called the largest single delivery of intelligent heavy trucks.", "summary": "A Dongfeng tractor built with Inceptio's in-house Xuanyuan driving system for highway line-haul, designed for SAE Level 3 with a driver aboard. Inceptio says its fleet logged more than 1 billion km of commercial operation by September 2026, mostly in driver-supervised mode.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-11d8d33c20", "hs-5d0e93089e", "hs-f75d0a0c41", "hs-a5fab0b2cb" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-03-10", "event": "Xuanyuan system launch, Shanghai", "url": "https://www.caixinglobal.com/2021-03-11/autonomous-truck-startup-inceptio-powers-up-new-autopilot-system-101674185.html" }, "released": { "date": "2021-12", "note": "mass production and delivery from end of 2021 (Inceptio, RoboSense)" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 3, "driverless": "none", "where": "Chinese highway line-haul routes", "since": null, "fleet": "400 delivered to ZTO Express (Vision Mobility, Sept 2024); over 2,000 Inceptio-powered trucks across makes (Inceptio, Dec 2024)", "usage": "over 1 billion km of commercial autonomous-assisted driving across all Inceptio trucks (Inceptio, Sept 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/inceptio-dongfeng-xuanyuan-l3-truck-2021-1.jpg", "author": "Inceptio2018", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%AC%B4%E5%BD%BB%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80_%E8%BD%A6%E8%BE%86%E8%B7%AF%E8%B7%91%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%879(1).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "inceptio-sinotruk-xuanyuan-l3-truck-2021", "name": "Sinotruk heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system", "maker": "Inceptio Technology with Sinotruk Jinan Truck", "makerId": "inceptio", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-03-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "freight", "line-haul" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "sold to fleets; price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Built in series from the end of 2021 for Chinese logistics fleets; per-model fleet counts were not published.", "summary": "The second launch platform for Inceptio's Xuanyuan system, a Sinotruk heavy tractor co-developed since 2019 for SAE Level 3 highway driving. A driver stays aboard; Inceptio holds L4 test permits for heavy trucks in several regions.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-11d8d33c20", "hs-5d0e93089e", "hs-b055b5212a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-03-10", "event": "Xuanyuan system launch, Shanghai", "url": "https://www.caixinglobal.com/2021-03-11/autonomous-truck-startup-inceptio-powers-up-new-autopilot-system-101674185.html" }, "released": { "date": "2021-12", "note": "mass production targeted for end of 2021 (Caixin, Mar 2021)" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 3, "driverless": "none", "where": "Chinese highway line-haul routes", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "more than 500 million km across all Inceptio trucks (Shanghai government, Mar 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/inceptio-sinotruk-xuanyuan-l3-truck-2021.jpg", "author": "Inceptio Technology with Sinotruk Jinan Truck", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://en.inceptio.ai/uploads/allimg/200709/1-200F9154I2610.jpg", "page": "https://en.inceptio.ai/uploads/allimg/200709/1-200F9154I2610.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 486 } }, { "id": "ponyai-ponytron-faw-j7-2021", "name": "PonyTron L4 truck (FAW Jiefang J7)", "maker": "Pony.ai", "makerId": "pony-ai", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-03-31", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "freight" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; freight service", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Reported as the first high-automation heavy truck tested on a public expressway in China (December 2021, G3 in Beijing).", "deployments": "Began regular Level 4 tests on the G3 expressway in Beijing on 5 December 2021, with permission on six highway sections totalling 143 km; earlier pilots ran with Sinotrans from June 2021.", "summary": "Pony.ai's first branded self-driving heavy truck, a FAW Jiefang J7 tractor with two lidars, radars and long-range cameras that see about 1 km. A safety driver stayed aboard during tests.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f4e2fd60df", "hs-21a5e5cd43", "hs-3ad9789779", "hs-acfa6d659e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-03-31", "event": "PonyTron truck brand announced by Pony.ai", "url": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/news/pony-to-expand-robotaxi-operations-announces-brand-name-of-autonomous-truck-business-70018130" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "test and pilot freight only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Beijing G3 expressway and E-Town (2021); Guangdong", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "16,400 tonnes of freight over nearly 50,000 km (Pony.ai via Gasgoo, Dec 2021)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ponyai-ponytron-faw-j7-2021.jpg", "author": "Pony.ai", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://pony.ai/story?lang=en", "page": "https://pony.ai/story?lang=en", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "weilan-alphadog-2021", "name": "AlphaDog", "maker": "Weilan Intelligent Technology", "makerId": "weilan-intelligent", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "companionship", "education" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 15, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 2400, "priceNote": "16,000 yuan (about US$2,400)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "More than 1,800 sold in its first month on sale (April 2021 report).", "summary": "A Spot-like consumer robot dog from Nanjing that uses sensors and AI to adjust its stride to the ground. The maker claimed 15 km/h top speed.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-efb5452125", "hs-fbbe5c9e67" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-04", "event": "AFP press coverage of sales launch", "url": "https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/meet-alphadog-chinas-answer-to-boston-dynamics-spot-the-robot" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "on sale in China by early 2021; first unveiling date not confirmed" }, "components": { "sensors": "Sensors with AI that estimate ground friction and height to adjust stride (types not given)", "software": "Uses 5G connectivity for autonomy; about 15 km/h", "sources": [ "hs-efb5452125" ] }, "production": { "sold": "More than 1,800 sold in its first month on sale in China (April 2021 report)", "where": "Nanjing, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-04-09", "title": "AlphaDog sells 1,800 units in a month", "summary": "Interesting Engineering reported Weilan's 16,000-yuan AlphaDog sold over 1,800 units in its first month.", "publisher": "Interesting Engineering", "url": "https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/meet-alphadog-chinas-answer-to-boston-dynamics-spot-the-robot" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Owners steer it by app or voice while it adjusts its own stride to the ground.", "video": { "id": "VhypsmDEtP4", "title": "AlphaDog, A New species of AI Can Walk Freely in Our World.", "channel": "WEILAN AlphaDog" } }, { "id": "meituan-new-generation-delivery-vehicle-2021", "name": "Meituan new-generation delivery vehicle", "maker": "Meituan", "makerId": "meituan", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "grocery and food delivery on public roads" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 150, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Put into daily operation in Shunyi, Beijing in 2021.", "summary": "Meituan's self-designed driverless delivery vehicle with 150 kg capacity, about 80 km range per charge and sensing out to 150 m. Another report gives 120 km range.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1d1a7f0d89" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-04", "event": "Started operation in Shunyi, Beijing", "url": "https://www.caixinglobal.com/2021-04-20/meituan-starts-operation-of-new-unmanned-delivery-vehicle-in-beijing-101693842.html" }, "released": { "date": "2021-04", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Detects obstacles more than 150 m away", "battery": "About 80 km per charge", "other": "150 kg load", "sources": [ "hs-1d1a7f0d89" ] }, "production": { "where": "Meituan, China (self-designed)", "customers": "Meituan grocery orders in Shunyi, Beijing; about 35,000 orders to 20+ communities by April 2021" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-04-20", "title": "Meituan starts new driverless delivery vehicle in Beijing", "summary": "Caixin reported Meituan's self-designed delivery vehicle carrying 150 kg with 80 km range in Shunyi.", "publisher": "Caixin Global", "url": "https://www.caixinglobal.com/2021-04-20/meituan-starts-operation-of-new-unmanned-delivery-vehicle-in-beijing-101693842.html" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives its delivery routes with nobody aboard, with remote staff monitoring.", "video": { "id": "RUE5NU5BHkM", "title": "Meituan displays drones and vehicles for unmanned delivery in Shanghai", "channel": "环球时报 Global Times" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/meituan-new-generation-delivery-vehicle-2021-1.jpg", "author": "Anonymousfox36", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meituan_autonomous_delivery_vehicle_IMG003.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "horsch-robo-2021", "name": "Robo", "maker": "Horsch", "makerId": "horsch", "country": "Germany", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-04", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "planting", "tool carrying" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An autonomous tool carrier that pulls a Horsch planter on its own; it planted its first hectares of corn in 2021, with a person required within 600 m under German rules at the time.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f97101c5a8", "hs-8851f9df82" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-04", "event": "First field planting reported", "url": "https://www.futurefarming.com/tech-in-focus/horsch-autonomous-tool-carrier-plants-first-corn/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Sale expected about two years after 2021; no production launch found" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/horsch-robo-2021.jpg", "author": "Horsch", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://latifundist.com/en/novosti/55695-pervaya-v-mire-prezentatsiya-avtonomnoj-robotizirovannoj-seyalki-horsch-robo-proshla-v-ukraine", "page": "https://latifundist.com/en/novosti/55695-pervaya-v-mire-prezentatsiya-avtonomnoj-robotizirovannoj-seyalki-horsch-robo-proshla-v-ukraine", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "solinftec-solix-2021", "name": "Solix (Scouting and Sprayer)", "maker": "Solinftec", "makerId": "solinftec", "country": "Brazil", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "field scouting", "targeted herbicide spraying" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Pilots with GROWMARK, Purdue University and the University of Saskatchewan; the sprayer version was announced in August 2022 for 2023 sale.", "summary": "A solar-powered field robot that drives crop rows on its own, scanning plants and, in the Sprayer version, spot-spraying weeds; the 40 ft machine covers up to 96 acres a day.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-20cf254fe2", "hs-c5d94ffd8b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-04", "event": "Solix Scouting sold commercially in Brazil from April 2021 (per August 2022 report)", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/solinftec_releases_solix_sprayer_robot_precise_pesticide_application" }, "released": { "date": "2021-04", "note": "Solix Sprayer unveiled 30 August 2022, commercial from 2023" }, "components": { "sensors": "Several sensors adapted by region; the sprayer scans plants from root to leaf", "battery": "Four solar panels power drive and spraying", "software": "ALICE AI platform coordinates fleets and recommends actions; scouting maps weeds, pests, diseases, nutrients and NDVI", "other": "Sprayer spot-treats weeds, up to about 96 acres a day", "sources": [ "hs-20cf254fe2" ] }, "production": { "where": "Scouting robot made by Hi-Mix Eletronicos in Brazil; sprayer pre-series by McKinney Corp (US)", "customers": "Pilots with GROWMARK, Purdue University, Stone Farms and the University of Saskatchewan; sold in Brazil since 2021" }, "news": [ { "date": "2022-08-30", "title": "Solinftec unveils Solix Sprayer", "summary": "Solinftec announced a solar-powered spot-spraying robot for 2023 sale, after selling the Solix scout in Brazil.", "publisher": "Robotics 24/7", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/solinftec_releases_solix_sprayer_robot_precise_pesticide_application" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives crop rows on its own, scanning and spot-spraying weeds without an operator.", "video": { "id": "clHr-Nj2rSY", "title": "SOLIX EXPERIENCE & DELIVERY 2026", "channel": "Solinftec" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/solinftec-solix-2021-1.jpg", "author": "Solinftec", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solix_Ag_Robotics_-_2023_(cropped).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "udelv-transporter-2021", "name": "Udelv Transporter", "maker": "Udelv with Mobileye", "makerId": "udelv", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-04-12", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "on-road parcel and goods delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Fleet lessor Donlen pre-ordered 1,000 units in 2021; Udelv planned commercial service from 2023 and 35,000 vehicles by 2028, but no deployment figures have been published.", "summary": "A cabless delivery vehicle without the usual controls of a van, designed around the Mobileye Drive self-driving system.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-91887c2504" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-04-12", "event": "Mobileye-Udelv partnership announcement", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2021/04/12/ntels-mobileye-teams-with-udelv-to-launch-35000-driverless-delivery-vehicles-by-2028/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Planned for 2023; launch not confirmed" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": null, "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/udelv-transporter-2021.jpg", "author": "Udelv with Mobileye", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://udelv.com/transporter/", "page": "https://udelv.com/transporter/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 612 } }, { "id": "ghost-robotics-vision-60", "name": "Vision 60", "maker": "Ghost Robotics (majority-owned by LIG Nex1 since 2024)", "makerId": "ghost", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "security patrol", "inspection", "reconnaissance" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "military", "security", "industrial", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 68.5, "weightKg": 51, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 9, "payloadKg": 10, "batteryHours": 3.1, "priceUsd": 100000, "priceNote": "Reported to start at $100,000 (Freethink, 2021).", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The first robot dog widely bought by the US military, used for air-base security patrols.", "deployments": "US Air Force 325th and 49th Security Forces patrols; Japan Ground Self-Defense Force case study; MARSOC evaluation of armed units in 2024.", "summary": "A rugged, waterproof military-grade robot dog used for base patrols and inspection. The maker sells it unarmed; third parties have shown weapon payloads on it.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-538a3600bc", "hs-45771cd396", "hs-ecbe630d2d", "hs-511b075f7b", "hs-a73ac17ea8", "hs-36c490161b", "hs-06998fd26b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-05", "event": "US Air Force reports patrol testing at Tyndall AFB (robot existed earlier; exact unveiling not sourced)", "url": "https://www.freethink.com/hard-tech/robot-dogs" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "In use with US Air Force security forces and other agencies; current spec sheet v3.3" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 back-drivable electric motors, three per leg; can walk inverted; 0.9 m/s walk, sprint to about 2.4 m/s", "hands": "Optional six-axis manipulator arm (unveiled December 2025): 1 m reach, 3.75 kg continuous payload at 50 cm, 11.3 kg grip force, IP67", "sensors": "Five 1080p RGB cameras, four Intel RealSense D435 depth sensors, dual-antenna RTK GPS; optional lidar, low-light camera and security payloads", "compute": "NVIDIA Xavier with 32 GB RAM, 16-channel GMSL2 and 2 TB NVMe SSD", "battery": "About 3.15 hours continuous walking (about 10 km) or 21 hours standby; quick-swap battery; about 3 hours to charge; wireless charging kit for round-the-clock use", "materials": "Aluminium and composite modular frame; IP67; operates -40 to 55 C; 51 kg", "software": "C/C++, ROS and ROS 2, MAVLink, ATAK and JSON mission APIs; Bullet-based simulator; 3D lidar SLAM for GPS-denied navigation; record-and-playback missions", "other": "10 kg payload; Wi-Fi 2.4/5.8 GHz, 4G/LTE and a GigE switch for external radios; export classification EAR99 (not ITAR)", "sources": [ "hs-538a3600bc", "hs-9ca4204199" ] }, "production": { "where": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States", "customers": "US Air Force security forces (including 49th SFS, Holloman), US Marine Corps, US Army, DHS Science and Technology, AT&T, Ohio DOT, Japan Ground Self-Defense Force" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-01-12", "title": "Japanese airborne troops test robot dogs", "summary": "Japan's 1st Airborne Brigade used two Ghost Robotics quadrupeds to scout ahead of soldiers during its New Year descent training.", "publisher": "The Defense Post", "url": "https://thedefensepost.com/2026/01/12/japan-robot-dogs-assault-force/" }, { "date": "2025-12-11", "title": "Ghost Robotics adds a manipulator arm to Vision 60", "summary": "Ghost Robotics unveiled a six-axis IP67 arm for the Vision 60, aimed at military and industrial users.", "publisher": "PR Newswire", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ghost-robotics-unveils-new-manipulator-arm-for-the-vision-60-q-ugv-302637870.html" }, { "date": "2024-07-29", "title": "LIG Nex1 buys 60% of Ghost Robotics", "summary": "South Korea's LIG Nex1 agreed to buy 60% of Vision 60 maker Ghost Robotics for $240 million.", "publisher": "Korea JoongAng Daily", "url": "https://www.koreajoongangdaily.com/business/lig-nex1-acquires-60-of-us-four-legged-robot-maker-ghost-robotics/12314427" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/ghost-robotics-vision-60.jpg", "author": "Pfc. Alexcia Rupert", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ghost_Robotics_-_Civitas_Group_Vision_60_robot_dog_at_BSDA_2024.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ghost_Robotics_-_Civitas_Group_Vision_60_robot_dog_at_BSDA_2024.jpg", "article": "File:Ghost Robotics - Civitas Group Vision 60 robot dog at BSDA 2024.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 424 }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It walks patrol routes on its own or is steered by an operator, who watches its feed; armed versions need a person to fire." }, { "id": "agilex-bunker-2021", "name": "Bunker", "maker": "AgileX Robotics", "makerId": "agilex", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "rough-terrain mobile base", "inspection and patrol platforms", "robotics research" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "research", "domain": [ "research", "industrial", "inspection" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5.4, "payloadKg": 120, "batteryHours": 2.5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A tracked, sealed chassis for off-road and outdoor robots that customers build on for inspection, patrol or research. Figures are for the current Bunker Pro (IP67, 120 kg payload, 1.5 m/s, about 150 minutes).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-539c7a4f3b", "hs-e03e5cf102", "hs-2a763a2ea9", "hs-5159eeac6c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-06", "event": "Earliest dated public trace: AgileX published its bunker_ros software package on GitHub on 29 June 2021 (a formal launch event was not found)", "url": "https://github.com/agilexrobotics/bunker_ros" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "Bunker Pro is the current full-size version. Bunker Mini (690 x 570 x 335 mm, 25 kg payload, 1 m/s, about 1.5 h) is a smaller sibling with the same role, kept here as a trim rather than a separate record. No public price." }, "components": { "actuators": "Independently driven rubber tracks, 1,800 W dual-motor drive, turns on the spot; multi-link independent suspension (Bunker Pro 2.0)", "battery": "About 150 minutes (Bunker Pro 2.0)", "materials": "IP67 (Bunker Pro 2.0); aluminium T-slot rails", "software": "CAN bus with open-source SDK; bunker_ros ROS package", "other": "120 kg payload, 1.5 m/s (Bunker Pro 2.0)", "sources": [ "hs-539c7a4f3b" ] }, "production": { "where": "China" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "It is a tracked chassis driven by remote control until customers add their own autonomy.", "video": { "id": "2Vv60IaQHs0", "title": "BUNKER PRO ：High Performanced Tracked UGV", "channel": "AgileX Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/agilex-bunker-2021.jpg", "author": "AgileX Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://global.agilex.ai/products/bunker-pro", "page": "https://global.agilex.ai/products/bunker-pro", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "unitree-go1-2021", "name": "Go1", "maker": "Unitree Robotics", "makerId": "unitree", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-06", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "companionship", "education", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "research", "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 12, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 16.9, "payloadKg": 5, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 2700, "priceNote": "Go1 Air $2,700, Go1 $3,500, Go1 Edu $8,500 at launch", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The first widely sold consumer robot dog under $3,000, which made quadrupeds mainstream.", "deployments": "Sold worldwide; the US Marine Corps test-fired an M72 rocket launcher mounted on a Go1 in 2023 (reported).", "summary": "A 12 kg consumer quadruped with 12 motors and stereo depth cameras that can follow its owner at up to about 17 km/h. A 2025 security flaw (CVE-2025-2894) was reported in its remote-access tunnel.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-5894a0c6a9", "hs-af37a27ef2", "hs-c149215695", "hs-dbc37b4fb7", "hs-d1930d814c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-06", "event": "Unitree launch", "url": "https://hardware.slashdot.org/story/21/06/19/2359226/chinese-startup-unitree-begins-selling-a-headless-robot-dog-for-2700" }, "released": { "date": "2021-06", "note": "online orders, 2-3 month delivery" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 joint motors; hip and thigh motors up to 23.7 Nm, knee motors (1.5:1 extra reduction) up to 35.55 Nm; heat-pipe cooling near the knee", "sensors": "Fisheye stereo depth camera pairs (one pair on Air, five on Pro and Edu), about 150 x 170 degrees each; optional 2D or 3D lidar on Edu; foot-end force sensors on Edu", "compute": "Sensing boards with 4-core CPU and 128-core GPU (0.5 TFLOPS each): one on Air, three on Pro; Edu pairs Nano-class boards with Jetson Nano or NX modules; maker cites 16-core CPU and 384-core GPU (1.5 TFLOPS) in total", "battery": "About an hour of jogging per charge (reported); 24 V charger (4 A Air, 6 A Pro and Edu)", "materials": "Aluminium thighs; 12 kg", "software": "Graphical programming on all models; Python and research interfaces and 4G on Edu; follow mode by radio positioning; human detection", "other": "Payload about 4-6 kg; top speed 2.5-3.7 m/s by model", "sources": [ "hs-5894a0c6a9", "hs-af37a27ef2" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold worldwide online (unit total not published)", "where": "Hangzhou, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-06-19", "title": "Unitree starts selling Go1 from $2,700", "summary": "Slashdot relayed that Unitree began selling Go1 in Air, standard and Edu versions at $2,700, $3,500 and $8,500.", "publisher": "Slashdot", "url": "https://hardware.slashdot.org/story/21/06/19/2359226/chinese-startup-unitree-begins-selling-a-headless-robot-dog-for-2700" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Owners steer it with a remote or app while it balances itself; it can also follow its owner.", "video": { "id": "xdfmhWQyp_8", "title": "Times change, the first [Bionic Companion Robot] in the history of human was released, prices $2.7k", "channel": "Unitree Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/unitree-go1-2021.jpg", "author": "Unitree Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.unitree.com/go1", "page": "https://www.unitree.com/go1", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 561 } }, { "id": "isee-autonomous-yard-truck-2021", "name": "ISEE autonomous yard truck", "maker": "ISEE", "makerId": "isee", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "trailer moving", "yard logistics" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "logistics", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "ISEE announced what it called the world's first fully autonomous truck yard in commercial use in February 2024, and BMW trialled autonomous hostlers at its Spartanburg plant.", "summary": "ISEE's AI driving system and automatic trailer coupling for yard trucks that shuttle trailers around factories and distribution hubs. It partnered with TICO in 2025 to supply factory-integrated autonomous yard trucks.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-97bbf45529", "hs-bba03f4a6b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-06", "event": "ISEE launches autonomous driving solution for yard trucks", "url": "https://Isee.ai/news" }, "released": { "date": "2024-02", "note": "ISEE says it commercially deployed a fully autonomous truck yard" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Customer logistics yards in the USA (sites not named publicly)", "since": "2024-02", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/isee-autonomous-yard-truck-2021.jpg", "author": "ISEE", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.isee.ai/news/business-wire-isee-commercially-deploys-worlds-first-fully-autonomous-truck-yard", "page": "https://www.isee.ai/news/business-wire-isee-commercially-deploys-worlds-first-fully-autonomous-truck-yard", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 582 } }, { "id": "deep-robotics-jueying-mini-2021", "name": "Jueying Mini / Mini Lite", "maker": "DEEP Robotics", "makerId": "deep", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-06", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "education", "research", "security" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research", "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Small, agile robot dogs with voice interaction, mapping, autonomous navigation and person-following, shown at ICRA 2021 in Xi'an. A Lite2 version debuted at CES 2022.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-891611c80d", "hs-b0fd146cf1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-06", "event": "ICRA 2021, Xi'an", "url": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/series-of-robotic-dogs-demonstrated/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "sold; later replaced by Lite3" }, "components": { "software": "Speech interaction, positioning and mapping, autonomous navigation, obstacle avoidance and person following", "sources": [ "hs-891611c80d" ] }, "production": { "where": "Hangzhou, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2022-01-06", "title": "DEEP Robotics brings Jueying Lite2 to CES", "summary": "DEEP Robotics showed the Mini's successor, Lite2, at CES 2022 and said a Jueying dog had patrolled a substation and cable tunnel.", "publisher": "PR Newswire", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/deep-robotics-jueying-lite2-robot-dog-makes-its-debut-at-ces-2022-801267908.html" }, { "date": "2021-06-03", "title": "Jueying Mini shown at ICRA 2021", "summary": "eeNews Europe reported DEEP Robotics demonstrating the Mini and Mini Lite at ICRA 2021 in Xi'an.", "publisher": "eeNews Europe", "url": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/series-of-robotic-dogs-demonstrated/" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Users steer it while it balances itself; mapping, navigation and person-following modes are also offered.", "video": { "id": "Mhf47KHe3ZM", "title": "The quadruped robot Jueying Mini", "channel": "DEEP Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/deep-robotics-jueying-mini-2021.jpg", "author": "DEEP Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/product2.html", "page": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/product2.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 930, "h": 616 } }, { "id": "mangdang-mini-pupper-2021", "name": "Mini Pupper", "maker": "MangDang", "makerId": "mangdang", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "education", "hobby" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 279, "priceNote": "Kickstarter pledges from US$279; Mini Pupper 2 kits $429-$529 (2022)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A commercial, Raspberry Pi-powered education robot dog based on Stanford Pupper, supporting ROS, SLAM and navigation. Mini Pupper 2 followed in 2022.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-dcb1208a8d", "hs-af47a32f23" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-06", "event": "Kickstarter launch", "url": "https://www.cnx-software.com/2021/10/06/mini-pupper-raspberry-pi-4-robot-dog-education-ros-slam-navigation-computer-vision/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "shipped to backers" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 MangDang custom servos; Mini Pupper 2 servos give position feedback (Pro adds velocity and torque feedback)", "sensors": "Optional LD06 lidar for SLAM; OAK-D Lite camera supported; Mini Pupper 2 adds IMU, touch sensor and microphone", "compute": "Raspberry Pi 4 (Mini Pupper 2: Pi 4 or CM4 plus ESP32 microcontroller)", "battery": "800 mAh (Mini Pupper 2: 1,000 mAh)", "software": "Open-source, Ubuntu and ROS (CHAMP framework fork); ROS 2 on Mini Pupper 2", "other": "320 x 240 LCD face; Mini Pupper 2 weighs about 450 g with 200 g payload", "sources": [ "hs-dcb1208a8d", "hs-af47a32f23" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold through Kickstarter from 2021 and retail", "where": "China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2022-10-19", "title": "Mini Pupper 2 launched with ROS 2", "summary": "CNX Software covered Mini Pupper 2 with Raspberry Pi CM4 option, ESP32 and servo feedback, from $429 on Kickstarter.", "publisher": "CNX Software", "url": "https://www.cnx-software.com/2022/10/19/mini-pupper-2-raspberry-pi-4-cm4-robot-dog-esp32-ros2-servo-feedback/" }, { "date": "2021-10-06", "title": "Mini Pupper Kickstarter", "summary": "CNX Software described the Raspberry Pi 4 robot dog for ROS education, from $279.", "publisher": "CNX Software", "url": "https://www.cnx-software.com/2021/10/06/mini-pupper-raspberry-pi-4-robot-dog-education-ros-slam-navigation-computer-vision/" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Students steer it with a controller while its software handles gait, and can program SLAM and navigation.", "video": { "id": "c8nSKC9p8Ys", "title": "Mini Pupper Introduction", "channel": "MangDang" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mangdang-mini-pupper-2021.jpg", "author": "MangDang", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://mangdang.store/products/mini-pupper", "page": "https://mangdang.store/products/mini-pupper", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "saildrone-surveyor-2021", "name": "Saildrone Surveyor", "maker": "Saildrone", "makerId": "saildrone", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "deep-ocean mapping", "ocean research" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 14000, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its 2021 crossing was described as the most comprehensive seafloor mapping run by an uncrewed boat.", "deployments": "Mapped 6,400 square nautical miles of seafloor on its 28-day, 2,250 nautical mile maiden voyage in 2021.", "summary": "A 72-foot (22 m), 14-tonne uncrewed boat powered mostly by wind and solar that carries ship-class sonar to map the seafloor as deep as 7,000 m.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-58961ca053", "hs-0e6a024079" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-06", "event": "Maiden voyage San Francisco to Honolulu (arrived 8 July 2021)", "url": "https://maritime-executive.com/article/autonomous-vessel-completes-pacific-crossing-to-hawaii-mapping-ocean" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Pacific Ocean and other seas", "since": "2021-06", "fleet": null, "usage": "2,250 nautical miles and 6,400 sq nmi mapped on maiden voyage (Saildrone, July 2021)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/saildrone-surveyor-2021.jpg", "author": "Saildrone", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.saildrone.com/platform/surveyor", "page": "https://www.saildrone.com/platform/surveyor", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "promare-mayflower-autonomous-ship-2021", "name": "Mayflower Autonomous Ship (MAS400)", "maker": "ProMare with IBM", "makerId": "promare", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-06-15", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "ocean research", "water sampling" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 18.5, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 1300000, "priceNote": "Ship cost reported at about £1 million (US$1.3 million at the time; Associated Press via Boston.com, June 2021).", "hands": "none", "firsts": "An AI-captained research trimaran that completed an Atlantic crossing from England to North America in 2022, with one tow and a stop in Halifax.", "deployments": "Left England on 27 April 2022, diverted to Halifax after a charging fault (towed the last 186 nautical miles), then docked at Plymouth, Massachusetts on 30 June 2022; now based at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.", "summary": "A 15 m solar-powered trimaran with a backup diesel generator whose AI captain picks the route and an AI navigator applies collision rules, with no one aboard. It was built to sample water for pollutants and study marine life.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5f11fd2289" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-06-15", "event": "First transatlantic attempt from England (returned after 3 days)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research vessel" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Atlantic Ocean (Plymouth, England to Halifax and Plymouth, Massachusetts)", "since": "2021-06-15", "fleet": "1 vessel", "usage": "Transatlantic crossing from Plymouth, UK, on April 27 to Halifax, Canada, on June 5, 2022 (IBM, 2022).", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/promare-mayflower-autonomous-ship-2021-1.jpg", "author": "Aysedevrim", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mayflower_Autonomous_Ship_at_the_beginning_of_Atlantic_Crossing.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "tencent-robotics-x-ollie-2021", "name": "Ollie", "maker": "Tencent Robotics X Lab", "makerId": "tencent-x-lab", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-06-15", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research", "delivery demonstrations" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A balancing wheel-legged robot with an actuated tail that could leap gaps and do backflips.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Tencent's fourth-generation robot uses parallel legs on driven wheels plus a tail that lets it stand taller or perform acrobatics; one demo had it carry coffee with an arm.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-0286ed0106", "hs-683d078511" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-06-15", "event": "Video and ICRA 2021 paper (IEEE Spectrum coverage)", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/tencents-new-wheeled-robot-flicks-its-tail-to-do-backflips" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research robot; no official specs published." }, "components": { "actuators": "Two driven wheels on planar parallel-linkage legs plus an actuated tail used for flips and as a third support point", "software": "Nonlinear balance controller (ICRA 2021 paper by Shuai Wang and colleagues)", "sources": [ "hs-0286ed0106" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research robot", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Tencent Robotics X, Shenzhen, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-06-15", "title": "Tencent's wheeled Ollie flips with its tail", "summary": "IEEE Spectrum covered Tencent's wheel-legged Ollie, which uses an actuated tail for backflips.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/tencents-new-wheeled-robot-flicks-its-tail-to-do-backflips" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers commanded its moves while it balanced itself on its wheeled legs and tail.", "video": { "id": "gs8HKK6cm5A", "title": "Enjoy the talent show staged by wheel-legged robot Ollie from China!", "channel": "People's Daily, China 人民日报" } }, { "id": "baidu-apollo-moon-2021", "name": "Apollo Moon (5th-gen robotaxi, ARCFOX version)", "maker": "Baidu Apollo with BAIC ARCFOX", "makerId": "baidu-apollo", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-06-17", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 75000, "priceNote": "RMB 480,000 for vehicle plus driverless kit (about US$75,000, CnEVPost, June 2021); service only, not sold to the public", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Baidu said it cut the cost of an L4 robotaxi to about a third of the industry average at the time.", "deployments": "BAIC said mass production started by December 2021, and fully driverless public rides ran in Beijing's Shougang Park from October (2021 by context); the partners planned 1,000 units within three years.", "summary": "Baidu's fifth-generation robotaxi, built on the ARCFOX Alpha T electric SUV with 2 lidars, 13 cameras and 5 radars. It was designed for about five years of continuous ride-hail duty.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8e4e56957d", "hs-b1cf4599ea", "hs-b412fbddb7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-06-17", "event": "Unveiled by Baidu Apollo and ARCFOX in Beijing", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2021/06/17/baidu-apollo-arcfox-unveil-robotaxi-apollo-moon/" }, "released": { "date": "2021-12", "note": "BAIC reported mass production had started (Gasgoo, 14 Dec 2021)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Beijing Shougang Park (driverless public rides reported from October 2021); other Apollo Go cities not broken out by model", "since": "2021-10", "fleet": "1,000 units planned within three years (Baidu/ARCFOX, 2021); actual Apollo Moon count not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/baidu-apollo-moon-2021.jpg", "author": "Baidu Apollo", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://cnevpost.com/2021/06/17/baidu-apollo-arcfox-unveil-robotaxi-apollo-moon/", "page": "https://cnevpost.com/2021/06/17/baidu-apollo-arcfox-unveil-robotaxi-apollo-moon/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 664 } }, { "id": "rheinmetall-mission-master-xt-2021", "name": "Mission Master XT", "maker": "Rheinmetall Canada (Rheinmetall Group)", "makerId": "rheinmetall-canada", "country": "Canada", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-06-17", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "cargo", "extreme-terrain resupply" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 2217, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 40, "payloadKg": 1000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A larger diesel-hybrid version of Mission Master that carries a tonne, can swim, and can be driven by a person if needed.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-edee041222", "hs-64010b350b", "hs-27aa672bb6" ], "canada": "Developed by Rheinmetall Canada.", "firstShown": { "date": "2021-06-17", "event": "Unveiled by Rheinmetall (EDR report 17 June; ESD 18 June)", "url": "https://www.edrmagazine.eu/rheinmetall-unveils-its-mission-master-xt" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "Offered for sale; Netherlands trialled Mission Master vehicles" }, "components": { "actuators": "Diesel 4x4 (Zeal Motor Fat Truck base): 67 hp Caterpillar C2.2 turbodiesel with hydrostatic drive to each wheel, skid-steer zero-radius turns, 40 km/h; amphibious at full load", "sensors": "3D lidar for obstacle avoidance and tracking plus two radars for snow, rain, dust and fog", "battery": "Lithium-ion batteries for about six hours of silent watch; 70-litre fuel tank gives about 750 km range", "materials": "Armour elements protect vital components; 2.2 t empty, about 3.2 t loaded; low-pressure tyres with central tyre inflation", "software": "Rheinmetall PATH autonomy kit (obstacle avoidance, sensor fusion, mapping, mission planning); tablet control, follow-me and waypoint modes; optionally crewed", "other": "1,000 kg payload; cargo module first, with weapon, reconnaissance, UAS-launch and counter-drone modules planned; air-transportable by CH-47/CH-53 or C-130", "sources": [ "hs-64010b350b", "hs-edee041222" ] }, "production": { "built": "Series production expected from mid-2021 (maker statement reported by ESD)", "where": "Rheinmetall Canada, Canada" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-06-18", "title": "Rheinmetall unveils the diesel Mission Master XT", "summary": "ESD reported the new cargo UGV carries a tonne, can be driven manually or autonomously and was weeks from series production.", "publisher": "European Security & Defence", "url": "https://euro-sd.com/2021/06/articles/exclusive/23284/mission-master-xt-unveiled/" }, { "date": "2021-06-17", "title": "Mission Master XT details", "summary": "EDR detailed the XT's Caterpillar diesel, lidar and radar sensors and planned modules.", "publisher": "European Defence Review", "url": "https://www.edrmagazine.eu/rheinmetall-unveils-its-mission-master-xt" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It can follow troops, drive waypoints or be remote-controlled, and can also be driven by a person; weapons need a human to fire.", "video": { "id": "y5exKJD_n9o", "title": "Discover the Rheinmetall Mission Master XT, an all-new autonomous platform", "channel": "Rheinmetall (@RheinmetallGroup)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/rheinmetall-mission-master-xt-2021.jpg", "author": "Rheinmetall Canada (Rheinmetall Group)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.rheinmetall.com/en/media/news-watch/news/2023/9/2023-09-01-rheinmetall-supplies-norway-with-a-mission-master-xt", "page": "https://www.rheinmetall.com/en/media/news-watch/news/2023/9/2023-09-01-rheinmetall-supplies-norway-with-a-mission-master-xt", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "hyundai-ec-ceiling-drilling-robot-2021", "name": "Unmanned ceiling-drilling construction robot", "maker": "Hyundai Engineering & Construction (with Hyundai Robotics)", "makerId": "hyundai-engineering", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-06-22", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "construction", "overhead drilling" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A robot that rides a lift, finds its drilling points with AI vision and drills into the ceiling, shown alongside an autonomous LiDAR site-patrol robot. Hyundai E&C said painting, welding and masonry could follow.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-977b178a24" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-06-22", "event": "Demonstration at the Hyundai Heavy Industries Global R&D Center, Seongnam", "url": "https://cm.asiae.co.kr/en/article/2021062310371899072" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Demonstration only; no product launch found" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hyundai-ec-ceiling-drilling-robot-2021.jpg", "author": "Hyundai Engineering & Construction", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://newsroom.hdec.kr/en/company/press_view.aspx?CompanyPressSeq=78", "page": "https://newsroom.hdec.kr/en/company/press_view.aspx?CompanyPressSeq=78", "kind": "maker", "w": 750, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "deeproute-robotaxi-2021", "name": "DeepRoute.ai Robotaxi (Shenzhen Futian)", "maker": "DeepRoute.ai with Cao Cao Mobility", "makerId": "deeproute-ai", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-07", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "A free public trial with 20 vehicles began in July 2021 in downtown Futian, Shenzhen, covering more than 200 km of road and 100 pick-up points.", "summary": "DeepRoute.ai's robotaxi trial in Shenzhen's business district, booked through a WeChat mini program and co-developed with Geely's Cao Cao. Vehicle model and safety-driver set-up were not stated.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5fa04c9425" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-07", "event": "Public trial launch in Futian, Shenzhen", "url": "https://kr-asia.com/deeproute-ai-begins-robotaxi-trials-with-20-vehicles-in-downtown-shenzhen" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "free trial service" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Shenzhen Futian (2021)", "since": null, "fleet": "20 vehicles (KrASIA, July 2021)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/deeproute-robotaxi-2021.jpg", "author": "DeepRoute.ai with Cao Cao Mobility", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://techcrunch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/deeproute-robotaxi.jpeg", "page": "https://techcrunch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/deeproute-robotaxi.jpeg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 680 } }, { "id": "ati-motors-sherpa-tug-2021", "name": "Sherpa Tug", "maker": "Ati Motors", "makerId": "ati-motors", "country": "India", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "towing trolleys and carts", "factory material transport" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Ati Motors' first autonomous factory tugger and one of the first Indian-built autonomous industrial vehicles in series use.", "deployments": "Running at a multinational car maker's plant in Chennai by July 2021 (YourStory, Jul 2021); Ati names Bosch, TVS Motors, CEAT and Hyundai as customers (Robotics 24/7, Jul 2023) and says its flagship Sherpa Tug has logged more than 500,000 km across 50+ factories (Automated Warehouse, Jul 2025).", "summary": "An autonomous electric trolley tugger from Bengaluru that navigates factories and outdoor yards with 3D lidar instead of tape or fixed paths. The 2023 v4 version is described as a one-tonne trolley mover; Ati later added the heavier Sherpa 10K. The original launch date was not published, so the year shown is its first dated deployment report.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-0a74a11537", "hs-f4bb87af34", "hs-088c18db8b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-07", "event": "First dated public report of Sherpa Tug in service (pre-Series A funding news); launch date not published", "url": "https://yourstory.com/2021/07/funding-alert-autonomous-industrial-vehicle-maker-ati-motors/amp" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "in commercial use at an auto plant in Chennai by July 2021" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ati-motors-sherpa-tug-2021.jpg", "author": "Ati Motors", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://atimotors.com/", "page": "https://atimotors.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 622 } }, { "id": "westwell-qomolo-q-truck-2021", "name": "Westwell Qomolo Q-Truck", "maker": "Westwell (Shanghai Westwell-Lab Technology)", "makerId": "westwell", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "container moving", "terminal haulage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "ports", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 80000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "CSP Abu Dhabi said it became the first Middle East terminal with autonomous port trucks in July 2021.", "deployments": "Six Q-Trucks started at CSP Abu Dhabi in 2021 and 12 more were added in 2025; Westwell says a Q-Truck fleet runs unmanned around the clock at the Port of Felixstowe (June 2025).", "summary": "A cabless battery-electric autonomous container truck with six-minute battery swaps, built by Westwell's Qomolo brand. It carries up to 80 tonnes and runs about 200 km per charge.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ee74958a60", "hs-b5004becfa", "hs-57f38c5aaa" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-07", "event": "Commercial use at CSP Abu Dhabi Terminal, Khalifa Port, after a two-month trial", "url": "https://www.mediaoffice.abudhabi/en/transport/csp-abu-dhabi-terminal-and-khalifa-port-implement-regions-first-autonomous-port-truck-system/" }, "released": { "date": "2022-01", "note": "Westwell announced mass production (Gasgoo, Jan 2022)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "CSP Abu Dhabi Terminal, Khalifa Port (UAE); Port of Felixstowe (UK); Zhuhai and Tianjin (China); Laem Chabang (Thailand)", "since": "2021-07", "fleet": "18 at CSP Abu Dhabi (6 in 2021 plus 12 in 2025, Westwell); Felixstowe count not published; Westwell said nearly 100 driverless vehicles of all types worldwide in Jan 2022", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 200 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/westwell-qomolo-q-truck-2021.jpg", "author": "Westwell (Shanghai Westwell-Lab Technology)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://en.westwell-lab.com/uploads/editor/01efcd531125d7f7eba83adb09386dba.jpg", "page": "https://en.westwell-lab.com/uploads/editor/01efcd531125d7f7eba83adb09386dba.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 789 } }, { "id": "xiaomi-cyberdog-2021", "name": "CyberDog", "maker": "Xiaomi", "makerId": "xiaomi", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-08", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "research", "companionship" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 14, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 11.5, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 1, "priceUsd": 1540, "priceNote": "9,999 yuan (about US$1,370) for the limited 'pioneer' edition", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Xiaomi's first legged robot; it showed a major phone maker entering robot dogs.", "deployments": "1,000 units made for developers and enthusiasts.", "summary": "An open-source robot dog run on an NVIDIA Jetson Xavier, able to backflip. It was sold as a limited batch for developers.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6eb5cc1551", "hs-05dec67fd8", "hs-fa2dfc0a82" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-08", "event": "Xiaomi launch event", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "limited 1,000-unit run" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 quasi-direct-drive actuators, each a brushless DC motor with planetary gearing", "sensors": "Intel RealSense D450 RGB-D camera, ultra-wide camera, AI interaction camera, light sensor in the head; ultrasonic, ToF, IMU, magnetometer, GPS and touch sensors on the body; leg encoders", "compute": "NVIDIA Jetson Xavier (6-core Carmel CPU, 384-core Volta GPU), 8 GB RAM, 128 GB SSD", "battery": "0.12 kWh lithium-ion pack, about 1 hour", "materials": "14 kg; 77 x 36 x 40 cm", "software": "Ubuntu Linux and ROS, aimed at open-source developers; Python control app", "sources": [] }, "production": { "built": "1,000 units", "where": "China" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Owners steer it with a remote or app while it balances itself, and developers can program it.", "video": { "id": "0XKWUsN9-O4", "title": "Xiaomi CyberDog | Showcase | Bio-inspired Quadruped Robot", "channel": "Xiaomi (@xiaomi)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/xiaomi-cyberdog-2021.jpg", "author": "Xiaomi", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.mi.com/cyberdog", "page": "https://www.mi.com/cyberdog", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 674 } }, { "id": "gatik-box-truck-2021", "name": "Gatik driverless box truck", "maker": "Gatik", "makerId": "gatik", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-08", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "middle-mile delivery", "freight" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics", "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Gatik and Walmart say their Bentonville route, run without a safety driver from August 2021, was the first driverless middle-mile commercial delivery route anywhere.", "deployments": "Moved to freight-only (no one on board) operations in mid-2025 and announced driverless operation at scale in January 2026 for large retailers in Texas, Arkansas and Arizona, with Nebraska and Ontario named in later reports.", "summary": "Medium-duty 26- and 30-foot box trucks that shuttle ambient, chilled and frozen goods on short fixed routes between distribution centres and stores. Gatik runs them with no one on board.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f07febfed7", "hs-6cc60ceff3", "hs-826ab6c022", "hs-71f0541459" ], "canada": "Later 2026 reporting lists Ontario among Gatik's operating markets.", "firstShown": { "date": "2021-08", "event": "Driverless Walmart route in Bentonville, Arkansas (announced November 2021)", "url": "https://gatik.ai/news/press-releases/gatik-and-walmart-achieve-fully-driverless-deliveries-in-a-first-for-autonomous-trucking-industry-worldwide" }, "released": { "date": "2025", "note": "Freight-only commercial operations from mid-2025; scale launch announced 27 January 2026" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Dallas-Fort Worth, Phoenix metro, Northwest Arkansas; also reported in Nebraska and Ontario", "since": "2021-08", "fleet": "10 revenue driverless trucks at the January 2026 launch (FreightWaves); later described as dozens, with over 100 targeted by end of 2026 (Gatik)", "usage": "60,000 driverless orders and over 10,000 driverless public-road miles since mid-2025 (Gatik, January 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/gatik-box-truck-2021.jpg", "author": "Gatik", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://gatik.ai/", "page": "https://gatik.ai/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 525 } }, { "id": "eth-zurich-heap-2021", "name": "HEAP (Hydraulic Excavator for an Autonomous Purpose)", "maker": "ETH Zurich Robotic Systems Lab (on a Menzi Muck M545)", "makerId": "eth-zurich-robotic-systems-lab", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-08", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "excavation", "dry-stone wall building", "construction" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "industrial", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 12000, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Autonomous walking excavator that built Guinness World Records' largest dry-stone wall made by a robot.", "deployments": "Built a 65 m long, 6 m high wall from boulders and demolition debris at Circularity Park, Oberglatt, Switzerland.", "summary": "A 12-tonne Menzi Muck walking excavator (four wheeled legs) refitted with GNSS, lidar and force-controlled cylinders so it can dig embankments and stack irregular stones by itself.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-807eef2304", "hs-662ff06176", "hs-ec55d7c291", "hs-b3f8df1b98" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-08", "event": "Trials published in Automation in Construction (machine developed earlier at ETH)", "url": "https://constructionmanagement.co.uk/autonomous-walking-excavator-succeeds-in-trials/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research machine; first unveiling date earlier than 2021 not confirmed." }, "components": { "actuators": "Menzi Muck M545 12 t walking excavator; all 14 chassis hydraulic cylinders replaced with cylinders with built-in control modules for position and force control", "hands": "Standard bucket or a two-finger stone grapple with encoder-instrumented cylinders", "sensors": "Leica iCON iXE3 with two GNSS antennas; Velodyne VLP-16 and Livox MID-70 lidars (one on the boom); FLIR Blackfly and roof RGB cameras; draw-wire encoders", "compute": "Several on-board computers networked with ROS", "software": "C++ and ROS; lidar mapping, learned image segmentation, grasp planning and geometric wall planning", "sources": [ "hs-ec55d7c291", "hs-807eef2304" ] }, "production": { "built": "Single research machine", "sold": "not sold", "where": "ETH Zurich, Switzerland", "customers": "Built a 65.5 m dry-stone wall from 938 elements at Circularity Park, Oberglatt" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-04-11", "title": "HEAP builds a dry-stone retaining wall", "summary": "Vision Systems Design described the lidar and camera pipeline HEAP used to build a 65 m wall from reclaimed boulders.", "publisher": "Vision Systems Design", "url": "https://www.vision-systems.com/embedded/article/55017241/autonomous-excavator-builds-retaining-wall" }, { "date": "2021-08-12", "title": "Autonomous walking excavator passes trials", "summary": "Construction Management reported HEAP digging embankments to a few centimetres and building a 4 m stone wall.", "publisher": "Construction Management", "url": "https://constructionmanagement.co.uk/autonomous-walking-excavator-succeeds-in-trials/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It dug and placed boulders to build a stone wall by itself, with researchers overseeing.", "video": { "id": "P7wmotyKgXc", "title": "Autonomous excavator constructs a six-metre-high dry stone wall", "channel": "ETH Zürich" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/eth-zurich-heap-2021.jpg", "author": "ETH Zurich Robotic Systems Lab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://rsl.ethz.ch/robots-media/heap.html", "page": "https://rsl.ethz.ch/robots-media/heap.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 499 } }, { "id": "baidu-apolong-ii-2021", "name": "Apolong II", "maker": "Baidu Apollo", "makerId": "baidu-apollo", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-08-05", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "shuttle", "public transit" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold publicly; no price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Launched in Huangpu District, Guangzhou, in August 2021 for parks, the airport area, business districts and residential communities.", "summary": "Baidu's second-generation self-driving minibus, with a 372 TOPS computer, two 40-line lidars and a 55-inch transparent display window that shows riders what the vehicle sees. It also uses roadside V2X and 5G remote driving as a backup.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8f0fe203ab", "hs-d9e889c78d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-08-05", "event": "Unveiling in Huangpu District, Guangzhou", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2021/08/06/baidu-unveils-apolong-ii-its-second-gen-autonomous-minibus/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "pilot service in Guangzhou; no paid service found" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Huangpu District, Guangzhou (from Aug 2021)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/baidu-apolong-ii-2021-1.jpg", "author": "N509FZ", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apolong_at_Shougang_Jiaohuachang_(20230322140939).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "deep-robotics-jueying-x20-2021", "name": "Jueying X20", "maker": "DEEP Robotics", "makerId": "deep", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-08-12", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "inspection", "rescue" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Described as China's first industrial-grade IP66 waterproof quadruped.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An industrial and rescue quadruped with IP66 waterproofing, used for power and tunnel inspection. It was succeeded by the X30.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5eae26a646", "hs-ab6687a286" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-08-12", "event": "DEEP Robotics launch", "url": "https://www.adnkronos.com/deep-robotics-launches-chinas-first-industrial-waterproof-ip66-robot-dog-jueying-x20_xCefolntyjktDrYtqPgFH" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "industrial sales" }, "components": { "sensors": "Perception for precise navigation, dynamic obstacle avoidance and terrain recognition (sensor list not itemised on the product page)", "materials": "IP66 dust and water resistance", "other": "Modular design with a range of peripheral interfaces; climbs 20 cm obstacles, stairs and 30-degree slopes; works on grass, sand, snow, gravel and standing water", "sources": [ "hs-ede0a03010", "hs-ab6687a286" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold to industrial users; DEEP says the X series is used for power and tunnel inspection", "where": "Hangzhou, China", "customers": "DEEP Robotics names Lenovo, Takenaka Corporation, University College London and the University of Edinburgh among its clients and partners (company-wide, not X20-specific)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It walks set inspection routes in substations and tunnels on its own, and can be steered remotely when needed.", "video": { "id": "MslJT-e6B9E", "title": "Jueying X20 Quadruped Robot Extreme Load Exceeds 85KG!", "channel": "DEEP Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/deep-robotics-jueying-x20-2021.jpg", "author": "DEEP Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/product.html", "page": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/product.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "mir-mir1350-2021", "name": "MiR1350", "maker": "Mobile Industrial Robots (MiR, Teradyne)", "makerId": "mobile-industrial-robots", "country": "Denmark", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-08-12", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving pallets and heavy loads" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": 1350, "batteryHours": 9.8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Launched with the MiR600 as what MiR called the first IP52-rated autonomous mobile robots.", "deployments": null, "summary": "MiR's heaviest autonomous mobile robot, moving loads up to 1,350 kg at 1.2 m/s with about 9 h 50 min run time; it shares the mechanical interface of the older MiR500 and MiR1000.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-8c484b8678", "hs-28345254cc", "hs-6bdb018f17" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-08-12", "event": "Launched together with the MiR600", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/mobile_industrial_robots_launches_mir600_mir1350_heavy_duty_mobile_robots/Mobile_Industrial_Robots" }, "released": { "date": "2021-08", "note": "Replaced the MiR1000" }, "components": { "sensors": "360-degree coverage from safety laser scanners plus 3D cameras that see overhanging objects and low obstacles", "materials": "IP52 (dust and dripping water); reinforced chassis and casters", "software": "MiR fleet software; top modules for pallets and carts", "other": "Payload 1,350 kg; pallet transport", "sources": [ "hs-8c484b8678", "hs-28345254cc" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold worldwide via MiR's distribution network (60+ countries at launch); units not published", "where": "Odense, Denmark (MiR, part of Teradyne Robotics)", "customers": "Kinrise Snackfoods (MiR case study, model not specified)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-07-30", "title": "Teradyne Robotics revenue up 33% in Q2", "summary": "Teradyne's robotics unit, which owns MiR and Universal Robots, reported $100 million in Q2 2026 revenue.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/teradyne-robotics-revenue-rises-33-year-over-year-in-q2/" }, { "date": "2025-11-06", "title": "Teradyne Robotics cuts 14% of staff", "summary": "Teradyne's robotics group, parent of MiR, made a second round of layoffs in 2025.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/teradyne-robotics-lays-off-another-14-of-workforce/" }, { "date": "2021-08-12", "title": "MiR launches MiR600 and MiR1350", "summary": "MiR introduced two IP52-rated pallet AMRs carrying 600 kg and 1,350 kg.", "publisher": "Robotics 24/7", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/mobile_industrial_robots_launches_mir600_mir1350_heavy_duty_mobile_robots/Mobile_Industrial_Robots" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It moves heavy loads around sites on its own under fleet software.", "video": { "id": "tcCwobduJeE", "title": "MiR600 & MiR1350", "channel": "Mobile Industrial Robots" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mir-mir1350-2021.jpg", "author": "Mobile Industrial Robots", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://mobile-industrial-robots.com/products/robots/mir1350", "page": "https://mobile-industrial-robots.com/products/robots/mir1350", "kind": "maker", "w": 672, "h": 421 } }, { "id": "mir-mir600-2021", "name": "MiR600", "maker": "Mobile Industrial Robots (MiR, Teradyne)", "makerId": "mobile-industrial-robots", "country": "Denmark", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-08-12", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving pallets and heavy loads" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": 600, "batteryHours": 10.8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "MiR billed the MiR600 and MiR1350 as the market's first IP52-rated autonomous mobile robots.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A pallet-class autonomous mobile robot that carries 600 kg at up to 2 m/s, with dust- and drip-resistant IP52 electronics and about 10 h 45 min run time per charge.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-120cf4be90", "hs-28345254cc", "hs-6bdb018f17" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-08-12", "event": "Launched together with the MiR1350", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/mobile_industrial_robots_launches_mir600_mir1350_heavy_duty_mobile_robots/Mobile_Industrial_Robots" }, "released": { "date": "2021-08", "note": "Replaced the MiR500" }, "components": { "sensors": "360-degree coverage from safety laser scanners plus 3D cameras that see overhanging objects and low obstacles", "materials": "IP52 (dust and dripping water); reinforced chassis and casters", "software": "MiR fleet software; top modules for pallets and carts", "other": "Payload 600 kg at up to 2 m/s", "sources": [ "hs-120cf4be90", "hs-28345254cc" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold worldwide via MiR's distribution network; units not published", "where": "Odense, Denmark (MiR, part of Teradyne Robotics)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-07-30", "title": "Teradyne Robotics revenue up 33% in Q2", "summary": "Teradyne's robotics unit, which owns MiR and Universal Robots, reported $100 million in Q2 2026 revenue.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/teradyne-robotics-revenue-rises-33-year-over-year-in-q2/" }, { "date": "2025-11-06", "title": "Teradyne Robotics cuts 14% of staff", "summary": "Teradyne's robotics group, parent of MiR, made a second round of layoffs in 2025.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/teradyne-robotics-lays-off-another-14-of-workforce/" }, { "date": "2021-08-12", "title": "MiR launches MiR600 and MiR1350", "summary": "MiR introduced two IP52-rated pallet AMRs carrying 600 kg and 1,350 kg.", "publisher": "Robotics 24/7", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/mobile_industrial_robots_launches_mir600_mir1350_heavy_duty_mobile_robots/Mobile_Industrial_Robots" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It moves pallets around sites on its own under fleet software.", "video": { "id": "tcCwobduJeE", "title": "MiR600 & MiR1350", "channel": "Mobile Industrial Robots" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mir-mir600-2021.jpg", "author": "Mobile Industrial Robots", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://mobile-industrial-robots.com/products/robots/mir600", "page": "https://mobile-industrial-robots.com/products/robots/mir600", "kind": "maker", "w": 672, "h": 421 } }, { "id": "pudu-holabot-2021", "name": "HolaBot", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "restaurant dish collection", "bulk delivery in restaurants and hotels" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 60, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A high-capacity delivery and dish-return robot that carries up to 60 kg and can be summoned with a pager or smartwatch.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-6770fdd1c3", "hs-36dcdf2c77", "hs-98ca6c0eb2" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-09", "event": "Shown at FSTEC 2021, Texas (earliest showing found)", "url": "https://pudurobotics.com/about/news/6141d3cfad818a003900de7b" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "On sale; launch date not found" }, "components": { "sensors": "Built-in 3D obstacle-avoidance sensor (per Pudu's FSTEC 2021 release)", "sources": [ "hs-6770fdd1c3", "hs-36dcdf2c77" ] }, "production": { "sold": "On sale; model-level units not published", "where": "Shenzhen, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-04-23", "title": "Pudu raises nearly $150M", "summary": "Pudu said the round lifted its valuation above $1.5 billion and will expand manufacturing capacity.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/pudu-robotics-raises-nearly-150m-targets-industrial-applications/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff summon it by pager or watch, and it carries dishes on its own.", "video": { "id": "2oTA4l-OREw", "title": "HolaBot - Intelligent delivery and high carrying capacity", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-holabot-2021.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/holabot", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/holabot", "kind": "maker", "w": 744, "h": 880 } }, { "id": "mobileye-drive-nio-robotaxi-2021", "name": "Mobileye Drive robotaxi (NIO-based)", "maker": "Mobileye", "makerId": "mobileye", "country": "Israel", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-09", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Mobileye began robotaxi trials with NIO electric vehicles in Israel in May 2020 and showed the Mobileye Drive robotaxi at IAA Mobility in Munich in 2021, with testing in Munich and Tel Aviv.", "summary": "Electric NIO SUVs fitted with Mobileye Drive: 13 cameras, 3 long-range and 6 short-range lidars, and 6 radars. They served as Mobileye's robotaxi test platform before the VW ID. Buzz.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e31986bd0d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-09", "event": "IAA Mobility, Munich", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Test fleet only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Israel (Tel Aviv, Jerusalem), Munich", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mobileye-drive-nio-robotaxi-2021.jpg", "author": "Mobileye", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.mobileye.com/blog/self-driving-robotaxi-sixt-germany-iaa/", "page": "https://www.mobileye.com/blog/self-driving-robotaxi-sixt-germany-iaa/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 626 } }, { "id": "htx-xavier-2021", "name": "Xavier", "maker": "Home Team Science and Technology Agency (HTX)", "makerId": "home-team-science", "country": "Singapore", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-09-05", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "public-space patrol", "detecting nuisance behaviour" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "security", "domain": [ "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Two robots trialled for three weeks in Toa Payoh Central from 5 September 2021 with five government agencies.", "summary": "A four-wheeled patrol robot with a 360-degree camera and a screen that flagged behaviour such as smoking in banned areas or illegal parking and alerted a control centre. HTX said it had no facial recognition.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8b29cf3cb9", "hs-4b15fddbb4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-09-05", "event": "Public trial in Toa Payoh Central", "url": "https://lowyat.net/2021/252092/singapore-trials-patrol-robots-to-aid-authorities-in-enhancing-public-health-and-safety" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Three-week government trial; no wider rollout found" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/htx-xavier-2021.jpg", "author": "Home Team Science and Technology Agency", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.htx.gov.sg/news/media-release-htx-ground-robot-on-trial-at-toa-payoh-central-to-support-public-officers-in-enhancing-public-health-and-safety", "page": "https://www.htx.gov.sg/news/media-release-htx-ground-robot-on-trial-at-toa-payoh-central-to-support-public-officers-in-enhancing-public-health-and-safety", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "segway-navimow-h-series-2021", "name": "Navimow H series", "maker": "Segway (Segway-Ninebot)", "makerId": "segway", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-09-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "lawn mowing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 1450, "priceNote": "from 1,199 euros (H500E) to 2,499 euros (H3000E) at launch, 2021", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Segway's first robot mower and one of the first mass-market mowers to drop the buried boundary wire in favour of satellite positioning.", "deployments": "Segway said the H series was on sale in 24 countries by 2024 (Segway).", "summary": "A wire-free robotic lawn mower that maps and follows its boundary using Segway's Exact Fusion Locating System (satellite positioning fused with other sensors, claimed accurate to about 2 cm). Models range from the H500E for small lawns to the H3000E for about 3,000 square metres.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a8d504e4d4", "hs-8720312b87", "hs-4218d9abeb" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-09-07", "event": "Segway global product launch", "url": "https://www.slashgear.com/segway-built-a-smarter-robot-lawnmower-08689488" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "Europe first; US launch planned for spring 2022" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/segway-navimow-h-series-2021.jpg", "author": "Segway", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://navimow.segway.com/products/segway-navimow-h800-vf", "page": "https://navimow.segway.com/products/segway-navimow-h800-vf", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "pudu-kettybot-2021", "name": "KettyBot", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-09-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "restaurant food delivery", "greeting and guiding guests", "in-store advertising" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 112, "weightKg": 38, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 9, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "The KettyBot Pro was promoted as the first delivery robot to check its tray with a camera and leave automatically once a dish is taken (a maker claim).", "deployments": "Pudu says it has shipped more than 130,000 robots (all models) to 85+ countries and regions as of September 2026.", "summary": "A compact restaurant robot that combines an 18.5-inch advertising screen with removable trays, so it can greet and lead guests, cruise with snacks or deliver food; it fits 52-55 cm aisles. Figures are for the KettyBot Pro (launched 31 January 2024), an upgrade with a depth camera and tray-checking fisheye camera on the same body, carrying 10 kg per tray.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-0c1e55d2c9", "hs-8e8f4f73ef", "hs-9ae5e1ee29", "hs-98ca6c0eb2" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-09-09", "event": "Launch press release from Pudu Robotics", "url": "https://en.prnasia.com/releases/apac/a-new-innovation-in-robot-industry-kettybot-launched-by-pudu-robotics-332102.shtml" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "KettyBot Pro upgrade launched 31 January 2024 and is the version now sold; treated as a trim of the same robot" }, "components": { "sensors": "KettyBot Pro adds an ultra-wide RGB-D depth camera and a fisheye camera above the tray for tray inspection", "battery": "25.6 Ah; up to 8 hours; returns to dock when low", "software": "AI voice interaction and greeting; ad content on the screen", "other": "18.5-inch advertising screen; removable trays; passes 55 cm gaps (52 cm on KettyBot Pro)", "sources": [ "hs-9ae5e1ee29" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Global availability from September 2021; units not published", "where": "Shenzhen, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-04-23", "title": "Pudu raises nearly $150M", "summary": "Pudu said the round lifted its valuation above $1.5 billion and will expand manufacturing capacity.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/pudu-robotics-raises-nearly-150m-targets-industrial-applications/" }, { "date": "2024-01-31", "title": "Pudu launches KettyBot Pro", "summary": "Upgrade adds a wide-angle depth camera, smart tray inspection and a narrower 52 cm passing width.", "publisher": "PR Newswire", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/pudu-robotics-launches-kettybot-pro-for-personalized-customer-experience-302049417.html" }, { "date": "2021-09-09", "title": "KettyBot launched globally", "summary": "Pudu launched the KettyBot delivery and reception robot with an 18.5-inch ad screen.", "publisher": "PR Newswire APAC", "url": "https://en.prnasia.com/releases/apac/a-new-innovation-in-robot-industry-kettybot-launched-by-pudu-robotics-332102.shtml" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It greets, leads guests and delivers food on its own after staff choose a task.", "video": { "id": "yXp6nEI9Fjc", "title": "KettyBot Features - KettyBot for delivering foods and greeting guests", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-kettybot-2021.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/kettybot_pro", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/kettybot_pro", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "irobot-roomba-j7-2021", "name": "Roomba j7 / j7+", "maker": "iRobot", "makerId": "irobot", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-09-09", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "home floor vacuuming" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Ninth-generation Roomba with a front camera to spot and avoid obstacles such as cords and pet waste; the Combo j7+ added mopping in 2022.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e61865089e", "hs-571f082442" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-09-09", "event": "Introduced", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/2021-09-09-iRobot-Introduces-Roomba-R-j7-Robot-Vacuum-with-Genius-TM-3-0-Home-Intelligence-Clean-the-Way-You-Want,-So-You-Can-Human" }, "released": { "date": "2021-09", "note": "Status assumed discontinued after 2025 line-up; not confirmed" }, "components": { "sensors": "Front camera for PrecisionVision obstacle detection (cords, pet waste); bumper and infrared cliff sensors", "other": "Combo j7+ adds a lifting mop (2022); j8+ is a Costco variant", "sources": [ "hs-e61865089e" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold worldwide from September 2021; units not published", "where": "iRobot (contract manufacturer Picea, which bought iRobot in 2026)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-01-23", "title": "iRobot emerges from Chapter 11 under Picea", "summary": "iRobot completed a pre-packaged bankruptcy and became a US subsidiary of Shenzhen Picea Robotics.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/irobot-emerges-from-chapter-11-picea-u-s-subsidiary/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It vacuums hands-free and uses PrecisionVision Navigation to identify and avoid obstacles such as cords and pet waste.", "video": { "id": "nBcyb70Eo28", "title": "Introducing the New Roomba® j7/j7+ Robot Vacuum", "channel": "iRobot (@irobot)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/irobot-roomba-j7-2021.jpg", "author": "iRobot", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://media.irobot.com/media-kits?item=32", "page": "https://media.irobot.com/media-kits?item=32", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 934 } }, { "id": "iai-rex-mkii-2021", "name": "REX MKII", "maker": "Israel Aerospace Industries (ELTA)", "makerId": "israel-aerospace-industries", "country": "Israel", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-09-13", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "intelligence gathering", "resupply", "casualty evacuation", "armed support" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A semi-autonomous 4x4 robot controlled by tablet that can carry two machine guns, supplies or a wounded soldier.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8474e50024", "hs-d5da1a0528", "hs-7183924dab" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-09-13", "event": "Unveiled by IAI", "url": "https://www.news4jax.com/tech/2021/09/13/israeli-firm-unveils-armed-robot-to-patrol-volatile-borders/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "No customers named" }, "components": { "actuators": "Four-wheel drive", "sensors": "Cameras and sensors for intelligence gathering (not itemised)", "software": "Remote control from an electronic tablet; semi-autonomous functions", "other": "Can mount two machine guns; can carry supplies and injured soldiers", "sources": [ "hs-d5da1a0528", "hs-8d975a93c8" ] }, "production": { "sold": "No customers named; the IDF was using a smaller IAI vehicle, Jaguar, on the Gaza border at the time", "where": "Israel" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-09-13", "title": "IAI unveils REX MKII", "summary": "Israel Aerospace Industries showed a tablet-controlled armed UGV for border patrol and logistics.", "publisher": "Associated Press via News4JAX", "url": "https://www.news4jax.com/tech/2021/09/13/israeli-firm-unveils-armed-robot-to-patrol-volatile-borders/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "An operator controls it by tablet, while movement and surveillance can run autonomously; its guns need a person to fire.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/iai-rex-mkii-2021.jpg", "author": "Israel Aerospace Industries (ELTA)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.iai.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/REX-MK-II.webp", "page": "https://www.iai.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/REX-MK-II.webp", "kind": "maker", "w": 825, "h": 515 } }, { "id": "agilex-limo-2021", "name": "LIMO", "maker": "AgileX Robotics", "makerId": "agilex", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-09-17", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "teaching ROS and robotics", "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 3.6, "payloadKg": 4, "batteryHours": 1, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Launched on Kickstarter (prices not confirmed in sources opened); AgileX lists a LIMO PRO course bundle at $3,400", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A small open-source ROS robot for teaching and research that can switch between four steering modes: omni wheels, tracks, four-wheel differential and car-like Ackermann. Figures are for the current LIMO PRO (1 m/s, 4 kg payload, about 60 min run time).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-241992f987", "hs-b3f5e45f14", "hs-5159eeac6c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-09-17", "event": "AgileX announcement and Kickstarter campaign", "url": "https://discourse.openrobotics.org/t/open-source-ros-learning-and-robot-development-platform-limo/22325" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "LIMO PRO and LIMO ROS2 versions followed around October 2023" }, "components": { "actuators": "Four steering modes: omni-wheel, tracked, four-wheel differential and Ackermann", "sensors": "360-degree lidar and Intel RealSense camera (original); LIMO PRO uses EAI T-mini Pro lidar and Orbbec Dabai depth camera", "compute": "NVIDIA Jetson Nano (original); NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano on LIMO PRO", "battery": "10,000 mAh on LIMO PRO", "software": "Open-source ROS and ROS 2 packages, Gazebo simulation, Python and C++", "sources": [ "hs-b3f5e45f14" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold to schools and labs (launched via Kickstarter); units not published", "where": "Shenzhen, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-09-17", "title": "AgileX launches LIMO", "summary": "AgileX announced LIMO and LIMO LITE ROS platforms with four steering modes on Kickstarter.", "publisher": "Open Robotics Discourse", "url": "https://discourse.openrobotics.org/t/open-source-ros-learning-and-robot-development-platform-limo/22325" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Students drive it by remote and use it to develop and test their own mapping and navigation software.", "video": { "id": "68nNv4ScRu0", "title": "LIMO | UNBOXING AND DRIVE MODES SWITCH", "channel": "AgileX Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/agilex-limo-2021.jpg", "author": "AgileX Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://global.agilex.ai/products/limo-pro", "page": "https://global.agilex.ai/products/limo-pro", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "amazon-astro-2021", "name": "Astro", "maker": "Amazon", "makerId": "amazon", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-09-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "home monitoring", "home security patrol", "Alexa assistant", "video calls" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "security", "domain": [ "consumer", "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 44, "weightKg": 9.3, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 1450.0, "priceNote": "$1,449.99 regular price; $999.99 introductory price for invited Day 1 Editions buyers (2021)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Amazon's first home robot: a household robot that drives around the home for monitoring rather than cleaning.", "deployments": "Sold in limited numbers to invited US customers from late 2021 through Amazon's Day 1 Editions program.", "summary": "A knee-high wheeled home robot with a screen 'face' and a pop-up periscope camera that patrols the house, checks on rooms or people, and runs Alexa and Ring security features. It is about 44 cm tall and weighs about 9 kg.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-81b1c37b36", "hs-bd608f3ee4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-09-28", "event": "Amazon unveiled Astro at its fall Devices & Services event", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/devices/amazon-devices-services-news-september-2021" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "Invite-only shipments to US customers began late 2021; current availability not re-verified for 2026" }, "components": { "sensors": "5 MP bezel camera and 1080p periscope camera (132-degree view, visible and infrared); safety sensors for stairs and obstacles", "compute": "Two Qualcomm QCS605, one Qualcomm SDA660 and an Amazon AZ1 Neural Edge processor; dedicated safety processor", "battery": "Lithium-ion; self-docking", "software": "Alexa; Intelligent Motion SLAM navigation; Ring Protect Pro patrols; Alexa Together check-ins", "sources": [ "hs-bd608f3ee4" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Invite-only in the US; Bloomberg's Mark Gurman reported only a few hundred shipped in the first six months", "where": "United States (Amazon)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-09-28", "title": "Amazon introduces Astro", "summary": "Amazon unveiled its first home robot for home monitoring and remote family check-ins.", "publisher": "Amazon", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/devices/meet-astro-a-home-robot-unlike-any-other" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Astro moves autonomously around the home and can patrol with Ring Protect Pro; owners can send it to check areas and view rooms through the app.", "video": { "id": "YiHE5y1L2Bk", "title": "The Science Behind Astro - Amazon Astro", "channel": "amazon" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/amazon-astro-2021.jpg", "author": "Amazon", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/devices/meet-astro-a-home-robot-unlike-any-other", "page": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/devices/meet-astro-a-home-robot-unlike-any-other", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "pudu-flashbot-2021", "name": "FlashBot", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-09-30", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "building and hotel delivery", "multi-floor delivery by elevator" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery", "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 105.2, "weightKg": 60, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 9, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "In Japan it was integrated with Nippon Otis elevators. Pudu says it has shipped more than 130,000 robots (all models) to 85+ countries and regions as of September 2026.", "summary": "Pudu's building delivery robot: a cabinet on wheels with lockable compartments that calls elevators and passes gates by itself to bring parcels and room-service orders to doors. Figures are for the October 2024 upgraded version, now sold as FlashBot Max (2-4 adjustable compartments, 10 kg per layer, semi-outdoor navigation, 9 h runtime).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-c6634daffd", "hs-5ab6a9d4f5", "hs-ffcaad6ca1", "hs-98ca6c0eb2" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-09-30", "event": "Global launch announced by Pudu Robotics", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/news/742" }, "released": { "date": "2021-09", "note": "Upgraded version for semi-outdoor hotel areas announced 23 October 2024 and now marketed as FlashBot Max; treated as a revision, not a new machine" }, "components": { "sensors": "Multi-sensor fusion for 3D perception of low and overhanging obstacles", "battery": "Returns to charger when battery is low", "software": "Pudu Link remote monitoring; multi-robot task allocation; multi-floor map replication", "other": "Rides lifts via a cloud elevator-control link (compatible with KONE and OTIS) or Pudu's own hardware module", "sources": [ "hs-ffcaad6ca1" ] }, "production": { "sold": "On sale for hotels and buildings; units not published", "where": "Shenzhen, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-04-23", "title": "Pudu raises nearly $150M", "summary": "Pudu said the round lifted its valuation above $1.5 billion and will expand manufacturing capacity.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/pudu-robotics-raises-nearly-150m-targets-industrial-applications/" }, { "date": "2024-10-23", "title": "Pudu unveils latest FlashBot", "summary": "Pudu announced an updated FlashBot for semi-outdoor multi-floor building delivery.", "publisher": "Pudu Robotics", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/news/947" }, { "date": "2021-09-30", "title": "Pudu unveils FlashBot", "summary": "Pudu launched FlashBot, its building delivery robot.", "publisher": "Pudu Robotics", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/news/742" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It rides lifts and passes gates by itself to deliver to doors.", "video": { "id": "0biolYrl0Ms", "title": "FlashBot was successfully integrated with Nippon Otis elevator in Japan | Pudu Robotics", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-flashbot-2021.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/flashbot", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/flashbot", "kind": "maker", "w": 744, "h": 880 } }, { "id": "tianjin-port-section-c-l4-container-trucks-2021", "name": "Tianjin Port Section C L4 electric container trucks", "maker": "Tianjin Port Group with Huawei", "makerId": "tianjin-port", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "container moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "ports", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Huawei called it the world's first large-scale commercial use of L4 autonomous driving in a port.", "deployments": "In commercial operation at Beijiang Section C since October 2021, with a fleet of 76 driverless trucks reported in December 2022.", "summary": "Driverless electric container trucks guided by BeiDou positioning and a cloud dispatch system at Tianjin's Beijiang Section C, billed as the first smart zero-carbon terminal. They drive themselves to automatic lashing stations and the yard.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f977f82aef", "hs-559ca82611" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-10", "event": "Section C terminal starts commercial operation", "url": "https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/?p=959227" }, "released": { "date": "2021-10", "note": "Commercial operation" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Beijiang Section C terminal, Port of Tianjin, China", "since": "2021-10", "fleet": "76 driverless container trucks (Huawei, Dec 2022)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "xcmg-unmanned-road-construction-fleet-2021", "name": "Unmanned road construction fleet (autonomous rollers and pavers)", "maker": "XCMG", "makerId": "xcmg", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "asphalt paving", "road compaction" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Ten autonomous tandem rollers and two unmanned pavers resurfaced the Suzhou section of the Nanjing-Shanghai Expressway in 2021; XCMG said its second-generation fleet had worked on 15 highway projects in 12 provinces, about 500 km, by 2022.", "summary": "Rollers and pavers that drive, steer and compact on their own using BeiDou satellite positioning, inertial navigation and obstacle recognition, with radar measuring asphalt thickness as they go.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-63bcd393ae", "hs-5a78aa32f9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-10", "event": "Nanjing-Shanghai Expressway resurfacing reported (earlier first-generation dates not found)", "url": "https://www.khl.com/news/xcmg-robots-complete-highway-project/8015601.article" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Used by contractors on Chinese highway projects" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/xcmg-unmanned-road-construction-fleet-2021.jpg", "author": "XCMG", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://mmx.prnewswire.com/media/1808381/XCMG_Unmanned_Driving_Road_Machines_Work_Construction_Site__Xinjiang_s_desert.jpg?p=publish", "page": "https://mmx.prnewswire.com/media/1808381/XCMG_Unmanned_Driving_Road_Machines_Work_Construction_Site__Xinjiang_s_desert.jpg?p=publish", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "caltech-leonardo-2021", "name": "LEONARDO (LEO)", "maker": "Caltech Center for Autonomous Systems and Technologies", "makerId": "caltech-center", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-10-06", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research into combined walking and flying" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 76, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A bipedal robot that uses propeller thrusters to balance while walking, letting it walk a slackline and ride a skateboard.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A 2.5 ft tall biped with three actuated joints per leg and four angled propeller thrusters at its shoulders; the propellers steady it while walking and can also lift it into flight. It featured on the cover of Science Robotics.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-aeaac65019" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-10-06", "event": "Science Robotics paper 'A bipedal walking robot that can fly, slackline, and skateboard' published", "url": "https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/leonardo-the-bipedal-robot-can-ride-a-skateboard-and-walk-a-slackline" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research robot" }, "components": { "actuators": "Two legs with three actuated joints each, plus four angled propeller thrusters at the shoulders", "software": "Synchronised control of thrusters and leg joints; planned neural-network landing controller", "other": "About 2.5 ft (76 cm) tall; hybrid walking-flying locomotion lets it walk a slackline and ride a skateboard", "sources": [ "hs-aeaac65019" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research prototype", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Caltech CAST, Pasadena, United States" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-10-06", "title": "Caltech's LEO walks, flies and skateboards", "summary": "Caltech described LEO, a biped with propeller thrusters, published in Science Robotics.", "publisher": "Caltech", "url": "https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/leonardo-the-bipedal-robot-can-ride-a-skateboard-and-walk-a-slackline" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers commanded it while it balanced itself with its thrusters as it walked.", "video": { "id": "DhpMlI8jb5o", "title": "Leonardo: The Skateboarding, Slacklining Robot", "channel": "Caltech (@caltech)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/caltech-leonardo-2021.jpg", "author": "Caltech Center for Autonomous Systems and Technologies", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/leonardo-the-bipedal-robot-can-ride-a-skateboard-and-walk-a-slackline", "page": "https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/leonardo-the-bipedal-robot-can-ride-a-skateboard-and-walk-a-slackline", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 507 } }, { "id": "sword-spur-vision60-2021", "name": "SPUR (Special Purpose Unmanned Rifle) on Vision 60", "maker": "SWORD International (on a Ghost Robotics Vision 60)", "makerId": "sword-international", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-10-11", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "armed demonstration" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "military", "defence-research" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first publicly shown rifle-armed robot dogs in the West.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A rifle module built for unmanned platforms, shown mounted on a Ghost Robotics Vision 60 robot dog at the AUSA show in 2021.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4cd822f837", "hs-01732201d3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-10-11", "event": "AUSA annual meeting, Washington DC", "url": "https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20211015-putting-guns-on-robot-dogs" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "No confirmed sale found" }, "components": { "hands": "No manipulator on the SPUR configuration; a separate 6-DoF arm for Vision 60 was launched in December 2025", "sensors": "Payload has a 30x optical zoom and thermal camera (as reported at AUSA 2021)", "battery": "Vision 60 base: 3+ hours walking or 20+ hours standby", "materials": "Vision 60 base is IP67", "other": "Payload by SWORD International on Ghost Robotics' Vision 60 (10 kg payload capacity); remote load, safe and clear functions are operator-controlled", "sources": [ "hs-538a3600bc", "hs-4cd822f837" ] }, "production": { "sold": "No confirmed sale found", "where": "United States" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-12-11", "title": "Ghost Robotics adds arm to Vision 60", "summary": "Ghost Robotics launched a 6-DoF backdrivable manipulator arm for its Vision 60 quadruped.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/ghost-robotics-releases-manipulator-arm-for-vision-60-quadruped/" }, { "date": "2021-10-16", "title": "Rifle-armed robot dog shown at AUSA", "summary": "Fox News reported the SWORD payload on a Ghost Robotics quadruped at the AUSA meeting.", "publisher": "Fox News", "url": "https://www.foxnews.com/science/robot-dog-armed-sniper-rifle-us-army-trade-show.amp" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "The rifle module is aimed and fired by a remote human operator; it was shown only as a prototype.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/sword-spur-vision60-2021.jpg", "author": "SWORD International (on a Ghost Robotics Vision 60)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://milirepo.jp/wp/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Ghost-Robotics-1.jpg", "page": "https://milirepo.jp/wp/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Ghost-Robotics-1.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 532 } }, { "id": "yanmar-yv01-2021", "name": "YV01", "maker": "Yanmar", "makerId": "yanmar", "country": "Japan", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-10-12", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "vineyard spraying", "electrostatic crop protection" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1000, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "In full production and sold in France's Champagne region from March 2023 through Yanmar Vineyard Solutions in Épernay (Yanmar, Mar 2023).", "summary": "A one-tonne tracked straddle robot that drives itself along narrow vine rows by RTK-GPS, straddling vines up to 1.4 m tall and climbing slopes up to 45%, and sprays from a 200-litre tank; a 1,450 kg soil-working version adds tilling tools. It runs on a 25 hp petrol engine while a supervisor watches.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-7bd092c89d", "hs-be3998e24a", "hs-57b08a9b52" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-10-12", "event": "VITeff 2021, Épernay, France", "url": "https://futurefarming.com/tech-in-focus/field-robots/yanmar-launches-autonomous-vineyard-spraying-robot" }, "released": { "date": "2023-03-02", "note": "commercial launch in France" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/yanmar-yv01-2021.jpg", "author": "Yanmar", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.mynewsdesk.com/us/yanmar/pressreleases/yanmar-delivers-yv01-smart-spraying-robot-to-france-3237328", "page": "https://www.mynewsdesk.com/us/yanmar/pressreleases/yanmar-delivers-yv01-smart-spraying-robot-to-france-3237328", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "obayashi-autonomous-low-floor-agv-2021", "name": "Autonomous low-floor AGV logistics system", "maker": "Obayashi Corporation (with SRI International)", "makerId": "obayashi", "country": "Japan", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-10-25", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "construction", "carrying materials", "riding construction elevators" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Small low-floor carts, first built by Obayashi in 2015, made autonomous with SRI so several can carry material and board the construction elevator together. They read 2D markers with a stereo camera and use LiDAR to avoid obstacles, with one operator watching all of them on a tablet.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-0242143278", "hs-5a1b0dd072" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-10-25", "event": "Obayashi press release", "url": "https://www.obayashi.co.jp/en/news/detail/news20211025_1_en.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Planned for actual sites; Obayashi spun off PLiBOT for mobile-robot systems in September 2022" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/obayashi-autonomous-low-floor-agv-2021.jpg", "author": "Obayashi Corporation (with SRI International)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.obayashi.co.jp/news/upload/img/news20211011_1_03.jpg", "page": "https://www.obayashi.co.jp/news/upload/img/news20211011_1_03.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 640, "h": 360 } }, { "id": "qcraft-longzhou-one-2021", "name": "Longzhou ONE Robobus", "maker": "QCraft", "makerId": "qcraft", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-10-26", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "public transit", "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "public-transit", "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "no price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Gasgoo described the Wuxi launch as China's first 5G ride-hailing robobus open to the public on city streets (October 2021).", "deployments": "Three public routes totalling 15 km in Wuxi's business district from October 2021, booked by app and running at 20 to 50 km/h.", "summary": "QCraft's own small robobus for on-demand microtransit, linking offices, homes, schools and metro stops. Riders enter a destination in an app and are picked up at fixed points.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9f2330a97b", "hs-3575598602" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-10-26", "event": "Public launch in Wuxi CBD", "url": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/news/qcraft-launches-china-first-5g-ride-hailing-robobus-on-open-streets-70018991" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "public pilot service" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Wuxi CBD (from Oct 2021); QCraft also reported robobus tests in Suzhou, Shenzhen, Wuhan and Beijing (Gasgoo, c. 2020-2021)", "since": null, "fleet": "about 70 mini robobuses across Chinese cities (QCraft via Gasgoo, funding report c. 2021)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/qcraft-longzhou-one-2021-1.jpg", "author": "Windmemories", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20230329_QCraft_autonomous_bus_in_Suzhou.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "neubility-neubie-2021", "name": "Neubie", "maker": "Neubility", "makerId": "neubility", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "food delivery", "convenience-store delivery", "campus and resort delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 81.5, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5.7, "payloadKg": 20, "batteryHours": 8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "About 58 robots in service in early 2023; 10 on public streets in Seongnam from May 2024; Yogiyo app deliveries in Songdo, Incheon from September 2024.", "summary": "A camera-based sidewalk delivery robot that avoids lidar to keep costs down. Korean government sheets list about 5.7 km/h, a 20 kg payload and 8 hours per charge.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-9df14b8168", "hs-83908fc549", "hs-b1b1ff1a88" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-11", "event": "Apartment delivery test with 7-Eleven, Seoul", "url": "https://v.daum.net/v/20211122181510621" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/neubility-neubie-2021.jpg", "author": "Neubility", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.neubility.ai/en/product", "page": "https://www.neubility.ai/en/product", "kind": "maker", "w": 755, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "elbit-roboteam-rook-2021", "name": "ROOK", "maker": "Elbit Systems and Roboteam", "makerId": "elbit-systems", "country": "Israel", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "resupply", "casualty evacuation", "remote weapon carrier" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1200, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 30, "payloadKg": 1200, "batteryHours": 8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 6x6 robot that weighs 1.2 tonnes and can carry the same again, built for resupply, evacuation and carrying weapon stations.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b4156adc62", "hs-8e1a242a13" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-11", "event": "Unveiled by Elbit and Roboteam", "url": "https://www.edrmagazine.eu/elbit-systems-and-roboteam-introduce-rook-new-multi-payload-6x6-unmanned-ground-vehicle" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "Offered for sale" }, "components": { "software": "Built to the US UGV Interoperability Profile (IOP) so different payloads can be fitted", "other": "6x6; carries up to 1,200 kg of payload; 24 cm ground clearance; roles include resupply, casualty evacuation and intelligence gathering", "sources": [ "hs-3f3baffa31" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Offered for sale; no customers named in sources opened", "where": "Israel" }, "news": [ { "date": "2021-11-16", "title": "Elbit and Roboteam launch ROOK", "summary": "Elbit Systems and Roboteam introduced the ROOK multi-payload 6x6 unmanned ground vehicle.", "publisher": "EDR Magazine", "url": "https://www.edrmagazine.eu/elbit-systems-and-roboteam-introduce-rook-new-multi-payload-6x6-unmanned-ground-vehicle" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It can be teleoperated, follow soldiers or drive autonomously with one operator overseeing several machines; its weapon is remotely operated by a person.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/elbit-roboteam-rook-2021.jpg", "author": "Elbit Systems (with Roboteam)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.elbitsystems.com/pr-new/elbit-systems-and-roboteam-introduce-rook-new-multi-payload-6x6-unmanned-ground-vehicle", "page": "https://www.elbitsystems.com/pr-new/elbit-systems-and-roboteam-introduce-rook-new-multi-payload-6x6-unmanned-ground-vehicle", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "yara-birkeland-2021", "name": "Yara Birkeland", "maker": "Yara International with Kongsberg Maritime", "makerId": "yara-international", "country": "Norway", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-11-18", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "container freight", "fertiliser shipping" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "logistics", "ports" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 27.8, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Norwegian government enterprise Enova granted NOK 133.6 million in 2017 to build Yara Birkeland (Yara, 2017).", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed as the world's first fully electric, autonomy-ready container ship.", "deployments": "In commercial service since spring 2022 carrying fertiliser about 7 nautical miles from Yara's Porsgrunn (Heroya) plant to Brevik, still with a crew aboard as of the latest public reports.", "summary": "An 80 m, 120 TEU battery-electric container ship whose Kongsberg sensors, control systems and remote-operation links are built for a gradual move from crewed to autonomous sailing. Its own systems are meant to steer the short Heroya-Brevik route with a shore centre watching, but public reporting through 2022 says a full crew stayed aboard while those functions were tested.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-32677d221c", "hs-045db1f0d6", "hs-d76684d8f9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-11-18", "event": "First and only pre-service voyage, Horten to Oslo", "url": "https://www.yara.com/news-and-media/media-library/press-kits/yara-birkeland-press-kit/" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "Commercial operation began in Porsgrunn in spring 2022; christened 29 April 2022" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Heroya (Porsgrunn) to Brevik, Norway", "since": null, "fleet": "1 vessel (Yara)", "usage": "Yara says it replaces about 40,000 diesel truck journeys a year (Yara press kit)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/yara-birkeland-2021.jpg", "author": "Yara International with Kongsberg Maritime", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.yara.com/news-and-media/media-library/press-kits/yara-birkeland-press-kit/", "page": "https://www.yara.com/news-and-media/media-library/press-kits/yara-birkeland-press-kit/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 406 } }, { "id": "waymo-ojai-2021", "name": "Waymo Ojai (6th-gen Waymo Driver, Zeekr-built)", "maker": "Waymo with Zeekr (Geely)", "makerId": "waymo", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-12", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Waymo's first purpose-built robotaxi body, designed around riders with a flat floor, sliding doors and a reduced 13-camera, 4-lidar sensor set.", "deployments": "Employee driverless rides from February 2026; opened to all riders in San Francisco, Los Angeles and Phoenix in August 2026, and makes up most of the Las Vegas fleet since September 2026.", "summary": "A four-seat electric minivan made by Zeekr in China and fitted with Waymo's sixth-generation Driver in Arizona. It began as the 'Zeekr' van and was renamed Ojai.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9aacedcacf", "hs-f3cedbda27", "hs-25b1111e76", "hs-5a195fc869" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-12", "event": "Waymo announces Zeekr-built purpose-built vehicle", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2026-06", "note": "Public rides began (free at first) in SF, LA and Phoenix; open to all riders August 2026" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Las Vegas", "since": "2026-02", "fleet": "reports range from about 100 to about 300 Ojai vehicles (press, mid-2026); no official count", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/waymo-ojai-2021-1.jpg", "author": "Dllu", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waymo_Zeekr_Vehicle_at_Bayshore_Depot_oblique_view_dllu.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "agrointelli-robotti-lr-2021", "name": "Robotti LR", "maker": "AgroIntelli", "makerId": "agrointelli", "country": "Denmark", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-12-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "seeding", "weeding", "spraying", "soil preparation" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "The Robotti family (150D and LR) has run on farms in Denmark, the UK, Germany, France and Australia.", "summary": "A long-range, single-engine version of the Robotti 150D field robot with a 300-litre diesel tank for up to 60 hours of work and a 1,250 kg hitch lift.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c147f241a3", "hs-ed638d525e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-12-07", "event": "Launch announcement", "url": "https://www.futurefarming.com/tech-in-focus/field-robots/agrointelli-launches-new-long-range-robotti-field-robot/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/agrointelli-robotti-lr-2021.jpg", "author": "AgroIntelli", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.futurefarming.com/tech-in-focus/field-robots/agrointelli-launches-new-long-range-robotti-field-robot/", "page": "https://www.futurefarming.com/tech-in-focus/field-robots/agrointelli-launches-new-long-range-robotti-field-robot/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "saic-mobility-marvel-r-robotaxi-2021", "name": "SAIC Mobility Robotaxi (Rising Auto Marvel R)", "maker": "SAIC Mobility with Momenta", "makerId": "saic-mobility", "country": "China", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-12-08", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "SAIC's first robotaxis, using Momenta's L4 hardware and software.", "deployments": "The first 20 cars began trial operation in Shanghai's Jiading district on 8 December 2021, with plans for 40 in Shanghai and 20 in Suzhou by end-2021 and 200 including Shenzhen in 2022.", "summary": "Rising Auto Marvel R electric SUVs fitted with Momenta's L4 system and a 600 TOPS computer, run on SAIC's own ride-hail platform.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-eab7db1749" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-12-08", "event": "Start of trial operation in Jiading, Shanghai", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2021/12/08/saics-mobility-services-platform-builds-first-robotaxis-using-momentas-technology/" }, "released": { "date": "2021-12-08", "note": "trial operation" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Shanghai Jiading; Suzhou and Shenzhen planned (2021 plan)", "since": null, "fleet": "20 vehicles at launch (CnEVPost, Dec 2021)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/saic-mobility-marvel-r-robotaxi-2021.jpg", "author": "SAIC Mobility with Momenta", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.saicmotor.com/english/images/latest_news/saic_motor/2021/12/16/0E3D3F51E0EE46EEA2FB39CA8D9EDA1E.jpg", "page": "https://www.saicmotor.com/english/images/latest_news/saic_motor/2021/12/16/0E3D3F51E0EE46EEA2FB39CA8D9EDA1E.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 664 } }, { "id": "tusimple-driver-out-truck-2021", "name": "TuSimple Driver Out autonomous semi-truck", "maker": "TuSimple", "makerId": "tusimple", "country": "United States", "year": 2021, "date": "2021-12-29", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "freight", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "On 22 December 2021 a TuSimple truck drove about 80 miles from Tucson to the Phoenix area at night with no one aboard, which TuSimple called a first for a Class 8 truck on open public roads.", "deployments": "The driverless run used lead and chase vehicles and was part of a pilot with Arizona DOT; US operations were wound down in late 2023.", "summary": "Class 8 semi-trucks running TuSimple's autonomous driving system, tested in Arizona and Texas. TuSimple left the US in 2023-24 and turned into the AI animation company CreateAI.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ed1ed32ea8", "hs-75dc7a21e1", "hs-855e487ced", "hs-096fa72c4f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2021-12-29", "event": "TuSimple announces Driver Out run", "url": "https://electrek.co/2021/12/29/tusimple-successfully-operates-80-mile-autonomous-semi-truck-ride-on-public-roads-without-a-human-present/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Never entered driverless service; US business shut down 2023-24" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Tucson to Phoenix, Arizona (test)", "since": "2021-12-22", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/tusimple-driver-out-truck-2021.jpg", "author": "TuSimple", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.tusimple.com/", "page": "https://www.tusimple.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "agtonomy-autonomy-platform-2022", "name": "Agtonomy autonomy platform", "maker": "Agtonomy", "makerId": "agtonomy", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "mowing", "hauling", "orchard and vineyard work" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "AI autonomy built into tractors and utility machines from partners including Kubota and Bobcat, for mowing, hauling and in-row jobs on diesel and electric machines.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d4102c5453" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022", "event": "Company launch of tractor autonomy (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.agtonomy.com/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Embedded at factory level with partner brands" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/agtonomy-autonomy-platform-2022.jpg", "author": "Agtonomy", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://mmx.prnewswire.com/media/2338229/Agtonomy_Fleet_in_Vineyard_small.jpg?p=publish", "page": "https://mmx.prnewswire.com/media/2338229/Agtonomy_Fleet_in_Vineyard_small.jpg?p=publish", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 749 } }, { "id": "husqvarna-ceora-2022", "name": "CEORA", "maker": "Husqvarna", "makerId": "husqvarna", "country": "Sweden", "year": 2022, "date": "2022", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "mowing sports fields", "large-area turf mowing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 43.9, "weightKg": 72.6, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 32829.9, "priceNote": "US MSRP $32,829.94 for the kit (drive unit, deck, charger); reference station sold separately", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A professional robot mower for sports fields, golf courses and parks that covers up to about 18 acres of regular turf (6 acres at sports quality) with no boundary wire.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-cfbce552e1", "hs-db9906f37f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022", "event": "Launch (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.husqvarna.com/us/robotic-lawn-mowers/ceora/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Sold in the US and Europe" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/husqvarna-ceora-2022-1.jpg", "author": "W.carter", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Husqvarna_CEORA_professional_robotic_lawn_mower_at_Brastad_Arena_1.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "clevon-1-2022", "name": "CLEVON 1 (GO Bot)", "maker": "Clevon (now indiGO Europe, part of indiGOtech)", "makerId": "clevon", "country": "Estonia", "year": 2022, "date": "2022", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "last-mile parcel and grocery delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its predecessor, Cleveron 701, became the first unmanned vehicle licensed for public roads across Estonia in 2020, according to Clevon.", "deployments": "Clevon lists a REWE delivery fleet in Vilnius, a DHL Express road trial in Estonia (2023) and a first US commercial service in Northlake, Texas near Dallas-Fort Worth.", "summary": "A small electric driverless road courier with swappable cargo modules, supervised by teleoperators who each watch several robots. It is the third generation of a robot line spun out of parcel-locker maker Cleveron.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-c905174727", "hs-9f0f7dfd18" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022", "event": "CLEVON 1 introduced", "url": "https://clevon.com/about" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Commercial pilots in Europe and Texas" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Estonia; Vilnius, Lithuania; Northlake and Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/clevon-1-2022-1.jpg", "author": "Arz", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IKI_LastMile_autonomous_car_CLEVON_2023.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 751 } }, { "id": "dexory-dexoryview-robot-2022", "name": "Dexory autonomous inventory robot (DexoryView)", "maker": "Dexory (formerly BotsAndUs)", "makerId": "dexory", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2022, "date": "2022", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "warehouse inventory scanning", "stock and pallet location checks" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used by logistics firms; Dexory names customers including GXO, DB Schenker, Maersk, Yusen Logistics and Samsung SDS.", "summary": "A wheeled robot with a tall sensor tower that drives warehouse aisles and scans full-height racking with lidar and cameras. Dexory says it can scan up to 15,000 pallet positions an hour and feeds the data to its DexoryView software.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-ae96c36e51", "hs-bb395efa6f", "hs-86d39d8ae1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022", "event": "BotsAndUs renamed itself Dexory in November 2022 (exact first showing of the scanning robot not found)", "url": "https://www.dexory.com/about-us" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Sold as a service; raised a $165m Series C in October 2025" }, "components": { "sensors": "Tower-mounted multi-layer lidar and point-cloud capture scanning full-height racking in one pass", "software": "DexoryView warehouse intelligence platform and Dexory AI; one cloud console for 1,000+ robots or sites", "other": "Up to 15,000 pallet locations scanned per hour; needs no beacons or rails; 3 x 3 m charging dock", "sources": [ "hs-ae96c36e51", "hs-bb395efa6f" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold as a monthly subscription; units not published", "where": "London, United Kingdom", "customers": "GXO, Maersk, DB Schenker, Iron Mountain, Ziegler, Unipart, Yusen Logistics, ID Logistics, Stellantis, GE Appliances, Samsung SDS and others named by Dexory" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-10-02", "title": "Dexory raises $80M Series B", "summary": "Dexory raised $80M to expand DexoryView, with customers in seven US states.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/dexory-brings-in-80m-to-support-global-expansion/" }, { "date": "2023-07-03", "title": "Dexory raises $19M Series A", "summary": "Atomico led a $19M round with Maersk Growth participating.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/dexory-raises-19m-in-series-a-to-advance-warehouse-visibility/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives warehouse aisles on its own, scanning racks.", "video": { "id": "5dNkXOrGCTI", "title": "DexoryView - Scan up to 10k locations per hour", "channel": "Dexory" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/dexory-dexoryview-robot-2022.jpg", "author": "Dexory (formerly BotsAndUs)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.dexory.com/about-us", "page": "https://www.dexory.com/about-us", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 863 } }, { "id": "kaist-hound-2022", "name": "KAIST Hound", "maker": "KAIST Dynamic Robot Control and Design Lab", "makerId": "kaist-dynamic-control", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2022, "date": "2022", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research", "speed record" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 45, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 18.1, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Holds the Guinness World Record for the fastest 100 m by a quadruped robot: 19.87 s (October 2023).", "deployments": null, "summary": "A 45 kg high-speed research quadruped controlled by a single reinforcement-learning policy. The speed is the average over its record 100 m run.", "specSource": "paper", "sources": [ "hs-7b9b7767d3", "hs-0aa530133e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022", "event": "ICRA 2022 paper", "url": "https://www.dynamicrobot.kaist.ac.kr/kaist-hound-1" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "research only" }, "components": { "actuators": "Electric motors with a gear train chosen by mixed-integer optimisation of gear ratio, geometry and motor heat limits", "other": "45 kg research quadruped built for fast outdoor running", "sources": [ "hs-7b9b7767d3" ] }, "production": { "built": "Research prototype(s)", "sold": "not sold", "where": "KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers commanded its runs while its learned controller handled the gait and balance.", "video": { "id": "-2k7H3CIhoQ", "title": "KAIST Hound, a Quadruped Robot 100m World Record", "channel": "KAIST DRCD Lab" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kaist-hound-2022.jpg", "author": "KAIST Dynamic Robot Control and Design Lab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://news.kaist.ac.kr/newsen/html/news/?mode=V&mng_no=60690", "page": "https://news.kaist.ac.kr/newsen/html/news/?mode=V&mng_no=60690", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 449 } }, { "id": "mammotion-luba-awd-2022", "name": "LUBA AWD", "maker": "Mammotion", "makerId": "mammotion", "country": "China", "year": 2022, "date": "2022", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "lawn mowing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "UK prices £1,999 / £2,499 / £2,899 for the AWD 1000 / 3000 / 5000 at June 2023 retail launch; Kickstarter pledge prices not opened", "hands": "none", "firsts": "An early mass-market robot mower combining all-wheel drive with RTK satellite navigation and no perimeter wire; its 2022 Kickstarter raised over US$3 million.", "deployments": "Kickstarter campaign in 2022 drew more than 2,000 backers and over US$3 million in 35 days (Mammotion, Jun 2022); general retail through Mammotion's store and Amazon from 2023 (Notebookcheck, Jun 2023).", "summary": "Mammotion's first residential robot mower: a four-wheel-drive machine that navigates by RTK-GNSS (claimed within about 2 cm) instead of a boundary wire, with multi-zone schedules and cut heights of 30 to 70 mm. The largest AWD 5000 version is rated for 5,000 square metres and 75% (about 37 degree) slopes.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1400bd89e7", "hs-9f8d9e70f1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022", "event": "LUBA Kickstarter campaign, followed by spoga+gafa 2022 in Cologne (June 2022) where units were shown", "url": "https://technode.global/prnasia/mammotion-features-luba-and-kumar-robotic-lawn-mowers-during-spogagafa-2022/" }, "released": { "date": "2023-06", "note": "retail sale (UK/EU) after Kickstarter deliveries" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mammotion-luba-awd-2022.jpg", "author": "Mammotion", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.notebookcheck.it/Il-robot-rasaerba-LUBA-AWD-di-Mammotion-e-ora-in-vendita.728440.0.html", "page": "https://www.notebookcheck.it/Il-robot-rasaerba-LUBA-AWD-di-Mammotion-e-ora-in-vendita.728440.0.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 600, "h": 450 } }, { "id": "scythe-m52-2022", "name": "M.52", "maker": "Scythe Robotics", "makerId": "scythe", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "commercial mowing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Customers in Colorado and Illinois report smaller crews and added capacity.", "summary": "An electric autonomous commercial mower with a 52-inch deck that cuts about 1.5 acres per hour for landscaping crews.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-484ee05787" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022", "event": "Public unveiling (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.scytherobotics.com/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Order and demo online" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/scythe-m52-2022.jpg", "author": "Scythe Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://scytherobotics.com/", "page": "https://scytherobotics.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 709 } }, { "id": "psa-tuas-agv-fleet-2022", "name": "PSA Tuas Port AGV fleet", "maker": "PSA International (multiple suppliers)", "makerId": "psa-international", "country": "Singapore", "year": 2022, "date": "2022", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "container moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "ports", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Operator fleet, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Planned as the world's largest fully automated terminal, with a long-term goal of about 2,000 AGVs (IMDA, 2022).", "deployments": "More than 300 AGVs ran across 11 berths in early 2025, when Tuas passed 10 million containers handled since opening in 2022.", "summary": "Battery-electric AGVs from several suppliers, coordinated by PSA's own fleet management system, carry most containers at Singapore's new Tuas megaport. Earlier PSA batches came from Kalmar, Gaussin and Toyota Industries.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5783b4df31", "hs-f88818cfdf", "hs-7bf5763682" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022", "event": "Tuas Port begins operations", "url": "https://www.automotivelogistics.media/digitalisation/psa-is-using-the-latest-automation-technology-to-increase-container-throughput-at-the-port-of-tuas/216091" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Tuas Port, Singapore", "since": "2022", "fleet": "More than 300 AGVs across 11 berths (PSA via Automotive Logistics, March 2025)", "usage": "10 million containers handled at Tuas since 2022, reached Feb 2025 (Automotive Logistics)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/psa-tuas-agv-fleet-2022-1.jpg", "author": "ZKang123", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tuas_Port_20230801_134232.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "gausium-phantas-2022", "name": "Phantas", "maker": "Gausium (Gaussian Robotics)", "makerId": "gausium", "country": "China", "year": 2022, "date": "2022", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "vacuuming, sweeping, scrubbing and dust mopping small spaces" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 61.9, "weightKg": 65, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 10, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A compact four-in-one commercial floor-cleaning robot for hotels, shops, offices and hospitals that cleans right to the wall edge. Run time ranges from 4.5 h scrubbing to 10 h dust mopping (maximum shown).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-4bbf7db73e", "hs-c7c683c036", "hs-534c21d38c", "hs-85c6a8454e", "hs-4a197deda7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022", "event": "Debuted at Interclean Amsterdam 2022 (per Gausium's 2024 Interclean report)", "url": "https://gausium.com/news/gausium-unveiled-groundbreaking-innovations-at-interclean-amsterdam-2024/" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "Updated version with smart handle shown 2024; Phantas Turbo shown 2025" }, "components": { "sensors": "2D lidar, 3D depth cameras, RGB camera, anti-drop and anti-collision sensors", "battery": "Up to 4.5 h scrubbing or vacuuming, 6 h sweeping, 10 h dust mopping; about 2 h charge", "other": "Four-in-one (scrub, vacuum, sweep, dust mop); 65 kg; 11.5 L clean / 10.5 L waste tanks; 6 L dust bag; 350-700 sq m/h practical; passes 650 mm; integrated handle for manual mode", "sources": [ "hs-c7c683c036", "hs-4bbf7db73e" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Gausium said it sold more than 8,000 Phantas units in the year to May 2024", "where": "Shanghai, China", "customers": "InterContinental Wien (with Vacuum 40)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-07-13", "title": "IDC ranks Gausium No. 1 cleaning-robot supplier", "summary": "Gausium said IDC ranked it first worldwide by shipments and revenue for 2025.", "publisher": "Gausium", "url": "https://gausium.com/news/idc-2025-worlds-no1-commercial-cleaning-robot-supplier/" }, { "date": "2024-05-21", "title": "Gausium shows Phantas upgrades at Interclean", "summary": "Gausium showed Phantas S1 Pro with smart handle and Vacuum 40 in Amsterdam.", "publisher": "Gausium", "url": "https://gausium.com/news/gausium-unveiled-groundbreaking-innovations-at-interclean-amsterdam-2024/" }, { "date": "2024-05-20", "title": "Gausium raises $50M; 8,000 Phantas sold", "summary": "Gausium closed Series D funding and reported 1,000+ units delivered in Europe.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/gausiums-cleaning-robots-brings-in-50m-for-global-expansion/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It cleans mapped floors on its own after staff start the job.", "video": { "id": "UBH85ADzgv0", "title": "Phantas - All-in-one Floor Cleaning Solution", "channel": "Gausium Official" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/gausium-phantas-2022.jpg", "author": "Gausium", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://gausium.com/products/phantas/", "page": "https://gausium.com/products/phantas/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 622 } }, { "id": "hyundai-rotem-hr-sherpa-2022", "name": "HR-Sherpa (Multi-Purpose UGV)", "maker": "Hyundai Rotem", "makerId": "hyundai-rotem", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "reconnaissance", "transport", "remote weapon carrier" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1600, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 40, "payloadKg": 400, "batteryHours": 6, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A fully electric 6x6 robot with in-wheel motors and airless tyres; a production version with a remote weapon station was delivered to the South Korean Army for trials.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-00591af8d9", "hs-48a9518dbe", "hs-e458e3394c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-01", "event": "Deliveries to the RoK Army reported (earlier unveiling not sourced)", "url": "https://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/2022/01/rok-army-receives-new-hyundai-rotem-ugvs/" }, "released": { "date": "2022-01", "note": "Multipurpose UGVs delivered for Army trials" }, "components": { "actuators": "Six in-hub electric motors, one per wheel; can turn on the spot; airless tyres", "sensors": "Day and night cameras", "battery": "Battery-electric; up to about 6 hours at 5 km/h cruise (claimed)", "software": "Leader-follower, teleoperation and waypoint-based semi-autonomous navigation", "other": "About 1,600 kg empty; 400 kg mission payload; 2.7 x 1.7 x 0.9 m", "sources": [ "hs-ade3a81aa8" ] }, "production": { "built": "Two prototypes handed over July 2021, then two multipurpose UGVs delivered to the RoK Army (January 2022)", "sold": "Trial units under a US$3.6 million DAPA contract; lost the 2026 multipurpose UGV production competition to Hanwha's Arion-SMET", "where": "South Korea", "customers": "Republic of Korea Army (trials)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-07-16", "title": "Hanwha beats HR-Sherpa for Army UGV deal", "summary": "DAPA picked Hanwha's Arion-SMET over Hyundai Rotem's HR-Sherpa for the Army's first multipurpose UGV.", "publisher": "The Korea Times", "url": "https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/southkorea/defense/20260716/hanwha-aerospace-wins-army-unmanned-ground-vehicle-deal-arms-agency" }, { "date": "2024-04-11", "title": "South Korea opens multipurpose UGV tender", "summary": "A 49.63 billion won tender put Hyundai Rotem and Hanwha in contention.", "publisher": "Defense News", "url": "https://defensenews.com/unmanned/2024/04/11/south-korean-military-paves-way-for-robotic-vehicles-in-its-ranks/" }, { "date": "2022-01-20", "title": "RoK Army receives HR-Sherpa UGVs", "summary": "Hyundai Rotem delivered two 6x6 multirole UGVs to the Korean Army.", "publisher": "Asian Military Review", "url": "https://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/2022/01/rok-army-receives-new-hyundai-rotem-ugvs/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It can be driven remotely, follow soldiers or drive set routes on its own, under an operator; its weapon station is remotely operated by a person.", "video": { "id": "yw81SbYp0FU", "title": "UGV (HR-Sherpa) 다목적무인차량", "channel": "현대로템(HYUNDAI ROTEM)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hyundai-rotem-hr-sherpa-2022.jpg", "author": "Hyundai Rotem", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.hyundai-rotem.co.kr/en/business/defense/details.do?productCt03=defense0301", "page": "https://www.hyundai-rotem.co.kr/en/business/defense/details.do?productCt03=defense0301", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 404 } }, { "id": "nuro-r3-2022", "name": "Nuro R3", "maker": "Nuro", "makerId": "nuro", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-01", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "on-road delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 72.4, "payloadKg": 227, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Fitted with an external airbag to protect pedestrians.", "deployments": "California DMV allowed R3 testing in four Bay Area cities at up to 45 mph, but Nuro said in September 2024 it had no plan to deploy it and paused the BYD build deal in 2023.", "summary": "Third-generation delivery pod with about 500 lb payload, top speed 45 mph, twice the R2's cargo space and temperature-controlled compartments, to be built with BYD North America.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-7a892d8f5c", "hs-ce2da94959", "hs-4c95f050d5", "hs-8c431a0018" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-01", "event": "Unveiled", "url": "https://aibusiness.com/verticals/nuro-launches-autonomous-delivery-vehicle-with-external-airbags" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Nuro paused expansion in 2023 and shifted to licensing in 2024; mass deployment not confirmed" }, "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Bay Area, California (testing)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "autonomy": "supervised", "components": { "sensors": "Lidar, cameras and radar", "other": "Twice R2's cargo volume; temperature-controlled compartments; external pedestrian airbag", "sources": [ "hs-8c431a0018" ] }, "production": { "built": "Planned production with BYD North America, completed at Nuro's $40M Nevada facility", "sold": "Not sold; Nuro paused commercial expansion in 2023 and moved to licensing its Nuro Driver software", "where": "Southern Nevada, United States (planned)", "customers": "Delivery partners at the time included 7-Eleven, Kroger and Domino's; Uber signed a 10-year delivery deal in 2022" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-08-21", "title": "Nuro closes $203M Series E", "summary": "Nuro raised $203M at a $6B valuation to grow its licensing business.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/nuro-closes-203m-propel-ai-first-self-driving-tech-commercial-partnerships/" }, { "date": "2025-07-18", "title": "Lucid, Nuro and Uber plan robotaxi fleet", "summary": "Uber aims to deploy 20,000+ Lucid SUVs running the Nuro Driver.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/lucid-nuro-uber-team-up-on-global-robotaxi-fleet/" }, { "date": "2022-01-14", "title": "Nuro unveils third-generation delivery vehicle", "summary": "Nuro showed the R3 with more cargo space, airbags and BYD-built hardware.", "publisher": "AI Business", "url": "https://aibusiness.com/verticals/nuro-launches-autonomous-delivery-vehicle-with-external-airbags" } ], "video": { "id": "L68ZzwtCon8", "title": "Introducing our next-generation vehicle (full announcement).", "channel": "Nuro" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/nuro-r3-2022.jpg", "author": "Nuro", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.nuro.ai/blog/introducing-our-next-generation-nuro", "page": "https://www.nuro.ai/blog/introducing-our-next-generation-nuro", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 604 } }, { "id": "pony-ai-gen6-toyota-sienna-s-am-2022", "name": "Pony.ai Gen-6 robotaxi (Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS)", "maker": "Pony.ai with Toyota", "makerId": "pony-ai", "country": "China", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Pony.ai's first robotaxi approved for fully driverless public service in Guangzhou (Nov 2023) and Beijing (Feb 2024), per its company timeline.", "deployments": "Public road testing in Beijing began in April 2023; the Gen-6 car was approved for fully driverless service in Guangzhou in November 2023 and in Beijing in February 2024.", "summary": "Pony.ai's sixth-generation driving system fitted to Toyota's Sienna Autono-MaaS minivan, a vehicle Toyota built for automated ride-hail. It carried much of Pony.ai's driverless service before the Gen-7 cars arrived.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-03353707aa" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-01", "event": "Debut of Pony.ai's 6th-generation system on the Toyota S-AM", "url": "https://pony.ai/story?lang=en" }, "released": { "date": "2023-11", "note": "permitted for fully driverless public service in Guangzhou" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Guangzhou, Beijing (fully driverless public service); Shenzhen, Shanghai", "since": "2023-11", "fleet": "not broken out by model; Pony.ai total fleet 1,975 vehicles at Q2 2026 (Pony AI, Aug 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/pony-ai-gen6-toyota-sienna-s-am-2022-1.jpg", "author": "S5A-0043", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(SGP-Singapore)_Zig_Driverless_GAC-Toyota_Sienna_RD3269M_2026-09-23.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "john-deere-autonomous-8r-2022", "name": "Autonomous 8R tractor", "maker": "John Deere", "makerId": "john-deere", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-01-04", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "driverless tillage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Deere's first production-scale fully driverless tractor shown publicly.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An 8R tractor fitted with cameras and AI so it can till a field with no one in the cab, monitored from a phone.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-32eca3079b", "hs-6be4c18673" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-01-04", "event": "CES 2022, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.ttnews.com/articles/deere-bring-fully-autonomous-tractor-market-year" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Second-generation retrofit kit announced 2025; large-scale availability dates not given" }, "components": { "sensors": "Six pairs of stereo cameras for 360-degree obstacle detection (2022); second-generation kit uses 16 cameras", "compute": "On-board processing of camera images with neural networks (chip not named)", "software": "GPS guidance with geofencing; farmer sets up and monitors it with the John Deere Operations Center mobile app", "other": "Based on the 8R row-crop tractor, paired with a tillage tool", "sources": [ "hs-e471067583" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Deere planned shipments from the second half of 2022; sales model (outright, lease or subscription) was left open at launch", "where": "United States" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-01-07", "title": "Deere shows second-gen autonomy at CES 2025", "summary": "Deere extended autonomy to more machines with a 16-camera perception kit.", "publisher": "DTN Progressive Farmer", "url": "https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/equipment/article/2025/01/07/deere-reveals-newest-autonomous-ces" }, { "date": "2022-01-05", "title": "Deere unveils autonomous 8R", "summary": "Deere showed a driverless 8R tractor at CES 2022 with six stereo camera pairs.", "publisher": "AgFunderNews", "url": "https://agfundernews.com/john-deere-unveils-its-first-commercially-available-fully-autonomous-tractor.html" }, { "date": "2022-01-04", "title": "Deere to bring autonomous tractor to market", "summary": "Deere said the driverless tractor would be sold to US farmers later in 2022.", "publisher": "Transport Topics (Bloomberg)", "url": "https://www.ttnews.com/articles/deere-bring-fully-autonomous-tractor-market-year" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It tills fields with nobody in the cab while the farmer monitors from a phone.", "video": { "id": "QvFoRk4JsPc", "title": "Autonomous 8R Tractor | John Deere Precision Ag", "channel": "John Deere (@JohnDeere)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/john-deere-autonomous-8r-2022.jpg", "author": "John Deere", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.deere.com/resource/image/636316/landscape_ratio4x3/2560/1920/b463afc8c17eb5fe7331e913dcc99b38/E11FC0285CB717A095CBDFA960E628F6/r4i005042-ddc-png-the-autonomous-8r-tractor-autonomy.webp", "page": "https://www.deere.com/resource/image/636316/landscape_ratio4x3/2560/1920/b463afc8c17eb5fe7331e913dcc99b38/E11FC0285CB717A095CBDFA960E628F6/r4i005042-ddc-png-the-autonomous-8r-tractor-autonomy.webp", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "pudu-cc1-2022", "name": "PUDU CC1", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-01-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "floor scrubbing, sweeping, vacuuming and mopping" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Pudu's first commercial cleaning robot, marking its move beyond delivery robots.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An autonomous commercial floor cleaner that scrubs, sweeps, vacuums and mops hard floors and carpet, refills its own water and can ride lifts and pass gates to clean several floors.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-8dacc4c9e3", "hs-eba7b9df79", "hs-98ca6c0eb2" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-01-06", "event": "Global debut at CES 2022, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/about/news/61dd22ea6b37480044d70f3f" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "CC1 Pro launched 27 May 2025; self-cleaning dock for the series added September 2025" }, "components": { "sensors": "Lidar and visual SLAM (PUDU VSLAM+); CC1 Pro adds a rear AI camera to check floor cleanliness", "software": "IoT links to elevators, gates and access control; CC1 Pro detects stains, picks cleaning intensity and re-cleans missed spots, with heat-map reports", "other": "Four-in-one: sweeping, scrubbing, vacuuming and mopping", "sources": [ "hs-1aa92c0ea3", "hs-eba7b9df79" ] }, "production": { "sold": "On sale; units not published", "where": "Shenzhen, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-04-23", "title": "Pudu raises nearly $150M", "summary": "Pudu said the round lifted its valuation above $1.5 billion and will expand manufacturing capacity.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/pudu-robotics-raises-nearly-150m-targets-industrial-applications/" }, { "date": "2025-05-27", "title": "Pudu launches CC1 Pro", "summary": "Pudu launched an AI version of CC1 with a rear camera that verifies cleaning and re-cleans stains.", "publisher": "Kyodo News PR Wire (PR Newswire)", "url": "https://kyodonewsprwire.jp/release/202505279589" }, { "date": "2022-01-06", "title": "PUDU CC1 debuts at CES 2022", "summary": "Pudu showed its first commercial cleaning robot, built to connect to building IoT systems.", "publisher": "Pudu Robotics", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/about/news/61dd22ea6b37480044d70f3f" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It cleans floors on its own and can ride lifts to work across several floors.", "video": { "id": "A3_IVfmUMGA", "title": "PUDU CC1, Commercial Cleaning Robot | Pudu Robotics", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-cc1-2022.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/puduCC1", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/puduCC1", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 417 } }, { "id": "nippon-mobility-hino-poncho-long-2021", "name": "Hino Poncho Long autonomous bus", "maker": "Nippon Mobility (on Hino Poncho Long)", "makerId": "nippon-mobility", "country": "Japan", "year": 2021, "date": "2022-01-08", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used in Tokyo Metropolitan Government trials in Nishi-Shinjuku from November 2021, led by Keio Dentetsu Bus.", "summary": "A small Hino Poncho Long electric bus adapted for automated driving by Nippon Mobility for a Tokyo city trial.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4960616cd1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-01-08", "event": "Scheduled start of Tokyo Metropolitan Government trial, Nishi-Shinjuku", "url": "https://www.spt.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tosei/hodohappyo/press/2021/12/15/04.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Tokyo (Nishi-Shinjuku, 2021)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/nippon-mobility-hino-poncho-long-2021.jpg", "author": "Nippon Mobility (on Hino Poncho Long)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.spt.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tosei/hodohappyo/press/2021/12/15/images/04_01.jpg", "page": "https://www.spt.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tosei/hodohappyo/press/2021/12/15/images/04_01.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 358, "h": 268 } }, { "id": "marubeni-sea-friend-zero-2022", "name": "Sea Friend Zero (Sarushima autonomous tourism boat)", "maker": "Marubeni consortium with Mitsui E&S, Tryangle and Yokosuka City", "makerId": "marubeni-consortium", "country": "Japan", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-01-11", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "sightseeing passenger boat", "autonomy demonstration" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service vessel, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The Nippon Foundation calls it the first fully autonomous navigation of a small tourism boat.", "deployments": "On 11 January 2022 it sailed about 1.7 km from Shin-Mikasa Pier in Yokosuka to Sarushima island, departing and docking by itself.", "summary": "A small sightseeing boat that used three cameras, satellite positioning and AIS to detect and avoid other vessels, with an automated throttle handling departure and docking. It was one of the MEGURI2040 Stage 1 demonstrations.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ca474f91d6", "hs-bb8174c581" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-01-11", "event": "MEGURI2040 demonstration, Yokosuka to Sarushima", "url": "https://en.nippon-foundation.or.jp/news/articles/2022/20220111-67000.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Demonstration only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Yokosuka to Sarushima, Tokyo Bay, Japan", "since": null, "fleet": "1 boat (Nippon Foundation, Jan 2022)", "usage": "About 1.7 km demonstration crossing, 11 Jan 2022", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/marubeni-sea-friend-zero-2022-1.jpg", "author": "江戸村のとくぞう", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarushima_Yokosuka_211016j.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "autostore-r5-plus-2022", "name": "AutoStore R5+", "maker": "AutoStore", "makerId": "autostore", "country": "Norway", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-01-13", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "cube storage and retrieval of tall bins" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "At launch AutoStore reported more than 750 systems in over 40 countries.", "summary": "A Red Line robot that can handle the tallest 425 mm bins, a job that previously needed the premium B1 robot.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-f86578e12d", "hs-2d28f35270" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-01-13", "event": "Unveiled by AutoStore", "url": "https://www.autostoresystem.com/investors/press-releases/autostore-unveils-r5-robot-expanding-its-bin-handling-capabilities-to-meet-the-needs-of-rapidly-evolving-warehouses" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "Available globally at launch" }, "components": { "other": "Taller R5 variant that handles bins up to 425 mm deep; grids up to about 14 layers (about 6 m)", "sources": [ "hs-31c6872fd8", "hs-f86578e12d" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Available globally from launch; AutoStore cites thousands of live systems (all robots)", "where": "Norway (AutoStore)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-03-19", "title": "AutoStore launches CubeVerse platform", "summary": "AutoStore added cloud software and AI analytics across its installed base.", "publisher": "AutoStore", "url": "https://www.autostoresystem.com/news/autostore-launches-cubeverse-platform-and-autostore-intelligence-with-new-fulfillment-innovations" }, { "date": "2022-01-13", "title": "AutoStore unveils R5+", "summary": "AutoStore introduced the taller R5+ for 425 mm bins.", "publisher": "AutoStore", "url": "https://www.autostoresystem.com/investors/press-releases/autostore-unveils-r5-robot-expanding-its-bin-handling-capabilities-to-meet-the-needs-of-rapidly-evolving-warehouses" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It fetches bins on the grid entirely under AutoStore's control software.", "video": { "id": "wz66dgnYQzA", "title": "AutoStore | Meet R5 Pro & R5+ Pro", "channel": "AutoStore" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/autostore-r5-plus-2022.jpg", "author": "AutoStore", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.autostoresystem.com/system/robot-r5", "page": "https://www.autostoresystem.com/system/robot-r5", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 813 } }, { "id": "shin-nihonkai-ferry-soleil-2022", "name": "SOLEIL (MEGURI2040 autonomous ferry trial)", "maker": "Mitsubishi Shipbuilding with Shin Nihonkai Ferry", "makerId": "mitsubishi-shipbuilding", "country": "Japan", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-01-17", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "car ferry", "autonomy demonstration" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "mobility", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 48.2, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service vessel, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Described by The Nippon Foundation as the first fully autonomous navigation of a large (over 200 m) vessel, at up to 26 knots.", "deployments": "On 17 January 2022 the 222 m ferry ran about 240 km from Shinmoji (Kitakyushu) to the Iyonada Sea in roughly 7 hours under the MEGURI2040 programme.", "summary": "A newly built 222 m coastal ferry fitted with Mitsubishi's SUPER BRIDGE-X system, which steered the ship, avoided other traffic using radar and infrared cameras, and berthed and unberthed it, including turning and reversing in port. It was a one-off demonstration within Japan's MEGURI2040 crewless-ship programme.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1db23a5b55", "hs-bb8174c581" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-01-17", "event": "MEGURI2040 demonstration, northern Kyushu", "url": "https://en.nippon-foundation.or.jp/news/articles/2022/20220118-66716.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Demonstration only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Shinmoji (Kitakyushu) to Iyonada Sea, Japan", "since": null, "fleet": "1 vessel (Nippon Foundation, Jan 2022)", "usage": "About 240 km in about 7 hours on 17 Jan 2022 (Nippon Foundation)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/shin-nihonkai-ferry-soleil-2022-1.jpg", "author": "Olegushka", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_Tokyokyushuferry_(cropped).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 604 } }, { "id": "mol-mikage-2022", "name": "Mikage (autonomous container ship trials)", "maker": "Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium with Imoto Lines", "makerId": "mitsui-o-s-k-lines-consortium", "country": "Japan", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-01-24", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "container freight", "autonomy demonstration" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "logistics", "ports" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service vessel, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The Nippon Foundation says it was the first operating container ship to use fully autonomous navigation, and the first to use drones to carry mooring lines.", "deployments": "On 24-25 January 2022 the 749 GT ship sailed 270 km from Tsuruga to Sakaiminato overnight; it returned for MEGURI2040 Stage 2 demonstrations starting July 2025 around Hiroshima, Iyomishima and Kobe.", "summary": "A small domestic container feeder that detects other ships with AIS, radar and visible and infrared cameras, plans its own avoidance manoeuvres and uses drones to pass heaving lines when mooring, with monitoring from shore. It is one of the four Stage 2 vessels in Japan's push for Level 4-equivalent coastal shipping.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9f591833fd", "hs-bb8174c581", "hs-60e526fe39" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-01-24", "event": "MEGURI2040 third demonstration test, Tsuruga to Sakaiminato", "url": "https://en.nippon-foundation.or.jp/news/articles/2022/20220207-67748.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Demonstration vessel; Stage 2 trials from July 2025" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Tsuruga-Sakaiminato (2022); Hiroshima, Iyomishima and Kobe (Stage 2, 2025)", "since": null, "fleet": "1 vessel (Nippon Foundation)", "usage": "270 km overnight voyage, Jan 2022 (Nippon Foundation)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mol-mikage-2022.jpg", "author": "Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/what/projects/meguri2040", "page": "https://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/what/projects/meguri2040", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 487 } }, { "id": "elroy-air-chaparral-2022", "name": "Chaparral C1", "maker": "Elroy Air", "makerId": "elroy-air", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-01-26", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "cargo", "military logistics", "parcel middle mile" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "cargo-aircraft", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 212, "payloadKg": 227, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Elroy Air calls the 2023 first flight of the Chaparral C1 the world's first flight of a turbogenerator-hybrid aircraft.", "deployments": "First flight 2023; autonomous transition flights in December 2024; full hover-to-wingborne transition in July 2025; partners include the US Air Force, FedEx and NASA, with Kratos named as US manufacturer (Elroy Air).", "summary": "An uncrewed hybrid-electric vertical-takeoff cargo aircraft that carries a detachable cargo pod and is built to fly itself from pickup to drop-off.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-07622d16ab", "hs-5f48f16f43" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-01-26", "event": "Public unveiling of the Chaparral C1", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "in flight test" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "US flight test sites", "since": "2023", "fleet": "not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 724 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/elroy-air-chaparral-2022.jpg", "author": "Elroy Air", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://elroyair.com/chaparral/aircraft", "page": "https://elroyair.com/chaparral/aircraft", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "ocado-600-series-bot-2022", "name": "Ocado 600 Series bot", "maker": "Ocado Group", "makerId": "ocado", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-01-26", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "grocery order fulfilment on a storage grid" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Ocado calls it the world's lightest grocery fulfilment bot; more than half its parts are 3D printed.", "deployments": "Used in some of Ocado's newest customer fulfilment centres.", "summary": "A lighter, cheaper grid robot whose low weight allows a lighter grid that can be built in weeks. Ocado has not published its weight.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-707591141d", "hs-e3e2515626", "hs-ceac3d8c59", "hs-12741da3d7" ], "canada": "Ocado's Canadian partner Sobeys runs Ocado Smart Platform sites.", "firstShown": { "date": "2022-01-26", "event": "Unveiled as part of Ocado Re:Imagined", "url": "https://www.ocadogroup.com/media/ocado-reimagined" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "" }, "components": { "materials": "Lightweight chassis made largely by additive manufacturing (3D printing); Ocado calls it its most advanced 3D-printed industrial product", "other": "Much lighter than the 500 Series, allowing lighter grids and faster-built fulfilment centres", "sources": [ "hs-707591141d", "hs-e3e2515626" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Supplied with the Ocado Smart Platform to retail partners", "where": "United Kingdom (Ocado)", "customers": "Used in Ocado's newer customer fulfilment centres" }, "news": [ { "date": "2023-07-24", "title": "AutoStore to pay Ocado $256M", "summary": "The firms settled their patent fight; Ocado keeps exclusive rights to its single-space robot design.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/autostore-to-pay-ocado-256m-in-patent-lawsuit-settlement/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It fetches crates on the grid entirely under Ocado's control software.", "video": { "id": "fy4vpjw_nNw", "title": "Introducing the 600 Series bot", "channel": "Ocado Technology (@OcadoTechnology)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ocado-600-series-bot-2022.jpg", "author": "Ocado Group", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.ocadogroup.com/about-us/our-history", "page": "https://www.ocadogroup.com/about-us/our-history", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "aurrigo-auto-dollytug-2022", "name": "Auto-DollyTug (third generation)", "maker": "Aurrigo", "makerId": "aurrigo", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-02", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "airport baggage and cargo moving", "loading unit load devices" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "On trial at Changi since February 2022; Changi agreed a four-vehicle pilot fleet in May 2024.", "summary": "An autonomous electric airport vehicle that combines a baggage tug and dolly and uses its own robotic arms to load and unload aircraft containers at the stand.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5273002f7d", "hs-df86f11a6c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-02", "event": "Trials at Singapore Changi Airport", "url": "https://www.groundhandlinginternational.com/content/news/aurrigo-tests-3rd-generation-auto-dollytug-at-changi-airport" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Singapore Changi Airport", "since": null, "fleet": "four-vehicle pilot fleet agreed (Changi Airport Group, May 2024)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/aurrigo-auto-dollytug-2022.jpg", "author": "Aurrigo", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://aurrigo.com/changi-airport-group-collaborates-with-aurrigo-to-trial-new-autonomous-baggage-handling-vehicle/", "page": "https://aurrigo.com/changi-airport-group-collaborates-with-aurrigo-to-trial-new-autonomous-baggage-handling-vehicle/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 763 } }, { "id": "mol-sunflower-shiretoko-2022", "name": "Sunflower Shiretoko (MEGURI2040 ferry trial)", "maker": "Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium (Mitsui E&S Shipbuilding, Furuno, MOL Ferry)", "makerId": "mitsui-o-s-k-lines-consortium", "country": "Japan", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-02-06", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "car ferry", "autonomy demonstration" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "mobility", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service vessel, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "MOL called its 750 km trial the world's longest autonomous sailing at the time.", "deployments": "On 6-7 February 2022 the 190 m, 11,410 GT ferry sailed its commercial Tomakomai-Oarai route (about 750 km, about 18 hours) with autonomous collision avoidance and berthing systems.", "summary": "A large commercial car ferry used to test automated collision-avoidance routing, camera-based target ranging and automated berthing and unberthing on its normal overnight route. The consortium's systems planned and steered the route themselves while seafarers supplied by the operators stayed aboard.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-41c8308fa5", "hs-9f591833fd" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-02-06", "event": "MEGURI2040 sea trial, Tomakomai to Oarai", "url": "https://www.mol.co.jp/en/pr/2022/22017.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Demonstration only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Tomakomai (Hokkaido) to Oarai (Ibaraki), Japan", "since": null, "fleet": "1 vessel (MOL, Feb 2022)", "usage": "About 750 km in about 18 hours, 6-7 Feb 2022 (MOL)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/mol-sunflower-shiretoko-2022-1.jpg", "author": "中竹たけし", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SF_Shiretoko_Tomakomai.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "dffas-suzaku-2022", "name": "SUZAKU (DFFAS autonomous container ship)", "maker": "DFFAS consortium led by Japan Marine Science (NYK group)", "makerId": "dffas-consortium-led-by-japan-marine-science", "country": "Japan", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-02-26", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "container freight", "autonomy demonstration" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "logistics", "ports" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service vessel, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The Nippon Foundation calls it the first fully autonomous navigation demonstration in a congested sea area, backed by a shore Fleet Operation Center.", "deployments": "From 26 February to 1 March 2022 the 95 m, 749 GT ship made a 790 km round trip from Tokyo Bay to Ise Bay; Baird Maritime reported it ran without human intervention for 99% of the trip with a crew aboard.", "summary": "A 95 m container ship running a 30-company autonomous navigation system that plans routes and avoids traffic itself, while a Fleet Operation Center in Chiba watches weather, traffic and machinery and can take over remotely. It was tested in Tokyo Bay, where about 500 ships pass daily.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-cfcdc6faf5", "hs-d76684d8f9", "hs-bb8174c581" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-02-26", "event": "MEGURI2040 fifth demonstration, Tokyo Bay to Ise Bay", "url": "https://en.nippon-foundation.or.jp/news/articles/2022/20220301-67775.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Demonstration only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Tokyo Bay and Ise Bay, Japan", "since": null, "fleet": "1 vessel (Nippon Foundation, Mar 2022)", "usage": "790 km round trip, 26 Feb-1 Mar 2022 (Nippon Foundation)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/dffas-suzaku-2022.jpg", "author": "DFFAS consortium led by Japan Marine Science", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/what/projects/meguri2040", "page": "https://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/what/projects/meguri2040", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 682 } }, { "id": "anybotics-anymal-x-2022", "name": "ANYmal X", "maker": "ANYbotics", "makerId": "anybotics", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "inspection in explosive atmospheres" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Described as the first explosion-proof (Ex) legged robot certified for Zone 1 hazardous areas.", "deployments": "Marketed to oil, gas and chemical plants.", "summary": "An explosion-protected version of ANYmal for oil, gas and chemical plants where sparks are dangerous.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f8e1e1b987", "hs-1095f791fe", "hs-b0b5eda327", "hs-9ed954d752" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-03", "event": "ANYbotics announcement", "url": "https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/anymal" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": null }, "components": { "actuators": "12 ANYdrive series-elastic, torque-controlled actuators (ANYmal family)", "sensors": "20x optical zoom camera, thermal camera (-10 to +400 C) on a pan-tilt unit, spotlight, microphone, 360-degree lidar; optional combustible and toxic gas sensor payload", "compute": "Not published for ANYmal X (ANYmal D uses two Intel Core i7 computers)", "materials": "ATEX and IECEx certified for Zone 1, IIB explosive atmospheres; IP67; CE compliant", "software": "ROS-based autonomy and inspection software; ANYbotics Shift fleet platform (2026); automated door access with dormakaba and LEGIC (2026)", "sources": [ "hs-310963a498" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold to oil, gas and chemical operators (fleet size not published)", "where": "Zurich, Switzerland", "customers": "ANYbotics lists Petronas, Shell, Equinor, Woodside, SLB, BASF, Petrobras, Borealis, SBM Offshore and ENI as early adopters" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-10-01", "title": "ANYbotics launches Shift fleet platform", "summary": "ANYbotics launched software to plan multi-robot inspection missions and push data into asset systems.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/anybotics-launches-shift-streamline-robot-fleet-operations-scale-autonomous-inspections/" }, { "date": "2026-09-24", "title": "ANYmal gets automated door access", "summary": "ANYbotics partnered with dormakaba and LEGIC so ANYmal robots can pass access-controlled doors.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/anybotics-opens-the-door-for-inspections-with-anymal-robots/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It walks inspection rounds in hazardous plants on its own, with operators able to take over remotely.", "video": { "id": "CVjjNRA9Fno", "title": "ANYmal X — The World’s First Ex-Proof Legged Robot", "channel": "ANYbotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/anybotics-anymal-x-2022-1.jpg", "author": "Cvoellmy", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AnymalX-robot-inspection-offshore.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 545 } }, { "id": "kawasaki-bex-2022", "name": "Bex (RHP Bex)", "maker": "Kawasaki Heavy Industries", "makerId": "kawasaki", "country": "Japan", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-03", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "carrying loads", "inspection", "transporting people" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics", "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 100, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A rideable, ibex-shaped four-legged robot that kneels to roll on wheels fitted to its knees and feet.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Built from Kawasaki's Kaleido humanoid programme, Bex walks on four legs over rough ground or rolls on smooth floors, and a person rode it at iREX 2022. Kawasaki said it was aiming for a 100 kg payload (one outlet reported 160 kg).", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-823d11e086", "hs-2ccf3ecf27", "hs-3c3820b7b0", "hs-dd45b8dd6f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-03", "event": "iREX 2022 (International Robot Exhibition), Tokyo", "url": "https://www.designboom.com/technology/kawasaki-rideable-robotic-ibex-international-robot-exhibition-tokyo-03-15-2022/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Development prototype; overlaps with quadruped coverage." }, "components": { "actuators": "Electric leg joints with wheels on the knees so it can walk or kneel and roll", "hands": "None; carries cargo or a seated rider steered by handlebars", "other": "Rated to carry about 100 kg (about 220 lb)", "sources": [ "hs-928e98b334" ] }, "production": { "sold": "not sold", "where": "Japan" }, "news": [ { "date": "2022-03-15", "title": "Bex unveiled at iREX 2022", "summary": "Kawasaki showed the ibex-shaped RHP Bex at the International Robot Exhibition in Tokyo.", "publisher": "designboom", "url": "https://www.designboom.com/technology/kawasaki-rideable-robotic-ibex-international-robot-exhibition-tokyo-03-15-2022/" }, { "date": "2022-03-14", "title": "Kawasaki shows rideable robot goat", "summary": "Gizmodo covered Bex, a quadruped that walks or rolls and can carry about 100 kg or a rider.", "publisher": "Gizmodo", "url": "https://gizmodo.com/kawasaki-debuts-a-deranged-rideable-goat-robot-1848648443" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "At trade shows it was operated by people while it balanced itself, including while carrying a rider.", "video": { "id": "vG3re3uXTGA", "title": "4脚歩行ロボット「RHP Bex」 川崎重工", "channel": "Kawasaki Robotics JP (@KawasakiRoboticsJP)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kawasaki-bex-2022.jpg", "author": "Kawasaki Heavy Industries", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://kawasakirobotics.com/tachyon/sites/3/2022/12/RobustHumanoidPlatform-bex.jpg?fit=900%2C900", "page": "https://kawasakirobotics.com/tachyon/sites/3/2022/12/RobustHumanoidPlatform-bex.jpg?fit=900%2C900", "kind": "maker", "w": 900, "h": 507 } }, { "id": "locus-robotics-max-2022", "name": "Locus Max", "maker": "Locus Robotics", "makerId": "locus", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving pallets and heavy loads" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1361, "batteryHours": 8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "In use at several sites at launch, with wider availability planned for 2023.", "summary": "A heavy-payload Locus robot for pallets and cartons. Payload and size (1,666 x 1,184 x 419 mm) are from a third-party database, not Locus.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d59696c852", "hs-d55ce2aa6b", "hs-a143e2b0d9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-03", "event": "Announced at MODEX 2022", "url": "https://logisticsbusiness.com/materials-handling/amr-agv/locus-robotics-expands-range-new-amrs-2/" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "Limited availability 2022, general availability planned 2023" }, "components": { "software": "LocusONE multi-bot orchestration platform", "other": "Heavy-payload AMR for cartons and pallets", "sources": [ "hs-1feabfd409" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Deployed at several sites at launch; limited availability 2022, general availability 2023. Locus reports a global fleet of more than 22,000 robots (all models) at 360+ sites in 20+ countries for 150+ customers (October 2026)", "where": "Wilmington, Massachusetts, United States", "customers": "DHL Supply Chain (Locus fleet customer)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-10-06", "title": "Locus named No. 1 AMR vendor in the Americas", "summary": "Interact Analysis ranked Locus first by revenue again; its fleet exceeds 22,000 robots and 8.5 billion picks.", "publisher": "Locus Robotics", "url": "https://locusrobotics.com/news/locus-robotics-no-1-amr-provider-revenue/" }, { "date": "2024-10-30", "title": "Locus passes 4 billion picks", "summary": "Locus said its robots worldwide had picked four billion units.", "publisher": "Locus Robotics", "url": "https://locusrobotics.com/news/locus-robotics-reaches-unprecedented-4-billion-units-picked-cementing-industry-leadership" }, { "date": "2022-03-31", "title": "Locus adds Vector and Max at MODEX", "summary": "Locus expanded its LocusBot line with the Vector and the heavy-payload Max.", "publisher": "Logistics Business", "url": "https://logisticsbusiness.com/materials-handling/amr-agv/locus-robotics-expands-range-new-amrs-2/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It moves pallets and cartons around warehouses on its own under fleet software.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/locus-robotics-max-2022.jpg", "author": "Locus Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220520132225/https://locusrobotics.com/products/locus-max/", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220520132225/https://locusrobotics.com/products/locus-max/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 878 } }, { "id": "locus-robotics-vector-2022", "name": "Locus Vector", "maker": "Locus Robotics", "makerId": "locus", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "order fulfilment", "transport", "putaway" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Locus systems passed 1 billion picks in September 2022 and 4 billion in October 2024 across all models.", "summary": "An omnidirectional, general-purpose autonomous mobile robot added alongside the original Locus Origin pick-assist robot. Battery figure is from a third-party database.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d59696c852", "hs-d55ce2aa6b", "hs-03efb7a045", "hs-1feabfd409" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-03", "event": "Announced at MODEX 2022", "url": "https://logisticsbusiness.com/materials-handling/amr-agv/locus-robotics-expands-range-new-amrs-2/" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "Shipments promised from summer 2022" }, "components": { "software": "LocusONE multi-bot orchestration platform", "other": "Omnidirectional drive, compact design; for fulfilment, transport and putaway", "sources": [ "hs-1feabfd409" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Locus reports a global fleet of more than 22,000 robots (all models) at 360+ sites in 20+ countries for 150+ customers (October 2026)", "where": "Wilmington, Massachusetts, United States", "customers": "DHL Supply Chain (Locus fleet customer)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-10-06", "title": "Locus named No. 1 AMR vendor in the Americas", "summary": "Interact Analysis ranked Locus first by revenue again; its fleet exceeds 22,000 robots and 8.5 billion picks.", "publisher": "Locus Robotics", "url": "https://locusrobotics.com/news/locus-robotics-no-1-amr-provider-revenue/" }, { "date": "2024-10-30", "title": "Locus passes 4 billion picks", "summary": "Locus said its robots worldwide had picked four billion units.", "publisher": "Locus Robotics", "url": "https://locusrobotics.com/news/locus-robotics-reaches-unprecedented-4-billion-units-picked-cementing-industry-leadership" }, { "date": "2022-03-31", "title": "Locus adds Vector and Max at MODEX", "summary": "Locus expanded its LocusBot line with the Vector and the heavy-payload Max.", "publisher": "Logistics Business", "url": "https://logisticsbusiness.com/materials-handling/amr-agv/locus-robotics-expands-range-new-amrs-2/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives itself around the warehouse to carry totes and goods between people and stations, with no driver.", "video": { "id": "-gqiNJUDhPc", "title": "Welcome to the family, Locus Vector!", "channel": "Locus Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/locus-robotics-vector-2022.jpg", "author": "Locus Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://locusrobotics.com/platform/locus-vector/", "page": "https://locusrobotics.com/platform/locus-vector/", "kind": "maker", "w": 596, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "rugged-robotics-mark-1-2022", "name": "Mark 1 layout rover", "maker": "Rugged Robotics", "makerId": "rugged", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "layout printing", "marking floor plans on slabs" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Offered as layout-as-a-service", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "First full-scale pilot with Consigli on Sanofi's Cambridge Crossing headquarters, more than 240,000 sq ft over six floors; early customers include Suffolk and Brasfield & Gorrie.", "summary": "A 'layout Roomba' rover that prints coordinated architectural and engineering layouts on unfinished concrete floors, with several rovers able to work one floor from a single setup.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-735c10ad7c", "hs-0f02016b9f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-03", "event": "Series A announcement describing the Mark 1 (company founded 2018; earlier pilot dates not found)", "url": "https://houston.innovationmap.com/rugged-robotics-series-a-bold-capital-brick-mortar-ventures-2657052494.html" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "Layout-as-a-service to general contractors" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/rugged-robotics-mark-1-2022.jpg", "author": "Rugged Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://rugged-robotics.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Large-space-scaled-optimized-1920-768x512.jpg", "page": "https://rugged-robotics.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Large-space-scaled-optimized-1920-768x512.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 768, "h": 512 } }, { "id": "skye-air-skye-ship-one-2022", "name": "Skye Ship One", "maker": "Skye Air Mobility", "makerId": "skye-air-mobility", "country": "India", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel delivery", "medicine delivery", "hyperlocal e-commerce delivery" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "delivery-drone", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 40, "payloadKg": 10, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Flagship drone of what Indian press calls the country's first commercial drone home-delivery service, in Gurugram.", "deployments": "Skye Air reported over 2 million drone deliveries in 2025, about 5,500 a day, mainly in Gurugram with Bluedart, Flipkart and Shiprocket (Stat Times, Nov and Dec 2025).", "summary": "A multirotor delivery drone that flies fixed air corridors at about 120 m and lowers parcels by winch to drop zones, rated IPX7 waterproof. Recent maker figures give 10 kg payload and 40 km/h; earlier 2022 figures quoted up to 25 kg and 20 km range.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-45160e5b31", "hs-777a1caf10", "hs-b7cf7a794d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-03", "event": "India Pavilion, Expo 2020 Dubai (earlier Indian medical trial flights)", "url": "https://timestech.in/skye-air-demonstrates-its-drone-technology-to-the-world-at-expo-2020/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "commercial deliveries in Gurugram; exact start date not confirmed" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Gurugram, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Bengaluru, India", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "over 2 million deliveries in calendar 2025 (Skye Air via Stat Times, Dec 2025)", "rangeKm": 20 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/skye-air-skye-ship-one-2022.jpg", "author": "Skye Air Mobility", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://digitalterminal.in/news/28059.html", "page": "https://digitalterminal.in/news/28059.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 740, "h": 453 } }, { "id": "panasonic-hakobo-2022", "name": "HAKOBO", "maker": "Panasonic Holdings", "makerId": "panasonic-holdings", "country": "Japan", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-04", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "parcel and grocery delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Ten HAKOBOs remotely operated across Fujisawa (5), Kadoma (2) and Saga (3) under one supervisor, approved January 2025.", "summary": "A small remote-monitored delivery robot; Panasonic developed operator-assist AI so one person can supervise up to 10 of them on public roads.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-0d8cd59d1b", "hs-2baebdfc12" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-04", "event": "First full remote operation of four robots without on-site staff, Fujisawa", "url": "https://news.panasonic.com/global/stories/17088" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/panasonic-hakobo-2022.jpg", "author": "Panasonic Holdings", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://news.panasonic.com/global/press/en250214-4", "page": "https://news.panasonic.com/global/press/en250214-4", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "mhi-ascent-ex-rovr-2022", "name": "ASCENT (second-generation EX ROVR)", "maker": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries with ENEOS", "makerId": "mitsubishi", "country": "Japan", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-04-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "plant inspection", "gas leak detection", "meter reading" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "inspection", "domain": [ "inspection", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Ran autonomous inspections at ENEOS's Oita Refinery from June to September 2023.", "summary": "An explosion-proof mobile robot certified for Zone 1 flammable-gas areas that patrols refineries with visible and infrared cameras, gas detectors, microphones and a 6-axis camera arm.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-f23ba4167c", "hs-1862badad0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-04-11", "event": "MHI press release", "url": "https://www.mhi.com/news/220411.html" }, "released": { "date": "2022-04", "note": "Market launch under the ASCENT name" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mhi-ascent-ex-rovr-2022.jpg", "author": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.mhi.com/news/220411.html", "page": "https://www.mhi.com/news/220411.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 900, "h": 739 } }, { "id": "naver-labs-rookie-2022", "name": "Rookie", "maker": "Naver Labs", "makerId": "naver-labs", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-04-13", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "indoor delivery", "coffee and meal delivery", "document and parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "in-house service; supplied to building operators in Japan from 2026", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Runs as a 'brainless' robot whose navigation is computed in Naver's ARC cloud over 5G, in what Naver calls the world's first robot-friendly office building, with robot-only elevators.", "deployments": "Delivers parcels, coffee and meals across Naver's 1784 headquarters in Seongnam since 2022 (Naver aimed for about 100 robots that year); deployed at Tokyo Midtown Yaesu in July 2026 (eDaily, Aug 2026).", "summary": "A waist-high indoor delivery robot built on Naver Labs' AROUND platform that rides dedicated elevators and gates between floors, with its brain in the cloud rather than on board. A commercial Rookie 2 with some on-board localisation was being prepared for late 2026.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-77d3f5675d", "hs-c5e9b769bc", "hs-53b14660a6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-04-13", "event": "Media opening of Naver 1784, Seongnam", "url": "https://www.koreajoongangdaily.com/business/at-naver-1784-robots-scurry-about-and-scrub-other-robots/10408374" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "in service inside Naver 1784" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/naver-labs-rookie-2022.jpg", "author": "Naver Labs", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.freethink.com/robots-ai/1784-naver-labs", "page": "https://www.freethink.com/robots-ai/1784-naver-labs", "kind": "maker", "w": 960, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "weride-robo-street-sweeper-2022", "name": "Robo Street Sweeper", "maker": "WeRide with Yutong", "makerId": "weride", "country": "China", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-04-28", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "street sweeping", "water sprinkling", "disinfection spraying" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "public-safety", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed as China's first mass-produced, purpose-built driverless street sweeper, with no cab, steering wheel or pedals.", "deployments": "A first batch of about 50 sweepers began a public-road pilot in Guangzhou in May 2022 (NVIDIA, May 2022).", "summary": "A cab-less road sweeper built with bus maker Yutong that runs WeRide's Level 4 driving software on a redundant chassis and sweeps, sprinkles and sprays disinfectant without a driver. A cloud platform schedules its charging, water refills and waste dumping; it preceded the smaller Robosweeper S1.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-672f5fbea2", "hs-241d3666a0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-04-28", "event": "WeRide launch announcement", "url": "https://iotworldtoday.com/2022/04/29/driverless-robosweeper-brings-av-tech-to-street-cleaning" }, "released": { "date": "2022-05", "note": "50-vehicle public-road pilot in Guangzhou" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/weride-robo-street-sweeper-2022.jpg", "author": "WeRide", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/weride-autonomous-street-sweepers", "page": "https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/weride-autonomous-street-sweepers", "kind": "maker", "w": 960, "h": 510 } }, { "id": "argo-ai-ford-escape-hybrid-2022", "name": "Argo AI Ford Escape Hybrid robotaxi", "maker": "Argo AI with Ford", "makerId": "argo-ai", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-05", "status": "retired", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Argo's first vehicles to run with nobody on board on public roads, in Miami and Austin in May 2022.", "deployments": "Driverless daytime testing in Miami and Austin from May 2022 and a planned Lyft service in Austin, all ended when Ford and VW closed Argo on 26 October 2022.", "summary": "Modified Ford Escape Hybrid SUVs carrying Argo's latest lidar and computer, intended for Lyft and Walmart pilots before the company was shut down.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3ad7903849", "hs-8733ce94bd", "hs-99bb1d2f2f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-05", "event": "Argo begins driverless operations in Miami and Austin", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Never entered paid service" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Miami, Austin (2022)", "since": "2022-05", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/argo-ai-ford-escape-hybrid-2022-1.jpg", "author": "Phillip Pessar", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_Argo_AI_Self_Driving_Car.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 752 } }, { "id": "zhu-hai-yun-2022", "name": "Zhu Hai Yun", "maker": "Huangpu Wenchong Shipbuilding (CSSC) for the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)", "makerId": "huangpu-wenchong-shipbuilding", "country": "China", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ocean research", "drone mothership" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Described in Chinese state media as the first intelligent, autonomous drone-carrier ship.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An 88 m research ship with an autonomous navigation system that can sail itself and launch and recover dozens of air, surface and underwater drones. It displaces about 2,100 tonnes.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5ed64d283d", "hs-20842020fe" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-05", "event": "Launched in Guangzhou", "url": "https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/05/31/china-mothership-drone-swarms/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Delivered to the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Baird Maritime)" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "South China Sea", "since": null, "fleet": "1 ship", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/zhu-hai-yun-2022.jpg", "author": "Huangpu Wenchong Shipbuilding for the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.bairdmaritime.com/work-boat-world/research-environment-training/vessel-review-zhu-hai-yun-chinese-built-drone-mothership-boasts-autonomous-sailing-systems", "page": "https://www.bairdmaritime.com/work-boat-world/research-environment-training/vessel-review-zhu-hai-yun-chinese-built-drone-mothership-boasts-autonomous-sailing-systems", "kind": "maker", "w": 900, "h": 471 } }, { "id": "amazon-proteus-2022", "name": "Proteus", "maker": "Amazon Robotics", "makerId": "amazon", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving GoCarts of parcels" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Amazon's first fully autonomous mobile robot able to work in open areas shared with employees rather than fenced-off zones.", "deployments": "First deployed in outbound GoCart handling areas of fulfilment and sort centres.", "summary": "A low, green autonomous robot that slides under wheeled GoCarts and moves them, navigating around people with its own sensors.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-fc08d94c03", "hs-315e210446", "hs-2a8e7f72e6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-06", "event": "Announced in an Amazon blog post and at re:MARS", "url": "https://www.retaildive.com/news/amazon-unveils-first-fully-autonomous-mobile-robot-proteus-warehouse/626218/" }, "released": { "date": "2022-10", "note": "Amazon says the original Proteus was released in October 2022; a next-generation Proteus was unveiled 4 June 2026 for European deployment in H1 2027" }, "components": { "sensors": "On-board sensors to detect and avoid people and objects in open areas", "software": "Next-generation Proteus (2026) takes plain-language text prompts and works anywhere on a site", "other": "Moves GoCarts of packages weighing close to 400 kg; works with the Cardinal robot arm at outbound docks", "sources": [ "hs-d1ff278bb1", "hs-315e210446" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Internal use only; original Proteus runs at 25 US fulfilment centres", "where": "Amazon Robotics, United States", "customers": "Amazon fulfilment and sort centres" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-06-10", "title": "Amazon unveils next-gen Proteus", "summary": "Amazon showed a conversational Proteus in London, with European deployment expected in H1 2027.", "publisher": "Forkliftaction", "url": "https://www.forkliftaction.com/news/amazon-unveils-next-gen-proteus-amr.aspx?n=34453" }, { "date": "2025-07-01", "title": "Amazon passes 1 million robots", "summary": "Amazon said it had deployed its millionth robot and launched the DeepFleet foundation model.", "publisher": "Amazon", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-million-robots-ai-foundation-model" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It finds and moves carts across open warehouse floors on its own, steering around the people working nearby.", "video": { "id": "AmmEbYkYfHY", "title": "Meet Amazon's First Fully Autonomous Mobile Robot - Amazon News", "channel": "Amazon News" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/amazon-proteus-2022.jpg", "author": "Amazon", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-robotics-robots-fulfillment-center", "page": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-robotics-robots-fulfillment-center", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "robust-ai-carter-2022", "name": "Carter", "maker": "Robust.AI", "makerId": "robust-ai", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-06-21", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "order picking assistance", "point-to-point transport", "mobile sorting" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 194, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 100, "batteryHours": 18, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Offered as performance-based robots-as-a-service", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Designed so warehouse staff can grab its handlebar and push or steer it like an ordinary cart, sensing force over the whole robot.", "deployments": "DHL Supply Chain reported 60%+ productivity gains in 2025 and signed a five-year alliance for Mexico; Saddle Creek, ShipLab and O'Neill Logistics (24 robots) deployed Carter in 2025-2026.", "summary": "A camera-guided warehouse cart robot with configurable shelves, a touchscreen and barcode scanner that follows pickers or drives loads on its own, but can also be pushed by hand. Unveiled as a concept in 2022, it reached production as Carter Pro in October 2024, and a Gen 3 version with Aptiv radar-vision sensing followed in 2026.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-142c144cd9", "hs-a36894412a", "hs-bf4a3d2093", "hs-85007feba1", "hs-c701849177" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-06-21", "event": "Unveiled as a concept alongside the Grace software suite", "url": "https://www.robust.ai/robustai-unveils-software-suite-grace-hardware-product-carter" }, "released": { "date": "2024-10-16", "note": "Production model launched as Carter Pro; first production unit built late 2024; Gen 3 Carter announced June 2026" }, "components": { "sensors": "Camera-based visual SLAM (no lidar); about 20 on-board cameras reported; Gen 3 Carter adds Aptiv PULSE radar-vision sensor fusion", "software": "Grace no-code software suite for coordinating people and robots", "other": "Force-sensing handlebar lets workers push and steer it by hand", "sources": [ "hs-bf4a3d2093", "hs-142c144cd9" ] }, "production": { "built": "First production Carter Pro came off the line in late 2024", "sold": "Sold as a service; DHL capped at a share of output", "where": "United States", "customers": "DHL Supply Chain (US and Mexico)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-06-25", "title": "Robust.AI picks Aptiv sensor for Gen 3 Carter", "summary": "Robust.AI chose Aptiv's PULSE radar-vision perception for its third-generation Carter.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/robust-ai-chooses-aptiv-pulse-sensor-for-gen-3-carter-mobile-robot/" }, { "date": "2024-11-17", "title": "Carter Pro is built to be moved by people", "summary": "TechCrunch described Carter Pro's camera-based navigation and DHL deployment.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/11/17/robust-ais-carter-pro-robot-is-designed-to-work-with-and-be-moved-by-humans/" }, { "date": "2024-10-16", "title": "Robust.AI launches Carter Pro", "summary": "Robust.AI launched the production Carter Pro and deployments with DHL Supply Chain.", "publisher": "Robust.AI", "url": "https://www.robust.ai/carter-pro-announcement" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives loads or follows pickers by itself; workers can also push it by hand when they want.", "video": { "id": "LUJMdD9ASh8", "title": "Carter™ Pro Overview", "channel": "Robust AI" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/robust-ai-carter-2022.jpg", "author": "Robust.AI", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.robust.ai/carter", "page": "https://www.robust.ai/carter", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "lg-cloi-guidebot-2022", "name": "CLOi GuideBot", "maker": "LG Electronics", "makerId": "lg-electronics", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-06-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "wayfinding and visitor guidance", "advertising display", "security patrol" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer", "security", "healthcare" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 150, "weightKg": 80, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 3.6, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 9, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 1.5 m tall guide robot with a small head screen and two 27-inch touchscreens front and back, used to direct visitors and show adverts in hotels, shops, offices, schools and hospitals. LG calls it its second-generation guide robot, following the airport guide robots it trialled at Incheon Airport from 2017.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-aed4161d21", "hs-4f218fe1dc", "hs-2b3472977d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-06-28", "event": "Launched in Singapore by LG Electronics (earliest launch found; an earlier Korean debut is possible)", "url": "https://lg.com/sg/about-lg/press-and-media/lgs-cloi-guidebot-is-designed-to-revolutionise-the-customer-service-experience" }, "released": { "date": "2022-06", "note": "Singapore launch; up to 9 hours of use per 5-hour charge" }, "components": { "sensors": "Lidar, 3D camera, microphone, 15 bottom sensors including ToF, magnetic and bumper", "battery": "1,250 W (2 x 625 W) pack; up to 9 hours; 5-hour charge", "software": "LG content management system and CLOi Cloud Station for remote monitoring and control; voice recognition", "other": "150 cm tall; 9.2-inch head display plus signage screen; about 1 m/s", "sources": [ "hs-aed4161d21" ] }, "production": { "sold": "On sale (Singapore launch 2022); LG's CLOi commercial robot business was folded into Bear Robotics in 2025", "where": "South Korea" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-01-24", "title": "LG folds CLOi business into Bear Robotics", "summary": "After taking 51% of Bear, LG said its CLOi commercial robot unit would be integrated with Bear.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/lg-acquires-majority-stake-in-bear-robotics/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It moves around venues and guides visitors on its own, with people only setting its routes and content.", "video": { "id": "VNC4iFCMs1I", "title": "LG CLOi GuideBot : SMART AND FRIENDLY GUIDANCE/ADVERTISING PARTNER | LG", "channel": "LG Global (@LGGlobal)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/lg-cloi-guidebot-2022.jpg", "author": "LG Electronics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.lg.com/us/business/press-release/new-lg-cloi-guidebot-an-autonomous-tour-guide-debuts-at-infocomm-2022", "page": "https://www.lg.com/us/business/press-release/new-lg-cloi-guidebot-an-autonomous-tour-guide-debuts-at-infocomm-2022", "kind": "maker", "w": 329, "h": 418 } }, { "id": "gausium-vacuum-40-2022", "name": "Vacuum 40", "maker": "Gausium (Gaussian Robotics)", "makerId": "gausium", "country": "China", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "vacuuming carpets and hard floors" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 89, "weightKg": 91, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 3.2, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 18, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A commercial robot vacuum with 24 kPa suction, a HEPA filter and 3D cameras for hotels, offices and other indoor sites. Run time is 3 h vacuuming and up to 18 h in mopping mode (maximum shown).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-789695a025", "hs-db67a2c9e4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-07", "event": "Earliest dated Gausium case study featuring the robot (launch date not found)", "url": "https://gausium.com/products/vacuum40/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "In use by July 2022" }, "components": { "sensors": "Lidar, 3D depth camera, RGB camera, anti-drop sensor, air-pressure collision sensor", "battery": "60 Ah lithium iron phosphate; up to 3 h vacuuming or 18 h mopping; about 2.5 h charge", "other": "97 kg; 720 mm cleaning width; optional diffuser kit (ultrasonic or air-assisted atomisation); for carpets and hard floors in hotels", "sources": [ "hs-db67a2c9e4", "hs-789695a025" ] }, "production": { "sold": "On sale; units not published", "where": "Shanghai, China", "customers": "InterContinental Wien; a large Chinese hotel group (Gausium case studies)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-07-13", "title": "IDC ranks Gausium No. 1 cleaning-robot supplier", "summary": "Gausium said IDC ranked it first worldwide by shipments and revenue for 2025.", "publisher": "Gausium", "url": "https://gausium.com/news/idc-2025-worlds-no1-commercial-cleaning-robot-supplier/" }, { "date": "2024-05-21", "title": "Gausium shows Phantas upgrades at Interclean", "summary": "Gausium showed Phantas S1 Pro with smart handle and Vacuum 40 in Amsterdam.", "publisher": "Gausium", "url": "https://gausium.com/news/gausium-unveiled-groundbreaking-innovations-at-interclean-amsterdam-2024/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff start a cleaning plan and it vacuums or mops the mapped area by itself.", "video": { "id": "a0JsVQxJ35k", "title": "Vacuum 40 - Gausium Industrial Robot Vacuum Close to Edge Cleaning", "channel": "Gausium Official" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/gausium-vacuum-40-2022.jpg", "author": "Gausium", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://gausium.com/products/vacuum40/", "page": "https://gausium.com/products/vacuum40/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 621 } }, { "id": "pudu-pudubot-2-2022", "name": "PuduBot 2", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-07-18", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "delivering food and items in restaurants, hotels and offices" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "The second generation of Pudu's tray-carrying indoor delivery robot, succeeding the original PuduBot of 2017 with better sensors, a bigger battery and steadier handling.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-ea6e2c5d3d", "hs-c6cd45cfb1", "hs-d02f090780" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-07-18", "event": "Unveiled by Pudu in Shenzhen", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/about/news/62d51444f06ba40044c87ecb" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "Shown internationally at GITEX Global, Dubai, October 2022" }, "components": { "sensors": "Dual lidar plus visual positioning (fused laser and visual SLAM); marker-less deployment", "battery": "Lithium iron phosphate battery; up to 24 hours on a 3-hour charge", "software": "PUDU OS with mapping toolkit, fleet tracking and smartwatch app; robots coordinate with each other", "sources": [ "hs-d02f090780", "hs-c6cd45cfb1" ] }, "production": { "sold": "On sale; units not published", "where": "Shenzhen, China", "customers": "Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Jordan signed a strategic agreement with Pudu in 2022 (company-level)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-04-23", "title": "Pudu raises nearly $150M", "summary": "Pudu said the round lifted its valuation above $1.5 billion and will expand manufacturing capacity.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/pudu-robotics-raises-nearly-150m-targets-industrial-applications/" }, { "date": "2022-07-18", "title": "Pudu rolls out PuduBot 2", "summary": "Pudu launched PuduBot 2 with dual lidar, LFP battery and marker-less setup.", "publisher": "Pudu Robotics", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/about/news/62d51444f06ba40044c87ecb" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff load the trays and pick a table; it drives there and back by itself.", "video": { "id": "45vUOogXXQc", "title": "PuduBot 2, Universal Delivery Robot | Pudu Robotics", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-pudubot-2-2022.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/pudubot2", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/pudubot2", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "baidu-apollo-rt6-2022", "name": "Apollo RT6 (6th-gen robotaxi)", "maker": "Baidu Apollo (built by JMC)", "makerId": "baidu-apollo", "country": "China", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-07-21", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 135, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 28350, "priceNote": "RMB 204,600 invoice cost for the 2024 production version (about US$28,350, CarNewsChina, May 2024); RMB 250,000 (about US$37,000) when unveiled in July 2022; service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "First vehicle on Baidu's own Xinghe platform, and at launch roughly half the cost of the Apollo Moon.", "deployments": "Baidu planned 1,000 RT6 cars in Wuhan by end-2024; Apollo Go (all models) reported 3.2 million fully driverless rides in Q1 2026, more than 22 million cumulative public rides by April 2026, and 28 cities by August 2026.", "summary": "A purpose-built electric robotaxi made with Jiangling Motors, with swappable LFP batteries, four seats, five lidars and about 40 sensors in total. It can be built with or without a steering wheel and is the main vehicle in Apollo Go's current fleet.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4eb37c8c17", "hs-71c191cd3a", "hs-52a1552540", "hs-fbadc9f61c", "hs-fccdfadd22", "hs-f3966b7a40", "hs-88cea58131" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-07-21", "event": "Baidu World 2022", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2022/07/21/baidu-unveils-apollo-rt6-its-sixth-gen-autonomous-vehicle/" }, "released": { "date": "2024-05", "note": "production version launched at Apollo Day 2024 with plans for 1,000 units in Wuhan" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Apollo Go (all vehicle models): 28 cities as of August 2026 (Baidu Q2 2026 results), including Wuhan, Beijing and other Chinese cities; fully driverless paid service in Dubai from 30 March 2026; driverless testing on Hong Kong Airport Island from late July 2026; open-road testing in London and Switz", "since": null, "fleet": "Apollo Go reached 1,000 vehicles worldwide in May 2025 (Baidu CEO, via CnEVPost); no later fleet total published; RT6 share not broken out", "usage": "Apollo Go: 3.2 million fully driverless rides in Q1 2026 and over 22 million cumulative public rides by April 2026 (Baidu Q1 2026 results); over 350 million autonomous km, 240 million of them fully driverless (Baidu Q2 2026 results)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/baidu-apollo-rt6-2022-1.jpg", "author": "S5A-0043", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(CHN-Hubei)_Apollo_Go_Apollo_RT6_Temporary-%E9%84%82A1395%E8%AF%95_2025-12-17.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "ponyai-sany-l4-truck-2022", "name": "Pony.ai-SANY L4 heavy truck", "maker": "Pony.ai with SANY Heavy Truck", "makerId": "pony-ai", "country": "China", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-07-28", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "freight" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "no price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Pony.ai said in November 2023 it held Guangzhou's first licence to test autonomous trucks in platoon formation on open roads.", "deployments": "Five PonyTron trucks licensed for '1+N' formation tests on Guangzhou open roads (November 2023); trucks were tested on the Beijing-Tianjin port highway with a safety driver by June 2025.", "summary": "A self-driving heavy truck from the Pony.ai and SANY joint venture, built on SANY's battery-electric platform with a by-wire chassis and Pony.ai's NVIDIA Orin-based controller. The partners planned small deliveries in 2022-2023 and larger production from 2024.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-74a5a34d54", "hs-89645cf087", "hs-6df22c8b66" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-07-28", "event": "Pony.ai-SANY joint venture announcement (prototype already road-tested)", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2022/07/28/pony-ai-forms-joint-venture-with-sany-to-produce-self-driving-trucks/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "small-batch deliveries planned 2022-2023; volumes not published" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Guangzhou open roads (formation testing from Nov 2023); Beijing-Tianjin port highway (June 2025)", "since": null, "fleet": "about 200 Pony.ai trucks across generations (Pony.ai, Nov 2025)", "usage": "over 1 billion tonne-km of freight across Pony.ai trucks (Pony.ai, Nov 2025)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ponyai-sany-l4-truck-2022.jpg", "author": "Pony.ai", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://pony.ai/story?lang=en", "page": "https://pony.ai/story?lang=en", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 579 } }, { "id": "nasa-jpl-eels-2022", "name": "EELS (Exobiology Extant Life Surveyor)", "maker": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "makerId": "nasa-jet-propulsion-laboratory", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-08", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "planetary exploration research", "ice and vent exploration" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "snake", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 100, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A self-propelled snake robot driven by rotating screws, conceived to descend vents in the icy crust of Saturn's moon Enceladus.", "deployments": "Field-tested on an ice rink, a ski resort, JPL's Mars Yard and Athabasca Glacier, Canada (2022-2023).", "summary": "A 4.4 m, 100 kg segmented snake robot (EELS 1.0) with lidar and stereo cameras and software to move without real-time human input.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-309ece752a", "hs-26e8fa4732" ], "canada": "Field-tested at Athabasca Glacier, Alberta, in September 2022 and September 2023.", "firstShown": { "date": "2022-08", "event": "First prototype field test at an ice rink in Pasadena", "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/robotics-at-jpl/eels/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "In development." }, "components": { "actuators": "Segments with independently actuated counter-rotating screws for traction on ice, snow and sand; screws act as propellers underwater", "sensors": "Lidar and four stereo camera pairs in the head", "battery": "Tethered for power and communications (version 1.0)", "software": "Risk-aware autonomy that picks paths and makes safety decisions without real-time human input", "other": "About 4-4.4 m long and 100 kg (10 segments); science segment can carry a prototype capillary electrophoresis instrument", "sources": [ "hs-309ece752a" ] }, "production": { "built": "Prototypes (versions 1.0 and 1.5)", "sold": "not sold", "where": "NASA JPL, Pasadena, United States" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-01-03", "title": "EELS tested on Athabasca Glacier", "summary": "JPL took the 4.4 m snake robot to Alberta's Athabasca Glacier in September 2023 to test it in ice shafts.", "publisher": "The Rocky Mountain Goat", "url": "https://therockymountaingoat.com/2024/01/nasa-tests-robot-snake-on-athabasca-glacier/" }, { "date": "2023-05-11", "title": "JPL trains snake robot for rough terrain", "summary": "Interesting Engineering covered EELS tests aimed at icy moons such as Enceladus.", "publisher": "Interesting Engineering", "url": "https://interestingengineering.com/science/nasas-snake-like-robot" }, { "date": "2023-05-09", "title": "EELS put to the test at JPL", "summary": "JPL described its startup-style build-and-test approach for the autonomous snake robot.", "publisher": "SolarDaily (JPL release)", "url": "https://www.solardaily.com/reports/EELS_slithers_into_new_robotics_terrain_999.html" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "In field tests it moved through ice and terrain using its own perception and planning while the JPL team monitored and could step in.", "video": { "id": "ifCIDT4X9AM", "title": "Testing Out JPL’s New Snake Robot", "channel": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/nasa-jpl-eels-2022.jpg", "author": "Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech", "license": "JPL Image Use Policy", "licenseUrl": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/jpl-image-use-policy/", "page": "https://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/how-we-do-it/systems/exobiology-extant-life-surveyor-eels/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 743 } }, { "id": "abb-flexley-mover-2022", "name": "Flexley Mover", "maker": "ABB Robotics", "makerId": "abb", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "lifting and moving racks, containers and pallets", "production-line supply" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1500, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "ABB's under-ride autonomous mobile robot family that lifts and carries racks, containers and pallets of up to 1,500 kg, launched with the Flexley Tug after ABB bought ASTI.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-be359ad470", "hs-9ed4eeba18" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-09", "event": "Launch of ABB's first Flexley-branded AMRs", "url": "https://www.polyformnext.de/automation/abb-becomes-a-full-service-provider-with-amrs.htm" }, "released": { "date": "2022-09", "note": "Later P604 version got visual SLAM navigation; the P304 named in the lead was not confirmed" }, "components": { "sensors": "Laser-scanner 2D SLAM at launch; later versions use AI-based visual SLAM (Sevensense technology)", "other": "Lifts and carries racks, containers and pallets up to 1,500 kg", "sources": [ "hs-be359ad470" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold; units not published", "where": "Spain (ASTI Mobile Robotics, acquired by ABB in 2021)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives under and lifts racks or pallets and moves them through the site on its own, directed by fleet software.", "video": { "id": "w_h-L74YJW0", "title": "ABB AMRs: Robot cells (Flexley Mover)", "channel": "ABB Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/abb-flexley-mover-2022.jpg", "author": "ABB Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://resources.news.e.abb.com/images/2022/9/21/0/autonomous_mobile_robot_portfolio_6.jpg", "page": "https://resources.news.e.abb.com/images/2022/9/21/0/autonomous_mobile_robot_portfolio_6.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "abb-flexley-tug-2022", "name": "Flexley Tug", "maker": "ABB Robotics", "makerId": "abb", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "towing trolleys in factories and warehouses" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 2000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Payload figure is towing capacity", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "ABB's tugger-style autonomous mobile robot family, from the ASTI Mobile Robotics line ABB bought in 2021, rated to pull trolleys of up to 2,000 kg.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-be359ad470" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-09", "event": "Launch of ABB's first Flexley-branded AMRs", "url": "https://www.polyformnext.de/automation/abb-becomes-a-full-service-provider-with-amrs.htm" }, "released": { "date": "2022-09", "note": "Several model codes exist (for example T702); the T412 named in the lead was not confirmed" }, "components": { "sensors": "Laser-scanner 2D SLAM navigation (from ASTI); ABB planned visual SLAM from Sevensense", "other": "Tows trolleys up to 2,000 kg", "sources": [ "hs-be359ad470" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold; units not published", "where": "Spain (ASTI Mobile Robotics, acquired by ABB in 2021)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It pulls trolleys along routes by itself, directed by fleet software rather than a driver.", "video": { "id": "4c-JQOD-_pw", "title": "ABB AMRs: Horizontal transport (Flexley Tug)", "channel": "ABB Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/abb-flexley-tug-2022.jpg", "author": "ABB Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240806170238/https://new.abb.com/products/robotics/autonomous-mobile-robots/products/flexley-tug", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240806170238/https://new.abb.com/products/robotics/autonomous-mobile-robots/products/flexley-tug", "kind": "maker", "w": 780, "h": 390 } }, { "id": "hp-siteprint-2022", "name": "SitePrint", "maker": "HP Inc.", "makerId": "hp", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "layout printing", "marking floor plans on slabs" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Pay-as-you-go usage model with bundled support; rates not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "HP's first construction robot, applying its printing technology to jobsite layout.", "deployments": "Early access in the US and Canada from September 2022; full availability in the US, Canada, the UK and Ireland from July 2023, later Australia and New Zealand.", "summary": "A compact autonomous robot that follows a robotic total station and prints CAD layouts on site floors, with HP citing layout accuracy up to 3/32 in. HP says customers averaged 180 to 300 square metres per hour with one operator.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-7901dc7f77", "hs-b1865a348d", "hs-fcc235e471" ], "canada": "Available in Canada since the September 2022 early access programme.", "firstShown": { "date": "2022-09", "event": "Introduced at Autodesk University with a North American early access programme", "url": "https://constructionmanagement.co.uk/hps-site-printing-robot-now-available-in-uk/" }, "released": { "date": "2023-07-19", "note": "Full availability in the US, Canada, UK and Ireland" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hp-siteprint-2022.jpg", "author": "HP Inc.", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.hp.com/us-en/printers/site-print/layout-robot.html", "page": "https://www.hp.com/us-en/printers/site-print/layout-robot.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 660 } }, { "id": "golden-dragon-mogo-bus-2022", "name": "MOGO BUS", "maker": "Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus with Mogo Auto", "makerId": "xiamen-golden-dragon-bus", "country": "China", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-09-13", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "shuttle", "public transit" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "public-transit", "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "no price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Golden Dragon said in September 2023 it had delivered nearly 300 self-driving vehicles for microcirculation routes, park shuttles and tourist sites; Mogo Bus deployment cities were not published in the sources found.", "summary": "A Level 4 self-driving shuttle co-developed by Golden Dragon and Mogo Auto that rolled off the Xiamen assembly line in September 2022. Specifications were not published in the sources found.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9886baae09", "hs-235899c429" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-09-13", "event": "Line-off at Golden Dragon plant, Xiamen", "url": "https://autotechinsight.spglobal.com/news/5267819/mogo-auto-golden-dragon-co-develop-level-4-capable-autonomous-shuttle-in-china-" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "production line-off Sept 2022" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": null, "since": null, "fleet": "Golden Dragon: nearly 300 self-driving vehicles delivered across all models (Bus-News, Sept 2023)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/golden-dragon-mogo-bus-2022.jpg", "author": "Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus with Mogo Auto", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/news/chinas-mogo-auto-sees-fully-autonomous-mogo-bus-roll-off-line-70021256", "page": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/news/chinas-mogo-auto-sees-fully-autonomous-mogo-bus-roll-off-line-70021256", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "havelsan-kapgan-2022", "name": "KAPGAN", "maker": "HAVELSAN", "makerId": "havelsan", "country": "Turkey", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-10", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "fire support" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An armed tracked ground robot first exhibited at SAHA EXPO 2022; it completed its first test firing in January 2023.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-c50a046e94", "hs-469a806640", "hs-449bec91aa" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-10", "event": "SAHA EXPO 2022, Istanbul", "url": "https://overtdefense.com/2022/11/01/saha-expo-2022-havelsan-exhibits-its-kapgan-armed-unmanned-ground-vehicle-for-the-first-time" }, "released": { "date": "2023-01", "note": "First test fire" }, "components": { "actuators": "Electric motor drive", "battery": "About 6 hours of operation", "software": "Designed for autonomous team (swarm) operation with other HAVELSAN unmanned vehicles under the 'digital unit' concept", "other": "3.2 m long, 1.75 m wide, 1,400 kg, 600 kg useful load, top speed 25 km/h; armed variant", "sources": [ "hs-eea772f381" ] }, "production": { "built": "Prototype; first live-fire test January 2023", "sold": "HAVELSAN planned Turkish Armed Forces service from 2024 (not confirmed in sources opened)", "where": "Turkey" }, "news": [ { "date": "2023-01-31", "title": "KAPGAN completes first test fire", "summary": "HAVELSAN's armed UGV completed its first firing test ahead of planned 2024 service.", "publisher": "Overt Defense", "url": "https://www.overtdefense.com/2023/01/31/turkeys-newest-unmanned-ground-vehicle-kapgan-completes-its-first-test-fire" }, { "date": "2022-11-01", "title": "KAPGAN shown at SAHA EXPO 2022", "summary": "HAVELSAN displayed the KAPGAN armed UGV for the first time in Istanbul.", "publisher": "Overt Defense", "url": "https://overtdefense.com/2022/11/01/saha-expo-2022-havelsan-exhibits-its-kapgan-armed-unmanned-ground-vehicle-for-the-first-time" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Its maker describes autonomous patrol and route planning with an operator overseeing it over a data link; its gun needs a person to authorise firing, so it is at most supervised for that.", "video": { "id": "-n2ROmPj6ic", "title": "KAPGAN - Autonomous Heavy Class UGV", "channel": "HAVELSAN (@havelsanglobal)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/havelsan-kapgan-2022.jpg", "author": "HAVELSAN", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.havelsan.com/en/products/kapgan-middle-class-2-autonomous-ugv", "page": "https://www.havelsan.com/en/products/kapgan-middle-class-2-autonomous-ugv", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 613 } }, { "id": "auve-tech-mica-2022", "name": "MiCa", "maker": "Auve Tech", "makerId": "auve", "country": "Estonia", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle", "airport staff transport" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 25, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "About 20 MiCas serve small towns in Japan, mostly run by BOLDLY; Level 4 public-road service in Taki, Mie; staff shuttle at Tallinn Airport; Boca Raton, Florida service from November 2025.", "summary": "A compact 4.2 m, eight-seat electric shuttle with seven lidars and ten cameras, built for Level 4 operation at up to 25 km/h. A Japanese version is run by SoftBank's BOLDLY in small towns.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ef1f361cb6", "hs-4c4d670343", "hs-4f37f6c38d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-10", "event": "Product launch", "url": "https://estonianworld.com/technology/estonias-auve-tech-launches-a-new-self-driving-electric-vehicle/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Sold to operators and towns, e.g. Sakai (Japan) bought units in 2023" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Taki (Mie) and other Japanese towns; Tallinn Airport; Boca Raton (Florida)", "since": null, "fleet": "about 20 in Japan (Auve Tech, via Invest in Estonia)", "usage": "more than 26,000 km of commercial operation (company post, unverified)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/auve-tech-mica-2022.jpg", "author": "Auve Tech", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.auve.tech/autonomous-vehicle-mica", "page": "https://www.auve.tech/autonomous-vehicle-mica", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 529 } }, { "id": "wisk-gen-6-2022", "name": "Wisk Gen 6", "maker": "Wisk Aero (Boeing subsidiary; Archer acquisition announced August 2026)", "makerId": "wisk-aero", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-10", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "passenger air taxi" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "air-taxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 222, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; in flight test", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed as the first candidate for FAA type certification of a self-flying, passenger-carrying eVTOL in the United States.", "deployments": "First flight on 16 December 2025 at Hollister, California, starting a flight test campaign (New Atlas).", "summary": "A four-seat electric tiltrotor-style air taxi with 12 rotors and no cockpit for a pilot. It flies itself on logic-based flight software with detect-and-avoid sensors, while a ground supervisor oversees up to three aircraft at once.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3a0b0a21ff", "hs-d2ac98fd94", "hs-9a6bd7d549" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-10", "event": "Wisk unveiling of its sixth-generation aircraft", "url": "https://www.flyingmag.com/wisk-unveils-generation-6-evtol-air-taxi-prototype/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "target markets named as Houston, Los Angeles and Miami; no service date" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Hollister, California flight test site", "since": "2025-12-16", "fleet": "not published", "usage": "Wisk's six aircraft generations have flown over 1,750 test flights in total (Wisk, August 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/wisk-gen-6-2022-1.jpg", "author": "Airtaxis2030", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wisk_Gen_6_aircraft.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "ecovacs-goat-g1-2022", "name": "GOAT G1", "maker": "Ecovacs Robotics", "makerId": "ecovacs", "country": "China", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-10-27", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "lawn mowing", "garden monitoring" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "A$2,999 at Australian launch (Sept 2023); not priced at 2022 unveiling", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Ecovacs' first robot lawn mower, from the maker of Deebot robot vacuums.", "deployments": "Sold first in China and Europe in 2023, then in Australia from 21 September 2023 (EFTM, Sep 2023).", "summary": "A wire-free mower that positions itself to the centimetre using a 360-degree panoramic camera and a fish-eye camera backed by UWB beacons, inertial sensors and GPS, with a vision-plus-ToF sensor to spot obstacles. Ecovacs says it mows about 600 square metres a day at cut heights of 3 to 6 cm and can double as a garden security camera.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-5b2e13b9c8", "hs-2c73f7da0e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-10-27", "event": "ECOVACS 2022 Global Product Launch Event", "url": "https://vietnamnews.vn/media-outreach/1348809/ecovacs-robotics-unveils-significant-breakthrough-at-2022-global-product-launch-event-aiming-for-a-broader-robotics-market.html" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "China and Europe first (target March 2023); Australia 21 Sept 2023" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ecovacs-goat-g1-2022.jpg", "author": "Ecovacs Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.ecovacs.com/au/goat-robotic-lawn-mower/goat-g1", "page": "https://www.ecovacs.com/au/goat-robotic-lawn-mower/goat-g1", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "hii-remus-620-2022", "name": "REMUS 620", "maker": "HII Mission Technologies", "makerId": "hii-mission", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-11-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "mine countermeasures", "survey", "intelligence gathering" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "underwater", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 14.8, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 110, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "No public price", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Designed to be launched from submarines as well as ships.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A medium AUV running HII's Odyssey autonomy suite, which plans and adjusts missions on board; it can run up to 110 hours and 275 nautical miles on battery.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1e94060915", "hs-25e92c5c66" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-11-07", "event": "HII announcement and press conference", "url": "https://seapowermagazine.org/hii-announces-remus-620-next-generation-submarine-deployable-medium-usv/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": null, "since": null, "fleet": "Not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 509 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hii-remus-620-2022.jpg", "author": "HII Mission Technologies", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://hii.com/products/remus-620-uuvs", "page": "https://hii.com/products/remus-620-uuvs", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 711 } }, { "id": "monarch-tractor-mk-v-2022", "name": "MK-V", "maker": "Monarch Tractor", "makerId": "monarch-tractor", "country": "United States", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-12-01", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "vineyard and orchard work", "mowing", "spraying", "towing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Marketed as the first commercially available electric, driver-optional tractor.", "deployments": "A few hundred built at Foxconn's Ohio plant; sold in 12 US states before the company shut down in 2026 (TechCrunch).", "summary": "A battery-electric compact tractor sold as 'driver optional': it could be driven normally or run supervised autonomous tasks. Monarch collapsed in 2026 and Caterpillar bought its technology.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b4f3963cfd", "hs-dee0fa4736", "hs-1f5c013896" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-12-01", "event": "Commercial launch", "url": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20221201005455/en" }, "released": { "date": "2022-12", "note": "First tractors delivered to Constellation Brands in December 2022" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/monarch-tractor-mk-v-2022.jpg", "author": "Monarch Tractor", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/mondavi-monarch-smart-electric-jetson-tractor", "page": "https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/mondavi-monarch-smart-electric-jetson-tractor", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 567 } }, { "id": "2getthere-parkshuttle-gen3-2022", "name": "ParkShuttle Generation III", "maker": "2getthere", "makerId": "2getthere", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-12-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 32, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "In 2018 the ParkShuttle line was described as the only automated road vehicle service in permanent revenue service in Europe.", "deployments": "Six new vehicles entered service in November 2022 under a concession running to December 2033.", "summary": "Lighter, air-conditioned driverless shuttles that can drive in both directions on the Rivium lane, removing the need for turning loops.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c6e2677664" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-12-05", "event": "Entry into passenger service", "url": "https://westland.bestuurlijkeinformatie.nl/Document/View/bda7fab9-8f88-484f-a682-f5c1855ce7b4" }, "released": { "date": "2022-11", "note": "Public transit service run by Connexxion for MRDH" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Capelle aan den IJssel / Rotterdam (Kralingse Zoom to Rivium)", "since": "2022-11", "fleet": "6 vehicles (MRDH, 2024)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/2getthere-parkshuttle-gen3-2022-1.jpg", "author": "Wvdp", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ParkShuttle_autonomous_bus_Capelle_aan_den_IJssel_-_2024-03-11.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 753 } }, { "id": "cenobots-sp50-2022", "name": "SP50 (Spot-Cleaner 50)", "maker": "CenoBots", "makerId": "cenobots", "country": "China", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-12-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "spot cleaning of litter and debris", "floor sweeping in public buildings" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 105, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 13, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Marketed by CenoBots as the first robot built to find and clean individual spots of litter rather than sweep fixed routes (a maker claim).", "deployments": null, "summary": "A sweeping robot that patrols busy spaces and uses AI vision to spot and clean litter and spills, rechecking its work. It sweeps a 720 mm path, holds an 18 L dust bag and runs up to 13 hours; it won an ISSA innovation award in Sydney in 2024.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-a7b4da9092", "hs-1a8229c13d", "hs-8b70bf3602", "hs-eb0e7105b0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-12-11", "event": "Launch announcement by CenoBots", "url": "https://www.cenobots.com/news/2" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "First CenoBots product; shown with the L50 at ISSA Show North America in November 2023" }, "components": { "sensors": "AI recognition of 30+ types of litter and stains (99% claimed); 150 m detection range; detects glass and protruding objects", "battery": "Up to 13 h", "software": "Spot cleaning with 'Cleaning Result Checkup' re-passes; large AI models; app control; over-the-air updates; automatic map updates", "other": "18 L dust bag and 5 L tray; 25 kPa suction; 720 mm sweeping width; modular design for servicing", "sources": [ "hs-a7b4da9092" ] }, "production": { "sold": "On sale through dealers; units not published", "where": "China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2023-11-28", "title": "US dealer introduces SP50", "summary": "HelloGard described the SP50 as an AI spot-cleaning robot with result checking.", "publisher": "HelloGard", "url": "https://www.hellogard.com/post/unveiling-the-cenobots-sp50-spot-cleaning-robot" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It patrols its area and spots and sweeps up litter and spills by itself.", "video": { "id": "uZCi8xWqRkY", "title": "CenoBots SP50-Demonstration of Spot cleaning", "channel": "CenoBots" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cenobots-sp50-2022.jpg", "author": "CenoBots", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.cenobots.com/products/sp50", "page": "https://www.cenobots.com/products/sp50", "kind": "maker", "w": 648, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "baykar-bayraktar-kizilelma-2022", "name": "Bayraktar Kizilelma", "maker": "Baykar", "makerId": "baykar", "country": "Turkey", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-12-14", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "uncrewed combat aircraft", "air-to-air and strike" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "military-aircraft", "domain": [ "defense" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 1100, "payloadKg": 1500, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "military only", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Baykar says two Kizilelma prototypes flew the first autonomous close-formation flight of uncrewed fighter jets on 27 December 2025.", "deployments": "Five prototypes and two serial-production aircraft built as of January 5, 2026, with first Turkish Armed Forces delivery then planned for Q1 2026 (TRT Haber/IHA, 2026). In May 2026, Baykar and Indonesia's Republikorp signed an export framework for 12 KIZILELMA aircraft, with deliveries planned from 2028 (Anadolu Agency, 2026).", "summary": "A jet-powered uncrewed fighter with autonomous taxi, takeoff, flight and landing and an AI mission computer. Its formation flight used an autonomous combat pilot and fleet algorithms rather than direct piloting.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-0d338e2c81", "hs-4fa1779943" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-12-14", "event": "First flight, Çorlu, Türkiye", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "first delivery to Turkish Armed Forces planned 2026" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Çorlu, Tekirdağ, Türkiye test centre", "since": "2022-12-14", "fleet": "5 prototypes and 2 serial-production aircraft built as of January 5, 2026 (TRT Haber/IHA, quoting Baykar's Halil Akar).", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 930 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/baykar-bayraktar-kizilelma-2022-1.jpg", "author": "Erişim", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bayraktar_Kizilelma_UCAV_at_Teknofest_2023_in_Istanbul.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "hkia-byd-uisee-autonomous-bus-2022", "name": "HKIA autonomous airside staff bus (BYD J6 with UISEE system)", "maker": "Airport Authority Hong Kong with UISEE Technology", "makerId": "airport-authority-hong-kong", "country": "China (Hong Kong)", "year": 2022, "date": "2022-12-20", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "staff shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "airport-owned fleet; not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Airside staff buses ran on Hong Kong airport aprons; Time Out reported the service was paused after a collision near Terminal 1 (likely June 2025), while International Airport Review listed six staff shuttle buses on three apron routes in February 2026.", "summary": "A 14-seat BYD J6 electric bus that Hong Kong airport fitted with UISEE cameras and other sensors to shuttle staff around the restricted airside area. A driver sat aboard during 2022 demonstrations.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-13ded14115", "hs-e592831683", "hs-2dfdaa0c71" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2022-12-20", "event": "Media demonstration at Hong Kong International Airport", "url": "https://www.ttnews.com/articles/hong-kong-airports-robobus-offers-glimpse-driverless-future" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "internal airside use" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Hong Kong International Airport airside aprons", "since": null, "fleet": "6 staff shuttle buses on three apron routes (International Airport Review, Feb 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "continental-amr-il-1200-2023", "name": "AMR IL 1200", "maker": "Continental (automotive business now Aumovio)", "makerId": "continental", "country": "Germany", "year": 2023, "date": "2023", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving pallets and carts in factories", "warehouse transport" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 22.5, "weightKg": 240, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": 1200, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "An automotive supplier building its own heavy-load factory robot from in-house plant trials into a product sold to outside customers.", "deployments": "Early units ran in Continental plants in China and Slovakia; in July 2023 the company planned about 100 units in the first production year, and it was shown at MODEX 2024 in Atlanta.", "summary": "A flat autonomous robot about 1.46 m long and 22.5 cm high that drives under pallets, carts or racks, lifts them (or carries them on rollers or a load module) and moves up to 1,200 kg at 2 m/s using lidar and 3D cameras. It works with VDA 5050 fleet software.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-c557cd0afd", "hs-82fbe07874", "hs-b305767da1", "hs-1d709ea60e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023", "event": "Finalist for the IFOY Award 2023 (project began in 2020 at Continental's Rheinboellen plant; earlier prototype showings not dated)", "url": "https://autocarpro.in/feature/rise-of-friendly-automated-robots-at-continental-116062" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "Offered for outside sale from 2023; Continental said it was on its third generation. Continental's automotive news pages now redirect to Aumovio (the 2025 spin-off), and the robot's current status under Aumovio was not confirmed. Weight 240 kg is from a third-party listing." }, "components": { "actuators": "Two 48 V drive motors", "sensors": "Lidar for 360-degree coverage, front and rear 3D cameras, side sensors; optional UWB tag for live fleet tracking", "materials": "Thick-gauge powder-coated sheet-metal body", "software": "In-house software (Fleet Master Control) developed with Continental teams in India, Singapore and Frankfurt", "other": "Carries 1.2 x 1.2 m pallets up to 1.2 t at up to 2 m/s; ROEQ top-roller modules", "sources": [ "hs-c557cd0afd", "hs-82fbe07874" ] }, "production": { "built": "Developed and prototyped at Continental's Rheinböllen, Germany site", "sold": "Offered to outside customers from 2023", "where": "Rheinböllen, Germany", "customers": "Continental's own plants in China and Slovakia" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives under loads, lifts them and moves them itself, taking jobs from fleet software.", "video": { "id": "c7HijWf-pVU", "title": "AMR IL 1200 - Continental Automotive Technologies", "channel": "IFOY AWARD" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/continental-amr-il-1200-2023.jpg", "author": "Continental", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.continental.com/de/presse/pressemitteilungen/autonome-mobile-roboter/", "page": "https://www.continental.com/de/presse/pressemitteilungen/autonome-mobile-roboter/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "civ-robotics-civdot-plus-2023", "name": "CivDot+ (CivDot family)", "maker": "Civ Robotics", "makerId": "civ", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "surveying", "site layout", "solar farm staking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Civ Robotics says it has passed 100 robots deployed and 10 million marked coordinates across 40+ countries, mostly on solar farms (2025).", "summary": "A four-wheeled survey robot that drives across open sites and marks layout points with paint, using dual RTK GNSS and a small arm to reach about 8 mm accuracy. The earlier CivDot (exact launch date not found) marks up to about 3,000 points a day at lower precision; CivDot+ targets about 1,200 high-precision points a day.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d7f037bac5", "hs-046fd1b34a", "hs-3b9aa11f43", "hs-b0d62b14ce" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023", "event": "CivDot+ introduced (company profile timeline); original CivDot earlier, date not found", "url": "https://yespress.io/civ-robotics.md" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "Sold to EPCs and surveyors; Civ Robotics founded 2018" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/civ-robotics-civdot-plus-2023.jpg", "author": "Civ Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://civrobotics.com/", "page": "https://civrobotics.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 668 } }, { "id": "keenon-dinerbot-t8-2023", "name": "DINERBOT T8", "maker": "Keenon Robotics", "makerId": "keenon", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "restaurant food delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 111.1, "weightKg": 34, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 3.6, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 15, "priceUsd": 13500, "priceNote": "US reseller lists $13,500 to $18,400 depending on configuration.", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Sold in Japan by SoftBank Robotics as Keenbot T8; Keenon says its robots sell in 70+ countries.", "summary": "A slim serving robot that fits aisles 55 cm wide, with a 10.1-inch screen.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-4442e36df3", "hs-109ccf0496", "hs-c2738c868b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023", "event": "Won 2023 Good Design Award in Japan (earliest sourced date; exact launch not found)", "url": "https://www.keenon.com/jp/product/T8" }, "released": { "date": "2021", "note": "Keenon's own company timeline lists the DINERBOT T8 launch under 2021; the 2023 date on file is from a later Good Design award" }, "components": { "sensors": "Three stereo-vision sensors plus collision bar (detects obstacles under 5 cm); Keenon SLAM fusing lidar, vision, IMU, encoders and UWB", "battery": "Up to 15 hours; about 4-hour recharge (reseller figures)", "other": "Three open trays, about 20 kg payload; 38.4 cm wide, passes 55 cm aisles; 10.1-inch touch screen", "sources": [ "hs-04abeb5425", "hs-109ccf0496", "hs-f58738ed41" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Keenon reports more than 100,000 robots shipped company-wide (all models) and ranked first worldwide in commercial service robot shipments in 2025 per IDC", "where": "Shanghai, China" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff load the trays and choose a table; it delivers on its own.", "video": { "id": "t5YIz65Kjr0", "title": "DINERBOT T8｜Optimized capabilities in a compact design", "channel": "KEENON Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/keenon-dinerbot-t8-2023.jpg", "author": "Keenon Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/T8", "page": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/T8", "kind": "maker", "w": 504, "h": 472 } }, { "id": "aigen-element-2023", "name": "Element", "maker": "Aigen", "makerId": "aigen", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "weeding", "crop monitoring" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A solar- and battery-powered field robot that weeds without a driver or operator, assembled in the United States.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-641dc92bb8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023", "event": "Public launch (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.aigen.io/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Aigen says Elements are working on farms today" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/aigen-element-2023.jpg", "author": "Aigen", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aigen.io/agriculture", "page": "https://www.aigen.io/agriculture", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "lely-exos-2023", "name": "Exos", "maker": "Lely", "makerId": "lely", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2023, "date": "2023", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "fresh-grass harvesting", "fertilising", "feeding" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.5, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A driverless machine that cuts fresh grass, fertilises the field, carries the grass to the barn and unloads it at the feed fence, using GPS, stereo cameras and ultrasonic sensors.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-7cc6f7b734" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023", "event": "Introduction (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.lely.com/exos/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Private land only" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/lely-exos-2023-1.jpg", "author": "Blonder1984", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lely_Exos_EuroTier.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 451 } }, { "id": "farming-revolution-farming-gt", "name": "Farming GT", "maker": "farming revolution GmbH", "makerId": "farming-revolution", "country": "Germany", "year": 2023, "date": "2023", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "mechanical weeding", "hoeing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1500, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 24, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "The maker says it has worked on more than 1,000 fields in 10 countries.", "summary": "A 1,500 kg electric four-wheel-steer weeding robot that hoes between plants; the maker gives figures of up to 5 or up to 10 hectares per 24 hours and 24+ hours of running.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-c414943b80" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023", "event": "Commercial launch (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.farming-revolution.com/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Maker claims use on 1000+ fields in 10 countries" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/farming-revolution-farming-gt.jpg", "author": "farming revolution GmbH", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://farming-revolution.com/", "page": "https://farming-revolution.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 525 } }, { "id": "blacksea-garc-2023", "name": "GARC (Global Autonomous Reconnaissance Craft)", "maker": "BlackSea Technologies (acquired by AEVEX, 2026)", "makerId": "blacksea", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "surveillance", "communications relay", "mine countermeasures", "strike" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 2177, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 454, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "No public price", "hands": "none", "firsts": "During RIMPAC 2026 a GARC carried out the type's first destructive one-way strike, on the decommissioned USS Peleliu.", "deployments": "Fielded by the US Navy from 2023 with USV squadrons; on 17 July 2026 a GARC struck ex-USS Peleliu in a RIMPAC sinking exercise. BlackSea says its Baltimore line builds about one unit per day.", "summary": "A 16 ft uncrewed speedboat that can run autonomously using Anduril's Lattice autonomy software or be driven remotely, carrying up to 1,000 lb of sensors or explosives.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-89506f32fe", "hs-8868ff09ae", "hs-351bd1fd67" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023", "event": "US Navy began fielding", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "In US Navy service" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "US Navy deployments, Pacific (RIMPAC 2026)", "since": "2023", "fleet": "Production rate over 32 GARCs per month (BlackSea Technologies).", "usage": "BlackSea cites thousands of operational hours across Navy deployments", "rangeKm": 1296 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/blacksea-garc-2023-1.jpg", "author": "U.S. Navy photo by Petty Officer 2nd Class Ryan LeCompte", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Global_Autonomous_Reconnaissance_Craft_is_Deployed_during_BALTOPS_25_(9097210).jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Global_Autonomous_Reconnaissance_Craft_is_Deployed_during_BALTOPS_25_(9097210).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "odd-bot-maverick-2023", "name": "Maverick", "maker": "Odd.Bot", "makerId": "odd-bot", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2023, "date": "2023", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "mechanical weeding" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Working on dozens of fields in the Netherlands and Belgium, per the maker.", "summary": "A chemical-free weeding robot whose arms remove up to two weeds per second each, covering up to 2 hectares a day on beds 1.5 to 2.25 m wide.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-05782a18eb" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023", "event": "Public launch (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.odd.bot/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Taking orders for the 2027 season" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/odd-bot-maverick-2023.jpg", "author": "Odd.Bot", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.odd.bot/", "page": "https://www.odd.bot/", "kind": "maker", "w": 960, "h": 599 } }, { "id": "xag-p100-pro", "name": "P100 Pro agricultural drone", "maker": "XAG", "makerId": "xag", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "crop spraying", "spreading" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 50, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A crop-spraying and spreading drone with a 50 kg payload; two can fly a field at once in autonomous mode.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-3d5d0f8fc8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023", "event": "Product launch (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.xa.com/en/p100pro" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Sold worldwide" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/xag-p100-pro-1.jpg", "author": "MB-one", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:XAG_drone,_Agritechnica_2023,_Hanover_(P1160325).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "pronto-ahs-2023", "name": "Pronto AHS (retrofit on Cat 775G, Komatsu HD605)", "maker": "Pronto", "makerId": "pronto", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "quarry haulage", "limestone haulage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not published; offered as retrofit or on new Komatsu trucks", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Pronto says Lake Bridgeport was North America's first fully autonomous mixed-brand quarry fleet in production.", "deployments": "It hauled over two million tons of limestone in under eight months at Heidelberg Materials' Lake Bridgeport quarry in Texas (Jan 2026), and is expanding to Mitchell, Indiana and Servtex, Texas in 2026.", "summary": "A camera-only autonomy kit that converts existing quarry haul trucks from several brands, without lidar or radar. Komatsu also sells it in North America as Komatsu Smart Quarry Autonomous.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-98ff9fc671", "hs-2564b486f7", "hs-3c7e79c4fe", "hs-35e3a53c66", "hs-d966f47c9f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023", "event": "Pilot at Heidelberg Materials' Bridgeport, Texas quarry with Komatsu North America", "url": "https://www.globalminingreview.com/mining/25022025/pronto-announces-deployment-of-100-autonomous-haul-trucks/" }, "released": { "date": "2025-02", "note": "Global deal to fit over 100 Heidelberg Materials trucks within three years" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Lake Bridgeport, Texas (Heidelberg Materials); expanding to Mitchell, Indiana and Servtex, Texas in 2026", "since": null, "fleet": "Over 100 trucks contracted with Heidelberg Materials over three years (Feb 2025); current running count not published", "usage": "Over 2 million tons of limestone in under eight months at Lake Bridgeport (Pronto, 15 Jan 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pronto-ahs-2023.jpg", "author": "Pronto", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://pronto.ai/komatsu-north-america-and-pronto-launch-autonomy-solution-for-quarry-size-trucks/", "page": "https://pronto.ai/komatsu-north-america-and-pronto-launch-autonomy-solution-for-quarry-size-trucks/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "four-growers-tomato-harvester", "name": "Tomato harvesting robot", "maker": "Four Growers", "makerId": "four-growers", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "tomato harvesting", "quality checks" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Four Growers says it works with several greenhouse growers.", "summary": "A greenhouse robot that picks tomatoes, checks their quality and stores them, guided by eight stereo cameras.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e105b455d6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023", "event": "Product page, 2023", "url": "https://www.fourgrowers.com/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Working with greenhouse growers" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/four-growers-tomato-harvester.jpg", "author": "Four Growers", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://agfundernews.com/four-growers-on-what-it-takes-to-build-an-ag-robot-that-harvests-faster-than-humans", "page": "https://agfundernews.com/four-growers-on-what-it-takes-to-build-an-ag-robot-that-harvests-faster-than-humans", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "zelos-z5-2023", "name": "Zelos Z5", "maker": "Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing)", "makerId": "zelos", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel delivery", "fresh food delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 40, "payloadKg": 1000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Before June 2024 buyers paid about RMB 220,000 upfront for vehicle plus services (TMTPost, Jul 2024); date of that price not given", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Zelos describes the Z5 as its first mass-produced L4 model and the first unmanned logistics vehicle with a cargo box over 5 cubic metres.", "deployments": "Zelos operated in nearly 50 cities and regions including Singapore by February 2024.", "summary": "Zelos's first volume robovan, a 5-cubic-metre urban delivery vehicle carrying up to 1 tonne with about 180 km of range. It was replaced in mid-2024 by the cheaper Z5 2024 edition.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6d4a9bbcef", "hs-8d8e2cf037", "hs-3457ed3f00" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023", "event": "Launch (month not stated)", "url": "https://yicaiglobal.com/news/l4-logistics-car-startup-zelos-scores-usd100-million-in-series-a-round-led-by-meituan" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "Sold to courier franchisees" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Nearly 50 cities and regions in China and Singapore (Yicai Global, Feb 2024)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": 180 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/zelos-z5-2023.jpg", "author": "Zelos", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.zelostech.com.cn/", "page": "https://www.zelostech.com.cn/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "fernride-terberg-terminal-tractor-2023", "name": "Fernride autonomous terminal tractor (Terberg base)", "maker": "Fernride", "makerId": "fernride", "country": "Germany", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "container moving", "trailer moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "ports", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Annual software subscription; price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "First company in Europe to run terminal tractors commercially without safety drivers (July 2025).", "deployments": "Three tractors at HHLA TK Estonia in the Port of Muuga began moving to driverless work in July 2025, with six planned within a year.", "summary": "Fernride's sensor and software kit turns Terberg terminal tractors into driverless vehicles, with remote staff who oversee several at once. Its safety concept was the first TÜV SÜD certification for an autonomous terminal tractor under the EU Machinery Directive.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5de5671b1e", "hs-722a04c5a6", "hs-d95ed904e4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-01", "event": "Start of Fernride and HHLA TK Estonia integration work", "url": "https://hhla.de/en/media/news/detail-view/hhla-tk-estonia-fernride-begins-transition-to-driverless-operations" }, "released": { "date": "2025-07", "note": "Driverless commercial operation approved by the Estonian Transport Administration" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "HHLA TK Estonia, Port of Muuga near Tallinn, Estonia", "since": "2025-07", "fleet": "3 tractors with one remote operator, expanding to 6 (FreightWaves, July 2025)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/fernride-terberg-terminal-tractor-2023.jpg", "author": "Fernride", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://fernride.com/press-kit", "page": "https://fernride.com/press-kit", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 417 } }, { "id": "holon-mover-2023", "name": "Holon Urban (launched as Holon Mover)", "maker": "Holon (Benteler Group)", "makerId": "holon", "country": "Germany", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-01", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 60, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Approved in Germany in November 2025 for testing with a safety driver, starting in Hamburg's ALIKE project; due to replace Jacksonville's NAVI vans from 2027.", "summary": "A 15-passenger electric Level 4 shuttle designed with Pininfarina, built to automotive standards and first using Mobileye's self-driving system. Holon plans US production in Jacksonville, but the plant's groundbreaking slipped to late 2026 (Jax Daily Record, July 2026).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-c53deba4e0", "hs-59e058fbff", "hs-05ca82b5ab", "hs-df87616d5d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-01", "event": "CES 2023, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.electrive.com/2023/01/05/ces-holon-by-benteler-reveals-self-driving-e-shuttle-holon-mover" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not yet in series production; Jacksonville plant commissioning planned for second half of 2027" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Hamburg (ALIKE project testing with safety driver, approved November 2025); Jacksonville planned from 2027", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": 290 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/holon-mover-2023-1.jpg", "author": "Matti Blume", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Holon_Mover,_IAA_Summit_2025,_Munich_(20250908-P1049547).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "ottonomy-ottobot-yeti-2023", "name": "Ottobot Yeti", "maker": "Ottonomy.IO", "makerId": "ottonomy-io", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-01", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "curbside delivery", "last-mile delivery", "returns" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Ottobots have run at Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky, Rome Fiumicino and Pittsburgh airports and with Posten Norge in Oslo.", "summary": "A delivery robot with an automatic dispenser that can leave a parcel on a doorstep or push it into a locker, so nobody has to be there to receive it.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-30e7e41e7d", "hs-e3a479bb56" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-01", "event": "CES 2023, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/ottonomy_unveils_ottobot_yeti_robot_unattended_deliveries_ces_2023" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ottonomy-ottobot-yeti-2023.jpg", "author": "Ottonomy.IO", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/ottonomy_unveils_ottobot_yeti_robot_unattended_deliveries_ces_2023", "page": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/ottonomy_unveils_ottobot_yeti_robot_unattended_deliveries_ces_2023", "kind": "maker", "w": 600, "h": 407 } }, { "id": "fusion-processing-milton-park-minibus-2023", "name": "Milton Park autonomous minibus", "maker": "Fusion Processing with First Bus (Fiat Ducato base)", "makerId": "fusion-processing", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-01-23", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Began passenger service at Milton Park, Oxfordshire in January 2023.", "summary": "A battery-electric Fiat Ducato minibus fitted with Fusion Processing's driving system and run by First Bus around a business park. No later status update was found.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-291033496c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-01-23", "event": "Public-road trial launch at Milton Park, Oxfordshire", "url": "https://news.firstbus.co.uk/news/first-bus-and-partners-welcome-dft-minster-to-launch-uks-first-all-electric-autonomous-bus-service" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Milton Park, Oxfordshire", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/fusion-processing-milton-park-minibus-2023.jpg", "author": "Fusion Processing with First Bus", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://news.firstbus.co.uk/news/uks-first-zero-emission-autonomous-bus-service-gets-underway", "page": "https://news.firstbus.co.uk/news/uks-first-zero-emission-autonomous-bus-service-gets-underway", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "loxo-alpha-2023", "name": "LOXO Alpha", "maker": "LOXO", "makerId": "loxo", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-02", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "last-mile grocery and parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "LOXO lists a Migros campus delivery with the Alpha (February 2023), a Planzer autonomous micro-hub (September 2024) and REWE's first autonomous home delivery in Germany (November 2025).", "summary": "A compact autonomous delivery vehicle from Bern-based LOXO, which offers SAE Level 4 software across several vehicle types for retailers and logistics firms.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-1958ea4bf7", "hs-42aa7e4a7f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-02", "event": "Migros autonomous campus delivery", "url": "https://www.loxo.ch/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Customer pilots" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": null, "where": "Switzerland and Germany (customer pilots)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/loxo-alpha-2023.jpg", "author": "LOXO", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.loxo.ch/loxo-and-migros-test-a-new-autonomous-delivery-service/", "page": "https://www.loxo.ch/loxo-and-migros-test-a-new-autonomous-delivery-service/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "pyka-pelican-cargo-2023", "name": "Pelican Cargo", "maker": "Pyka", "makerId": "pyka", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-02", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "cargo flights", "express freight" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "cargo-aircraft", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 148, "payloadKg": 181, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "More than 80 orders and options from three launch customers reported at unveiling (February 2023).", "summary": "An autonomous battery-electric cargo plane that carries up to 181 kg (400 lb) over about 320 km (200 miles), with an 11.5 m wingspan and a nose-loading cargo tray.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ec7d50625d", "hs-c397d9c985" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-02", "event": "Unveiled at Pyka's Oakland, California facility", "url": "https://electrive.com/2023/02/03/pyka-unveils-autonomous-electric-cargo-aircraft" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Northern California (flight tests)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": 320 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pyka-pelican-cargo-2023.jpg", "author": "Pyka", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://electrive.com/2023/02/03/pyka-unveils-autonomous-electric-cargo-aircraft", "page": "https://electrive.com/2023/02/03/pyka-unveils-autonomous-electric-cargo-aircraft", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 500 } }, { "id": "preferred-robotics-kachaka-2023", "name": "Kachaka", "maker": "Preferred Robotics", "makerId": "preferred", "country": "Japan", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-02-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving furniture shelves on command", "home and office fetch-and-carry" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 12.4, "weightKg": 10, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 1.4, "payloadKg": 20, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "228,000 yen for the robot plus 980 yen a month; shelves 23,800-29,800 yen (Feb 2023)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A low, flat home robot that slides under and docks with a special shelf, then carries it to wherever the user asks by voice or app, mapping the home with its own sensors. It is 12.4 cm tall, weighs 10 kg and moves loads up to 20 kg including the shelf.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e828f9168e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-02-01", "event": "Retail launch in Japan", "url": "https://kaden.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/news/1475040.html" }, "released": { "date": "2023-02-01", "note": "on sale in Japan" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/preferred-robotics-kachaka-2023.jpg", "author": "Preferred Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://kachaka.life/", "page": "https://kachaka.life/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 843 } }, { "id": "brightpick-autopicker-2023", "name": "Autopicker", "maker": "Brightpick", "makerId": "brightpick", "country": "Slovakia", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-02-14", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "order picking", "tote retrieval", "order consolidation" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Robots-as-a-Service or purchase; no list price", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Brightpick called it the first commercially available autonomous mobile picking robot.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A mobile robot that drives warehouse aisles, pulls totes from ordinary shelving and picks items with its arm straight into order totes, handing hard items to a person.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e3de8e02fa", "hs-7b5ee6bbc8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-02-14", "event": "Product announcement (shown at ProMat 2023)", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/brightpick-announces-mobile-picking-robot-autopicker/" }, "released": { "date": "2023-02", "note": "Sold outright or as Robots-as-a-Service" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/brightpick-autopicker-2023.jpg", "author": "Brightpick", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.therobotreport.com/brightpick-announces-mobile-picking-robot-autopicker/", "page": "https://www.therobotreport.com/brightpick-announces-mobile-picking-robot-autopicker/", "kind": "maker", "w": 770, "h": 550 } }, { "id": "honda-autonomous-work-vehicle-gen3-2023", "name": "Autonomous Work Vehicle (third generation)", "maker": "Honda", "makerId": "honda", "country": "Japan", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-03", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "construction site material transport", "pallet hauling" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 16.1, "payloadKg": 907, "batteryHours": 10, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; commercialisation not announced", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Earlier second-generation units ran a month-long test at a Black & Veatch solar construction site in New Mexico in 2021, carrying nearly 900 lb loads (Vision Systems Design, Mar 2023).", "summary": "Honda's all-electric third-generation work vehicle has a bed for two pallets rated at 2,000 lb, lidar navigation where satellite positioning is weak, tablet route programming and an 18.6 kWh battery for up to 10 hours. It drives itself at up to 10 mph.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-13242a1a30", "hs-7a30153d6e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-03", "event": "CONEXPO-CON/AGG 2023, Las Vegas", "url": "https://vision-systems.com/embedded/article/14291516/honda-releases-prototype-autonomous-work-vehicle" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "field testing with partners" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/honda-autonomous-work-vehicle-gen3-2023.jpg", "author": "Honda Motor Co., Ltd.", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.constructionequipment.com/technology/news/33002818/honda-updates-autonomous-work-vehicle", "page": "https://www.constructionequipment.com/technology/news/33002818/honda-updates-autonomous-work-vehicle", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "develon-concept-x2-2023", "name": "Concept-X2 (DD100-CX dozer and DX225-CX excavator)", "maker": "HD Hyundai Infracore (DEVELON)", "makerId": "hd-hyundai-infracore", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-03", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "construction", "dozing", "excavation" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Cabless autonomous versions of a dozer and a crawler excavator running the upgraded Concept-X2 system, demonstrated three times a day in a demo pit.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e26b239e8d", "hs-76f4b55239" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-03", "event": "CONEXPO-CON/AGG 2023, Las Vegas", "url": "https://eu.develon-ce.com/en/news/2023-05-01-Esordio-spettacolare-per-DEVELON-al-CONEXPO-CON-AGG-2023" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Show demonstrations" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/develon-concept-x2-2023.jpg", "author": "HD Hyundai Infracore", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://eu.develon-ce.com/en/concept-x2", "page": "https://eu.develon-ce.com/en/concept-x2", "kind": "maker", "w": 892, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "built-robotics-rpd-35-2023", "name": "RPD 35", "maker": "Built Robotics", "makerId": "built", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous pile driving for utility-scale solar farms" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Rented as a service; price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed by its maker as the first fully autonomous solar piling system, combining survey, pile distribution, driving and inspection.", "deployments": null, "summary": "An excavator converted by Built's Exosystem autonomy kit into a pile-driving robot that carries a cartridge of steel piles and drives each one to within about an inch using RTK GPS; Built says a two-person crew can install over 300 piles a day.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-7c00f43dc3", "hs-6462237ac8", "hs-06461d0dca" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-03", "event": "Launched March 2023 at CONEXPO-CON/AGG, Las Vegas (launch coverage dated 20 Mar 2023)", "url": "https://www.automatedwarehouseonline.com/built-robotics-launches-rpd-35-pile-driving-robot-for-solar-market/" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "First customer deployments planned for Q4 2023 per launch coverage" }, "components": { "hands": "Custom pile hammer and pile cartridge system; side sleds with baskets holding close to 200 piles", "sensors": "RTK GPS and survey sensors; vision system", "compute": "Exosystem unit with liquid-cooled Intel Xeon processor and NVIDIA GPUs", "other": "Built on an excavator base; a two-person crew installs 300+ piles a day", "sources": [ "hs-7c00f43dc3", "hs-06461d0dca" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Offered as a service; first units deployed from Q4 2023", "where": "San Francisco, United States", "customers": "Utility-scale solar builders (Built says it has helped install over 3 GW of solar)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-06-16", "title": "Built Robotics partners with Penn xLAB", "summary": "Built said it has installed over 3 GW of solar and is building a construction world model.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/xlab-and-built-robotics-partner-to-advance-construction/" }, { "date": "2023-04-27", "title": "RPD 35 drives piles three times faster", "summary": "pv magazine described the RPD 35's Xeon/NVIDIA computer and 300-pile daily rate.", "publisher": "pv magazine USA", "url": "https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2023/04/27/robotic-solar-pile-driver-three-times-faster-than-humans" }, { "date": "2023-03-15", "title": "Built announces RPD 35", "summary": "Built Robotics launched a fully autonomous solar piling robot.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/built-robotics-develops-autonomous-solar-piling-robot/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It locates each pile spot by GPS and drives the piles by itself, while a small crew reloads it and watches the site.", "video": { "id": "8Na6NF11iPc", "title": "Robots for the Solar Energy Revolution: The RPD 35 from Built Robotics", "channel": "Built Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/built-robotics-rpd-35-2023.jpg", "author": "Built Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.builtrobotics.com/solutions/solar-piling", "page": "https://www.builtrobotics.com/solutions/solar-piling", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 625 } }, { "id": "bobcat-roguex-2023", "name": "RogueX", "maker": "Bobcat Company (Doosan Bobcat)", "makerId": "bobcat", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-03", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "construction", "loading", "research" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Concept machine, not for sale", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A cabless, all-electric concept track loader built to explore autonomous operation and new lift-arm designs, shown beside Bobcat's S7X electric skid-steer.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-08df70b9c3", "hs-f60bf216e3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-03", "event": "CONEXPO-CON/AGG 2023, Las Vegas", "url": "https://electrek.co/2023/03/15/bobcat-goes-electric-with-first-skid-steer-loader-autonomous-model/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Concept only" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/bobcat-roguex-2023.jpg", "author": "Bobcat Company", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.bobcat.com/cis/en/company/news-and-media/press-release/bobcat-unveils-worlds-first-all-electric-skid-steer-loader-and-new-all-electric-and-autonomous-concept-machine-at-conexpo", "page": "https://www.bobcat.com/cis/en/company/news-and-media/press-release/bobcat-unveils-worlds-first-all-electric-skid-steer-loader-and-new-all-electric-and-autonomous-concept-machine-at-conexpo", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "teleo-supervised-autonomy-2023", "name": "Teleo Supervised Autonomy retrofit", "maker": "Teleo (acquired by Havoc, 2026)", "makerId": "teleo", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "loading", "hauling", "dozing" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Retrofit kit plus remote command centre; price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "First retrofit, a Caterpillar D10T dozer, delivered to Teichert in summer 2022; customers include Tomahawk Construction and John Aarts Group, whose John Deere 624K loader at a concrete plant in Tillsonburg, Ontario was converted from 2023.", "summary": "A kit for any make of loader, dozer or haul truck that lets one operator in a remote command centre run several machines, switching between remote control and autonomous modes for repeated tasks like hauling. Havoc bought Teleo in March 2026.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5c59278408", "hs-453ef6ddda", "hs-6f00f314ff" ], "canada": "John Aarts Group retrofitted a loader at its concrete plant in Tillsonburg, Ontario; SMS Equipment is a dealer partner.", "firstShown": { "date": "2023-03", "event": "Teleo announced customers and dealers for Supervised Autonomy (first retrofit delivered summer 2022)", "url": "https://www.equipmentjournal.com/tech-news/teleo-semi-autonomous-heavy-equipment/" }, "released": { "date": "2022", "note": "First customer retrofit delivered summer 2022" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/teleo-supervised-autonomy-2023.jpg", "author": "Teleo", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://teleo.ai/blog/john-aarts-group/", "page": "https://teleo.ai/blog/john-aarts-group/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "advanced-construction-robotics-ironbot-2023", "name": "IronBOT", "maker": "Advanced Construction Robotics", "makerId": "advanced-construction", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-03-14", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "lifting and placing rebar" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 2268, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Marketed as the first robot that lifts, carries and places rebar bundles.", "deployments": "First project in February 2023 on the Port St. Lucie West Boulevard Bridge in Florida, where it placed 147,032 lb of rebar alongside TyBOT and halved a 14-day schedule.", "summary": "A bridge-deck robot that picks up rebar bundles of up to 5,000 lb and places bars at the spacing the crew sets, without pre-programming or BIM input. It is sold as a pair with TyBOT.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4e049bc1c0", "hs-8d42281e3c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-03-14", "event": "Launched at CONEXPO-CON/AGG 2023, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/advanced-construction-robotics-launches-rebar-lifting-robot/" }, "released": { "date": "2023-03", "note": "Offered through certified contractors in the BOT Bundle" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/advanced-construction-robotics-ironbot-2023.jpg", "author": "Advanced Construction Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.constructionrobots.com/ironbot", "page": "https://www.constructionrobots.com/ironbot", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "deep-robotics-lite3-2023", "name": "Jueying Lite3", "maker": "DEEP Robotics", "makerId": "deep", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-03-15", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "education", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research", "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 2890, "priceNote": "US$2,890 on the DEEP Robotics site", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used by university research groups; open SDK with ROS1 and ROS2 support.", "summary": "A small open-SDK quadruped for education and research.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-4f703edfa7", "hs-ac2f4d78d7", "hs-b4cd9fda2d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-03-15", "event": "DEEP Robotics announces Jueying Lite3 for education, research and technology enthusiasts", "url": "https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_22309796" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "online sale" }, "components": { "actuators": "DEEP's own leg-joint drive modules; torque up 50% over Lite2", "sensors": "Lidar and depth camera supported through perception interfaces; optional RTK and AI modules", "compute": "Industrial real-time control system; DEEP says computing power is three times that of Lite2", "battery": "Up to 90 minutes and about 5 km per charge", "software": "SDK and API for navigation, obstacle avoidance, visual positioning and 3D scanning; used for reinforcement-learning research", "other": "Payload up to 7.5 kg; four models from a hobby version to research versions; climbs 15 cm steps", "sources": [ "hs-d3f68f7e37", "hs-ac2f4d78d7" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold online and through resellers; the Lite series was on sale in more than a dozen countries in 2023", "where": "Hangzhou, China", "customers": "University research groups; TU Dresden exhibition used a Lite3 fitted with an electronic nose (2026)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "Lite3 used as a robot 'nose'", "summary": "DEEP described a Lite3 fitted with an electronic nose and AI shown at a TU Dresden smell-technology exhibition.", "publisher": "DEEP Robotics", "url": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/article/id/257.html" }, { "date": "2026-06-09", "title": "Lite3 shown at ICRA 2026", "summary": "DEEP showed the Lite3 and Lynx M20S in Vienna as research and education platforms.", "publisher": "DEEP Robotics", "url": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/article/id/256.html" }, { "date": "2023-05-24", "title": "Lite3 launched in Europe", "summary": "DEEP opened European pre-orders for Lite3 with more joint torque, 7.5 kg payload and 90-minute runtime.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/deep-robotics-launches-lite3-quadruped-robot-with-advanced-front-flipping-mobility/" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "It is usually steered with a handheld controller while it keeps its balance itself; researchers can add their own autonomy through the SDK.", "video": { "id": "NNkxlKLMoMM", "title": "Lite3 : Extraordinary locomotion, Modify with your imagination", "channel": "DEEP Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/deep-robotics-lite3-2023.jpg", "author": "DEEP Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/product1.html", "page": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/product1.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "zipline-platform-2-2023", "name": "Zipline Platform 2 (P2 Zip)", "maker": "Zipline", "makerId": "zipline", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-03-15", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "home delivery", "retail delivery", "delivery" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "delivery-drone", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 110, "payloadKg": 3.6, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Lowers a small tethered 'droid' that steers the parcel to within about a metre of the target, so the drone itself stays about 100 m up.", "deployments": "Walmart deliveries in Dallas-Fort Worth since April 2025, with P2 sites at Mesquite and Waxahachie, Texas; Houston and Phoenix planned for early 2026 (The Robot Report, January 2026).", "summary": "A vertical-takeoff drone that cruises like a plane, hovers high over the address, lowers a delivery droid on a tether and docks to recharge by itself. It serves homes within about 16 km of a hub.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6f8ab8c2f0", "hs-2882a13f67" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-03-15", "event": "Zipline P2 unveiling", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/15/zipline-unveils-p2-delivery-drones-that-dock-and-recharge-autonomously.html" }, "released": { "date": "2025-04", "note": "Walmart home delivery in Dallas-Fort Worth" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas (Mesquite, Waxahachie); Houston and Phoenix planned (January 2026)", "since": "2025-04", "fleet": "not published", "usage": "counted in Zipline's company total of over 2 million deliveries (The Robot Report, January 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-10-10", "title": "Zipline begins drone deliveries in Round Rock, Texas", "summary": "Zipline has started delivering orders from local businesses by drone in Round Rock, near Austin, for customers within about three miles of its site.", "publisher": "News 4 San Antonio (WOAI)", "url": "https://news4sanantonio.com/news/local/zipline-launches-drone-delivery-service-in-round-rock-for-groceries-food-and-more" }, { "date": "2026-10-09", "title": "Zipline drones deliver vaccines in Nigeria's Cross River State", "summary": "This concerns the company: Cross River State's health agency says Zipline's drone delivery network has helped get vaccines and medical supplies to remote and riverside communities.", "publisher": "Punch", "url": "https://punchng.com/cross-river-deploys-drone-for-remote-vaccine-delivery/" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/zipline-platform-2-2023.jpg", "author": "Zipline", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.zipline.com/technology", "page": "https://www.zipline.com/technology", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 556 } }, { "id": "neolix-x3-plus-2023", "name": "Neolix X3 Plus", "maker": "Neolix (Xinshiqi)", "makerId": "neolix", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-03-22", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "No published price found", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Fourth-generation Neolix van and the first to use an automotive-grade NVIDIA DRIVE Orin domain controller co-developed with Pony.ai.", "deployments": "First-phase deliveries were complete by March 2023, with second-phase deliveries from April 2023; Neolix then reported over 1,000 vehicles in 40 cities across 13 countries (Feb 2023).", "summary": "An upgraded fourth-generation Neolix delivery van built around a single NVIDIA Orin chip (up to 254 TOPS) in a controller developed with Pony.ai. It was Neolix's volume model in 2023 ahead of the current X3.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-195fc206be" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-03-22", "event": "Pony.ai and Neolix partnership announcement", "url": "https://www.ithome.com/0/681/430.htm" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "First-phase customer deliveries completed by March 2023" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Chinese cities; Neolix cited 40 cities in 13 countries (Feb 2023)", "since": null, "fleet": "Over 1,000 Neolix vehicles deployed, all models (Neolix via ITHome, Feb 2023)", "usage": "Over 6.2 million km and 2 million orders, all Neolix models (Feb 2023)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/neolix-x3-plus-2023.jpg", "author": "Neolix", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.neolix.net/productTechnology", "page": "https://www.neolix.net/productTechnology", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "saildrone-voyager-2023", "name": "Saildrone Voyager", "maker": "Saildrone", "makerId": "saildrone", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-03-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "near-shore seafloor mapping", "maritime surveillance" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "research", "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 33-foot (10 m) wind- and solar-powered uncrewed boat with an electric motor option, carrying multibeam sonar for mapping down to 300 m plus cameras, radar and passive acoustics.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-0bc11df3c7", "hs-87201c1622" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-03-28", "event": "Saildrone announcement (sea trials since late 2022)", "url": "https://www.saildrone.com/news/saildrone-announces-mid-size-voyager-usv" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "US coastal waters and other seas", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/saildrone-voyager-2023.jpg", "author": "Saildrone", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.saildrone.com/news/saildrone-announces-mid-size-voyager-usv", "page": "https://www.saildrone.com/news/saildrone-announces-mid-size-voyager-usv", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "man-lions-city-e-autonomous-2023", "name": "Lion's City 12 E autonomous (MINGA project)", "maker": "MAN Truck & Bus with ADASTEC", "makerId": "man-truck", "country": "Germany", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-04", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Running on Munich route 178 with a safety driver since early September 2026, ahead of rides with selected test users planned for late 2026.", "summary": "A standard 12 m MAN electric city bus fitted with lidar, radar and cameras for automated driving in Munich's MINGA project. MAN first worked with Mobileye, then chose ADASTEC as its software partner.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-52d119d3e2", "hs-f6df59639d", "hs-15af59b739", "hs-f59cd66fd7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-04", "event": "MINGA project announcement", "url": "https://truckandbusbuilder.com/article/2023/04/25/man-participating-in-project-to-put-autonomous-bus-into-operation-in-munich-by-2025" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Munich (MAN premises, then route 178 Petuelring to Freimanner Hoelzl, 2026)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/man-lions-city-e-autonomous-2023.jpg", "author": "MAN Truck & Bus with ADASTEC", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://press.mantruckandbus.com/corporate/autonomous-e-bus-for-munich-man-and-mvg-bring-autonomous-driving-to-city-traffic/", "page": "https://press.mantruckandbus.com/corporate/autonomous-e-bus-for-munich-man-and-mvg-bring-autonomous-driving-to-city-traffic/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "rivr-swiss-mile-wheeled-legged-robot-2023", "name": "RIVR Two (Swiss-Mile wheeled-legged robot)", "maker": "RIVR Technologies AG (formerly Swiss-Mile; acquired by Amazon 2026)", "makerId": "rivr", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-04", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "doorstep parcel delivery", "food delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 14, "payloadKg": 27, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A four-legged robot that rolls on wheels between stops and walks up stairs, aimed at end-to-end doorstep delivery.", "deployments": "Ran a pilot with Veho in Austin, Texas, from May 2025; Amazon bought the company in March 2026 to field-test robots alongside delivery drivers.", "summary": "An ETH Zurich spin-off's wheeled quadruped that carries 27+ kg of parcels in an internal compartment at up to about 14 km/h, stopping at red lights and opening gates.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a337a298b2", "hs-54e4c93068", "hs-cd8a3a3197", "hs-2bb1d6aec0", "hs-f9da4e6af1", "hs-e1aff8b252" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-04", "event": "Swiss-Mile incorporated as an ETH Zurich spin-off", "url": "https://www.verdict.co.uk/jeff-bezos-leads-robot-maker-swiss-mile-to-100m-valuation/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Payload 'more than 60 lb' and top speed 8.7 mph (RIVR Two). Overlaps with quadruped coverage." }, "components": { "actuators": "Four legs ending in driven wheels (wheeled-legged design from ETH Zurich's ANYmal lineage)", "software": "Neural-network locomotion and navigation for stairs, kerbs and uneven ground", "sources": [ "hs-2bb1d6aec0", "hs-a337a298b2" ] }, "production": { "built": "Pilot fleet (one robot in the first Veho pilot)", "sold": "Not sold; company acquired by Amazon in March 2026", "where": "Zurich, Switzerland", "customers": "Veho (Austin, Texas pilot, 2025); Amazon (acquirer, testing with delivery partners)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-03-19", "title": "Amazon acquires RIVR", "summary": "Amazon bought the Zurich maker of wheeled-legged doorstep delivery robots; terms not disclosed.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/amazon-acquires-robotic-doorstep-delivery-provider-rivr/" }, { "date": "2025-05-27", "title": "RIVR and Veho start Austin delivery pilot", "summary": "One RIVR robot made daily parcel deliveries alongside Veho couriers in Austin.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/veho-and-rivr-team-up-innovative-robot-parcel-pilot/" }, { "date": "2025-01-30", "title": "Swiss-Mile rebrands as RIVR", "summary": "The company renamed itself RIVR and focused on last-mile delivery after a $22M seed round.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/swiss-mile-rebrands-to-rivr-continues-developing-wheeled-quadrupeds/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "In delivery pilots it walked parcels from the van to doorsteps on its own, but a company worker accompanied it and remote supervisors could take over.", "video": { "id": "l2q3kPl4mJQ", "title": "Meet RIVR TWO", "channel": "RIVR" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/rivr-swiss-mile-wheeled-legged-robot-2023.jpg", "author": "RIVR Technologies AG (formerly Swiss-Mile)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.rivr.ai/technology.html", "page": "https://www.rivr.ai/technology.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 765 } }, { "id": "xcmg-xdr80te-at-2023", "name": "XCMG XDR80TE-AT cabless autonomous electric mining truck", "maker": "XCMG", "makerId": "xcmg", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-04", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "ore haulage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A cabless battery-electric version of XCMG's 72-tonne-class XDR80TE wide-body truck that can run by remote control or fully autonomously, with battery swaps in about six minutes. It won an iF Design Award in 2023.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-18244c6923", "hs-8dfff88d8b", "hs-238b0b6108" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-04", "event": "XCMG mining product launch", "url": "https://v.daum.net/v/20230421131233018" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": null, "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/xcmg-xdr80te-at-2023.jpg", "author": "XCMG", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://en.prnasia.com/story/400851-0.shtml", "page": "https://en.prnasia.com/story/400851-0.shtml", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 559 } }, { "id": "bear-robotics-servi-plus-2023", "name": "Servi Plus", "maker": "Bear Robotics", "makerId": "bear", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-04-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "restaurant and buffet food delivery", "bussing dishes", "hotel and senior-living service" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 123, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": 40, "batteryHours": 12, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Sold in the United States, South Korea and Japan, including through SoftBank Robotics in Japan.", "summary": "A larger, heavier-duty Servi with 2-4 configurable trays carrying up to 40 kg, a suspension system for ramps and spill-free driving, and LED displays. It won an iF Design Award in 2024.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-c41ee7a0ed", "hs-4ecbdbd574", "hs-300cd08aef", "hs-307f034100" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-04-03", "event": "Introduced on Bear Robotics' blog (post dated 3 April; year from the company timeline, which lists the Servi Plus launch in 2023)", "url": "https://www.bearrobotics.ai/blog/introducing-servi-plus" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "Bear Robotics has been majority-owned by LG Electronics since January 2025" }, "components": { "sensors": "Lidar and multiple cameras", "software": "Central fleet control for multi-robot orchestration from one dashboard", "other": "Payload 88 lb (40 kg), 16+ dishes; custom tray configurations including bus tubs", "sources": [ "hs-c41ee7a0ed", "hs-4ecbdbd574", "hs-aaa27555b9" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Bear says thousands of its robots are deployed (all models)", "where": "United States / South Korea (Bear is majority-owned by LG)", "customers": "Restaurants and venues in the US, South Korea and Japan (Bear sells in these markets)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-06-22", "title": "Bear Robotics buys Kinisi", "summary": "Bear agreed to acquire UK humanoid maker Kinisi; it said it has thousands of robots deployed.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/bear-robotics-acquires-kinisi-robotics-to-boost-its-physical-ai-capabilities/" }, { "date": "2025-01-24", "title": "LG takes majority stake in Bear", "summary": "LG exercised an option to lift its stake to 51% and fold its CLOi robot business into Bear.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/lg-acquires-majority-stake-in-bear-robotics/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff load the trays and send it to tables; it drives there and back by itself.", "video": { "id": "i-71YK0FJA4", "title": "Introducing Servi Plus", "channel": "Bear Robotics, Inc." }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/bear-robotics-servi-plus-2023.jpg", "author": "Bear Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.bearrobotics.ai/servi-plus", "page": "https://www.bearrobotics.ai/servi-plus", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 625 } }, { "id": "didi-neuron-2023", "name": "DiDi Neuron", "maker": "DiDi Autonomous Driving", "makerId": "didi-autonomous-driving", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-04-13", "status": "concept", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A driverless concept vehicle with no driver's seat and more cabin space than DiDi's D1 ride-hail car. Its year is taken from a May 2023 report describing a 13 April unveiling.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-bcc5dad4f6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-04-13", "event": "DiDi Autonomous Driving unveiling", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2023/05/30/valeo-to-invest-in-didi-autonomous-driving/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "concept only" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": null, "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/didi-neuron-2023.jpg", "author": "DiDi Autonomous Driving", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://elceo.com/tecnologia/didi-presenta-a-neuron-su-prototipo-de-vehiculo-autonomo/", "page": "https://elceo.com/tecnologia/didi-presenta-a-neuron-su-prototipo-de-vehiculo-autonomo/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "avidbots-neo-2w-2023", "name": "Neo 2W", "maker": "Avidbots", "makerId": "avidbots", "country": "Canada", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-04-25", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "warehouse and factory floor scrubbing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Avidbots calls it the first floor-scrubbing robot built for warehouses and manufacturing.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A tougher Neo variant for industrial floors.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-b97fab732b", "hs-6407f5a8b4" ], "canada": "Avidbots is based in Kitchener, Ontario.", "firstShown": { "date": "2023-04-25", "event": "Released", "url": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230425005291/en/Avidbots-Releases-First-Floor-Scrubbing-Robot-Built-for-Industrial-Spaces" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Avidbots says its Neo line uses lidar and 3D sensors for a 360-degree view", "battery": "Six 6 V AGM lead-acid batteries (36 V, 220 Ah), swappable; up to 6 h (typically 4-6 h)", "software": "Avidbots Command Center analytics", "other": "Industrial ride-on-size scrubber; 109 L solution / 135 L recovery tanks; 24-32 in cleaning heads; 581-688 kg gross", "sources": [ "hs-a6e1e6416e", "hs-6407f5a8b4" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold; units not published", "where": "Canada", "customers": "DHL, DSV and Christie Lites named in Avidbots testimonials" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff start a mapped cleaning plan and it scrubs the floor on its own.", "video": { "id": "krmHoW-P-bE", "title": "The Next Wave of Warehouse Automation", "channel": "Avidbots Corp." } }, { "id": "merlin-pilot-caravan-2023", "name": "Merlin Pilot (Cessna Caravan and C-130J programmes)", "maker": "Merlin", "makerId": "merlin", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-05", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "cargo", "military transport", "reduced-crew flying" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "cargo-aircraft", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; in certification and military development", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Merlin says its Caravan programme took a machine-learning flight system to Stage of Involvement 3 with New Zealand's aviation regulator (August 2026).", "deployments": "Caravan certification work in New Zealand (SOI 1 May 2023, SOI 3 August 2026); C-130J autonomy programme with US Special Operations Command passed critical design review on 4 June 2026 (Merlin).", "summary": "An aircraft-agnostic autopilot that makes flight decisions with machine learning backed by hard-coded fallback checks. Merlin is starting with reduced-crew flying, so a pilot stays on board.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-1ca626c9b6", "hs-d258c10f23", "hs-704e20695a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-05", "event": "CAA New Zealand certification programme, Stage of Involvement 1", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "no aircraft yet certified for reduced-crew or uncrewed flight" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Kerikeri, New Zealand; Smithfield, Rhode Island; Bedford, Massachusetts test sites", "since": null, "fleet": "not published", "usage": "hundreds of hours of flight (Merlin, 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/merlin-pilot-caravan-2023.jpg", "author": "Merlin", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://merlinlabs.com/news/", "page": "https://merlinlabs.com/news/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "lionsbot-r3-scrub-pro-2023", "name": "R3 Scrub Pro", "maker": "LionsBot", "makerId": "lionsbot", "country": "Singapore", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-05-31", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "scrubbing narrow floors" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A compact autonomous floor scrubber for back-of-house corridors and tight retail floors, rated at 800 to 1,200 m2 per hour.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-49a29212c7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-05-31", "event": "Launched alongside the R3 Vac and MagicTag navigation", "url": "https://www.lionsbot.com/" }, "released": { "date": "2023-05", "note": "LionsBot reports over 7,000 robots deployed in 40+ countries (all models)" }, "components": { "sensors": "Lidar mapping (25 m standard; optional 3D lidar to 240 m)", "battery": "Up to 3 h; about 2 h to recharge", "software": "AI SmartClean navigation; LionsCloud fleet reporting; MagicTag zone setup", "other": "85.5 kg; 21 L clean / 24 L waste tanks; 366 mm (682 mm with side brush) cleaning width; 800-1,200 sq m/h", "sources": [ "hs-fb6ffb5467", "hs-49a29212c7" ] }, "production": { "sold": "LionsBot reports 7,000+ robots deployed in 40+ countries (all models)", "where": "Singapore (LionsBot factory opened April 2024)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-04-18", "title": "LionsBot opens Singapore robot factory", "summary": "LionsBot opened a 4,908 sq m factory with five times its previous capacity.", "publisher": "LionsBot", "url": "https://www.lionsbot.com/news/lionsbot-factory-opening-2024" }, { "date": "2023-05-31", "title": "LionsBot launches R3 Vac, R3 Scrub Pro and MagicTag", "summary": "LionsBot unveiled two R3 cleaners and a tag that starts them without the touchscreen.", "publisher": "LionsBot", "url": "https://www.lionsbot.com/news/r3-vac-r3-scrub-pro-magictag" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It scrubs mapped floor areas on its own once staff start a job.", "video": { "id": "VQJDIhIXMkM", "title": "The R3 Scrub Pro: Pro Cleaning Made Easy", "channel": "LionsBot International" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/lionsbot-r3-scrub-pro-2023.jpg", "author": "LionsBot", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.lionsbot.com/robots/r3-scrub-pro", "page": "https://www.lionsbot.com/robots/r3-scrub-pro", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 525 } }, { "id": "lionsbot-r3-vac-2023", "name": "R3 Vac", "maker": "LionsBot", "makerId": "lionsbot", "country": "Singapore", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-05-31", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "quiet vacuuming of occupied spaces" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A quiet autonomous vacuum for offices, hotels, libraries and campuses that can run while people are present, covering 500 to 800 m2 per hour.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-49a29212c7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-05-31", "event": "Launched alongside the R3 Scrub Pro", "url": "https://www.lionsbot.com/" }, "released": { "date": "2023-05", "note": "" }, "components": { "software": "Started via MagicTag 'zero click' tags; LionsCloud fleet reporting", "other": "Autonomous vacuum, about 500-1,000 sq m/h; quiet enough to run in occupied spaces", "sources": [ "hs-49a29212c7" ] }, "production": { "sold": "LionsBot reports 7,000+ robots deployed in 40+ countries (all models)", "where": "Singapore (LionsBot factory opened April 2024)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-04-18", "title": "LionsBot opens Singapore robot factory", "summary": "LionsBot opened a 4,908 sq m factory with five times its previous capacity.", "publisher": "LionsBot", "url": "https://www.lionsbot.com/news/lionsbot-factory-opening-2024" }, { "date": "2023-05-31", "title": "LionsBot launches R3 Vac, R3 Scrub Pro and MagicTag", "summary": "LionsBot unveiled two R3 cleaners and a tag that starts them without the touchscreen.", "publisher": "LionsBot", "url": "https://www.lionsbot.com/news/r3-vac-r3-scrub-pro-magictag" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It vacuums mapped areas on its own, even while people are around.", "video": { "id": "xqgC1vBVGIE", "title": "R3 Vac: The Complete Vacuum Solution", "channel": "LionsBot International" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/lionsbot-r3-vac-2023.jpg", "author": "LionsBot", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.lionsbot.com/robots/r3-vac", "page": "https://www.lionsbot.com/robots/r3-vac", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 525 } }, { "id": "minus-zero-zpod-2023", "name": "zPod", "maker": "Minus Zero", "makerId": "minus-zero", "country": "India", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-06", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "campus shuttle", "autonomy research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "research" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not for sale; tech demonstrator", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed by its maker as India's first fully autonomous vehicle, with no steering wheel.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A small electric pod with no steering wheel from a Bengaluru start-up, driven only by six cameras rather than lidar and meant for closed campuses and large housing estates. It drove itself through curated test zones at its June 2023 unveiling.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-66956160dd", "hs-6b0c83ab0f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-06", "event": "Z-Day 2023, Embassy TechVillage, Bengaluru", "url": "https://evreporter.com/minus-zero-unveils-indias-first-fully-autonomous-vehicle/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "prototype; campus trials only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "demonstration zones in Bengaluru", "since": "2023-06", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/minus-zero-zpod-2023.jpg", "author": "Minus Zero", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://evreporter.com/minus-zero-unveils-indias-first-fully-autonomous-vehicle/", "page": "https://evreporter.com/minus-zero-unveils-indias-first-fully-autonomous-vehicle/", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 450 } }, { "id": "torghatten-zeabuz-estelle-2023", "name": "MF Estelle", "maker": "Torghatten with Zeabuz", "makerId": "torghatten", "country": "Norway", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-06-08", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "urban passenger ferry" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service only; ride fares set by operator", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Zeabuz says MF Estelle became the world's first autonomous commercial passenger ferry.", "deployments": "Inaugurated on 8 June 2023 in Stockholm with regular service from 12 June between Sodermalm and Kungsholmen, carrying up to 24 passengers per trip.", "summary": "A small electric city ferry whose Zeabuz autonomy system plans and steers the short canal crossing and docks itself. An operator was on board in the first phase, with unmanned operation under shore supervision targeted for 2024; no public source seen confirms that crew-free step happened.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-dbe9fff929", "hs-41467acd89" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-06-08", "event": "Inauguration in Stockholm", "url": "https://www.zeabuz.com/torghatten-and-zeabuz-make-history-in-stockholm/" }, "released": { "date": "2023-06-12", "note": "Regular passenger service began" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Sodermalm-Kungsholmen (Norr Malarstrand), Stockholm, Sweden", "since": null, "fleet": "1 ferry (Zeabuz, 2023)", "usage": "Planned up to 120 daily trips (Zeabuz, Jul 2023)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/torghatten-zeabuz-estelle-2023-1.jpg", "author": "Sinikka Halme", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2023-05_MF_Estelle_01.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "tusimple-china-l4-truck-2023", "name": "TuSimple China driverless truck", "maker": "TuSimple (now CreateAI)", "makerId": "tusimple", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-06-15", "status": "discontinued", "purpose": [ "freight" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "TuSimple said in June 2023 it had run fully driverless semi-truck trips on public roads in China.", "deployments": "Driverless public-road runs in China in 2023; China operations were suspended in early 2024 and the company left trucking to become CreateAI in December 2024.", "summary": "A Level 4 semi-truck that TuSimple tested with no human driver on Chinese public roads after shifting work from the US to China. The programme ended when the company pivoted to AI gaming.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b082332a3f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-06-15", "event": "TuSimple announcement of driverless runs on approved Shanghai roads", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/tusimple-becomes-first-to-successfully-operate-driver-out-fully-autonomous-semi-truck-on-open-public-roads-in-china-301852732.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "never commercial in China" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Public roads in China (2023)", "since": "2023-06", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/tusimple-china-l4-truck-2023-1.jpg", "author": "Xuejc1988 at Chinese Wikipedia", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%9B%BE%E6%A3%AE%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E5%9C%A8%E6%B8%AF%E5%8F%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "direct-drive-tech-diablo-2023", "name": "DIABLO", "maker": "Direct Drive Technology", "makerId": "direct-drive", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-06-19", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "research", "education", "programmable platform" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research", "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 49.1, "weightKg": 22.9, "dof": 6, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": 80, "batteryHours": 4, "priceUsd": 4399, "priceNote": "retail listings about $4,399-$5,999", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Marketed as the first direct-drive, self-balancing wheel-legged robot sold as an open development platform.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A two-legged, wheel-footed robot that balances upright or crouches low, with ROS 2 and Python support. It carries up to 80 kg crouched but only 4 kg standing.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-714969fc2c", "hs-d92fcd9a3f", "hs-92671417e1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-06-19", "event": "Launch press release by Direct Drive Technology", "url": "https://www.newsfilecorp.com/release/170082/Direct-Drive-Technology-Limited-Unveils-Programmable-and-OpenDevelopment-Platform-Robot?lang=fr" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "Speed is the listed 2 m/s; country inferred (not stated in the release)." }, "components": { "actuators": "Six M1502D direct-drive joints (no gearbox)", "battery": "About 4 h upright at high speed, 40+ min at low speed (maker figures)", "software": "Open SDK: Python, ROS, C++, Raspberry Pi", "other": "Self-balancing wheel-legged robot that can add lidar and other modules", "sources": [ "hs-714969fc2c" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold through online retailers", "where": "China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2023-06-19", "title": "Direct Drive Technology unveils DIABLO", "summary": "The company launched DIABLO, a programmable self-balancing wheel-legged robot with six direct-drive joints.", "publisher": "Newsfile", "url": "https://www.newsfilecorp.com/release/170082/Direct-Drive-Technology-Limited-Unveils-Programmable-and-OpenDevelopment-Platform-Robot?lang=fr" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "A person drives it with a remote while it balances on its wheel-legs itself; developers can program their own autonomy through ROS 2.", "video": { "id": "fq6nm4iadzI", "title": "Diablo, A Direct-Drive Wheeled-Leg Robot", "channel": "Direct Drive Innovation" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/direct-drive-tech-diablo-2023.jpg", "author": "Direct Drive Technology", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://robotics.directdrive.com/en/products/xingtian-robot/1653337674873306", "page": "https://robotics.directdrive.com/en/products/xingtian-robot/1653337674873306", "kind": "maker", "w": 624, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "firefly-automatix-amp-2023", "name": "AMP", "maker": "FireFly Automatix", "makerId": "firefly-automatix", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "golf fairway mowing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its use on fairways at a 2024 PGA TOUR event was billed as a first for professional golf.", "deployments": "Mowed fairways at the PGA TOUR's Black Desert Championship in Utah in October 2024.", "summary": "A large battery-powered autonomous reel mower for golf fairways.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-07ad50e4ed" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-07", "event": "100-inch autonomous electric mower released; later branded AMP", "url": "https://fireflyautomatix.com/experienced-in-autonomy/" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/firefly-automatix-amp-2023-1.jpg", "author": "Lawnjunkie", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FireFly_Automatix_AMP-L100_100-inch_electric_autonomous_reel_mower.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 696 } }, { "id": "kawasaki-forro-2023", "name": "FORRO", "maker": "Kawasaki Heavy Industries", "makerId": "kawasaki", "country": "Japan", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-07-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "hospital delivery", "specimen and supply transport" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "healthcare" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Trialled from July 2023 at Fujita Health University with SEQSENSE, contracted there in April 2024, and running Keio University Hospital's in-house delivery service since 1 April 2025 (Kawasaki; Keio University).", "summary": "Kawasaki's indoor delivery robot for hospitals rides elevators, links with doors and other robots and can switch between autonomous and remote control, working alongside the company's armed Nyokkey robot. Kawasaki reported over 10,000 deliveries without incident by July 2024.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-dae1d992cd", "hs-cb51f0ae9e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-07-10", "event": "Trial start at Fujita Health University; exhibited at iREX 2023", "url": "https://global.kawasaki.com/en/corp/sustainability/report/2024/pdf/24_houkokusyo_18.pdf" }, "released": { "date": "2024-04", "note": "first service contracts at Fujita Health University hospitals" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kawasaki-forro-2023.jpg", "author": "Kawasaki Heavy Industries", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://forro-service.com/", "page": "https://forro-service.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 500 } }, { "id": "cenobots-l50-2023", "name": "L50", "maker": "CenoBots", "makerId": "cenobots", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-07-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous floor scrubbing", "large commercial and warehouse floors" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 104.5, "weightKg": 190, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 6, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "CenoBots' large autonomous scrubber-dryer with a 510 mm scrub path, a 55 L solution tank and a 120 Ah battery good for about 6 hours. Weight (190 kg) comes from CenoBots' Czech partner.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-4182f9c2ad", "hs-c60488d3f7", "hs-2f83cce2b4", "hs-eb0e7105b0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-07-10", "event": "Launch in the US and European markets announced by CenoBots", "url": "https://www.cenobots.com/news/5" }, "released": { "date": "2023-07", "note": "Shown at CMS Berlin in September 2023" }, "components": { "sensors": "3D lidar and 360-degree protection sensor system; glass and protruding-object detection", "compute": "Unnamed high-power AI computing chip (maker's description)", "battery": "120 Ah; up to 6 h", "software": "App control, automatic map updates, over-the-air updates, cleaning result checking", "other": "55 L solution tank; 510 mm cleaning width; 25 kg brush pressure; up to 1.2 m/s; CWS-01 dock refills, drains and charges automatically", "sources": [ "hs-4182f9c2ad", "hs-2f83cce2b4" ] }, "production": { "sold": "On sale through dealers in the US and Europe; units not published", "where": "China" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It scrubs and dries mapped floor areas by itself.", "video": { "id": "_CX0QjnB0qc", "title": "CenoBots L50 | The Future of Commercial Cleaning", "channel": "CenoBots" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cenobots-l50-2023.jpg", "author": "CenoBots", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.cenobots.com/products/l50", "page": "https://www.cenobots.com/products/l50", "kind": "maker", "w": 812, "h": 924 } }, { "id": "unitree-go2-2023", "name": "Go2", "maker": "Unitree Robotics", "makerId": "unitree", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-07-12", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "companionship", "education", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "research", "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 40, "weightKg": 15, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 18, "payloadKg": 12, "batteryHours": 4, "priceUsd": 1600, "priceNote": "from US$1,600 (Air); Pro $2,800; X $4,500", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Set the entry price for a lidar-equipped robot dog at $1,600.", "deployments": "Sold worldwide; a Go2 carrying a rifle appeared in China-Cambodia military drills in May 2024 (Unitree says it does not sell to the PLA).", "summary": "A 15 kg consumer and research quadruped with a 4D lidar, 12 joint motors and up to about 5 m/s in lab tests (3.7 m/s rated for X/EDU). Runtime is 1-2 hours, or 2-4 hours with the EDU battery.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-825d3a1da4", "hs-2ca873bf8a", "hs-dbc37b4fb7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-07-12", "event": "Unitree Go2 launch", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/introducing-unitree-go2---quadruped-robot-of-embodied-ai-301879381.html" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "online sale" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 Unitree joint motors with aluminium knee motors, joint wiring inside the knee and heat-pipe cooling; peak joint torque about 45 N.m", "sensors": "Unitree 4D lidar (L1, later L2 with 360 x 96 degree view and 0.05 m minimum range), HD wide-angle camera; depth camera on upper versions", "compute": "8-core CPU; EDU versions can add NVIDIA Jetson Orin modules (40-100 TOPS)", "battery": "8,000 mAh standard, 15,000 mAh long-life pack on the top version", "software": "App control, lidar point-cloud mapping and path following, side-follow mode; Unitree says it added a GPT-based voice interface; EDU versions open for secondary development", "other": "Wi-Fi 6, Bluetooth 5.2 and 4G (region-dependent); weighs about 15 kg; payload about 7-8 kg (10-12 kg max)", "sources": [ "hs-825d3a1da4", "hs-d985ebf323", "hs-2ca873bf8a" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold worldwide online and through dealers (unit totals not published)", "where": "Hangzhou, China (Unitree does its own R&D and manufacturing)", "customers": "Consumers, schools and research labs" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-09-09", "title": "Unitree shares fall after IPO", "summary": "Unitree stock fell about 53% from its first-day high after its August 2026 Shanghai listing.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/unitree-shares-down-53-from-ipo-debut/" }, { "date": "2026-08-19", "title": "Unitree lists on Shanghai STAR Market", "summary": "Unitree raised about 6.1 billion yuan in its IPO and closed its first day up 460%.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/what-does-unitree-robotics-ipo-mean-for-humanoid-industry/" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots/unitree-go2-2023.jpg", "author": "HotNews Romania - Adi Iacob, Ovidiu Popica", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unitree_Go2_of_Salvamont_side_view.jpg", "article": "File:Unitree Go2 of Salvamont side view.jpg", "w": 500, "h": 327 }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Owners mostly steer it with a remote or phone app while it balances and handles terrain itself; follow and voice modes, plus self-written autonomy on the EDU model, are extras." }, { "id": "otokar-alpar-2023", "name": "ALPAR", "maker": "Otokar", "makerId": "otokar", "country": "Turkey", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-07-13", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "reconnaissance", "anti-armour", "logistics" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 15000, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 3000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 15-tonne hybrid tracked robotic vehicle built in reconnaissance and anti-tank demonstrator versions for the Turkish Armed Forces.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d5fd347f96", "hs-fcd06da0d3", "hs-158be92f44" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-07-13", "event": "Unveiled at Otokar's Arifiye plant; shown at IDEF 2023", "url": "https://overtdefense.com/2023/07/24/turkish-ground-systems-manufacturer-otokar-unveils-its-newly-developed-heavy-class-unmanned-ground-vehicle-alpar-for-the-first-time" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Two technology demonstrators" }, "components": { "actuators": "Serial hybrid powerpack: diesel generator with two 80 kW electric motors; tracked, six road wheels, torsion-bar suspension; steel or rubber tracks", "sensors": "Four 3D lidars (one per corner), two radars (front and rear) and cameras for autonomous movement", "materials": "Tank-like steel-tracked chassis", "software": "Teleoperated up to about 5 km by radio (further via GSM); autonomous modes; swarm behaviour planned", "other": "15 t gross, 3 t payload; 6.25 x 2.75 x 1.5 m; reconnaissance and anti-tank configurations", "sources": [ "hs-107ce9e12a" ] }, "production": { "built": "Two technology demonstrators (reconnaissance and anti-tank)", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Otokar, Arifiye (Sakarya), Turkey" }, "news": [ { "date": "2023-07-26", "title": "Otokar unveils 15-tonne ALPAR", "summary": "EDR detailed the hybrid tracked UGV shown at IDEF 2023, with lidars, radars and a 3 t payload.", "publisher": "EDR Magazine", "url": "https://www.edrmagazine.eu/otokar-unveils-its-alpar-15-tonnes-unmanned-ground-vehicle" }, { "date": "2023-07-24", "title": "Otokar presents ALPAR at 60th anniversary", "summary": "Otokar showed ALPAR at its Sakarya factory as a modular heavy UGV.", "publisher": "Overt Defense", "url": "https://overtdefense.com/2023/07/24/turkish-ground-systems-manufacturer-otokar-unveils-its-newly-developed-heavy-class-unmanned-ground-vehicle-alpar-for-the-first-time" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Its maker says it can be remote controlled or drive autonomously, including a follow-me mode, with soldiers overseeing it; any weapon would need a person to authorise firing.", "video": { "id": "8uuxWe7tDUE", "title": "ALPAR Ağır Sınıf Paletli İnsansız Kara Aracı / ALPAR Unmanned Ground Vehicle", "channel": "Otokar" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/otokar-alpar-2023.jpg", "author": "Otokar", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://defense.otokar.com.tr/robotic-and-unmanned-ground-vehicles/alpar", "page": "https://defense.otokar.com.tr/robotic-and-unmanned-ground-vehicles/alpar", "kind": "maker", "w": 796, "h": 650 } }, { "id": "keenon-dinerbot-t10-2024", "name": "DINERBOT T10", "maker": "Keenon Robotics", "makerId": "keenon", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-08", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "restaurant food delivery", "in-store advertising" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 139.9, "weightKg": 58, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 3.6, "payloadKg": 40, "batteryHours": 12.5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Keenon said in March 2025 that the T10 had been adopted in more than 60 countries and regions since launch.", "summary": "Keenon's tall flagship serving robot, with a 23.8-inch advertising screen, an optional moving 'head' accessory and open trays that sense when a dish is taken. It fits aisles 59 cm wide and carries up to 40 kg in total; runtime is quoted as 9 to 12.5 hours.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-dc206b71bf", "hs-1b3cf2817d", "hs-fb9f74701b", "hs-c2738c868b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-08", "event": "Unveiled by KEENON at the World Robot Conference 2023, Beijing", "url": "https://kyodonewsprwire.jp/release/202308218243" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "On sale by mid-2024; won an iF Design Award in 2025" }, "components": { "sensors": "Four stereo-vision sensors, lidar, VSLAM and one RGB camera", "software": "Voice, touch and vision interaction; AI tray detection; multi-robot fleet coordination", "other": "Up to 40 kg; passes 59 cm aisles; movable head; 23.8-inch advertising screen", "sources": [ "hs-dc206b71bf" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Keenon reports more than 100,000 robots shipped company-wide (all models) and ranked first worldwide in commercial service robot shipments in 2025 per IDC", "where": "Shanghai, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-03-17", "title": "DINERBOT T10 wins iF Design Award 2025", "summary": "Keenon's T10 won an iF Design Award for its interactive head and sensor fusion.", "publisher": "KEENON Robotics", "url": "https://www.keenon.com/en/news/k2" }, { "date": "2024-05-23", "title": "T10 presented in the US at NRA Show 2024", "summary": "Keenon showed the T10 and C30 in Chicago, citing presence in 60+ countries.", "publisher": "KEENON Robotics", "url": "https://www.keenon.com/en/news/keenon-s-latest-robots-officially-presented-in-us-showcasing-next-gen-service-automation-at-nra-show-2024" }, { "date": "2023-08-20", "title": "T10 unveiled at World Robot Conference", "summary": "Keenon unveiled the T10 and KLEENBOT C30 in Beijing.", "publisher": "PR Newswire", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/keenon-robotics-unveils-dinerbot-t10-and-kleenbot-c30-at-world-robot-conference-2023-in-beijing-301905226.html" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff load the trays and pick a destination; it delivers on its own.", "video": { "id": "khnZ4v-5Lqg", "title": "DINERBOT T10｜Ultimate robot for delivery and advertising that comes with all the perks", "channel": "KEENON Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/keenon-dinerbot-t10-2024.jpg", "author": "Keenon Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/T10", "page": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/T10", "kind": "maker", "w": 504, "h": 472 } }, { "id": "dji-flycart-30-2023", "name": "FlyCart 30", "maker": "DJI", "makerId": "dji", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-08", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "cargo delivery", "mountain and remote-area transport", "emergency supply" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "delivery-drone", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 72, "payloadKg": 30, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 17000, "priceNote": "about $17,000 at China launch (Aug 2023)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "DJI's first dedicated delivery drone.", "deployments": "Launched in China in August 2023 and later released in the UK, US and Australia (Heliguy; Sphere Drones, Jan 2025).", "summary": "A large eight-propeller cargo drone that carries 30 kg in dual-battery mode (40 kg on one battery) up to 16 km fully loaded, delivering by cargo box or winch. It flies preset routes with radar and vision obstacle sensing, a parachute and ADS-B, managed through DJI's DeliveryHub software.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e61da8d750", "hs-bd2f0293f5", "hs-d942477451" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-08", "event": "DJI launch in China", "url": "https://www.airmedandrescue.com/latest/news/dji-launches-delivery-drone" }, "released": { "date": "2023-08", "note": "on sale in China first, later abroad" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "sold to operators in China, then UK, USA, Australia and other markets", "since": "2023-08", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": 28 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/dji-flycart-30-2023.jpg", "author": "DJI", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.dji.com/flycart-30", "page": "https://www.dji.com/flycart-30", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 635 } }, { "id": "xiaomi-cyberdog-2-2023", "name": "CyberDog 2", "maker": "Xiaomi", "makerId": "xiaomi", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-08-14", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "companionship", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 48, "weightKg": 8.9, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 5.8, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 1.5, "priceUsd": 1789, "priceNote": "12,999 yuan (about US$1,789) in China", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A smaller, lighter second CyberDog with 19 sensors, dancing and backflip moves, and ROS support. Speed figures vary between sources.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5107a7a3cf", "hs-e48b0bebb0", "hs-a6f47c4483", "hs-ab2749317d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-08-14", "event": "Xiaomi Launch 2023", "url": "https://www.fonearena.com/blog/402341/xiaomi-cyberdog-2-price-features.html" }, "released": { "date": "2023-08-14", "note": "on sale in China the same day" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 Xiaomi CyberGear micro-actuators (quasi-direct-drive brushless motors with planetary gears)", "sensors": "19 sensors: Intel RealSense D430 depth camera, AI interactive camera, RGB and 146-degree fisheye cameras, lidar, ToF, ultrasonic, touch, UWB, IMU and four microphones", "compute": "NVIDIA Jetson Xavier NX-class module (21 TOPS) plus two co-processors", "battery": "About 97 Wh; about 90 minutes per charge", "materials": "Carbon fibre, aluminium and ABS", "software": "Ubuntu and ROS 2, open for developers; app, Bluetooth remote and voice control", "other": "8.9 kg; Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 5.0", "sources": [] }, "production": { "sold": "On sale in China from launch day; units not published", "where": "China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2023-08-15", "title": "CyberDog 2 off the leash", "summary": "New Atlas detailed the 19-sensor kit, ROS 2 software and 90-minute battery.", "publisher": "New Atlas", "url": "https://newatlas.com/robotics/xiaomi-cyberdog-2/?amp=true" }, { "date": "2023-08-14", "title": "Xiaomi unveils CyberDog 2", "summary": "Xiaomi launched a smaller 8.9 kg CyberDog 2 priced at 12,999 yuan in China.", "publisher": "FoneArena", "url": "https://www.fonearena.com/blog/402341/xiaomi-cyberdog-2-price-features.html" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Owners control it with an app, remote or voice while it balances and avoids obstacles itself; it can also follow its owner.", "video": { "id": "t1iby0wEE4k", "title": "Will we be replaced? | CyberDog 2", "channel": "Xiaomi (@xiaomi)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/xiaomi-cyberdog-2-2023.jpg", "author": "Xiaomi", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.mi.com/cyberdog2", "page": "https://www.mi.com/cyberdog2", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 625 } }, { "id": "keenon-kleenbot-c30-2023", "name": "KLEENBOT C30", "maker": "Keenon Robotics", "makerId": "keenon", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-08-20", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "commercial floor sweeping, vacuuming and dust mopping" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 75, "weightKg": 35, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 2.9, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 10, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Keenon's first cleaning robot, marking the delivery-robot leader's move into floor cleaning.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A compact dry-cleaning robot for offices, hotels and shops that sweeps, vacuums and dust-mops, covering up to about 600 square metres an hour.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-8179255f7a", "hs-196b69d2cd", "hs-c2738c868b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-08-20", "event": "World Robot Conference 2023, Beijing", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/keenon-robotics-unveils-dinerbot-t10-and-kleenbot-c30-at-world-robot-conference-2023-in-beijing-301905226.html" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "On sale; price not published" }, "components": { "battery": "Cleans up to 2,500 square metres per full charge; automatic charging", "software": "KEENON app for task assignment and tracking; cloud management", "other": "3-in-1 dry cleaning; 35 kg with battery; extendable handle for manual map building; Keenon's first professional cleaning robot", "sources": [ "hs-8179255f7a" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Keenon reports more than 100,000 robots shipped company-wide (all models) and ranked first worldwide in commercial service robot shipments in 2025 per IDC", "where": "Shanghai, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-05-23", "title": "C30 presented at NRA Show 2024", "summary": "Keenon showed the C30 cleaner and T10 delivery robot to US buyers.", "publisher": "KEENON Robotics", "url": "https://www.keenon.com/en/news/keenon-s-latest-robots-officially-presented-in-us-showcasing-next-gen-service-automation-at-nra-show-2024" }, { "date": "2023-08-20", "title": "KLEENBOT C30 unveiled", "summary": "Keenon introduced the C30 at the World Robot Conference in Beijing.", "publisher": "PR Newswire", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/keenon-robotics-unveils-dinerbot-t10-and-kleenbot-c30-at-world-robot-conference-2023-in-beijing-301905226.html" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It sweeps, vacuums and dust-mops mapped areas by itself.", "video": { "id": "nHcg64XRxks", "title": "KLEENBOT C30｜3-in-1 dry cleaning solution for commercial spaces", "channel": "KEENON Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/keenon-kleenbot-c30-2023.jpg", "author": "Keenon Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/C30", "page": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/C30", "kind": "maker", "w": 504, "h": 472 } }, { "id": "ammo-ukraine-marichka-2023", "name": "Marichka", "maker": "AMMO.Ukraine", "makerId": "ammo-ukraine", "country": "Ukraine", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-08-24", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "underwater attack", "reconnaissance" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "underwater", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Military, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first Ukrainian uncrewed underwater vehicles shown publicly.", "deployments": "First successful test announced on 24 August 2023, with test video published on 29 August 2023.", "summary": "A 6 m uncrewed underwater vehicle described in public reporting as autonomous, with a range of up to 1,000 km and the ability to lie dormant until woken by timer or signal.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3f4453eb91" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-08-24", "event": "First successful test announced", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Ukraine (Black Sea tests)", "since": "2023-08", "fleet": "Not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 1000 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ammo-ukraine-marichka-2023.jpg", "author": "AMMO.Ukraine", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://fakty.com.ua/en/ukraine/20230927-zsu-testuyut-pidvodnyj-dron-marichka-shho-vidomo-pro-bpla", "page": "https://fakty.com.ua/en/ukraine/20230927-zsu-testuyut-pidvodnyj-dron-marichka-shho-vidomo-pro-bpla", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "dreame-roboticmower-a1-2023", "name": "Roboticmower A1", "maker": "Dreame Technology", "makerId": "dreame", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-08-31", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "lawn mowing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "about €2,000 expected at unveiling (Notebookcheck, Aug 2023); A1 Pro later listed at A$1,499 on sale (regular A$2,999)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Dreame's first robot mower and an early consumer mower to navigate with a 3D lidar instead of a boundary wire or RTK base.", "deployments": "Went on sale in Europe after its IFA 2023 debut (Notebookcheck); an A1 Pro variant followed.", "summary": "A wire-free mower that maps the garden with Dreame's OmniSense 3D lidar (up to 70 m range, 360 x 59 degree field of view per Dreame) and avoids 11 obstacle types. At launch Dreame quoted 1,000 square metres a day, 45% slopes, a 22 cm cut and 3 to 7 cm cut heights; the A1 Pro page lists a 5 Ah battery, 65-minute charge and 12 kg mower.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-638fc0c667", "hs-b36b0319cf" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-08-31", "event": "IFA 2023, Berlin", "url": "https://www.notebookcheck.com/Dreame-A1-Neuer-Maehroboter-kommt-dank-OmniSense-Ultra-ohne-Begrenzungsdraht-aus.745304.0.html" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "European sale planned for spring 2024" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/dreame-roboticmower-a1-2023.jpg", "author": "Dreame Technology", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://dreame.com.au/products/dreame-roboticmower-a1-pro", "page": "https://dreame.com.au/products/dreame-roboticmower-a1-pro", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "indian-army-mule-2023", "name": "MULE (Multi-Utility Legged Equipment)", "maker": "AeroArc (reported)", "makerId": "aeroarc", "country": "India", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "surveillance", "carrying loads", "high-altitude patrol" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 12, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A robot dog with thermal cameras and radar for forward and high-altitude areas; the Indian Army ordered 100, and weapon-carrying versions were shown at the 2026 Republic Day rehearsal.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9b8435a5f6", "hs-0a8bb7ce16", "hs-74cb17ede2", "hs-9b2d8cbc4b", "hs-dcbda1b99f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-09", "event": "Shown at North-Tech Symposium 2023", "url": "https://thedefensepost.com/2023/09/14/indian-army-mule-robot" }, "released": { "date": "2024-06", "note": "First 25 of 100 ordered units delivered to the Indian Army in June 2024" }, "components": { "sensors": "Thermal cameras and radar reported by the Indian Army; later reports add AI cameras and lidar", "compute": "NVIDIA processors (as reported)", "battery": "Up to 20 hours (as reported)", "other": "Payload 12 kg; about 51 kg; can be fitted with small arms; also used for search and rescue", "sources": [ "hs-9b2d8cbc4b" ] }, "production": { "built": "100 ordered in September 2023; first 25 delivered June 2024", "sold": "100 ordered by the Indian Army", "where": "India (supplier reported as AeroArc, New Delhi)", "customers": "Indian Army" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-04-11", "title": "Indian Army uses robot mules in Myanmar quake relief", "summary": "The Army deployed its robotic mules and nano drones for search and rescue in Myanmar under Operation Brahma.", "publisher": "India Today", "url": "https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-robotic-dogs-nano-drones-earthquake-myanmar-2707569-2025-04-11" }, { "date": "2024-09-01", "title": "Robot dogs inducted into Indian Army", "summary": "The first 25 of 100 ordered robots arrived in June and were sent to front-line units.", "publisher": "The Tribune", "url": "https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/hi-tech-robots-inducted-into-army" }, { "date": "2023-09-14", "title": "Indian Army unveils MULE", "summary": "The Army showed the MULE at North-Tech Symposium 2023 with a 12 kg payload.", "publisher": "The Defense Post", "url": "https://thedefensepost.com/2023/09/14/indian-army-mule-robot" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Reports say it can run preloaded missions on its own or be steered remotely over Wi-Fi or LTE, with soldiers in control; any mounted weapon needs a person to fire it.", "video": { "id": "dG0l_WD-W2A", "title": "What are the robotic dogs that Indian Army is inducting?", "channel": "ThePrint" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/indian-army-mule-2023.jpg", "author": "AeroArc (reported)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://aeroarc.in/", "page": "https://aeroarc.in/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "volvo-autonomous-solutions-bronnoy-kalk-2023", "name": "Volvo Autonomous Solutions quarry trucks (Autona earth, Volvo FH)", "maker": "Volvo Autonomous Solutions (Volvo Group)", "makerId": "volvo-autonomous-solutions", "country": "Sweden", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "limestone haulage", "quarry haulage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service only (autonomous transport sold per tonne), not sold as trucks", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Volvo said removing the safety driver at Brønnøy Kalk in September 2023 was an industry first for an active commercial mining operation.", "deployments": "Nine autonomous trucks run a 5 km quarry-to-crusher route at Brønnøy Kalk, and the service also worked at Boliden Garpenberg in Sweden (Volvo, Sept 2026).", "summary": "Autonomy-ready Volvo trucks driven by the Volvo Virtual Driver and sold as a transport-as-a-service package, so the customer buys tonnes moved rather than trucks. The flagship site hauls limestone through steep tunnels at Brønnøy Kalk in Norway.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1a100c6bf9", "hs-3c81353f00" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-09", "event": "Safety driver removed at Brønnøy Kalk, Velfjord, Norway", "url": "https://www.iotm2mcouncil.org/iot-library/news/connected-industries-news/volvo-goes-autonomous-at-bronnoy-kalk/" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "Commercial transport-as-a-service contract with Brønnøy Kalk" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Brønnøy Kalk, Velfjord (Norway); Boliden Garpenberg (Sweden)", "since": "2023-09", "fleet": "9 autonomous trucks at Brønnøy Kalk (Volvo, Sept 2026), up from 7 in Sept 2023", "usage": "More than 3 million tonnes hauled autonomously across sites (Volvo, 24 Sept 2026); 1 million tonnes at Brønnøy Kalk reached in 2025", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/volvo-autonomous-solutions-bronnoy-kalk-2023.jpg", "author": "Volvo Autonomous Solutions", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.volvoautonomoussolutions.com/en-en/autona-earth/bronnoy-kalk.html", "page": "https://www.volvoautonomoussolutions.com/en-en/autona-earth/bronnoy-kalk.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 565 } }, { "id": "ascento-guard-2023", "name": "Ascento Guard", "maker": "Ascento AG", "makerId": "ascento", "country": "Switzerland", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-09-12", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "security patrol", "site monitoring" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "security", "domain": [ "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "robotics-as-a-service, hired by the hour; no list price", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Patrolled outdoor warehouses, factories and pharma campuses; logged more than 3,000 km in 2023 and was tested by Securitas in Switzerland.", "summary": "A two-wheeled, legged security robot that patrols outdoor sites autonomously with thermal and infrared cameras and docks itself to recharge. It grew out of an ETH Zurich student project (Ascento, around 2017-18) whose first version could jump.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-18e227c419", "hs-8a368bcfcd", "hs-fad93e5d13", "hs-bbfc2f2c3b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-09-12", "event": "Ascento Guard launch with $4.3M pre-seed round", "url": "https://thenextweb.com/news/ascento-guard-patrolling-security-robot" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "Battery figure is the maker's 'over 8 hours'." }, "components": { "actuators": "Two wheeled legs with fall recovery", "sensors": "Thermal, RGB and infrared cameras, spotlights, microphone, speaker and GPS; Guard 2.0 adds a higher-resolution thermal camera", "battery": "Over 8 hours; autonomous charging", "software": "Autonomous patrol with alarms passed to a remote operator; sold as a service", "other": "Top speed about 5 km/h", "sources": [ "hs-fad93e5d13" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Leased as a service; fleet size not published", "where": "Zurich, Switzerland", "customers": "Large outdoor warehouses, manufacturing sites and pharma campuses (unnamed)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-11-12", "title": "Ascento Guard 2.0 launched", "summary": "Second generation adds brighter spotlights and better day and night cameras.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/ascento-guard-2-0-ready-security-duty-large-facilities/" }, { "date": "2023-09-12", "title": "Ascento Guard launches with $4.3M round", "summary": "Swiss startup launched its two-wheeled patrol robot and a pre-seed round.", "publisher": "TNW", "url": "https://thenextweb.com/news/ascento-guard-patrolling-security-robot" }, { "date": "2023-05-25", "title": "Swiss security robot on patrol", "summary": "Euronews reported Ascento robots patrolling Swiss sites for six months.", "publisher": "Euronews", "url": "https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/05/25/meet-the-ai-powered-robot-replacing-humans-as-security-guards-in-switzerland" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It patrols set outdoor routes and recharges by itself, while a security operator watches its alerts and decides how to respond.", "video": { "id": "4hj18IT1gE4", "title": "This is Ascento Guard - Next Gen Security Robot", "channel": "Ascento" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ascento-guard-2023.jpg", "author": "Ascento AG", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.ascento.ai", "page": "https://www.ascento.ai", "kind": "maker", "w": 981, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "limx-dynamics-w1-2023", "name": "W1", "maker": "LimX Dynamics", "makerId": "limx-dynamics", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-09-25", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "inspection", "logistics", "research" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "LimX Dynamics' first product, a wheel-legged quadruped that uses perception to climb stairs, curbs and gravel. Pre-orders were planned for late 2023.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6084b9542e", "hs-f9da4e6af1", "hs-3740bcbd1e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-09-25", "event": "LimX Dynamics launch", "url": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/news/BK000028" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "pre-orders planned Q4 2023; shipping not confirmed" }, "components": { "actuators": "LimX's own high-performance actuators driving four legs with wheels", "software": "LimX 'Motion Intelligence': reinforcement learning, model-predictive control and real-time terrain perception", "sources": [ "hs-6084b9542e" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Pre-orders planned; shipping volumes not reported", "where": "Shenzhen, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2023-09-26", "title": "LimX launches W1 wheeled quadruped", "summary": "LimX released its first wheel-legged quadruped for inspection, logistics and research.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/limx-dynamics-launches-w1-wheeled-quadruped/" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Shown being steered by an operator while it used its own perception and balance to climb stairs and curbs.", "video": { "id": "tEYLccxFuns", "title": "LimX Dynamics Launches First Wheeled Quadruped Robot W1", "channel": "LimX Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/limx-dynamics-w1-2023.jpg", "author": "LimX Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/news/BK000029", "page": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/news/BK000029", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "hanwha-arion-smet-2023", "name": "Arion-SMET", "maker": "Hanwha Aerospace", "makerId": "hanwha-aerospace", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "carrying loads", "soldier following", "remote driving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Korean Army initial phase about 49.6 billion won (about US$34-37M); could grow to 500 billion won. No unit price.", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "US FCT field test in Hawaii, 14-22 December 2023.", "summary": "A 6x6 electric robot for carrying equipment and following soldiers. It was the first South Korean ground robot in the US Foreign Comparative Testing programme and won the Korean Army's multipurpose UGV selection in 2026.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-013bd1b8e3", "hs-c84cd75822", "hs-c76366a60c", "hs-8abdfdc614", "hs-3206de5366" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-10", "event": "Selected for US FCT programme (robot existed earlier; unveiling date not sourced)", "url": "https://www.edrmagazine.eu/hanwhas-arion-smet-successfully-completes-foreign-comparative-test-with-us-military" }, "released": { "date": "2026-07-16", "note": "Selected by DAPA for the Republic of Korea Army's first multipurpose UGV; formal contract due Q3 2026, fielding 2027-2028" }, "components": { "actuators": "6x6 fully electric drive", "sensors": "Day and night electro-optical sensors; acoustic gunshot localisation", "battery": "Battery-electric; up to 100 km per charge", "software": "HAEMOS autonomy: remote driving, autonomous off-road driving, tether following and soldier or vehicle following", "other": "About 2 t; payload 450-550 kg (sources differ); up to 43 km/h on roads; optional remote weapon station; built with over 98% Korean components", "sources": [ "hs-503d1f3064", "hs-8abdfdc614" ] }, "production": { "built": "Several dozen ordered in the first Korean phase, fielding 2027-2028", "sold": "Selected July 2026 for the Republic of Korea Army's first multipurpose UGV programme, initial phase about 49.6 billion won (about US$33.5 million); total could reach 500 billion won", "where": "South Korea", "customers": "Republic of Korea Army; tested by US forces (Foreign Comparative Test, Hawaii, December 2023)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-08-06", "title": "Korea's UGV buy driven by manpower", "summary": "GlobalData says the Arion-SMET buy offsets a shrinking conscript pool; fielding due 2027-2028.", "publisher": "Defence Blog", "url": "https://defence-blog.com/?p=99184" }, { "date": "2026-07-16", "title": "Hanwha wins Army UGV deal", "summary": "DAPA selected Arion-SMET; the first phase is worth about 49.6 billion won.", "publisher": "The Korea Times", "url": "https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/southkorea/defense/20260716/hanwha-aerospace-wins-army-unmanned-ground-vehicle-deal-arms-agency" }, { "date": "2024-01-04", "title": "Arion-SMET completes US comparative test", "summary": "The 2-ton electric UGV finished a US DoD Foreign Comparative Test with Marines in Hawaii.", "publisher": "EDR Magazine", "url": "https://www.edrmagazine.eu/hanwhas-arion-smet-successfully-completes-foreign-comparative-test-with-us-military" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It follows soldiers or drives set waypoints by itself under their watch, and can also be remote controlled.", "video": { "id": "aIORGY8rd2k", "title": "Hanwha Defense Arion-SMET, a futuristic UGV empowering infantry soldiers", "channel": "Hanwha Aerospace", "display": true } }, { "id": "disney-bdx-droid-2023", "name": "BDX droids", "maker": "Walt Disney Imagineering / Disney Research", "makerId": "walt-disney-imagineering", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "entertainment", "theme park characters" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "entertainment" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": 14, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Expressive bipedal robots trained with reinforcement learning to walk in an animator's style, roaming among theme-park guests.", "deployments": "Tested in Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge at Disneyland from October 2023 and later appeared at other Disney parks and events.", "summary": "Small Star Wars-style droids with two 5-DOF legs and a 4-DOF head, largely 3D printed. A Disney Research team in Zurich led the design, shown first at IROS 2023 in Detroit.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-bdccda7a81", "hs-868d2baa90", "hs-f1068b16a0", "hs-3ce309bbc4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-10", "event": "IEEE/RSJ IROS 2023, Detroit", "url": "https://wdwnt.com/2023/10/disney-research-team-unveils-child-size-bipedal-walking-robot" }, "released": { "date": "2023-10", "note": "Operated in parks as puppeteered characters; not sold." }, "components": { "actuators": "Modular hardware and actuators; 4-DoF head and 5-DoF legs", "materials": "Mostly 3D-printed", "software": "Reinforcement learning in simulation that blends animator-authored motion with balance control; puppeteered by an operator in parks", "sources": [ "hs-bdccda7a81" ] }, "production": { "built": "Several units (three tested at Disneyland in 2023)", "sold": "not sold", "where": "Disney Research Zurich / Walt Disney Imagineering", "customers": "Disney parks (Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-07-11", "title": "Disney BDX wins RBR50 recognition", "summary": "The Robot Report highlighted Disney's RL pipeline for expressive walking characters.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/rbr50-spotlight-disney-research-develops-new-approach-robotic-characters/" }, { "date": "2023-10-12", "title": "BD droids tested at Galaxy's Edge", "summary": "Imagineers tested three BD-style droids in Disneyland's Star Wars land.", "publisher": "WDW News Today", "url": "https://wdwnt.com/2023/10/video-imagineers-test-bd-1-style-roaming-droids-in-star-wars-galaxys-edge-at-disneyland" }, { "date": "2023-10-07", "title": "Disney shows emotive walking robot at IROS", "summary": "Disney Research presented the bipedal character robot at IROS 2023 in Detroit.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/disney-robot" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "A park performer steers it and triggers its moves with a handheld controller while learned control keeps it balanced and walking.", "video": { "id": "7grs6sfS81Q", "title": "BDX Droids | Disneyland Season of the Force", "channel": "Star Wars" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/disney-bdx-droid-2023-1.jpg", "author": "Contributor19", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Droids_Disneyland.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "kline-hokuren-maru-no-2-2023", "name": "Hokuren Maru No. 2 (autonomous Ro-Ro retrofit)", "maker": "Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha with Japan Radio and YDK Technologies", "makerId": "kawasaki-kisen-kaisha", "country": "Japan", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-10", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "Ro-Ro freight", "autonomy demonstration" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "logistics", "ports" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service vessel, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "A MEGURI2040 Stage 2 test of adding autonomous navigation to an existing large Ro-Ro ship.", "deployments": "System installed in October 2023 and tested on three voyages of about 1,600 km each between Hitachi and Kushiro; a fully autonomous demonstration was planned for 2025.", "summary": "An 11,413 GT Ro-Ro container ship retrofitted with sensor fusion, AI image recognition and a route planner that proposes evasive routes and steers them once the navigator approves, backed by a shore Fleet Operation Center under construction.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-1047fb6ed9", "hs-bb8174c581" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-10", "event": "Autonomous system installed for MEGURI2040 Stage 2", "url": "https://en.nippon-foundation.or.jp/what/projects/ocean/meguri2040/dainihokurenmaru" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Demonstration vessel" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Hitachi (Ibaraki) to Kushiro (Hokkaido), Japan", "since": null, "fleet": "1 vessel (Nippon Foundation, Apr 2024)", "usage": "Three demonstration voyages of about 1,600 km each (Nippon Foundation, Apr 2024)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kline-hokuren-maru-no-2-2023.jpg", "author": "Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha with Japan Radio and YDK Technologies", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/what/projects/meguri2040", "page": "https://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/what/projects/meguri2040", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 475 } }, { "id": "hai-robotics-haipick-a42t-e2-2023", "name": "HaiPick A42T-E2", "maker": "Hai Robotics", "makerId": "hai", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-10-02", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "deep-storage tote picking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Company calls it the world's first telescopic grapple-hook case-handling robot.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Uses a grappling hook to pull totes up to five deep from racks up to 10 m tall, handling 35 to 55 totes an hour.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-57c56a27d2", "hs-8317c7ba13" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-10-02", "event": "Launched with HaiPick System 3", "url": "https://robotics247.com/article/hai_robotics_launches_new_systems_increase_warehouse_storage_density_efficiency" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "" }, "components": { "hands": "Telescopic grappling-hook ('ChainPick') tote handler", "sensors": "Lidar for obstacle avoidance", "battery": "6.6 h or more per full charge; automatic charging", "other": "Handles 30 kg totes up to 12 m high; works with K50 transit AMRs in HaiPick System 3", "sources": [ "hs-55d0a506c7", "hs-52bb79aff4" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold worldwide; Hai said in 2021 it had 2,000+ ACRs deployed across 200+ projects (all models)", "where": "Shenzhen, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-08-27", "title": "HaiPick Climb passes 10,000 robots contracted", "summary": "Hai said 10,000+ of its newer HaiClimber robots are contracted in 12 countries.", "publisher": "Hai Robotics", "url": "https://www.hairobotics.com/news/haipick-climb-reaches-10000-robot-milestone-across-global-customer-projects" }, { "date": "2023-10-02", "title": "Hai launches A42T-E2 and HaiPick System 3", "summary": "Hai Robotics launched its telescopic grapple-hook ACR and System 3.", "publisher": "Robotics 24/7", "url": "https://robotics247.com/article/hai_robotics_launches_new_systems_increase_warehouse_storage_density_efficiency" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It fetches and returns totes from tall racks on its own, directed by warehouse software.", "video": { "id": "TK0ERATVyjQ", "title": "HaiPick A42T: Pick and Store Goods at a Dizzying Height of Up to 10m", "channel": "Hai Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hai-robotics-haipick-a42t-e2-2023.jpg", "author": "Hai Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.hairobotics.com/products/haipick-a42t-e2", "page": "https://www.hairobotics.com/products/haipick-a42t-e2", "kind": "maker", "w": 670, "h": 900 } }, { "id": "keenon-dinerbot-t3-2023", "name": "DINERBOT T3", "maker": "Keenon Robotics", "makerId": "keenon", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-10-13", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "enclosed food and item delivery", "hotel and private-dining-room service" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 135.1, "weightKg": 71, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 3.6, "payloadKg": 40, "batteryHours": 12, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A delivery robot with a closed 180-litre cabin, password-locked doors and an interior disinfection light, built for private dining rooms and longer runs. It can ride elevators on its own.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d84dc98572", "hs-9f6de12495", "hs-c2738c868b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-10-13", "event": "European launch at HostMilano, Milan (earliest showing found; a China launch may be earlier)", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/keenon-robotics-unveils-cutting-edge-new-product-lineup-in-europe-with-industry-leading-advancements-at-hostmilano-301956059.html" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "On sale; price not published" }, "components": { "other": "Delivery robot aimed at private dining rooms, with long-distance runs and enclosed privacy-oriented delivery", "sources": [ "hs-d84dc98572", "hs-f58738ed41" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Keenon reports more than 100,000 robots shipped company-wide (all models) and ranked first worldwide in commercial service robot shipments in 2025 per IDC", "where": "Shanghai, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2023-10-13", "title": "Keenon launches T3 in Europe at HostMilano", "summary": "Keenon unveiled the T10, T9 Pro, T3 and C30 in Milan.", "publisher": "PR Newswire", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/keenon-robotics-unveils-cutting-edge-new-product-lineup-in-europe-with-industry-leading-advancements-at-hostmilano-301956059.html" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff load its locked cabin and choose a destination; it travels there, riding elevators by itself.", "video": { "id": "cN2EAXcqVL4", "title": "DINERBOT T3｜For Safe,Higienic,and High-efficiency Service", "channel": "KEENON Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/keenon-dinerbot-t3-2023.jpg", "author": "Keenon Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/T3", "page": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/T3", "kind": "maker", "w": 504, "h": 472 } }, { "id": "deep-robotics-x30-2023", "name": "Jueying X30", "maker": "DEEP Robotics", "makerId": "deep", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-10-17", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "inspection", "fire rescue", "security patrol" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 47, "weightKg": 56, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 14.4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 4, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed as the first quadruped rated to work from -20 C to 55 C; in February 2025 Changsha's fire service said it was the first locally made robot dog in operational fire-rescue use there.", "deployments": "Singapore Power uses one for cable-tunnel inspection (from January 2025); a Changsha fire and rescue team began operational use in February 2025.", "summary": "A 56 kg IP67 industrial quadruped that runs 2.5-4 hours and over 10 km, with sensing that copes with darkness and glare. It can climb 45-degree stairs and return to charge itself.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-20aa10353e", "hs-2903db1316", "hs-dfcfd70962", "hs-57000f3aa5", "hs-b4cd9fda2d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-10-17", "event": "DEEP Robotics X30 launch", "url": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/article/id/89.html" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "industrial sales" }, "components": { "actuators": "DEEP's own leg-joint modules (12 joints); the company sells its J-series joints separately", "sensors": "Fused perception that lets it navigate in darkness, glare and flicker; fire-rescue versions add harmful-gas detection and real-time 3D mapping", "battery": "Quick-swap battery; endurance up 25% over the previous model when carrying payloads", "materials": "IP67; rated -20 to 55 C", "other": "Ethernet, USB 2.0/3.0 and Wi-Fi interfaces with 5/12/24 V and 72 V battery power outputs for payloads; climbs 45-degree industrial stairs", "sources": [ "hs-757074f9c0", "hs-dfcfd70962", "hs-2903db1316" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Commercially sold for inspection and emergency work", "where": "Hangzhou, China", "customers": "Singapore Power Group (power-tunnel inspection, reported January 2025); Changsha fire and rescue service, China (2025)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-02-11", "title": "X30 enters fire-rescue service in Changsha", "summary": "Changsha put an X30 into fire-rescue use after drills in high-rise buildings, citing gas detection and 3D mapping.", "publisher": "Hangzhou government English portal (from Global Times)", "url": "https://www.ehangzhou.gov.cn/2025-02/11/c_292596.htm" }, { "date": "2023-10-23", "title": "DEEP Robotics launches X30", "summary": "DEEP launched the X30 for power-station, factory and tunnel inspection, rated IP67 and -20 to 55 C.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/deep-robotics-launches-x30-quadruped-robot-to-meet-varied-industry-needs/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It runs set inspection routes at industrial sites on its own and goes back to charge itself; it can also be driven by hand.", "video": { "id": "zxGwOEYYFVo", "title": "Introducing X30, industrial flagship quadruped robot", "channel": "DEEP Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/deep-robotics-x30-2023.jpg", "author": "DEEP Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/product3.html", "page": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/product3.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "exrobotics-exr-2-2023", "name": "ExR-2", "maker": "ExRobotics", "makerId": "exrobotics", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous inspection and gas leak detection in explosive zones" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "inspection", "domain": [ "inspection", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Developed with Shell Pernis and Dow Terneuzen (2020-22); used with Energy Robotics' software at Shell's Rheinland park.", "summary": "An explosion-proof (ATEX) wheeled inspection robot that patrols petrochemical plants alone and flags methane or benzene leaks to the control room.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-7be8906fbc", "hs-d377a53ac6", "hs-e0e705c5ff" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-11", "event": "Launched as autonomous successor to the ExR-1", "url": "https://inspenet.com/en/noticias/exr-1-autonomous-robot-petrochemical-inspection/" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Visual and thermal cameras and gas sensors for reading gauges and spotting leaks (via AI and computer vision)", "materials": "ATEX-certified for explosive atmospheres", "software": "Fully autonomous missions (ExR-1 needed remote control); used with Energy Robotics' inspection software at Shell", "sources": [ "hs-ea013304ff", "hs-d377a53ac6" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold to oil, gas and chemical operators", "where": "Netherlands", "customers": "Shell (Pernis), Dow (Terneuzen) as development partners" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-06-23", "title": "ExRobotics launches UL-certified ExR-2.5", "summary": "ExRobotics cited thousands of missions for Shell, Repsol and BP.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/exrobotics-launches-ul-certified-inspection-robot-for-hazardous-environments/" }, { "date": "2024-01-22", "title": "Shell automates inspection with robots and drones", "summary": "Produktion reported Shell using ExRobotics and Energy Robotics systems for gauge reading.", "publisher": "Produktion", "url": "https://www.produktion.de/instandhaltung/roboter-drohne-360inspektion-vom-boden-und-aus-der-luft/1692729" }, { "date": "2023-11-15", "title": "ExR-2 launched as autonomous successor", "summary": "ExRobotics launched the ExR-2, developed with Shell Pernis and Dow Terneuzen.", "publisher": "Inspenet", "url": "https://inspenet.com/en/noticias/exr-1-autonomous-robot-petrochemical-inspection/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It runs its inspection rounds in the plant by itself and reports readings and leaks to the control room, where staff can take over remotely.", "video": { "id": "MlMFiF20ud0", "title": "Pluspetrol case study of ExRobotics' ExR-2 inspection robot", "channel": "ExRobotics (@ExRobotics)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/exrobotics-exr-2-2023.jpg", "author": "ExRobotics B.V.", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.exrobotics.com/products", "page": "https://www.exrobotics.com/products", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 555 } }, { "id": "panasonic-hospi-trail-2023", "name": "HOSPI Trail", "maker": "Panasonic", "makerId": "panasonic", "country": "Japan", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-11", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "hospital supply delivery", "cart towing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "healthcare" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A newer HOSPI that tows a cargo cart and can unhitch it on arrival, so deliveries no longer need someone waiting to receive them.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-8c4d1e8458" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-11", "event": "iREX 2023, Tokyo", "url": "https://www.panasonic.com/es/corporate/noticias/articles/panasonic-presenta-hospi-trail-un-innovador-robot-disenado-para-suministrar-material-hospitalario.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/panasonic-hospi-trail-2023.jpg", "author": "Panasonic", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://news.panasonic.com/global/stories/15082", "page": "https://news.panasonic.com/global/stories/15082", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "omron-md-series-2023", "name": "MD-650 / MD-900", "maker": "Omron", "makerId": "omron", "country": "Japan", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving medium loads in factories and warehouses" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7.9, "payloadKg": 900, "batteryHours": 10, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Omron's medium-payload autonomous mobile robots, filling the gap between its LD and HD lines: the MD-650 carries 650 kg at up to 2.2 m/s and the MD-900 carries 900 kg at up to 1.8 m/s. Figures shown are the series maxima; run time is about 10 h unloaded and 8 h at full load.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-5e5406f990", "hs-232ee03078", "hs-f1c8515a28", "hs-da552a8335" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-11", "event": "Omron launch announcement reported by Interempresas, 28 November 2023", "url": "https://www.interempresas.net/Robotica/497406-Omron-presenta-nuevos-robots-moviles-autonomos-de-serie-MD-para-cargas-utiles-medias.html" }, "released": { "date": "2024-02", "note": "Launched in the US and Canada with ROEQ lifter and roller top modules in February 2024" }, "components": { "sensors": "Natural-feature navigation with 360-degree safety coverage", "battery": "About 10 h unloaded, 8 h at full payload", "software": "FLOW Core fleet management", "other": "MD-650 carries 650 kg, MD-900 carries 900 kg; ROEQ lifter and roller top modules", "sources": [ "hs-5e5406f990" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold; units not published", "where": "Omron (Japan); top modules by ROEQ, Denmark" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-02-22", "title": "Omron launches MD-650/900 with ROEQ modules", "summary": "Omron launched the MD series in North America as complete solutions with ROEQ top modules.", "publisher": "Automation.com", "url": "https://www.automation.com/en-us/products/february-2024/omron-integrated-autonomous-mobile-robot" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It moves loads around the factory on its own, taking jobs from Omron's fleet software.", "video": { "id": "Od4Ah92rsws", "title": "OMRON MD series safe and agile medium-duty autonomous mobile robots for payloads of 650 and 900 kg", "channel": "Omron Industrial Automation EMEA (@omronEurope)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/omron-md-series-2023.jpg", "author": "Omron", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://industrial.omron.eu/en/products/md-series", "page": "https://industrial.omron.eu/en/products/md-series", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 401 } }, { "id": "unitree-b2-2023", "name": "B2", "maker": "Unitree Robotics", "makerId": "unitree", "country": "China", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-11-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "inspection", "carrying loads", "public safety" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 64.5, "weightKg": 60, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 21.6, "payloadKg": 40, "batteryHours": 6, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not published (Unitree shop lists $100,000, likely a placeholder)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the fastest commercial industrial quadrupeds, rated above 6 m/s.", "deployments": "Unitree sells fire-rescue versions; a September 2025 Bluetooth vulnerability affecting B2 was reported.", "summary": "A 60 kg IP67 industrial quadruped that carries over 40 kg while walking (120 kg standing) and runs 4-6 hours. It replaced the B1.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-4287229d0d", "hs-3c149cba44", "hs-1a7bd963fb" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-11-03", "event": "Unitree release", "url": "https://shop.unitree.com/blogs/news/unitree-robotics-releases-industrial-quadruped-robot-b2-breaking-through-limits-with-hyper-evolution" }, "released": { "date": "2023-11", "note": "industrial sales" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 Unitree joint motors; 360 N.m peak joint torque (Unitree says 170% better joint performance than its earlier industrial dog)", "sensors": "3D lidar x1, depth cameras x2, optical cameras x2 (varies by configuration); fire versions add 360-degree cameras and gas sensors", "compute": "Intel Core i5 (platform) plus Intel Core i7 (user development) standard; optional Intel Core i7 or NVIDIA Jetson Orin NX, up to three units", "battery": "45 Ah (2,250 Wh) at 58 V; more than 5 h and 20 km unloaded; quick-change battery, optional autonomous charging", "materials": "IP67", "other": "About 60 kg with battery; top speed about 6 m/s", "sources": [ "hs-4287229d0d", "hs-d985ebf323", "hs-cac1275c09" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold for industrial use; units not published", "where": "Hangzhou, China", "customers": "Qingdao firefighting and rescue support team (fire version, reported 2025); US reseller Robostore is adapting a fire-fighting version" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-10-21", "title": "Long Island firm builds US firefighting B2", "summary": "Robostore said its B2-based fire robot with a water cannon would cost about $150,000.", "publisher": "New York Post via AOL", "url": "https://www.aol.com/articles/meet-150k-b2-robo-dog-214034412.html" }, { "date": "2025-05-07", "title": "B2 fire dog deployed in Qingdao", "summary": "Core77 reported a firefighting B2 with gas sensors and self-drenching in use with Qingdao fire rescuers.", "publisher": "Core77", "url": "https://www.core77.com/posts/136712" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "It is usually driven with a remote controller while it balances and handles rough ground itself; autonomous inspection needs extra software from integrators.", "video": { "id": "-0n_MFLKD3M", "title": "Unitree Released B2 - Beyond the Limit - Hyperevolution", "channel": "Unitree Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/unitree-b2-2023.jpg", "author": "Unitree Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.unitree.com/b2", "page": "https://www.unitree.com/b2", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "amazon-titan-2023", "name": "Titan", "maker": "Amazon Robotics", "makerId": "amazon", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-11-14", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving heavy storage pods" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1134, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "First deployed at Amazon's SAT1 fulfilment centre in San Antonio, Texas.", "summary": "A heavy-payload pod drive that lifts up to 2,500 lb, about twice Hercules, combining Hercules' battery system with Xanthus' vision and obstacle detection.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-a427b64c67", "hs-d1ff278bb1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-11-14", "event": "Introduced by Amazon", "url": "https://www.automatedwarehouseonline.com/?p=888" }, "released": { "date": "2023-11", "note": "Built at Amazon's Westborough, Massachusetts hub" }, "components": { "sensors": "Computer vision for navigation on the restricted robotics floor", "other": "Lifts up to 2,500 lb (about 1,134 kg), twice Hercules; carries pods of totes with bulky items", "sources": [ "hs-d1ff278bb1" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Internal use only", "where": "Amazon Robotics, United States", "customers": "Amazon; first deployed at SAT1 fulfilment centre, San Antonio, Texas" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-07-01", "title": "Amazon passes 1 million robots", "summary": "Amazon said it had deployed its millionth robot across its network.", "publisher": "Amazon", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-million-robots-ai-foundation-model" }, { "date": "2023-11-14", "title": "Amazon introduces Titan", "summary": "Amazon unveiled Titan, a drive unit lifting up to 2,500 lb, first used in San Antonio.", "publisher": "Automated Warehouse", "url": "https://www.automatedwarehouseonline.com/?p=888" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It lifts and carries heavy shelving pods around the fulfilment floor on its own.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/amazon-titan-2023.jpg", "author": "Amazon", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-unveils-titan-fulfillment-center-robot", "page": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-unveils-titan-fulfillment-center-robot", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 562 } }, { "id": "may-mobility-toyota-sienna-2023", "name": "May Mobility Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS", "maker": "May Mobility with Toyota", "makerId": "may-mobility", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-12", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "May Mobility's first rider-only service, in Sun City, Arizona (December 2023), followed by its first driverless commercial service in Peachtree Corners, Georgia (February 2025).", "deployments": "Driverless service in Peachtree Corners since February 2025; on Lyft in Atlanta from September 2025 and planned on Uber in Arlington, Texas, both starting with safety operators.", "summary": "A hybrid Toyota Sienna minivan built on Toyota's Autono-MaaS platform and running May Mobility's driving system for on-demand rides.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-02355a8ecf", "hs-f73da38358", "hs-0849c991e7", "hs-617c7380f9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-12", "event": "Sun City, Arizona rider-only service", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2025-02", "note": "Driverless public service in Peachtree Corners, Georgia" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Peachtree Corners (Georgia), Sun City (Arizona); Atlanta via Lyft and Arlington (Texas) via Uber with safety operators", "since": "2023-12", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/may-mobility-toyota-sienna-2023-1.jpg", "author": "May Mobility LLC", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:May-Mobility-Vehicle-in-Ann-Arbor-MI.png", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "safeai-obayashi-cat-725-retrofit-2023", "name": "SafeAI and Obayashi autonomous electric Cat 725 retrofit", "maker": "SafeAI (with Obayashi and Avia Engineering)", "makerId": "safeai", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-12", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "site haulage", "construction earthmoving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed as the first haul-truck retrofit to combine a zero-emission powertrain with autonomous driving.", "deployments": "SafeAI also ran a proof of concept with contractor MACA at Capricorn Metals' Karlawinda gold mine in Western Australia (2022).", "summary": "A Caterpillar 725 articulated dump truck converted to battery-electric drive and fitted with SafeAI's brand-neutral self-driving kit. SafeAI was bought by Pronto in July 2025.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-023df1f8ee", "hs-146a79e414", "hs-d966f47c9f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-12", "event": "Unveiled by SafeAI and Obayashi", "url": "https://khl.com/news/safeai-and-obayashi-unveil-first-electric-autonomous-mining-truck-retrofit/8033756.article" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Demonstration units in Japan (Obayashi) and Western Australia (MACA proof of concept at Karlawinda)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/safeai-obayashi-cat-725-retrofit-2023.jpg", "author": "SafeAI", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://electrek.co/?p=345524", "page": "https://electrek.co/?p=345524", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "hyundai-elec-city-seoul-a21-2023", "name": "Seoul late-night autonomous bus A21 (Hyundai Elec City)", "maker": "Seoul Metropolitan Government (Hyundai Elec City buses)", "makerId": "seoul-metropolitan-government", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-12-04", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Seoul described it as the world's first late-night autonomous city bus route.", "deployments": "Started on 4 December 2023 on a 9.8 km central bus-lane route between Hapjeong and Dongdaemun, running weeknights from 23:30 to 05:10.", "summary": "Two full-size Hyundai Elec City electric buses converted for automated driving and run by the city at night, with staff on board. Rides were free at launch.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8c9f175dfb", "hs-efdfeeb58f", "hs-be4c21831c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-12-04", "event": "Start of route A21", "url": "https://view.asiae.co.kr/en/article/2023120316250904502" }, "released": { "date": "2023-12-04", "note": "Free public service at launch; fares planned from 2024" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Seoul (Hapjeong to Dongdaemun)", "since": null, "fleet": "2 buses (Seoul, December 2023)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hyundai-elec-city-seoul-a21-2023.jpg", "author": "Seoul Metropolitan Government", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2009697", "page": "https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2009697", "kind": "maker", "w": 760, "h": 544 } }, { "id": "knightscope-k5-5th-gen-2023", "name": "K5 (5th generation, K5v5)", "maker": "Knightscope", "makerId": "knightscope", "country": "United States", "year": 2023, "date": "2023-12-13", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "security patrol", "video surveillance", "licence plate recognition" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "security", "domain": [ "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 164.1, "weightKg": 190.5, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.8, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "rented by subscription", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "By August 2024 the fifth-generation K5 made up about 70% of Knightscope's robot fleet in service (Knightscope via Business Wire, Aug 2024).", "summary": "A ground-up redesign of Knightscope's outdoor security robot with a wider base for stability, a higher 4K camera, a new battery system, louder audio and more lights. It patrols 24/7 and docks itself to recharge; listed size about 164 cm tall and 190 kg.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ab3b2c7aef", "hs-a2dfa86dde" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2023-12-13", "event": "Knightscope press release on start of shipping", "url": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20231213340048/en" }, "released": { "date": "2023-12", "note": "shipping from December 2023" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/knightscope-k5-5th-gen-2023.jpg", "author": "Knightscope", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.knightscope.com/k5", "page": "https://www.knightscope.com/k5", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 823 } }, { "id": "kubota-agri-robo-combine-2024", "name": "Agri Robo combine harvester", "maker": "Kubota", "makerId": "kubota", "country": "Japan", "year": 2024, "date": "2024", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "grain harvesting" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Kubota describes it as the world's first unmanned autonomous combine harvester.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A rice and grain combine that Kubota calls the world's first unmanned autonomous combine harvester.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-28ae2a5193" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024", "event": "Launch in Japan (date not stated on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.kubota.com/innovation/smartagri/technology/index.html" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "Japanese market" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kubota-agri-robo-combine-2024.jpg", "author": "Kubota", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.kubota.co.jp/news/2023/newproduct-20230614.html", "page": "https://www.kubota.co.jp/news/2023/newproduct-20230614.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 751 } }, { "id": "cainiao-gt-2024", "name": "Cainiao GT", "maker": "Cainiao (Alibaba Group)", "makerId": "cainiao", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "No published price found", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "By December 2024 it had customers in over 10 provinces (incl. Zhejiang, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu) and more than 30 county- and city-level areas.", "summary": "Cainiao's first public-road robovan for courier stations, launched in 2024. It was followed by the GT Pro in January 2025; Cainiao's unmanned-vehicle business was folded into Zelos in January 2026.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f307dedd95", "hs-3457ed3f00" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024", "event": "Launch (month not stated)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "Sold to courier customers" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "30+ county- and city-level areas in 10+ Chinese provinces (Cainiao, Dec 2024)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cainiao-gt-2024.jpg", "author": "Cainiao (Alibaba Group)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://img.alicdn.com/imgextra/i2/O1CN011E1ig51CVtSLE9AcP_!!6000000000087-0-tps-498-230.jpg", "page": "https://img.alicdn.com/imgextra/i2/O1CN011E1ig51CVtSLE9AcP_!!6000000000087-0-tps-498-230.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 498, "h": 230 } }, { "id": "otsaw-camello-plus-2024", "name": "Camello+", "maker": "OTSAW", "makerId": "otsaw", "country": "Singapore", "year": 2024, "date": "2024", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "delivery", "security patrol", "hospital logistics" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery", "security", "healthcare" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Offered as Robot-as-a-Service, no public price", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An indoor-outdoor robot with individually locked compartments opened by RFID card or QR code, combining deliveries with security patrols; the Camello+S version streams 360-degree surveillance video. It succeeds the original Camello last-mile delivery robot.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-faf7b7044a", "hs-16d041b287", "hs-4ed61f1f53" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024", "event": "Unveiled at Arab Health 2024 in Dubai", "url": "https://otsaw.com/arab-health-2024-otsaw-unveils-camello-the-world-first-multi-purpose-robot/" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "The original Camello delivery robot ran a one-year trial delivering parcels and groceries to 700 households at Punggol, Singapore (around 2021; OTSAW was first in Singapore to get a P1 licence for it on public paths). No specs published for either." }, "components": { "sensors": "Multiple lidars and proximity sensors; HD 360-degree surveillance cameras on the Camello+S version", "other": "Combines delivery and security patrol; front and rear emergency-stop bumpers", "sources": [ "hs-16d041b287" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Offered as a service; OTSAW says it has 1,000+ robots deployed in 20+ countries (all models)", "where": "Singapore", "customers": "Not named; OTSAW announced a Japan market entry partnership" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-03-14", "title": "OTSAW unveils Camello+ at Arab Health", "summary": "OTSAW launched Camello+ in Dubai as a combined delivery and security robot.", "publisher": "OTSAW", "url": "https://otsaw.com/arab-health-2024-otsaw-unveils-camello-the-world-first-multi-purpose-robot/" }, { "date": "2021-03-11", "title": "Original Camello launched", "summary": "OTSAW launched the first Camello autonomous delivery robot.", "publisher": "OTSAW", "url": "https://otsaw.com/launch-of-camello-autonomous-robot/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives its delivery and patrol routes by itself; people only load and unlock its compartments.", "video": { "id": "u6XaJIZt4JE", "title": "Introducing Camello+ | World's First Multi-purpose Robot | OTSAW", "channel": "OTSAW (@OTSAWRobotics)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/otsaw-camello-plus-2024.jpg", "author": "OTSAW", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://otsaw.com/camello_plus_s/", "page": "https://otsaw.com/camello_plus_s/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 693 } }, { "id": "agibot-d1-2024", "name": "D1 (Pro, Edu, Ultra, Max)", "maker": "AgiBot (Zhiyuan Robotics)", "makerId": "agibot", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "research", "education", "inspection" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research", "consumer", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 16, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 13.3, "payloadKg": 5, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 4599, "priceNote": "Retailer Global Drone HQ lists the D1 family from $4,599 (D1 Pro) to $42,999 (D1 Max); AgiBot's own store listed D1 Ultra at $9,600 in October 2026 (was $7,680 on file)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "AgiBot's robot-dog line, from consumer Pro and Edu models to the heavy wheeled D1 Max. Specs here are for the 16 kg D1 Ultra; launch year comes from a third-party database.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-4d4bca72ef", "hs-bf718dedf4", "hs-2fa942fd62" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024", "event": "AgiBot launch", "url": "https://globaldronehq.com/blogs/guides/agibot-d1-series-guide" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "launch date not confirmed" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 joints with up to 48 N.m peak torque (D1 Ultra, per AgiBot store)", "sensors": "Supports lidar, depth cameras and 5G modules (D1 Ultra)", "materials": "Pro, Edu and Ultra IP54; Max IP67 (retailer guide)", "software": "Reinforcement-learning motion control; URDF models for Isaac Sim and MuJoCo; SDK and expansion ports on Edu", "other": "D1 Max rated 25 kg payload and 3.5 h under load (retailer guide)", "sources": [ "hs-4d4bca72ef", "hs-bf718dedf4", "hs-c5369dc0ee" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold online and through retailers; AgiBot reports 20,000 robots produced company-wide by September 2026 (all products)", "where": "Shanghai, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-06-28", "title": "AGIBOT produces 15,000th robot", "summary": "AGIBOT said its 15,000th robot (all lines, including quadrupeds) left the production line.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/agibot-produces-15000th-robot-marking-milestone-embodied-ai-deployment/" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "It is mainly steered with a controller or app while it balances and walks over obstacles itself.", "video": { "id": "3BKWJ90JS5E", "title": "AGIBOT D1 Pro/Edu: 3.5m/s All-Terrain Quadruped Robot, All-Rounder for Research/Education/", "channel": "AGIBOT (@AGIBOTofficial)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/agibot-d1-2024.jpg", "author": "AgiBot (Zhiyuan Robotics)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.agibot.com/products/D1_Pro", "page": "https://www.agibot.com/products/D1_Pro", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 519 } }, { "id": "exrobotics-exr-2-5-2024", "name": "ExR-2.5", "maker": "ExRobotics", "makerId": "exrobotics", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2024, "date": "2024", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "hazardous-area inspection" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "inspection", "domain": [ "inspection", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Company says it is the only UL-certified (UL 6260) inspection robot for explosive atmospheres (company claim).", "deployments": "Shell deployed it in 2024 on a normally unmanned platform 175 km offshore.", "summary": "Upgraded model with lidar, acoustic imaging, thermal cameras and AI; launched in North America in mid-2026.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-cdb15e2670", "hs-3f9fc5239f", "hs-e0e705c5ff" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024", "event": "Shell offshore deployment", "url": "https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2026/07/07/exrobotics-launches-ul-certified-inspection-robot-for-hazardous-industrial-sites-in-north-america/103158/" }, "released": { "date": "2026-06", "note": "North American UL-certified launch, Houston" }, "components": { "sensors": "Acoustic imaging for gas leaks and mechanical faults, high-resolution and thermal cameras, environmental and safety sensors", "materials": "Ex-certified; UL-certified for hazardous locations in North America", "software": "Autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance; remote supervision; returns to its dock after missions", "sources": [ "hs-3f9fc5239f" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold; ExRobotics cites thousands of missions completed", "where": "Netherlands", "customers": "Shell, Repsol, BP" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-07-07", "title": "ExR-2.5 launches in North America", "summary": "ExRobotics introduced its UL-certified ExR-2.5 at the Energy Drone & Robotics Summit in Houston.", "publisher": "Robotics & Automation News", "url": "https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2026/07/07/exrobotics-launches-ul-certified-inspection-robot-for-hazardous-industrial-sites-in-north-america/103158/" }, { "date": "2026-06-23", "title": "ExRobotics launches UL-certified ExR-2.5", "summary": "ExRobotics cited thousands of missions for Shell, Repsol and BP.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/exrobotics-launches-ul-certified-inspection-robot-for-hazardous-environments/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Like the ExR-2, it runs plant inspection rounds by itself and sends readings and alarms to the control room, where staff can take over remotely.", "video": { "id": "D5pQ8BIuh3Y", "title": "Demo video of ExR-2.5", "channel": "ExRobotics (@ExRobotics)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/exrobotics-exr-2-5-2024.jpg", "author": "ExRobotics B.V.", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.exrobotics.com/news/shell-exr-2-5-inspection-robot-case-study-in-offshore-magazine", "page": "https://www.exrobotics.com/news/shell-exr-2-5-inspection-robot-case-study-in-offshore-magazine", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 766 } }, { "id": "torc-freightliner-cascadia-2024", "name": "Freightliner Cascadia autonomous (Torc Virtual Driver)", "maker": "Torc Robotics and Daimler Truck North America", "makerId": "torc", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "freight", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Completed driver-out runs on a closed Texas course at up to 65 mph in 2024; tests with safety drivers on public roads around Dallas-Fort Worth, on the Laredo-Dallas I-35 lane, in Virginia and, from February 2026, in Michigan.", "summary": "An autonomous-ready fifth-generation Freightliner Cascadia with redundant steering and braking, fitted with Daimler subsidiary Torc's virtual driver. Daimler Truck aims to launch it commercially in the US in 2027.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e3442555f5", "hs-ace93e46b6", "hs-e9cb74dc0d", "hs-45d5d5181b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024", "event": "Driver-out validation on closed course in Texas", "url": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20241029652341/en/Torc-Robotics-Performs-Successful-Fully-Autonomous-Product-Validation" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Commercial launch planned for 2027" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Closed course in Texas (driverless); public-road testing in Texas, Virginia and Michigan with safety drivers", "since": "2024", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/torc-freightliner-cascadia-2024.jpg", "author": "Torc Robotics and Daimler Truck North America", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://torc.ai/daimler-trucks-autonomous-ready-fifth-generation-freightliner-cascadia-torc-texas/", "page": "https://torc.ai/daimler-trucks-autonomous-ready-fifth-generation-freightliner-cascadia-torc-texas/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "russia-kurier-2024", "name": "Kurier (Kuryer) ground robotic complex", "maker": "Russian developers (reported: Ulan-Ude firm with Popular Front backing; later NRTK KAPS with Omsk institute)", "makerId": "russian-developers", "country": "Russia", "year": 2024, "date": "2024", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "logistics", "mine laying", "mine clearing", "fire support" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 250, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 35, "payloadKg": 200, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used in Ukraine from 2024 for logistics and fire support; dropped from an Il-76 in the Center-2026 exercise (October 2026).", "summary": "A small tracked remote-controlled robot that is Russia's most widely fielded ground robot in the war on Ukraine, used mostly for supply runs but also seen carrying weapons and mine-laying gear.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-bdb72b8f9f", "hs-37011f45ed", "hs-32f934384d", "hs-7941039d98" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024", "event": "First shown publicly early 2024; field test near Avdiivka April 2024", "url": "https://militaeraktuell.at/en/russian-multi-purpose-assault-robots-kurier-conquer-the-front-line/" }, "released": { "date": "2024-10", "note": "50 units reported delivered to the front in October 2024" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tracked chassis with two 6 kW electric motors; up to 35 km/h", "battery": "Operating time quoted as 12 to 72 hours", "materials": "Tracked undercarriage with metal side panels", "software": "Remotely operated; analysts say front-line systems remain remote-controlled", "other": "About 250 kg; 1.4 x 1.2 x 0.58 m; carries up to about 200 kg of cargo; modular mission kits", "sources": [ "hs-bdb72b8f9f", "hs-37011f45ed", "hs-32f934384d" ] }, "production": { "built": "50 units reported delivered in October 2024; analysts say Kurier is among Russia's most common ground robots, supplied in dozens to hundreds", "where": "Russia (private manufacturer; design work funded by Russia's Foundation for Advanced Research, per reports)", "customers": "Russian armed forces" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-10-05", "title": "Kurier airdropped from Il-76 for first time", "summary": "Russian paratroopers dropped Kurier robots by parachute during the Center-2026 exercises.", "publisher": "Militarnyi", "url": "https://militarnyi.com/en/news/russia-airdrop-kurier-ugv-il-76-center-2026/" }, { "date": "2026-05-01", "title": "Report maps Russia's ground-robot makers", "summary": "A StateWatch study found 32 Russian ground-robot models and named Kuryer among the largest serial products.", "publisher": "Defence Blog", "url": "https://defence-blog.com/?p=95033" }, { "date": "2026-05-01", "title": "Russia uses at least 20 ground-robot types", "summary": "Ukrainska Pravda summarised the StateWatch report on Russia's move to mass-produced ground robots.", "publisher": "Ukrainska Pravda", "url": "https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2026/05/01/8032722/" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Soldiers drive it remotely the whole time to haul supplies, and any weapon or mine-laying kit on it is also remotely operated." }, { "id": "seegrid-lift-cr1-2024", "name": "Lift CR1", "maker": "Seegrid", "makerId": "seegrid", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous high-lift pallet handling" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 8, "payloadKg": 1814, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A heavy autonomous lift truck for manufacturing that carries 4,000 lb, lifts to 15 ft and drives itself at up to 5 mph.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d4ae612c14", "hs-984876d0c7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024", "event": "Announced as slated for introduction later in 2024 (MMH, 5 September 2024); won MMH 2024 Readers' Choice Product of the Year", "url": "https://www.mmh.com/article/seegrid_closes_50_million_series_d_investment/Seegrid" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "Exact launch date not found" }, "components": { "sensors": "Lidar SLAM plus Seegrid Grid Engine localisation; payload detection perception for misaligned pallets", "software": "Fleet Central fleet management", "other": "Lifts up to 4,000 lb to 15 ft; autonomous forklift for heavy manufacturing", "sources": [ "hs-d4ae612c14" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold; units not published (Seegrid fleet passed 20 million autonomous miles in 2026)", "where": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-05-06", "title": "Seegrid passes 20 million autonomous miles", "summary": "Seegrid said its AMR fleet had driven 20 million autonomous miles.", "publisher": "Seegrid", "url": "https://seegrid.com/news/seegrid-surpasses-20-million-autonomous-miles/" }, { "date": "2024-09-06", "title": "Seegrid raises $50M ahead of CR1", "summary": "Seegrid closed a $50M Series D and prepared to launch the Lift CR1.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/seegrid-secures-funding-prepares-to-launch-new-autonomous-lift-truck/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It picks up, carries and lifts pallets along mapped routes with nobody driving it.", "video": { "id": "lMCLfPbOeUQ", "title": "Seegrid Lift CR1 Customer Demo: Destacking, Tight Tolerances, and Variable Height Picks", "channel": "Seegrid (@Seegrid)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/seegrid-lift-cr1-2024.jpg", "author": "Seegrid", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://seegrid.com/autonomous-mobile-robots/lift-cr1-amr/", "page": "https://seegrid.com/autonomous-mobile-robots/lift-cr1-amr/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "roboteam-mtgr", "name": "MTGR (Micro Tactical Ground Robot)", "maker": "Roboteam", "makerId": "roboteam", "country": "Israel", "year": 2024, "date": "2024", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "bomb disposal", "reconnaissance", "special operations" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "US Marine Corps programme about $30M for roughly 200 units plus spares (2024); no unit price.", "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A light, man-portable tracked robot with an arm that can climb stairs and deal with suspicious objects.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-06a185805b", "hs-092bdc452a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024", "event": "Introduction date not found", "url": "https://euro-sd.com/2024/05/major-news/38396/roboteam-to-supply-usmc/" }, "released": { "date": "2024-05", "note": "US Marine Corps order announced 28 May 2024" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/roboteam-mtgr-1.jpg", "author": "Sgt. Thomas Belton", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Micro_Tactical_Ground_Robot_from_ROBOTEAM_North_America_140726-A-HE734-003.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Micro_Tactical_Ground_Robot_from_ROBOTEAM_North_America_140726-A-HE734-003.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 664 } }, { "id": "neolix-x6-2024", "name": "Neolix X6", "maker": "Neolix (Xinshiqi)", "makerId": "neolix", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel delivery", "middle-mile feeder transport" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 60, "payloadKg": 1000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "No published price found", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Neolix says over 4,000 X6 had been delivered by October 2025; exhibited at CES 2026 and AMR 2026.", "summary": "A larger 6-cubic-metre Neolix robovan with a 1,000 kg payload, positioned for multi-stop routes and depot-to-outlet runs. Neolix claims about 2,000 parcels a day per van; overseas it is sold as Xolra 6.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-4ca3bb7f37", "hs-a3efa275fe", "hs-598a36fe2d", "hs-2bb35a88f7", "hs-c661aa5b96" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024", "event": "Neolix ecosystem conference (launch year per press; exact date not confirmed)", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "In commercial sale by 2025" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Chinese cities (300+ for Neolix overall); UAE and Japan trials", "since": null, "fleet": "Over 4,000 X6 delivered (Neolix via Pulse 2.0, Oct 2025). Neolix-wide (all models): over 27,000 vehicles as of 20 Aug 2026 (Phoenix Tech, Aug 2026); about 27,000 deployed in 320+ cities (Neolix press release, Sep 2026); target over 50,000 by end of 2026 (company)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 200 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/neolix-x6-2024-1.jpg", "author": "Sprt98", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%81%E8%B4%A7%E8%BD%A6.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "xag-r100-agricultural-rover", "name": "R100 agricultural rover", "maker": "XAG", "makerId": "xag", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "orchard and greenhouse spraying" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 80, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5.4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 0.5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An 80 kg battery spraying rover for orchards and greenhouses with a 120 L tank and top speed of 1.5 m/s; it can also be remote-controlled.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-29587f551a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024", "event": "Product launch (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://www.xa.com/en/r100" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Successor line to XAG's earlier R150 rover" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/xag-r100-agricultural-rover.jpg", "author": "XAG", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.xa.com/en/r100", "page": "https://www.xa.com/en/r100", "kind": "maker", "w": 807, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "rainbow-robotics-rbq-10-2024", "name": "RBQ-10", "maker": "Rainbow Robotics", "makerId": "rainbow", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2024, "date": "2024", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "research", "patrol", "inspection" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research", "industrial", "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 62, "weightKg": 42, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 14, "payloadKg": 15, "batteryHours": 2, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The only quadruped among Korea's '10 best machinery technologies' of 2025.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A 42 kg IP54 outdoor quadruped running up to 14 km/h, with 3D lidar and self-charging, and a 2-hour battery extendable to 4. The launch year is uncertain (shown at IMTS 2024). An RBQ-10W wheel-legged version exists.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-778fe1cfee", "hs-b6ba4366d6", "hs-33ea5f17a8", "hs-1a8407103a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024", "event": "Shown at IMTS 2024", "url": "https://rainbow-robotics.com/en/products/rbq-10/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "launch date not confirmed" }, "components": { "sensors": "3D lidar and depth cameras; optional PTZ, thermal, lighting and speaker modules", "battery": "Autonomous docking and charging based on battery level", "materials": "IP54", "software": "Dynamics-based and AI gait control; APIs from joint-level (LV0) to gait (LV1); ROS 2 and DDS; simulation support", "other": "Wheeled variant RBQ-10W also offered", "sources": [ "hs-778fe1cfee", "hs-33ea5f17a8", "hs-7370213aa0" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold; units not published", "where": "Daejeon, South Korea" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It can walk set routes and dock to charge on its own, but in practice it is often steered or monitored by an operator.", "video": { "id": "ONEh3D7ofMQ", "title": "레인보우로보틱스 사족보행 RBQ 10 AI 보행", "channel": "Rainbow Robotics (@rainbowrobotics)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/rainbow-robotics-rbq-10-2024.jpg", "author": "Rainbow Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://rainbow-robotics.com/en/products/rbq-10/", "page": "https://rainbow-robotics.com/en/products/rbq-10/", "kind": "maker", "w": 975, "h": 708 } }, { "id": "limx-dynamics-tron-1-2024", "name": "TRON 1", "maker": "LimX Dynamics", "makerId": "limx-dynamics", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "research", "education", "embodied AI development" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 84.5, "weightKg": 20, "dof": 6, "speedKmh": 18, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 2, "priceUsd": 21600, "priceNote": "about $15,000", "hands": "none", "firsts": "A legs-only biped that swaps lower legs between point feet, flat feet and wheels on one platform.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A research biped with no upper body that can walk or roll at up to 18 km/h on wheels, with an open SDK for reinforcement-learning work.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-16359190ce", "hs-3740bcbd1e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024", "event": "Introduced by LimX Dynamics", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": null }, "components": { "actuators": "6 actuators, 30 N.m rated and 80 N.m peak torque", "sensors": "IMU and depth camera", "compute": "Intel Core i3 with 16 GB RAM", "battery": "240 Wh lithium battery, over 2 hours", "materials": "Aluminium alloy and plastic", "software": "Open SDK; works with Python, NVIDIA Isaac, MuJoCo and Gazebo", "other": "Swappable feet: point feet, humanoid feet or wheels", "sources": [] }, "production": { "sold": "Sold as a research platform; units not published", "where": "Shenzhen, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-02-04", "title": "LimX raises $200M Series B", "summary": "LimX closed a $200 million round for humanoid and modular robot expansion.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/limx-dynamics-raises-200m-for-humanoid-robot-expansion/" }, { "date": "2025-12-19", "title": "LimX unveils successor TRON 2", "summary": "TRON 2 can be configured as a dual-arm biped, wheeled-leg or sole-feet robot.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/limx-dynamics-just-unveiled-tron-2-shape-shifting-robot/" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Researchers steer it with a remote while its learned controller keeps it balanced; any autonomy is added by the user.", "video": { "id": "9Lypkwll6tM", "title": "LimX Dynamics Launches Multi-Modal Biped Robot TRON 1", "channel": "LimX Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/limx-dynamics-tron-1-2024.jpg", "author": "LimX Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/products/tron1", "page": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/products/tron1", "kind": "maker", "w": 600, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "autostore-r5-pro-2024", "name": "AutoStore R5 Pro", "maker": "AutoStore", "makerId": "autostore", "country": "Norway", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "cube storage and retrieval of bins" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "AutoStore said more than 2,200 R5 Pro units had been produced and delivered by January 2024.", "summary": "A newer Red Line robot shown at NRF 2024; the R5 family now includes R5, R5+, R5 Pro and R5+ Pro.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-65cc961c63", "hs-6013e21d8d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-01", "event": "Showcased at NRF 2024", "url": "https://www.autostoresystem.com/news/autostore-to-showcase-newest-r5-pro-robot-at-nrf-2024" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "" }, "components": { "battery": "Lithium-titanium-oxide (LTO) battery for faster charging in multi-shift use", "other": "For large grids; AutoStore says it can cut the robots needed on a grid by up to 15%", "sources": [ "hs-fdd332124d" ] }, "production": { "built": "More than 2,200 produced and delivered by January 2024", "sold": "More than 2,200 delivered to customers by January 2024", "where": "Norway (AutoStore)", "customers": "Boozt" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-05-28", "title": "AutoStore wins 2026 RBR50 award", "summary": "AutoStore won for Opollo Farm, a robot-run vertical farm built with OnePointOne.", "publisher": "AutoStore", "url": "https://www.autostoresystem.com/news/robot-report-50-robotics-innovation-awards" }, { "date": "2024-01-10", "title": "R5 Pro shown at NRF 2024", "summary": "AutoStore gave the R5 Pro its first public showing after delivering 2,200+ units.", "publisher": "AutoStore", "url": "https://www.autostoresystem.com/news/autostore-to-showcase-newest-r5-pro-robot-at-nrf-2024" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It moves bins on top of the storage grid on its own, directed by the system's software.", "video": { "id": "wz66dgnYQzA", "title": "AutoStore | Meet R5 Pro & R5+ Pro", "channel": "AutoStore" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/autostore-r5-pro-2024.jpg", "author": "AutoStore", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.autostoresystem.com/news/autostore-launches-new-r5-pro-robot", "page": "https://www.autostoresystem.com/news/autostore-launches-new-r5-pro-robot", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 556 } }, { "id": "burro-grande-2024", "name": "Burro Grande", "maker": "Burro", "makerId": "burro", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "heavy hauling and towing on farms" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 680, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A larger Burro that carries 1,500 lb and tows 5,000 lb.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-02a35c23ac", "hs-1c5b01feaa" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-01", "event": "Launched with $24 million Series B", "url": "https://www.sep.benfranklin.org/?p=10038" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "3D lidar for safety and navigation (Burro says every Grande ships with it)", "software": "Burro Operating System v5.0 with lidar-based SLAM, which lets it navigate without GPS", "other": "Pallet-scale version of the original Burro: carries 1,500 lb (about 680 kg) and tows 5,000 lb, against 500 lb and 2,000 lb for the standard Burro.", "sources": [ "hs-2a93721bd7", "hs-02a35c23ac" ] }, "production": { "built": "About 300 Burro systems (all models) were operating in fields and nurseries in January 2024, with a stated aim of about 800 by end of 2024", "where": "Burro is based in Philadelphia, United States", "customers": "Nurseries, vineyards and farms, mainly in the US with some customers in Australia and New Zealand; sold through dealers" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-01-11", "title": "Burro hopes for 800 robots in the field", "summary": "Regional coverage of the Series B said Burro aimed to have about 800 vehicles working by the end of 2024 and was launching the Grande.", "publisher": "Ben Franklin Technology Partners (Technical.ly repost)", "url": "https://www.sep.benfranklin.org/?p=10038" }, { "date": "2024-01-09", "title": "Burro raises $24M and launches the Grande", "summary": "Burro announced a $24 million Series B led by Catalyst Investors and Translink Capital alongside the larger pallet-scale Burro Grande.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/01/09/the-burro-grande-finds-the-ag-tech-robotics-firm-going-big/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It follows a worker or repeats routes it has been taught to shuttle heavy loads around farms with no driver.", "video": { "id": "TUAFWD4L1no", "title": "Burro Grande", "channel": "Burro" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/burro-grande-2024.jpg", "author": "Burro", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240202220137/https://burro.ai/burro-grande/", "page": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240202220137/https://burro.ai/burro-grande/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 803 } }, { "id": "agilex-cobot-magic-2024", "name": "Cobot Magic (Mobile ALOHA)", "maker": "AgileX Robotics", "makerId": "agilex", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "collecting robot-learning data by remote operation", "two-armed mobile manipulation research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": "A commercial version of Stanford's Mobile ALOHA design, which made two-armed mobile robot learning affordable for labs.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A wheeled base (AgileX's Tracer) carrying two robot arms plus a pair of leader arms that a person moves to teach it, with wrist and top cameras. Labs use it to record demonstrations and train robot-learning models.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-f8c3927d59", "hs-fdebe64695" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-01", "event": "AgileX published its Mobile ALOHA code repository in January 2024 (earliest dated evidence found; launch event not found)", "url": "https://github.com/agilexrobotics/mobile-aloha" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "price not published" }, "components": { "actuators": "Differential-drive AgileX Tracer wheeled base", "hands": "Four robot arms: two follower arms with grippers that do the work and two leader (teaching) arms that a person moves to teleoperate them", "sensors": "Two wrist cameras and one top camera (depth camera)", "compute": "Industrial PC on board (AgileX says more powerful than the original Mobile ALOHA build)", "software": "Runs the open-source Stanford Mobile ALOHA code (teleoperation, data collection and ACT imitation learning) on ROS; AgileX also supports VLA and world-model training workflows", "other": "Commercial build of the Mobile ALOHA whole-body teleoperation system created at Stanford by Zipeng Fu, Tony Z. Zhao and Chelsea Finn.", "sources": [ "hs-f8c3927d59", "hs-fdebe64695" ] }, "production": { "where": "AgileX Robotics, Shenzhen, China", "customers": "Sold to universities, research labs and industry teams for robot-learning data collection" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "A person moves the leader arms to drive its arms directly so the lab can record demonstrations; learned policies can then run it on its own in experiments.", "video": { "id": "kAj0g_uVtc4", "title": "Cobot Magic: Unboxing the Bimanual Robotics for Industry & Research", "channel": "AgileX Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/agilex-cobot-magic-2024.jpg", "author": "AgileX Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://global.agilex.ai/products/cobot-magic", "page": "https://global.agilex.ai/products/cobot-magic", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 922 } }, { "id": "kubota-new-agri-concept-2024", "name": "New Agri Concept", "maker": "Kubota", "makerId": "kubota", "country": "Japan", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-01", "status": "concept", "purpose": [ "field work", "hauling", "vineyard work" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A fully electric autonomous farm vehicle with six independent drive motors, a standard three-point hitch and fast charging from 10% to 80% in about 6 minutes.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-b9a89bb5ec" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-01", "event": "CES 2024, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.kubota.com/news/2024/20240119.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Concept vehicle" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kubota-new-agri-concept-2024.jpg", "author": "Kubota", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://kubota.com/news/2024/20240119.html", "page": "https://kubota.com/news/2024/20240119.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "bobcat-roguex2-2024", "name": "RogueX2", "maker": "Bobcat Company (Doosan Bobcat)", "makerId": "bobcat", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-01", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "construction", "loading", "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Concept machine, not for sale", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Second RogueX concept: a cabless, fully electric and autonomous loader on wheels with axial-flux motors and no hydraulics, which won a Red Dot design award.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6ad0411278", "hs-f60bf216e3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-01", "event": "CES 2024, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.futurefarming.com/tech-in-focus/bobcat-showcases-new-version-of-autonomous-roguex-skid-steer-loader/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Concept only" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/bobcat-roguex2-2024.jpg", "author": "Bobcat Company", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.bobcat.com/eu/en/company/news-and-media/press-release/bobcat-to-show-roguex2-autonomous-loader-concept-for-the-first-time-at-intermat-2024", "page": "https://www.bobcat.com/eu/en/company/news-and-media/press-release/bobcat-to-show-roguex2-autonomous-loader-concept-for-the-first-time-at-intermat-2024", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "mammotion-luba-2-awd-2024", "name": "LUBA 2 AWD", "maker": "Mammotion", "makerId": "mammotion", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-01-08", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "lawn mowing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 2099, "priceNote": "from US$2,099 MSRP (Mammotion, Jan 2024); eight models", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "On sale online from 7 January 2024 (Mammotion, Jan 2024); refreshed with an AI-vision version at CES 2025.", "summary": "Second-generation wire-free all-wheel-drive mower unveiled at CES 2024, adding suspension, 3D vision, ultrasonic radar and bumpers for obstacle avoidance and app-drawn 'lawn printing' patterns. Mammotion rates it for 38 degree slopes, cut heights of 1.2 to 4 inches and lawns from 0.05 to 2.5 acres across eight models.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-5dcd67a695", "hs-7ef3c34e7b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-01-08", "event": "CES 2024, Las Vegas", "url": "https://technode.global/?p=68485" }, "released": { "date": "2024-01-07", "note": "online sale" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mammotion-luba-2-awd-2024.jpg", "author": "Mammotion", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://mmx.prnewswire.com/media/2312596/Mammotion_LUBA_2_AWD.jpg?p=publish", "page": "https://mmx.prnewswire.com/media/2312596/Mammotion_LUBA_2_AWD.jpg?p=publish", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 741 } }, { "id": "sefine-aselsan-marlin-sida-2024", "name": "TCB Marlin SIDA", "maker": "Sefine Shipyard with Aselsan", "makerId": "sefine-shipyard", "country": "Turkey", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-01-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "naval patrol", "surface warfare" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 64.8, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Military, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "The Turkish Navy's first armed uncrewed surface vessel, hull number TCB-1101.", "deployments": "Entered Turkish Naval Forces service in January 2024.", "summary": "A 15 m armed uncrewed vessel with autonomous navigation that can patrol for about 72 hours, armed with a remote weapon station, guided missiles and a light torpedo.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9988d50ac3", "hs-79ef67b737" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-01-09", "event": "Commissioning ceremony", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2024-01", "note": "Commissioned into the Turkish Navy" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Turkish waters", "since": "2024-01", "fleet": "1 (TCB-1101)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 1852 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/sefine-aselsan-marlin-sida-2024.jpg", "author": "Sefine Shipyard with Aselsan", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.bairdmaritime.com/security/naval/unmanned-naval-systems/vessel-review-marlin-turkish-multi-role-usv-for-coastal-and-offshore-naval-use", "page": "https://www.bairdmaritime.com/security/naval/unmanned-naval-systems/vessel-review-marlin-turkish-multi-role-usv-for-coastal-and-offshore-naval-use", "kind": "maker", "w": 900, "h": 573 } }, { "id": "dusty-robotics-fieldprinter-2-2024", "name": "FieldPrinter 2", "maker": "Dusty Robotics", "makerId": "dusty", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-01-23", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "layout printing", "marking floor plans on slabs" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 21.1, "weightKg": 10.4, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used in North America by contractors such as Mortenson, Turner, Skanska, DPR and JE Dunn according to Dusty's site (2026).", "summary": "Second-generation layout robot, about 33 x 25 x 21 cm and 10.4 kg with its Milwaukee M18 battery, that prints the building model on the floor to 1/16 in accuracy. It is smaller than the first model, prints closer to edges and has obstacle and cliff detection.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-4ac6594a5f", "hs-040570bdb4", "hs-5ff62df2e4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-01-23", "event": "FieldPrint Platform launch announcement", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/01/23/dusty-introduces-a-new-version-of-its-construction-layout-robot/" }, "released": { "date": "2024-01", "note": "Available in North America" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/dusty-robotics-fieldprinter-2-2024.jpg", "author": "Dusty Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.dustyrobotics.com/fieldprinter", "page": "https://www.dustyrobotics.com/fieldprinter", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "obayashi-fireproof-coating-spray-robot-2024", "name": "Fireproof coating spray robot (second generation)", "maker": "Obayashi Corporation", "makerId": "obayashi", "country": "Japan", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-01-29", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "spraying fireproof coating on steel beams" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Used on Obayashi sites; Obayashi hopes to offer it to other firms", "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "First generation used on several mid- to high-rise office sites since 2019; second generation introduced on Tokyo sites in November 2023 with over 9,000 m2 expected by end of FY2023.", "summary": "A robot that moves itself to pre-registered spraying positions and sprays rockwool fireproofing on steel beams at 25 to 60 mm thickness. The second generation is 500 mm narrower and 500 kg lighter than the 2019 first model and locates itself by surveying-style resection.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-66585c3719" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-01-29", "event": "Obayashi press release (first generation developed 2019)", "url": "https://www.obayashi.co.jp/en/news/detail/news20240129_2_en.html" }, "released": { "date": "2023-11", "note": "Introduced on Tokyo construction sites" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/obayashi-fireproof-coating-spray-robot-2024.jpg", "author": "Obayashi Corporation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.obayashi.co.jp/en/news/detail/news20240129_2_en.html", "page": "https://www.obayashi.co.jp/en/news/detail/news20240129_2_en.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 668, "h": 501 } }, { "id": "kubota-kfast-2024", "name": "KFAST autonomous orchard sprayer", "maker": "Kubota and Pulverizadores Fede", "makerId": "kubota", "country": "Japan", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-02", "status": "concept", "purpose": [ "orchard spraying" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An orchard sprayer concept built with Spanish sprayer maker Pulverizadores Fede that drives itself and uses AI cameras to match spray volume to tree shape.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-bcd5783b64" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-02", "event": "FIMA 2024, Zaragoza (Technical Novelty Award)", "url": "https://www.kubota.com/news/2024/20240221.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Concept model" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kubota-kfast-2024.jpg", "author": "Kubota", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.kubota.com/news/2024/20240221.html", "page": "https://www.kubota.com/news/2024/20240221.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 967, "h": 645 } }, { "id": "autoflight-carryall-v2000cg-2024", "name": "CarryAll (V2000CG)", "maker": "AutoFlight", "makerId": "autoflight", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-02-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "cargo transport", "offshore and island supply" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "cargo-aircraft", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1600, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 200, "payloadKg": 400, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "First eVTOL over 1,000 kg to receive type, production and airworthiness certificates (CAAC).", "deployments": null, "summary": "An uncrewed two-tonne cargo eVTOL with lift rotors and a pusher prop that carries up to 400 kg about 250 km at roughly 200 km/h.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8c5c51910f", "hs-f5d567c9f3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-02-07", "event": "CAAC verification testing completed (earliest dated public milestone found)", "url": "https://evtol.news/autoflight-carryall" }, "released": { "date": "2024-12-24", "note": "CAAC production certificate; type certificate in March 2024" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "China", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": 250 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/autoflight-carryall-v2000cg-2024-1.jpg", "author": "Adil Ospantayev", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AutoFlight._eVTOL._%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_(CARRYALL).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "hello-robot-stretch-3-2024", "name": "Stretch 3", "maker": "Hello Robot", "makerId": "hello", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-02-15", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "research", "home assistance" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "research", "healthcare", "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 24.5, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 24950, "priceNote": "$24,950", "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "The third Stretch: same single-arm mast design, now with a standard dexterous wrist, a gripper camera, a tougher arm and FCC certification, pitched as a general home helper.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e2facb173e", "hs-987c454620", "hs-01893e3b3c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-02-15", "event": "Launch reported by IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/hello-robot-stretch-3" }, "released": { "date": "2024-02", "note": "Available on launch; Stretch 4 ($29,950) later became the current model" }, "components": { "actuators": "Wheeled base with a vertical lift mast and a telescoping horizontal arm", "hands": "Single gripper on a dexterous wrist, which became standard on Stretch 3 (it was an add-on before)", "sensors": "Intel RealSense D405 depth camera behind the gripper, plus a second head camera", "compute": "On-board computer with support for off-board GPU processing", "materials": "Weighs about 24.5 kg; bottom-heavy design meant to be safe around people and light enough to carry", "software": "Open-source platform for researchers; supports teleoperation (including two robots teleoperated as one two-armed system) and autonomy research", "other": "FCC certified; more durable arm than Stretch 2.", "sources": [ "hs-e2facb173e", "hs-987c454620", "hs-c475957ccb" ] }, "production": { "where": "Hello Robot, Martinez, California, United States", "customers": "University and industry research labs; assistive-technology users such as a quadriplegic investor who has used Stretch at home since 2024" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-06-04", "title": "Hello Robot moves on to Stretch 4", "summary": "TechCrunch reported the fourth-generation Stretch at about $30,000, with 200 to 300 units planned for its first run at the Martinez headquarters.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/06/04/is-silicon-valley-ready-to-put-robots-in-peoples-homes-hello-robot-is/" }, { "date": "2024-02-15", "title": "Stretch 3 launches at $24,950", "summary": "Hello Robot announced Stretch 3 with a standard dexterous wrist, a gripper camera and FCC certification at roughly the price of a fully optioned Stretch 2.", "publisher": "IEEE Spectrum", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/hello-robot-stretch-3" }, { "date": "2024-02-15", "title": "TechCrunch on Stretch 3 as a research platform", "summary": "TechCrunch noted Stretch 3 relies largely on teleoperation and positioned it as a base for home-robot research rather than a consumer product.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/02/15/hello-robotics/" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Mostly controlled by a person with a gamepad or web app, with researchers adding their own autonomous skills.", "video": { "id": "haauI2x2U1E", "title": "Hello Robot - Stretch 3 - Product Highlights", "channel": "Hello Robot" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hello-robot-stretch-3-2024.jpg", "author": "Hello Robot", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://hello-stretch3.com/", "page": "https://hello-stretch3.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 625 } }, { "id": "agibot-c5-2024", "name": "AGIBOT C5 (Juechen C5)", "maker": "AgiBot (Zhiyuan Robotics)", "makerId": "agibot", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-02-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "commercial floor cleaning", "sweeping, scrubbing and dust mopping" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 3, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "AgiBot's first commercial cleaning robot, for medium and large spaces: it sweeps, scrubs and mops with a 550 mm scrub width and a 90 L water tank, and docks at a workstation that fills, drains and cleans its tanks. Scrubbing endurance is 3 hours.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-956f22c628", "hs-12421ee893", "hs-0e04691513", "hs-2fa942fd62" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-02-28", "event": "Named as the new-generation 'Juechen C5' product at AgiBot's first shareholders' meeting (earliest sourced mention; formal launch date not found)", "url": "https://www.agibot.com/article/231/detail/13.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Listed as a product on AgiBot's site and shown at MWC, IFA and other 2026 shows; TÜV Rheinland tested" }, "components": { "sensors": "Laser and vision fusion for positioning; visual and point-cloud fusion perception for real-time obstacle avoidance", "battery": "Scrubbing endurance about 3 hours; charges automatically at its workstation", "software": "AGIBOT Autonomy; control from the robot, a phone app or the cloud; automatic area partitioning and boundary recognition; remote diagnostics and anomaly alerts", "other": "Sweeps, scrubs and dust-mops with a 550 mm scrub width and 90 L water tank; the docking workstation (1,800 W) charges it, refills and drains water and rinses the dirty-water tank; optional mobile water tank avoids plumbing work.", "sources": [ "hs-956f22c628", "hs-12421ee893" ] }, "production": { "where": "AgiBot (Shanghai), China", "customers": "Marketed for supermarkets, airports, factories, offices, hotels, hospitals and malls; no named customers found" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-03-02", "title": "C5 shown in AgiBot's MWC 2026 line-up", "summary": "AgiBot presented the C5 cleaner alongside its humanoids and quadrupeds at MWC Barcelona and opened a global online store with rental options.", "publisher": "AgiBot", "url": "https://www.agibot.com/article/231/detail/44.html" }, { "date": "2024-02-28", "title": "AgiBot names C5 a lead product for 2024", "summary": "At its first shareholder meeting AgiBot said the Yuanzheng A2 humanoid and Juechen C5 cleaner would lead its 2024 commercial push.", "publisher": "AgiBot", "url": "https://www.agibot.com/article/231/detail/13.html" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It cleans mapped areas on its own and uses its dock to fill and drain its tanks.", "video": { "id": "bSNzb8SmFpw", "title": "AGIBOT C5 | Automatic Cleaning Robot for Office Buildings", "channel": "AGIBOTCleaningBot (@AGIBOTCleaningBot)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/agibot-c5-2024.jpg", "author": "AgiBot (Zhiyuan Robotics)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.agibot.com/products/C5", "page": "https://www.agibot.com/products/C5", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 687 } }, { "id": "addverb-trakr-2024", "name": "Trakr", "maker": "Addverb (Reliance Industries)", "makerId": "addverb", "country": "India", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-02-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "facility inspection", "patrol", "surveillance", "gas leak detection" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "security", "defence-research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Presented by its maker as India's first home-grown multipurpose autonomous quadruped.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A four-legged robot from the Noida warehouse-automation firm Addverb that uses cameras, lidar and AI mapping to walk preset patrol and inspection routes and avoid obstacles. It is pitched at construction, oil and gas, defence and security sites.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-02adc041ee", "hs-ed612412b8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-02-28", "event": "LogiMAT India 2024, New Delhi", "url": "https://www.dtnext.in/lifestyle/technology/homegrown-addverb-unveils-indias-1st-assistive-dog-robot-770846" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "offered for industrial and security use; price not published" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/addverb-trakr-2024.jpg", "author": "Addverb (Reliance)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://addverb.com/trakr", "page": "https://addverb.com/trakr", "kind": "maker", "w": 600, "h": 900 } }, { "id": "mir-mir1200-pallet-jack-2024", "name": "MiR1200 Pallet Jack", "maker": "Mobile Industrial Robots (MiR, Teradyne)", "makerId": "mobile-industrial-robots", "country": "Denmark", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "picking up and moving pallets" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5.4, "payloadKg": 1200, "batteryHours": 8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An autonomous pallet jack that uses 3D vision and AI pallet detection on an NVIDIA Jetson AGX Orin to find, lift and deliver pallets of up to 1,200 kg at 1.5 m/s.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-501f975532", "hs-1b0e60fec0", "hs-64296e78b3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-03", "event": "First introduced at LogiMAT 2024, Germany; US debut at Automate 2024 (May)", "url": "https://www.roboticstomorrow.com/news/2024/05/01/mir-features-one-stop-shop-for-ai-enabled-material-handling-at-automate-2024-with-new-autonomous-pallet-jack-preview-of-generative-ai-mir-insights-and-mobile-collaborative-robots/22508/" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "Launched 2024 per MiR history" }, "components": { "sensors": "3D vision for pallet detection, including shrink-wrapped pallets", "compute": "NVIDIA Jetson AGX Orin for AI pallet detection", "battery": "High-capacity battery with fast and opportunity charging for 24/7 work", "software": "MiR Fleet for coordinating multiple robots; works alongside MiR deck-load AMRs", "other": "Picks and delivers EU pallets up to 1,200 kg at up to 1.5 m/s.", "sources": [ "hs-501f975532", "hs-1b0e60fec0" ] }, "production": { "where": "Mobile Industrial Robots (a Teradyne company), Odense, Denmark", "customers": "Aimed at large enterprise manufacturers and logistics sites; sold through MiR's 200-plus distributors" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-05-01", "title": "MiR1200 makes US debut at Automate", "summary": "MiR showed the AI pallet jack in the US for the first time at Automate 2024 after a March debut at LogiMat.", "publisher": "Robotics Tomorrow", "url": "https://www.roboticstomorrow.com/news/2024/05/01/mir-features-one-stop-shop-for-ai-enabled-material-handling-at-automate-2024-with-new-autonomous-pallet-jack-preview-of-generative-ai-mir-insights-and-mobile-collaborative-robots/22508/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It finds, lifts and delivers pallets by itself using its own vision.", "video": { "id": "mpINKTR4HZQ", "title": "Presenting the MiR1200 Pallet Jack", "channel": "Mobile Industrial Robots" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mir-mir1200-pallet-jack-2024.jpg", "author": "Mobile Industrial Robots", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://mobile-industrial-robots.com/products/robots/mir1200-pallet-jack", "page": "https://mobile-industrial-robots.com/products/robots/mir1200-pallet-jack", "kind": "maker", "w": 919, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "limx-dynamics-p1-2024", "name": "P1", "maker": "LimX Dynamics", "makerId": "limx-dynamics", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-03-15", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research into learned walking" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "LimX said the reinforcement-learning-trained biped walked unprotected over untrained mountain terrain on its first outdoor test.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A waist-high, point-footed pair of robot legs used by LimX Dynamics to develop and test reinforcement-learning walking controllers. It was filmed hiking grass, rocky ditches and vine-covered slopes on Tanglang Mountain in Shenzhen.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d0c025d28b", "hs-76229f229e", "hs-3740bcbd1e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-03-15", "event": "LimX release on the Tanglang Mountain field test (earliest dated source found; P1 may have been shown earlier)", "url": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/news/BK000032" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Research platform; LimX later sold the TRON 1 biped" }, "components": { "actuators": "Point-foot bipedal legs (no torso or arms)", "software": "Locomotion policies trained in simulation with reinforcement learning and deployed zero-shot; LimX uses P1 as a test platform for its RL work", "sources": [ "hs-d0c025d28b", "hs-76229f229e" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Listed as a product, but no price or sales were reported", "where": "LimX Dynamics, Shenzhen, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-03-15", "title": "P1 hikes Tanglang Mountain", "summary": "LimX said its point-foot biped walked untrained forest terrain in Shenzhen using a reinforcement-learning policy trained only in simulation.", "publisher": "LimX Dynamics", "url": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/news/BK000032" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Filmed being steered by an operator over hills while its learned controller handled every step and balance itself.", "video": { "id": "UpNid_rWDnI", "title": "LimX Dynamics’ Biped Robot P1 Conquers the Wild Based on Reinforcement Learning", "channel": "LimX Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/limx-dynamics-p1-2024.jpg", "author": "LimX Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/news/BK000032", "page": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/news/BK000032", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "tennant-x4-rovr-2024", "name": "X4 ROVR", "maker": "Tennant Company with Brain Corp", "makerId": "tennant", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-03-20", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "floor scrubbing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 2, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Tennant's first purpose-built autonomous floor scrubber, a compact dual-disc machine running BrainOS that can scrub for up to two hours on a 38-litre tank in shops, hospitals and schools.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e719efcd00", "hs-df9116fa8d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-03-20", "event": "Announced with Brain Corp partnership", "url": "https://www.tennantco.com/en_eu/blog/introducing-x4rovr-autonomous-scrubber.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/tennant-x4-rovr-2024-1.jpg", "author": "Andy Li", "license": "CC0", "licenseUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:X4_ROVR_Autonomous_Floor_Scrubber_in_Morrisons,_Worthing_2025-12-08.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 753, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "man-atlas-l4-2024", "name": "MAN ATLAS-L4 autonomous truck", "maker": "MAN Truck & Bus (TRATON) and ATLAS-L4 consortium", "makerId": "man-truck", "country": "Germany", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-04", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "freight", "hub-to-hub trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Received Germany's first Level 4 test approval for a commercial vehicle from the Federal Motor Transport Authority in April 2024.", "deployments": "Motorway test drives from April 2024 with a safety driver; MAN plans customer hub-to-hub projects and series production toward the end of the decade.", "summary": "A MAN tractor built in a federally funded 12-partner project to run Level 4 hub-to-hub freight on German motorways under remote technical supervision. Tests so far have carried a safety driver.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-241723696a", "hs-d5658df9e0", "hs-e7fcda2a76" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-04", "event": "First motorway drive under Level 4 test approval", "url": "https://www.nst.com.my/amp/business/corporate/2024/04/1041042/man-first-autonomous-truck-operate-german-motorway" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Series production planned toward 2030" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "German motorways (test)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/man-atlas-l4-2024.jpg", "author": "MAN Truck & Bus with ADASTEC", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://press.mantruckandbus.com/corporate/autonomous-truck-sets-course-for-the-motorway/", "page": "https://press.mantruckandbus.com/corporate/autonomous-truck-sets-course-for-the-motorway/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "aethon-zena-rx-2024", "name": "Zena RX", "maker": "ST Engineering Aethon", "makerId": "st-engineering-aethon", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "secure hospital pharmacy and lab delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "healthcare" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Successor to the TUG T2 pharmacy robot, with side lidar, longer run time and obstacle handling Aethon says is eight times faster.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-cac3346806", "hs-04c473c8a0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-04", "event": "Launched", "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/st-engineering-aethon-launches-zena-rx-redefining-secure-delivery-of-22310264" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Side-mounted lidar units plus Aethon's new navigation system, which the company says localizes and avoids obstacles eight times faster than before", "battery": "Runs about 10 hours continuously, longer with opportunity charging", "materials": "All-metal cabinet with physically latched doors", "software": "Touchscreen interface; biometric and PIN access control so only authorized staff can open compartments", "other": "Four independently locking compartments (can be merged into two) with over 10,000 cubic inches of space, 2.6 times the TUG T2 pharmacy robot it improves on; can call elevators.", "sources": [ "hs-cac3346806" ] }, "production": { "where": "ST Engineering Aethon, Pittsburgh, United States", "customers": "Hospital pharmacies and laboratories; no named sites in the launch release" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-04-29", "title": "Aethon launches Zena RX hospital robot", "summary": "ST Engineering Aethon launched Zena RX as a successor to its TUG T2 for secure delivery of medicines and lab specimens.", "publisher": "Newswire", "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/st-engineering-aethon-launches-zena-rx-redefining-secure-delivery-of-22310264" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Hospital staff load it and choose a destination; it drives the halls and rides elevators by itself.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/aethon-zena-rx-2024.jpg", "author": "ST Engineering Aethon", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://aethon.com/zena-rx/", "page": "https://aethon.com/zena-rx/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "hyundai-kia-dal-e-delivery-2024", "name": "DAL-e Delivery (2024 redesign)", "maker": "Hyundai Motor Group (Hyundai Motor and Kia)", "makerId": "hyundai", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-04-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "indoor office delivery", "coffee and parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": 10, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Set to start service in IGIS Asset Management's Factorial Seongsu smart office building in Seoul in Q2 2024 (Hyundai Motor Group, Apr 2024).", "summary": "A redesigned indoor delivery robot riding on four of Hyundai's Plug & Drive modules (each with motor, steering, suspension, brakes and sensors), smaller outside but roomier inside than the December 2022 original. It carries up to 10 kg or 16 coffees at up to 1.2 m/s, rides elevators and opens its tray by face recognition.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-dc0ecb4f81", "hs-94605e184b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-04-03", "event": "Hyundai Motor Group unveiling of redesigned robot (original shown Dec 2022)", "url": "https://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/en/news/hyundai-motor-and-kias-dal-e-delivery-robot-arrives-ready-to-revolutionize-indoor-autonomous-delivery-services" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "first commercial building deployment planned Q2 2024" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hyundai-kia-dal-e-delivery-2024.jpg", "author": "Hyundai Motor Group", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/en/news/hyundai-motor-and-kias-dal-e-delivery-robot-arrives-ready-to-revolutionize-indoor-autonomous-delivery-services", "page": "https://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/en/news/hyundai-motor-and-kias-dal-e-delivery-robot-arrives-ready-to-revolutionize-indoor-autonomous-delivery-services", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "weride-robosweeper-s1-2024", "name": "Robosweeper S1", "maker": "WeRide", "makerId": "weride", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-04-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "street sweeping", "litter collection" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Took orders of nearly $10 million at launch (April 2024); began regular shifts on Haibin Road, Shantou in 2024.", "summary": "A one-tonne driverless electric sweeper for sidewalks, bike lanes and parks that cleans, empties its own bin and parks itself. It comes in Air, Pro and Max versions with a 240-litre bin.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-54c4eb3f82", "hs-67926b820c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-04-03", "event": "Launch event, Guangzhou International Biotech Island", "url": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/icv/weride-launches-unmanned-sanitation-vehicle-robosweeper-s1-70032281" }, "released": { "date": "2024-04", "note": "Orders taken at launch" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/weride-robosweeper-s1-2024.jpg", "author": "WeRide", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.weride.ai/en/robosweeper", "page": "https://www.weride.ai/en/robosweeper", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "avidbots-kas-2024", "name": "Kas", "maker": "Avidbots", "makerId": "avidbots", "country": "Canada", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-04-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "floor scrubbing in tight commercial spaces" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A smaller autonomous scrubber for stores, schools and other tight spaces.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-da72a58075", "hs-e3daaca701" ], "canada": "Avidbots is based in Kitchener, Ontario.", "firstShown": { "date": "2024-04-10", "event": "Launched", "url": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240410746634/en/Avidbots-Launches-Smaller-Autonomous-Cleaning-Robot-Driving-Growth-and-Expansion-Into-New-Markets/" }, "released": { "date": "2024-06", "note": "First production units from the Kitchener-Waterloo plant shipped to customers (announced 20 June 2024)" }, "components": { "sensors": "15-sensor suite for navigation and obstacle avoidance", "battery": "Swappable lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries; 3+ hours continuous cleaning per charge, longer with exchanged packs", "software": "Avidbots Autonomy (proprietary AI navigation with dynamic planning and real-time obstacle avoidance); Avidbots Command Center for fleet reports", "other": "Compact autonomous scrubber-dryer with dual tanks for tight retail, transport, health-care and school spaces; no seat or steering wheel.", "sources": [ "hs-a88a8a4e7e", "hs-c699ae8446", "hs-8e4ba0b56d" ] }, "production": { "built": "First production units came off Avidbots' Kitchener-Waterloo line in June 2024", "where": "Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, Canada", "customers": "Canadian Tire Welland store tested Kas before launch; aimed at retail, transportation, health care and education" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-06-20", "title": "First production Kas units ship", "summary": "Avidbots said the first production Kas scrubbers from its Kitchener-Waterloo plant were heading to customers.", "publisher": "Avidbots", "url": "https://avidbots.com/news/kas-rollout-gathers-speed-new-production-units-head-to-customers/" }, { "date": "2024-04-10", "title": "Avidbots launches Kas", "summary": "Avidbots launched Kas as a smaller fully autonomous floor scrubber for tight commercial spaces, after a pilot at a Canadian Tire store.", "publisher": "Avidbots", "url": "https://avidbots.com/news/avidbots-launches-smaller-autonomous-cleaning-robot/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff start a mapped cleaning plan and it scrubs on its own.", "video": { "id": "Cwl5BBjW3EU", "title": "Say hello to Kas", "channel": "Avidbots Corp." }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/avidbots-kas-2024.jpg", "author": "Avidbots", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://avidbots.com/robots/meet-kas/", "page": "https://avidbots.com/robots/meet-kas/", "kind": "maker", "w": 592, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "pudu-bellabot-pro-2024", "name": "BellaBot Pro", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-04-16", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "restaurant food delivery", "in-store advertising" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "At launch Pudu reported over 70,000 units shipped company-wide in more than 60 countries.", "summary": "Updated BellaBot with an 18.5-inch advertising screen, lidar plus vision navigation for large venues and dish recognition.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-dd77b507d9", "hs-4adcc82520" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-04-16", "event": "Press release launch", "url": "https://technode.global/?p=77724" }, "released": { "date": "2024-04", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Two forward-facing cameras, three RGB-D sensors and one radar covering the front of the chassis; lidar", "battery": "25.6 Ah battery", "software": "VSLAM+, marker and lidar SLAM navigation; dish recognition announced as a coming feature; projects warning patterns on the floor at intersections", "other": "Cat-styled tray delivery robot weighing 55 kg that carries 40 kg (10 kg per tray), with a built-in advertising screen and tray lights; upgraded vehicle-grade chassis.", "sources": [ "hs-4adcc82520" ] }, "production": { "where": "Pudu Robotics, Shenzhen, China", "customers": "Restaurants and large venues; Pudu reported nearly 80,000 robots shipped across all models by September 2024" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff load the trays and choose a table; it delivers on its own.", "video": { "id": "C6mDHR-e8mw", "title": "BellaBot Pro - Premium Delivery & Advertising Robot | Pudu Robotics", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-bellabot-pro-2024.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/bellabotpro", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/bellabotpro", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "anduril-ghost-shark-2024", "name": "Ghost Shark", "maker": "Anduril Australia with the Australian Department of Defence", "makerId": "anduril-australia", "country": "Australia", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-04-18", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "undersea surveillance", "intelligence gathering", "seabed warfare" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "underwater", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "A$1.7 billion (about US$1.12 billion) for a fleet of 'dozens' plus five years of support (Naval Today, Sep 2025)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Australia's first extra-large AUV, taken from contract to production in about three years.", "deployments": "Three prototypes delivered for the Royal Australian Navy; Anduril opened a Sydney factory on 31 October 2025 and delivered the first production vehicle in November 2025.", "summary": "An extra-large AUV with a free-flooding hull whose propulsion, navigation and mission decisions are run by Anduril's Lattice software, so it can carry out long missions with no crew or tether.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d03112b9e0", "hs-4143129b0d", "hs-bcfe5c36b0", "hs-c167411c2e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-04-18", "event": "Prototype 'Alpha' unveiled in Sydney", "url": "https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2024/04/australia-got-new-sub-drone-far-faster-us-navy-could-have-company-says/395949/" }, "released": { "date": "2025-11", "note": "First production vehicle delivered to the Royal Australian Navy" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Australian waters (Royal Australian Navy); one prototype ordered for the US Navy", "since": null, "fleet": "Three prototypes delivered; dozens of production Ghost Sharks contracted in September 2025 (Australian Defence, 2025).", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/anduril-ghost-shark-2024.jpg", "author": "Anduril Australia with the Australian Department of Defence", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.anduril.com/news/first-ghost-shark-debuts-in-australia", "page": "https://www.anduril.com/news/first-ghost-shark-debuts-in-australia", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "pudu-t300-2024", "name": "PUDU T300", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-04-22", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "factory material delivery", "moving loads between production lines" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 135, "weightKg": 65, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": 300, "batteryHours": 12, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Pudu says it has shipped more than 130,000 robots (all models) to 85+ countries and regions as of September 2026.", "summary": "Pudu's first robot built for factories: a load-carrying mobile base that hauls up to 300 kg between production lines, follows other robots in a queue, and can ride elevators. Runtime is 12 h empty or 8 h fully loaded; a lifting version (T300 Lifting) adds a 60 mm lift.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d936a4bc79", "hs-3086963469", "hs-029fdd8da6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-04-22", "event": "Launch announced ahead of its debut at Hannover Messe 2024", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/news/904" }, "released": { "date": "2024-04", "note": "T300 Standard and T300 Lifting versions; won a Red Dot product design award in 2025" }, "components": { "sensors": "Visual and lidar sensing; detects low and suspended obstacles and recognizes floor safety markings", "battery": "About 12 hours run time unloaded", "software": "VSLAM and lidar SLAM navigation; robots can queue and follow each other; elevator, gate and remote-call integration; open hardware and software interfaces for integration and secondary development", "other": "Industrial transport base carrying up to 300 kg; electric power assist for hand pushing; complies with ISO 3691-4; Standard and Lifting versions.", "sources": [ "hs-3086963469" ] }, "production": { "where": "Pudu Robotics, Shenzhen, China", "customers": "Factory and warehouse material transport; no named customers found" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It hauls loads between production lines by itself, riding elevators and queuing with other robots.", "video": { "id": "UpEVbS84ak8", "title": "PUDU T300 - Industrial Delivery Robot | Pudu Robotics", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-t300-2024.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/pudut300", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/pudut300", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "keenon-butlerbot-w3-2024", "name": "BUTLERBOT W3", "maker": "Keenon Robotics", "makerId": "keenon", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "hotel room delivery", "multi-floor delivery by elevator" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery", "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 108.1, "weightKg": 48, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 2.9, "payloadKg": 20, "batteryHours": 12, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An enclosed delivery robot for hotels and buildings with up to four lockable, ventilated compartments that rides elevators on its own. It carries up to 20 kg and runs up to 12 hours per charge.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-13ad6b28ff", "hs-1b3cf2817d", "hs-c96a6f0faa", "hs-c2738c868b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-05", "event": "Shown on Keenon's booth at the National Restaurant Association Show, Chicago, May 2024 (earliest sourced showing; the robot may have launched earlier, exact date not found)", "url": "https://www.keenon.com/en/news/keenon-s-latest-robots-officially-presented-in-us-showcasing-next-gen-service-automation-at-nra-show-2024" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "Launch date not confirmed; listed as a current product" }, "components": { "battery": "Up to 12 hours; 6.5-hour charge", "software": "Autonomous navigation with elevator riding for multi-floor delivery", "other": "Enclosed delivery robot with up to four independently opening compartments, automatic doors and ventilation; 48 kg, carries 20 kg, 0.8 m/s, needs a 70 cm passage.", "sources": [ "hs-13ad6b28ff" ] }, "production": { "where": "Keenon Robotics, Shanghai, China", "customers": "Aimed at hotels, hospitals and buildings; no named customers found" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-06-14", "title": "W3 at Seoul Food 2024", "summary": "Keenon showed the BUTLERBOT W3 for multi-floor deliveries at its first Seoul Food show in Korea.", "publisher": "Keenon Robotics", "url": "https://www.keenon.com/en/news/keenon-robotics-shines-at-seoul-food-2024-with-innovative-service-robotics-lineup" }, { "date": "2024-05-23", "title": "W3 on Keenon's NRA Show booth", "summary": "The W3 appeared beside the new DINERBOT T10 and KLEENBOT C30 at the National Restaurant Association Show in Chicago.", "publisher": "Keenon Robotics", "url": "https://www.keenon.com/en/news/keenon-s-latest-robots-officially-presented-in-us-showcasing-next-gen-service-automation-at-nra-show-2024" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff load its locked compartments and it delivers to rooms on its own, riding elevators.", "video": { "id": "Oalou9LvHHE", "title": "Introducing KEENON BUTLERBOT W3", "channel": "KEENON Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/keenon-butlerbot-w3-2024.jpg", "author": "Keenon Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/W3", "page": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/W3", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "neolix-x3-2024", "name": "Neolix X3", "maker": "Neolix (Xinshiqi)", "makerId": "neolix", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel delivery", "last-mile logistics" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 50, "payloadKg": 500, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "China Daily (Aug 2025) says it costs under RMB 100,000 (about US$13,930), with financing from about RMB 800 down; no exact list price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Received the first batch of unmanned-equipment plates in Shanghai's Pudong New Area in May 2024.", "deployments": "Licensed on approved roads in Shanghai Pudong (May 2024) and Lishui (July 2024); Neolix says over 4,000 X3s had been delivered by October 2025.", "summary": "Neolix's compact 3-cubic-metre robovan for dense urban last-mile parcel runs, carrying up to 500 kg (about 300 parcels a trip, per a 2024 release) with dual lidar and 12 cameras. Neolix quoted 40 km/h on public roads in 2024 and 50 km/h in 2026 material; overseas it is marketed as Xolra 3.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-42fcb1dd95", "hs-1b316c4a74", "hs-56bb647b71", "hs-4ca3bb7f37", "hs-a3efa275fe", "hs-c661aa5b96" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-05", "event": "Shanghai Pudong unmanned-equipment plate ceremony (earliest X3 record found)", "url": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/ev/neolixs-unmanned-delivery-vehicle-licensed-to-operate-in-shanghai-70033280" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "Sold and financed to courier franchisees" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Hundreds of Chinese cities incl. Shanghai Pudong, Lishui, Qingdao; trials in UAE, Japan (Tokyo closed-course L4 test, Sep 2026)", "since": "2024-05", "fleet": "Over 4,000 X3 delivered (Neolix via Pulse 2.0, Oct 2025). Neolix-wide (all models): over 27,000 vehicles as of 20 Aug 2026 (Phoenix Tech, Aug 2026); about 27,000 deployed in 320+ cities (Neolix press release, Sep 2026); target over 50,000 by end of 2026 (company)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 100 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/neolix-x3-2024-1.jpg", "author": "Matti Blume", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neolix_Xolra_3,_IAA_2026,_Hanover_(20260914-P1097508).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 800 } }, { "id": "volvo-vnl-autonomous-2024", "name": "Volvo VNL Autonomous (Aurora Driver)", "maker": "Volvo Autonomous Solutions with Aurora Innovation", "makerId": "volvo-autonomous-solutions", "country": "Sweden", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-05", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "freight", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Volvo called it its first production-ready autonomous truck when it was shown at ACT Expo in May 2024.", "deployments": "Began hauling for DHL Supply Chain on Dallas-Houston and Fort Worth-El Paso lanes on 4 December (2024), later adding a Dallas-Oklahoma City run, all supervised by a safety driver.", "summary": "A factory-built Volvo VNL tractor with redundant braking, steering, power and computing, and the Aurora Driver installed at Volvo's Virginia plant. It hauls customer freight in Texas with a safety driver on board.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a6f14c74e0", "hs-fb788c18cd", "hs-03d8372218", "hs-9db8db9e6a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-05", "event": "ACT Expo, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.ttnews.com/articles/volvo-autonomous-dhl" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Supervised commercial pilots; Volvo plans driverless operation in Q1 2027 (Aurora, July 2026)" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Texas (Dallas-Houston, Fort Worth-El Paso) and Dallas-Oklahoma City", "since": null, "fleet": "First batch of 25 trucks built at New River Valley, Virginia (Volvo, 2024)", "usage": "Started at about one autonomous load a week for DHL (Volvo/DHL, launch)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/volvo-vnl-autonomous-2024.jpg", "author": "Volvo Autonomous Solutions", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.volvoautonomoussolutions.com/en-en/autona-freight/volvo-vnl-autonomous.html", "page": "https://www.volvoautonomoussolutions.com/en-en/autona-freight/volvo-vnl-autonomous.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 562 } }, { "id": "pla-unitree-armed-dog-2024", "name": "Rifle-armed robot dog (Golden Dragon 2024)", "maker": "Unitree Robotics platform (reported) used by the PLA", "makerId": "unitree", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-05-16", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "urban reconnaissance", "armed demonstration" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 50, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A roughly 50 kg robot dog shown by China's army carrying an assault rifle during the Golden Dragon 2024 exercise with Cambodia, alongside a 15 kg scout version.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3055d5d6cd", "hs-1de4b33c14", "hs-4c727be965" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-05-16", "event": "Golden Dragon 2024 exercise, Cambodia", "url": "https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-land-defense/land-defense-2024/chinese-army-demonstrates-machine-gun-equipped-robotic-dogs-in-joint-exercise-with-cambodia" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Exercise demonstration; did not fire in front of press" }, "components": { "sensors": "The smaller (about 15 kg) scout dog had a 4D wide-angle sensing system and sent live images to command posts", "battery": "The smaller dog was reported at two to four hours of endurance, with batteries in its belly", "other": "Two robot dogs were shown: a roughly 15 kg reconnaissance unit and a roughly 50 kg unit carrying an assault rifle on its back. Reports attribute the platforms to Unitree Robotics.", "sources": [ "hs-3055d5d6cd", "hs-1de4b33c14" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Not offered for sale as shown; demonstration by the People's Liberation Army", "customers": "People's Liberation Army, shown during the Golden Dragon 2024 exercise with the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-05-29", "title": "PLA shows rifle-armed robot dog in Cambodia", "summary": "Coverage of the Golden Dragon 2024 exercise highlighted a robot dog carrying a rifle as the event's most striking image.", "publisher": "The China-Global South Project", "url": "https://chinaglobalsouth.com/2024/05/29/china-shows-off-latest-version-of-its-weaponized-robot-dog-in-cambodia" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Shown being steered remotely by soldiers while it balanced and walked itself; firing its rifle needs a person, so it is at most supervised for that.", "video": { "id": "AhswXnJtMSM", "title": "China: Robo-dog maker surprised as its machines armed with guns in military exercises", "channel": "Sky News" } }, { "id": "agilex-ranger-mini-3-2024", "name": "Ranger Mini 3.0", "maker": "AgileX Robotics", "makerId": "agilex", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-05-24", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "research", "mobile base for logistics and inspection robots" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research", "domain": [ "research", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": 120, "batteryHours": 6, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An omnidirectional four-wheel-steer robot base with a front swing arm and rear suspension, sold as a chassis for research and custom robots. AgileX's page lists 120 kg payload, 2 m/s and 6 h run time; its launch post claims about 8 h and 35 km range.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-f05756c8ff", "hs-df94cf4e96" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-05-24", "event": "AgileX launch post", "url": "https://discourse.openrobotics.org/t/agilex-new-product-ranger-mini3-0-the-four-wheel-four-drive-mobile-base-is-newly-launched/37885" }, "released": { "date": "2024-05", "note": "Earlier Ranger Mini versions (2.0 manual dated 2023) existed; their launch dates were not found" }, "components": { "actuators": "Four-wheel drive with four-wheel independent steering (omnidirectional); front swing arm and rear suspension", "battery": "About 8 hours and 35 km range; hot-swappable battery", "materials": "IP54; aluminium T-slot rails for mounting sensors", "software": "CAN bus interface with open-source SDK and ROS resources", "other": "Carries 120 kg and handles slopes over 15 degrees; meant as a chassis for custom indoor and outdoor robots.", "sources": [ "hs-f05756c8ff", "hs-df94cf4e96" ] }, "production": { "where": "AgileX Robotics, Shenzhen, China", "customers": "Sold to research labs and integrators as a robot base" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-05-24", "title": "AgileX launches Ranger Mini 3.0", "summary": "AgileX announced the four-wheel-drive omnidirectional base with IP54 protection, 8-hour runtime and a swing-arm suspension.", "publisher": "Open Robotics Discourse", "url": "https://discourse.openrobotics.org/t/agilex-new-product-ranger-mini3-0-the-four-wheel-four-drive-mobile-base-is-newly-launched/37885" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Out of the box it is driven with a remote controller; buyers add their own sensors and software to make it autonomous.", "video": { "id": "UGrtHy_6X_w", "title": "New Ranger Mini 3.0 Omnidirectional Mobile Robot - AgileX Robotics", "channel": "AgileX Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/agilex-ranger-mini-3-2024.jpg", "author": "AgileX Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://global.agilex.ai/products/ranger-mini-3", "page": "https://global.agilex.ai/products/ranger-mini-3", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "rideflux-genesis-gv80-driverless-2024", "name": "RideFlux driver-out robotaxi (Genesis GV80)", "maker": "RideFlux", "makerId": "rideflux", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-06-12", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail", "driverless testing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 50, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; test vehicle", "hands": "none", "firsts": "First passenger car in South Korea permitted to drive on public roads at normal speed with nobody in the driver's seat (June 2024).", "deployments": "Has run daily on a 3.2 km loop in Seoul's Sangam test zone with the driver's seat empty, logging over 3,300 driver-out hours by August 2026; a public robotaxi service with a safety manager in the passenger seat was planned for 2026 (Venture Square, Aug 2026).", "summary": "A Genesis GV80 SUV fitted with RideFlux's Level 4 software plus lidar, radar, cameras and GPS, approved by Korea's transport ministry to drive with no safety driver at up to 50 km/h. It passed a driverless test at the K-City proving ground before the permit.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e8c1726b1f", "hs-74e60ca1b9", "hs-cc6a9c6b7b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-06-12", "event": "Korean transport ministry grants driver-out temporary permit", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "public service planned; not in paid driverless service as of Oct 2026" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Sangam autonomous driving pilot zone, Seoul (3.2 km loop)", "since": "2024", "fleet": "one driver-out SUV reported in daily operation (Unicorn Factory, Nov 2025)", "usage": "over 3,300 hours of driver-out demonstration driving (RideFlux via Venture Square, Aug 2026)", "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "lg-cloi-servebot-door-type-2024", "name": "CLOi ServeBot (door-type, LDLIM31)", "maker": "LG Electronics", "makerId": "lg-electronics", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-06-24", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "room and ward deliveries", "secure item delivery", "guest escort" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "consumer", "healthcare" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Released first in South Korea in 2024, with launches planned in North America and Asia; LG showed it at the HITEC 2024 hotel-technology show in the US.", "summary": "An enclosed delivery robot with four lockable doors, each compartment holding up to 30 kg, that rides elevators to bring items to hotel rooms or hospital wards. Cameras inside the compartments detect when items are taken, and up to 20 units can coordinate; it is a different body from the open-shelf ServeBot.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d148d557ec", "hs-9e08805ca4", "hs-2b3472977d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-06-24", "event": "Announced by LG Electronics", "url": "https://www.lg.com/global/newsroom/news/home-appliance-solution/lg-introduces-ai-powered-cloi-servebot-for-hospitality-and-healthcare/" }, "released": { "date": "2024-06", "note": "Korea first; won Red Dot and iF design awards in 2024. Some US resellers market it as a hotel 'room service robot' (name not confirmed in LG's own release)" }, "components": { "actuators": "Six wheels, each with independent suspension", "sensors": "Cameras inside the compartments detect when items are removed", "software": "AI route planning and obstacle avoidance; coordinates with up to 20 other ServeBots; LG CLOi Station web/mobile app for monitoring, paging and scheduling; voice guidance for visually impaired users; rides elevators", "other": "Four lockable compartments, each holding up to 30 kg, with automatic doors; 10.1-inch front display for advertising. Won Red Dot and iF design awards in 2024.", "sources": [ "hs-d148d557ec", "hs-9e08805ca4" ] }, "production": { "where": "LG Electronics, South Korea", "customers": "Launched first in South Korea for hotels and hospitals, with North America and Asia to follow" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-06-24", "title": "LG launches door-type CLOi ServeBot", "summary": "LG launched the four-door LDLIM31 delivery robot for hospitality and health care, starting in Korea.", "publisher": "LG Electronics", "url": "https://www.lg.com/global/newsroom/news/home-appliance-solution/lg-introduces-ai-powered-cloi-servebot-for-hospitality-and-healthcare/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff load its locked compartments and it delivers to rooms or wards on its own, riding elevators.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/lg-cloi-servebot-door-type-2024.jpg", "author": "LG Electronics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.lg.com/global/newsroom/news/home-appliance-solution/lg-introduces-ai-powered-cloi-servebot-for-hospitality-and-healthcare/", "page": "https://www.lg.com/global/newsroom/news/home-appliance-solution/lg-introduces-ai-powered-cloi-servebot-for-hospitality-and-healthcare/", "kind": "maker", "w": 543, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "verne-robotaxi-2024", "name": "Verne robotaxi (purpose-built two-seater)", "maker": "Verne (Rimac Group)", "makerId": "verne", "country": "Croatia", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-06-26", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Verne's Zagreb app service opened to the public on 8 April 2026 with Pony.ai-equipped cars and onboard operators; driverless test rides on a 22 km airport route followed (Tech.eu, Intellinews).", "summary": "A two-seat electric robotaxi built on its own platform with no steering wheel or pedals, using Mobileye's sensor and driving system. Verne's paid Zagreb service launched in April 2026 using Pony.ai-equipped Arcfox Alpha T5 cars instead.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-2d7bc4259e", "hs-5719eefeb9", "hs-ae712ea21b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-06-26", "event": "Reveal at Rimac Campus, Kerestinec near Zagreb", "url": "https://www.electrive.net/2024/06/26/rimac-praesentiert-robotaxi-dienst-namens-verne/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Own vehicle not yet in service; Zagreb service (April 2026) runs on Pony.ai Gen-7 Arcfox cars with safety operators" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Zagreb (service on partner vehicles)", "since": null, "fleet": "Zagreb service launched with nine Pony.ai-equipped Arcfox Alpha T5 cars (press, April 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 240 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/verne-robotaxi-2024.jpg", "author": "Verne", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.electrive.net/2024/06/26/rimac-praesentiert-robotaxi-dienst-namens-verne/", "page": "https://www.electrive.net/2024/06/26/rimac-praesentiert-robotaxi-dienst-namens-verne/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "hkia-king-long-baidu-autonomous-bus-2026", "name": "HKIA landside autonomous bus", "maker": "Xiamen King Long (vehicle) with Baidu (system), operated by KC Smart Mobility and Prime Motors JV", "makerId": "xiamen-king-long", "country": "China (Hong Kong)", "year": 2026, "date": "2024-06-27", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "public transit", "airport shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "public-transit", "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "airport transport system contract; vehicle price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Planned as Hong Kong's first autonomous mass transport system carrying the public on landside roads (AAHK tender, June 2024).", "deployments": "Planned to link the Hong Kong Port of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge with the airport (SKYCITY / Terminal 2) from 2026; no launch confirmation was found as of October 2026.", "summary": "A 16-passenger self-driving bus for a short, roughly three-minute link at Hong Kong airport, with King Long building the vehicles and Baidu supplying the driving system. The system targets 500 passengers per hour each way at first, rising to 2,000.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-10f704cb1f", "hs-e592831683", "hs-2dfdaa0c71" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-06-27", "event": "AAHK tender award announcement", "url": "https://www.aci-asiapac.aero/media-centre/news/airport-authority-awards-tender-for-hong-kong-s-first-autonomous-mass-transportation-system" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "launch planned for 2026 (Time Out, Feb 2026); not confirmed" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Planned: HZMB Hong Kong Port to SKYCITY / Terminal 2, Hong Kong airport", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hkia-king-long-baidu-autonomous-bus-2026.jpg", "author": "Xiamen King Long (vehicle) with Baidu (system), operated by KC Smart Mobility and Prime Motors JV", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.hongkongairport.com/iwov-resources/image/media-centre/press-release/pr_1785_3.resize.jpg", "page": "https://www.hongkongairport.com/iwov-resources/image/media-centre/press-release/pr_1785_3.resize.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "zelos-z10-2024", "name": "Zelos Z10", "maker": "Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing)", "makerId": "zelos", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-06-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel transfer", "industrial logistics" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1500, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 12352, "priceNote": "RMB 89,800 (TMTPost and MyDrivers, Jun-Jul 2024); software RMB 30,000 first year then RMB 25,000/yr; USD at about RMB 7.27/USD, June 2024", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Zelos's biggest 2024 model, over 4 m long with about 10 cubic metres of cargo, a 1.5-tonne payload and 210 km of range. It uses dual NVIDIA Orin compute with 4 lidars and 14 cameras.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-8d8e2cf037", "hs-4a07b8974c", "hs-db6f555f56" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-06-28", "event": "Zelos product launch, four models", "url": "https://news.mydrivers.com/1/988/988711.htm" }, "released": { "date": "2024-06", "note": "Orders taken at launch" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "China (specific cities not stated)", "since": null, "fleet": "No model-specific count. Zelos-wide (all models): about 20,000 vehicles in early 2026 including the merged Cainiao fleet, operating in 300+ cities (KrASIA/36Kr, Feb 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 210 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/zelos-z10-2024.jpg", "author": "Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.zelostech.com.cn/", "page": "https://www.zelostech.com.cn/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 367 } }, { "id": "zelos-z2-2024", "name": "Zelos Z2", "maker": "Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing)", "makerId": "zelos", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-06-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 5475, "priceNote": "RMB 39,800 (TMTPost, Jul 2024); USD at about RMB 7.27/USD, June 2024", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "The smallest model in Zelos's June 2024 line-up, a roughly 2-cubic-metre flatbed for narrow roads and short runs. Detailed specs were not published.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8d8e2cf037", "hs-db6f555f56" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-06-28", "event": "Zelos product launch, four models", "url": "https://www.tmtpost.com/7154160.html" }, "released": { "date": "2024-06", "note": "Orders taken at launch" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "China (specific cities not stated)", "since": null, "fleet": "No model-specific count. Zelos-wide (all models): about 20,000 vehicles in early 2026 including the merged Cainiao fleet, operating in 300+ cities (KrASIA/36Kr, Feb 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "zelos-z5-2024", "name": "Zelos Z5 (2024 edition)", "maker": "Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing)", "makerId": "zelos", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-06-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel delivery", "fresh food delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 6850, "priceNote": "RMB 49,800 vehicle price plus autonomy software at RMB 7,000 per quarter (TMTPost Jul 2024; 36Kr Japan May 2025); USD at about RMB 7.27/USD, June 2024", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Cut the price of a 5-cubic-metre L4 robovan to under RMB 50,000, which helped trigger mass adoption by Chinese courier franchisees.", "deployments": "About 2,100 units were ordered on launch night in June 2024; it is Zelos's best-selling model (KrASIA, Feb 2026).", "summary": "A restyled, lower-drag Z5 with sensors built into the body and in-cab monitoring, sold at a much lower price with a quarterly software subscription. It is the core of Zelos's fleet of about 20,000 vehicles.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-8d8e2cf037", "hs-db6f555f56", "hs-252b3db190", "hs-3457ed3f00" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-06-28", "event": "Zelos product launch, four models", "url": "https://www.tmtpost.com/7154160.html" }, "released": { "date": "2024-06", "note": "Orders taken at launch" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "300+ Chinese cities; Singapore (LTA licence, late 2024), plus UAE, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia", "since": null, "fleet": "No model-specific count. Zelos-wide (all models): about 20,000 vehicles in early 2026 including the merged Cainiao fleet, operating in 300+ cities (KrASIA/36Kr, Feb 2026)", "usage": "Zelos vehicles ran over 100,000 km per day combined (36Kr Japan, May 2025)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/zelos-z5-2024.jpg", "author": "Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.zelostech.com.cn/", "page": "https://www.zelostech.com.cn/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 367 } }, { "id": "zelos-z8-2024", "name": "Zelos Z8", "maker": "Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing)", "makerId": "zelos", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-06-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel transfer", "industrial logistics" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 10977, "priceNote": "RMB 79,800 (TMTPost, Jul 2024); USD at about RMB 7.27/USD, June 2024", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A larger roughly 8-cubic-metre Zelos robovan aimed at dock transfers, forklift loading and industrial sites. Payload and range were not published.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8d8e2cf037", "hs-db6f555f56" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-06-28", "event": "Zelos product launch, four models", "url": "https://www.tmtpost.com/7154160.html" }, "released": { "date": "2024-06", "note": "Orders taken at launch" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "China (specific cities not stated)", "since": null, "fleet": "No model-specific count. Zelos-wide (all models): about 20,000 vehicles in early 2026 including the merged Cainiao fleet, operating in 300+ cities (KrASIA/36Kr, Feb 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/zelos-z8-2024.jpg", "author": "Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.zelostech.com.cn/", "page": "https://www.zelostech.com.cn/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 367 } }, { "id": "kodiak-robotruck-2024", "name": "Kodiak RoboTruck (Kodiak Driver)", "maker": "Kodiak AI (formerly Kodiak Robotics)", "makerId": "kodiak-ai", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "freight", "frac sand haulage", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Kodiak says it was the first to put customer-owned driverless semi trucks into commercial service, after a first driverless frac-sand delivery for Atlas in July 2024.", "deployments": "Atlas ran 28 driverless trucks on 15 routes by 31 March 2026, moving about 7,000 loads and over 450,000 tons of sand; the partners plan 100 trucks by mid-2027 and public-road runs from early 2027 (Atlas/Kodiak, July 2026).", "summary": "Heavy trucks fitted with Kodiak's modular sensor pods and driving software. Most driverless units haul frac sand on private lease roads in the Permian Basin for Atlas Energy Solutions, which owns the trucks.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-666598a3cf", "hs-bd0e0d8101", "hs-10ce1de9b0", "hs-abd1026cf8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-07", "event": "First driverless frac-sand delivery for Atlas in the Permian Basin", "url": "https://www.fleetmaintenance.com/equipment/safety-and-technology/article/55127628/kodiak-robotics-inc-kodiak-completes-first-driverless-semi-delivery-in-north-america" }, "released": { "date": "2024-12", "note": "Atlas took delivery of its own Kodiak-equipped trucks under a driver-as-a-service licence" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Permian Basin oilfield lease roads, Texas and New Mexico; supervised highway freight in Texas", "since": "2024-07", "fleet": "35 customer-owned driverless trucks at 30 June 2026 (Kodiak Q2 2026 results)", "usage": "Over 40,000 cumulative paid driverless hours through Q2 2026 (Kodiak); 176 Atlas loads in one day on 20 July 2026 (Atlas/Kodiak)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/kodiak-robotruck-2024-1.jpg", "author": "Votpuske", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kodiak_Robotics_self-driving_truck_01.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 634 } }, { "id": "mytra-storage-robot-2024", "name": "Mytra storage robot", "maker": "Mytra", "makerId": "mytra", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-07-23", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "pallet and bin storage", "material moving" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1360, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Launched with customers including Albertsons (July 2024).", "summary": "Robots that drive on wheels and climb vertically inside a modular storage grid to move loads up to about 1,360 kg (3,000 lb) in three dimensions.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a4f07b8ac7", "hs-617be37de5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-07-23", "event": "Company launch out of stealth", "url": "https://siliconangle.com/2024/07/23/warehouse-robotics-automation-firm-mytra-launches-78m-change-materials-move/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mytra-storage-robot-2024.jpg", "author": "Mytra", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://mytra.ai/", "page": "https://mytra.ai/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "irobot-roomba-combo-10-max-2024", "name": "Roomba Combo 10 Max", "maker": "iRobot", "makerId": "irobot", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-07-23", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "home vacuuming and mopping" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 8.6, "weightKg": 4.99, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 2.9, "priceUsd": 1399, "priceNote": "Launch pricing starts at $1,399; announced 23 July 2024 (iRobot, 2024)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "iRobot filed for prepackaged Chapter 11 in December 2025 to hand ownership to its Chinese manufacturer Picea.", "summary": "Tenth-generation flagship robot that vacuums and mops, with an auto-empty and wash dock.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-5d2d672319", "hs-7cebeff50b", "hs-fa8cc823ad", "hs-442ff318c5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-07-23", "event": "Announced", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/media-kits?item=39" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "" }, "components": { "hands": "No arm; retractable mop pad that lifts to the top of the robot on carpet", "sensors": "Front camera plus obstacle and cliff sensors for navigation, room recognition and avoiding cords and pet waste", "software": "iRobot app with room and dirty-area recognition; SmartScrub back-and-forth mopping", "other": "Four-stage cleaning with an edge brush and dual rubber brushes; the AutoWash dock empties debris into a bag, refills the mop tank and washes and dries the pad.", "sources": [ "hs-83f12d9f83", "hs-5d2d672319" ] }, "production": { "where": "Made by contract manufacturers; Picea, iRobot's main supplier, became its owner in the 2025 bankruptcy sale", "customers": "Consumer product sold at retail (launch price $1,399)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-12-15", "title": "iRobot files for bankruptcy, to be sold to Picea", "summary": "iRobot entered a prepackaged Chapter 11 to be taken over by Picea, its main manufacturer, which had bought its debt.", "publisher": "Boston Globe", "url": "https://www.bostonglobe.com/2025/12/15/business/irobot-bankruptcy-sale-picea/" }, { "date": "2025-12-14", "title": "How iRobot lost its way home", "summary": "TechCrunch traced iRobot's decline after regulators blocked the Amazon deal, noting it had sold over 50 million robots.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/14/how-irobot-lost-its-way-home/" } ], "availability": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "how": "Direct from the maker's online store, which offers financing at checkout; no retailers named on the page", "support": "2-year limited warranty, 60-day money-back guarantee, a dedicated support team and a support portal", "note": "Read on the German store, where the product showed as out of stock. The US product page address returned not found, so terms in other countries may differ.", "source": "https://www.irobot.de/de/roomba-combo-10-max-robot-with-autowash-dock/X085840.html" }, "dev": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "access": "none-found", "note": "No SDK, API or developer pages on the maker's product page when checked; it lists only app and voice assistant integrations.", "source": "https://www.irobot.de/de/roomba-combo-10-max-robot-with-autowash-dock/X085840.html" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It vacuums and mops the home on its own schedule and empties and washes itself at the dock.", "video": { "id": "mRYIE_jcVGE", "title": "Introducing The Roomba Combo® 10 Max + AutoWash™ Dock", "channel": "iRobot (@irobot)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/irobot-roomba-combo-10-max-2024.jpg", "author": "iRobot", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.irobot.com/en_US/roomba-combo-10-max-robot-with-autowash-dock/X085020.html", "page": "https://www.irobot.com/en_US/roomba-combo-10-max-robot-with-autowash-dock/X085020.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "vayu-robotics-delivery-robot-2024", "name": "Vayu road delivery robot", "maker": "Vayu Robotics", "makerId": "vayu", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-07-23", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "last-mile delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 32.2, "payloadKg": 45, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Vayu said in July 2024 it had signed an unnamed e-commerce customer to deploy 2,500 robots; no deployment figures have been published since.", "summary": "A small road-going delivery robot that navigates with a foundation model and passive sensors instead of lidar. It is built by a start-up led by Velodyne's former chief executive.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f11b26bfc1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-07-23", "event": "Company launch coverage", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/07/23/former-velodyne-ceos-delivery-robot-startup-is-ditching-lidar-for-foundation-models/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not yet in published service" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": null, "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "arx-robotics-gereon-rcs-2024", "name": "GEREON RCS", "maker": "ARX Robotics", "makerId": "arx", "country": "Germany", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-08", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "military logistics", "casualty evacuation", "surveillance", "radio relay" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 30, "payloadKg": 500, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used in NATO exercise Grand Eagle II in Lithuania (Aug 2024) and tested by the German Army; Germany funded 30 units delivered to Ukraine by early 2025 (Defence Network, Mar 2025).", "summary": "A compact tracked uncrewed ground vehicle from a Munich start-up that carries up to 500 kg about 40 km at up to 30 km/h, either driving itself or remote-controlled, with mounting points for sensors and payloads. It is small enough that a standard van carries one.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-321861ee65", "hs-10266b3fa4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-08", "event": "NATO exercise Grand Eagle II, Lithuania (earliest dated public use found)", "url": "https://defence-network.com/deutschland-30-gereon-rcs-roboter-ukraine/" }, "released": { "date": "2024-11", "note": "first 30 units funded for Ukraine; deliveries late 2024 to Jan 2025" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/arx-robotics-gereon-rcs-2024.jpg", "author": "ARX Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://arx-robotics.com/", "page": "https://arx-robotics.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 640 } }, { "id": "unitree-go2-w-2024", "name": "Go2-W", "maker": "Unitree Robotics", "makerId": "unitree", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-08", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "education", "research", "consumer" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A wheel-footed version of the Go2 that rolls on flat ground and walks over obstacles, with a 4D lidar. It was shown again at CES 2025.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-2e423ba1dd", "hs-459f78a9be", "hs-f8cb49dba7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-08", "event": "Unitree launch video", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/unitree-go2-quadruped-hits-the-road-with-new-wheels/" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "sold online" }, "components": { "actuators": "16 joint motors including in-wheel hub motors on each leg; aluminium knee-joint motors", "hands": "None", "sensors": "Unitree 4D LiDAR L1 (super-wide-angle 360 x 90 degree), HD wide-angle camera, foot force sensors", "compute": "Octa-core processor (per New Atlas); Wi-Fi, 4G and Bluetooth", "battery": "Long-endurance 15,000 mAh pack, reported at up to about four hours, with fast charging", "software": "OTA updates; secondary development needed for some functions", "other": "About 18 kg; 70 x 43 x 50 cm; carries about 8 kg (12 kg max); 7-inch pneumatic tyres; can lock wheels and walk or climb obstacles.", "sources": [ "hs-d778396865", "hs-2e423ba1dd", "hs-459f78a9be" ] }, "production": { "where": "Unitree Robotics, Hangzhou, China", "customers": "Sold online to researchers, educators and consumers" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-08-02", "title": "Unitree puts the Go2 on wheels", "summary": "Unitree launched the Go2-W, a wheel-footed Go2 that uses its legs as active suspension.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/unitree-go2-quadruped-hits-the-road-with-new-wheels/" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Usually steered with a remote while it balances and switches between rolling and walking itself.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/unitree-go2-w-2024.jpg", "author": "Unitree Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.unitree.com/go2-w", "page": "https://www.unitree.com/go2-w", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 533 } }, { "id": "tier-iv-jpn-taxi-robotaxi-2024", "name": "Tier IV robotaxi (Toyota JPN Taxi with Autoware)", "maker": "Tier IV", "makerId": "tier-iv", "country": "Japan", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-08", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Pilot runs in Tokyo's Odaiba (November 2024) and Nishi-Shinjuku (December 2024) under a government programme, with operators ready to take over; Tier IV is also working with newmo on robotaxis in Osaka.", "summary": "Toyota JPN Taxi cabs fitted with Tier IV's open-source Autoware driving software, used while the startup develops its own Level 4 electric robotaxi design.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9bf894cd8b", "hs-16243548e3", "hs-7672f2ded0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-08", "event": "Selected for METI Tokyo robotaxi demonstration", "url": "https://electrive.com/2024/08/23/startup-tier-iv-develops-self-driving-electric-taxi-in-japan" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Pilot only" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Tokyo (Odaiba, Nishi-Shinjuku); Osaka planned with newmo", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "about 500 scenarios over several hundred km in the 2024 pilots (Tier IV)", "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "aes-maximo-2024", "name": "Maximo", "maker": "AES Corporation", "makerId": "aes", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-08-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "solar panel installation" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Had installed nearly 10 MW at launch (August 2024), including the 200 MW Oak Ridge Solar project in Louisiana; assigned to AES's 2 GW Bellefield project in California.", "summary": "A solar-farm construction robot that lifts and places heavy panels using AI computer vision, run by a two-person crew. It followed AES's earlier Atlas installer robot (2021, built with Calvary Robotics).", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-668f4d85df", "hs-3ff0f3d850", "hs-65b171eb34" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-08-01", "event": "Launch announcement", "url": "https://www.pv-tech.org/aes-launches-first-of-its-kind-ai-driven-solar-installation-robot/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/aes-maximo-2024.jpg", "author": "AES Corporation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aes.com/maximo", "page": "https://www.aes.com/maximo", "kind": "maker", "w": 992, "h": 965 } }, { "id": "rainbow-robotics-hyundai-rotem-rb-01k-2024", "name": "RB-01K counter-terrorism multi-legged robot", "maker": "Rainbow Robotics with Hyundai Rotem", "makerId": "rainbow", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-08-13", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "surveillance", "reconnaissance", "counter-terrorism patrol", "guarding and search" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "military" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "reported at under 100 million won per unit (Korea Economic Daily, Jul 2026); no official price", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Rainbow Robotics calls it the first quadruped robot delivered to the South Korean military and the first product of DAPA's rapid R&D programme for new weapons-system technology.", "deployments": "Prototype delivered to the ROK Army through DAPA in August 2024 for a six-month evaluation (Rainbow Robotics / KED Global, Aug 2024); in July 2026 the Korea Economic Daily reported first Army supply planned for the second half of 2026, pending a tender.", "summary": "A four-legged military robot developed from August 2022 under DAPA's fast-track programme: Rainbow Robotics built the robot-dog body platform and Hyundai Rotem integrated the military system with thermal, night-vision and radar sensors. It walks at over 4 km/h and climbs steps of about 20 cm; reports say it was modified so weapons such as pistols could be fitted later, though the delivered prototype carried cameras for patrol.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a69b748a93", "hs-f997893299", "hs-88b006f403", "hs-aadc4d3285" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-08-13", "event": "Prototype delivery to the ROK Army announced by Rainbow Robotics; shown at KADEX 2024", "url": "https://www.kedglobal.com/newsAmp/ked202408130012" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Army supply expected H2 2026 after tender (Korea Economic Daily, Jul 2026); not confirmed as of Oct 2026" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/rainbow-robotics-hyundai-rotem-rb-01k-2024.jpg", "author": "Rainbow Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://rainbow-robotics.com/%EB%B3%B4%EB%8F%84%EC%9E%90%EB%A3%8C-%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8%EB%B3%B4%EC%9A%B0%EB%A1%9C%EB%B3%B4%ED%8B%B1%EC%8A%A4-%ED%98%84%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%9C%ED%85%9C%EA%B3%BC-%ED%95%A8%EA%BB%98-%EB%8C%80/", "page": "https://rainbow-robotics.com/%EB%B3%B4%EB%8F%84%EC%9E%90%EB%A3%8C-%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8%EB%B3%B4%EC%9A%B0%EB%A1%9C%EB%B3%B4%ED%8B%B1%EC%8A%A4-%ED%98%84%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%9C%ED%85%9C%EA%B3%BC-%ED%95%A8%EA%BB%98-%EB%8C%80/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 562 } }, { "id": "cenobots-l4-2024", "name": "L4", "maker": "CenoBots", "makerId": "cenobots", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-08-22", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous floor scrubbing", "healthcare, education and retail floors" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 107.5, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A mid-size autonomous scrubber-dryer with a 450 mm scrub path and a 38 L solution tank that fits 32-inch doorways and cleans within 3 cm of walls, guided by a 32-beam 3D lidar.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-1dc65a613b", "hs-056664da06", "hs-eb0e7105b0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-08-22", "event": "Launch announcement by CenoBots", "url": "https://www.cenobots.com/news/9" }, "released": { "date": "2024-08", "note": "" }, "components": { "compute": "NVIDIA computing platform with AI perception", "software": "Intelligent navigation, stain detection and close-to-edge cleaning; 10.1-inch touchscreen and mobile app for route planning, tracking and alerts", "other": "Mid-size scrubber-dryer: 450 mm cleaning width, 38 L solution tank, 20 kg brush pressure, 810 mm minimum passage.", "sources": [ "hs-1dc65a613b", "hs-056664da06" ] }, "production": { "where": "CenoBots (Cenozoic Robotics), China", "customers": "Retail, offices and medium-size public spaces targeted" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It scrubs and dries mapped floors by itself.", "video": { "id": "CFnfaoeRW_Y", "title": "CenoBots L4", "channel": "CenoBots" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cenobots-l4-2024.jpg", "author": "CenoBots", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.cenobots.com/products/l4", "page": "https://www.cenobots.com/products/l4", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "liebherr-t-264-autonomous-2023", "name": "Liebherr T 264 autonomous (battery-electric)", "maker": "Liebherr", "makerId": "liebherr", "country": "Germany", "year": 2023, "date": "2024-09", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ore haulage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 240000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Liebherr's first autonomous haulage product, built around a battery-electric ultra-class truck.", "deployments": "Four autonomous T 264s entered validation at Fortescue's Christmas Creek mine in August 2023; Fortescue ordered about 360 T 264s, all autonomy-ready, in a deal worth up to US$2.8 billion (Sept 2024).", "summary": "Liebherr's 240-tonne T 264 haul truck with a new Liebherr autonomy system, developed with Fortescue as part of a zero-emission mining fleet. The autonomous battery-electric version was shown at MINExpo 2024.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-838519b714", "hs-810ba1f11f", "hs-cdaad8541c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-09", "event": "MINExpo 2024, Las Vegas (autonomous battery-electric T 264)", "url": "https://www.e-mj.com/breaking-news/fortescue-and-liebherr-sign-historic-green-equipment-partnership-at-minexpo-2024/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Fortescue Christmas Creek, Western Australia (validation site)", "since": null, "fleet": "4 autonomous T 264s in validation (Liebherr, July 2024); about 360 T 264s on order for Fortescue (Sept 2024)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/liebherr-t-264-autonomous-2023.jpg", "author": "Liebherr", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.liebherr.com/en-int/n/liebherr-and-fortescue-announce-partnership-for-development-of-autonomous-haulage-solution-82315-3935641", "page": "https://www.liebherr.com/en-int/n/liebherr-and-fortescue-announce-partnership-for-development-of-autonomous-haulage-solution-82315-3935641", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 533 } }, { "id": "lely-juno-max-2024", "name": "Juno Max", "maker": "Lely", "makerId": "lely", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-09-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "feed pushing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A larger feed-pushing robot in the Juno family, also used to push fresh grass delivered by the Lely Exos.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-959e1f61ae", "hs-7cc6f7b734" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-09-10", "event": "Juno Max unveiled at Lely's Yellow Revolution Event", "url": "https://www.lelyna.com/us/about-lely/news/lely-introduces-autonomous-feed-pushing-robot-for-large-scale-farms/" }, "released": { "date": "2024", "note": "Current Juno model" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/lely-juno-max-2024.jpg", "author": "Lely", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.lely.com/global/news/lely-introduces-autonomous-feed-pushing-robot-for-large-scale-farms/", "page": "https://www.lely.com/global/news/lely-introduces-autonomous-feed-pushing-robot-for-large-scale-farms/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "pudu-mt1-2024", "name": "PUDU MT1", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-09-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "sweeping large indoor sites" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 49, "weightKg": 65, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An AI robotic sweeper for big sites such as warehouses, factories and home-improvement stores, with lidar and visual mapping, a 70 cm cleaning path and a 35 L bin. Run time is 4 to 8 h depending on mode (maximum shown).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e87a8c9413", "hs-3f41c6912b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-09-10", "event": "Launch press release, Shenzhen", "url": "https://kyodonewsprwire.jp/release/202409106187" }, "released": { "date": "2024-09", "note": "MT1 Vac and MT1 Max (August 2025) variants followed" }, "components": { "sensors": "AI cameras for trash recognition, lidar, 3D depth perception and multi-sensor fusion", "battery": "45 Ah; about 6 hours per charge; docks to charge and can run three charge cycles a day", "software": "Lidar SLAM plus VSLAM; AI trash recognition that triggers spot cleaning", "other": "Dual-disc sweeper for areas over 100,000 square metres; empties its own debris at a station; passes 75 cm gaps.", "sources": [ "hs-e87a8c9413", "hs-3f41c6912b" ] }, "production": { "where": "Pudu Robotics, Shenzhen, China", "customers": "Home-improvement stores, warehouses and factories targeted; no named customers" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-09-10", "title": "Pudu launches the MT1 sweeper", "summary": "Pudu launched the MT1, an AI sweeper that spots litter with cameras for very large indoor and outdoor sites.", "publisher": "Kyodo News PR Wire (PR Newswire)", "url": "https://kyodonewsprwire.jp/release/202409106187" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It sweeps large mapped sites by itself.", "video": { "id": "RczLmqYRAXc", "title": "PUDU MT1 - AI Powered Robotic Sweeper | Pudu Robotics", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-mt1-2024.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/mt1", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/mt1", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "kgm-swm-korando-ev-robotaxi-2024", "name": "Gangnam late-night autonomous taxi (KGM Korando EV with SWM)", "maker": "KG Mobility with SWM", "makerId": "kg-mobility", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-09-26", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail", "late-night taxi" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "free at launch; paid fares from April 2026", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Seoul's first late-night self-driving taxi service open to the public, booked through Kakao T.", "deployments": "Started with three cars in Gangnam and Seocho on 26 Sept 2024; by August 2026 the city's late-night fleet was growing from 7 to 19 vehicles (13 run by SWM) after 15,140 rides (Asia News Network, Aug 2026).", "summary": "Korando EV electric SUVs fitted by SWM with sensors and driving software and linked to KG Mobility's vehicle controls, carrying up to three passengers between 11 pm and 5 am. A safety driver stays aboard and takes over on narrow streets and in school zones.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-73050b8037", "hs-180bd01054", "hs-45efbf27b4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-09-26", "event": "Seoul pilot service launch, Gangnam", "url": "https://www.koreajoongangdaily.com/korea/self-driving-taxis-to-roam-gangnams-streets-at-night-from-thursday/11949031" }, "released": { "date": "2026-04", "note": "paid fares began April 2026" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Gangnam and Seocho, Seoul", "since": null, "fleet": "13 SWM vehicles in Seoul's 19-car late-night fleet from 20 Aug 2026 (Seoul via Asia News Network)", "usage": "15,140 rides from 26 Sept 2024 to 31 July 2026, all operators (Seoul via Kyunghyang Shinmun)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kgm-swm-korando-ev-robotaxi-2024.jpg", "author": "KG Mobility with SWM", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.koreajoongangdaily.com/korea/self-driving-taxis-to-roam-gangnams-streets-at-night-from-thursday/11949031", "page": "https://www.koreajoongangdaily.com/korea/self-driving-taxis-to-roam-gangnams-streets-at-night-from-thursday/11949031", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "avride-delivery-robot-next-gen-2024", "name": "Avride delivery robot (next generation, four-wheel)", "maker": "Avride (Nebius Group)", "makerId": "avride", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "sidewalk food delivery", "campus delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 8, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 13, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Delivers for Uber Eats in Jersey City (from Feb 2025), Austin and Dallas, for Grubhub on US campuses, and for Rakuten in Japan from Feb 2025 (TechCrunch; Rakuten).", "summary": "Avride's redesigned sidewalk robot drops the earlier six-wheel layout for four wheels and a new chassis to save energy and steer more precisely, running up to 13 hours at 3 to 5 mph. It uses NVIDIA Jetson Orin computers and is rated for snow and moderate rain.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b13b8ff94e", "hs-ceed9dd663", "hs-9803c43c82" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-10", "event": "Revealed alongside the Uber partnership announcement", "url": "https://engx.theiet.org/b/articles/posts/next-generation-driverless-delivery-robots-capable-of-tackling-complex-urban-settings" }, "released": { "date": "2025-02", "note": "Uber Eats service in Jersey City" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/avride-delivery-robot-next-gen-2024.jpg", "author": "Avride", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://engx.theiet.org/b/articles/posts/next-generation-driverless-delivery-robots-capable-of-tackling-complex-urban-settings", "page": "https://engx.theiet.org/b/articles/posts/next-generation-driverless-delivery-robots-capable-of-tackling-complex-urban-settings", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "saronic-corsair-2024", "name": "Corsair", "maker": "Saronic Technologies", "makerId": "saronic", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "maritime surveillance", "naval missions", "port security" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "military", "security" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 64.8, "payloadKg": 454, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Endurance trials for a US Navy programme including a five-day autonomous loiter; port-security demonstration on the US West Coast in May 2026.", "summary": "A 24-foot (7.3 m) diesel autonomous surface vessel that Saronic says runs over 1,000 nautical miles at 35+ knots with a 1,000 lb payload, meant to be built in large numbers.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6568a1af20", "hs-da6a62cbd3", "hs-b8aa52ef3b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-10", "event": "Unveiled by Saronic", "url": "https://defensedaily.com/saronic-introduces-corsair-an-asv-with-range-and-speed-to-keep-pace-with-surface-fleet/unmanned-systems" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "US waters (Navy trials and exercises)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": 1852 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/saronic-corsair-2024.jpg", "author": "Saronic Technologies", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.saronic.com", "page": "https://www.saronic.com", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 751 } }, { "id": "hanwha-grunt-2024", "name": "GRUNT", "maker": "Hanwha Aerospace", "makerId": "hanwha-aerospace", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-10", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "infantry support", "carrying loads", "remote weapon carrier" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 900, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An upgraded hybrid version of Arion-SMET, shown at AUSA 2024 with a remote weapon station, carrying over 900 kg.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3813a6c7b7", "hs-7058569d0c", "hs-3206de5366" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-10", "event": "AUSA 2024, Washington DC", "url": "https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-land-defense/land-defense-2024/hanwha-unveils-hybrid-grunt-ugv-with-rcws-at-ausa-2024-for-infantry-support-operations" }, "released": { "date": "2026-05", "note": "Shown at BSDA 2026 in Romania" }, "components": { "actuators": "Hybrid-electric 6x6 wheeled drive", "battery": "About 290 km range", "software": "Hanwha Aerospace HAEMOS robotics and autonomy suite", "other": "Payload over 900 kg. Can carry a remote weapon station, counter-battery detection and automatic target tracking; roles include logistics, casualty evacuation and reconnaissance. Upgrade of the Arion-SMET.", "sources": [ "hs-3813a6c7b7", "hs-7058569d0c" ] }, "production": { "where": "Hanwha Aerospace, South Korea", "customers": "Marketed to the US Army (shown at AUSA 2024) and European armies; Hanwha is co-developing variants with Milrem Robotics for Korea and Romania" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-05-14", "title": "GRUNT headlines Hanwha's BSDA 2026 stand", "summary": "Hanwha showed GRUNT with Milrem's THeMIS-K in Romania as part of a push into EU and NATO markets.", "publisher": "Hanwha", "url": "https://www.hanwha.com/newsroom/news/press-releases/hanwha-showcases-unmanned-and-ai-capabilities-at-bsda-2026-to-advance-european-partnerships.do" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Like Arion-SMET it can follow soldiers or drive waypoints under their watch; its remote weapon station needs a person to authorise firing.", "video": { "id": "qIw-98Zg0D4", "title": "Next Generation UGV: Grunt", "channel": "Hanwha Aerospace", "display": true } }, { "id": "weride-robotaxi-gxr-2024", "name": "Robotaxi GXR", "maker": "WeRide with Geely Farizon", "makerId": "weride", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 120, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "WeRide calls it the world's first mass-produced five-seat robotaxi; it ran the Middle East's first fully driverless commercial ride-hail with Uber in Abu Dhabi (Nov 2025).", "deployments": "Fully driverless commercial service in Beijing within four months of launch, Guangzhou from August 2025, Abu Dhabi on Uber from 26 November 2025, and Dubai from April 2026.", "summary": "A five-seat robotaxi based on Geely Farizon's SV van, with 20-plus sensors, the 2,000 TOPS HPC 3.0 computer and eight redundant systems. It is 5,018 mm long and has wide sliding doors.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-90c39d1db5", "hs-13983bb4db", "hs-089ec43ee7", "hs-6922e2e492", "hs-83e0beeb1a", "hs-f3966b7a40" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-10", "event": "Launch of the Robotaxi GXR with Geely Farizon", "url": "https://www.weride.ai/posts/l17yh5j7hhjxicbribn8aspf" }, "released": { "date": "2025-02", "note": "fully driverless commercial operations in Beijing within four months of launch" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Beijing, Guangzhou, Abu Dhabi, Dubai (fully driverless commercial); also Zurich, Madrid region and Singapore programmes (WeRide, 2026)", "since": "2025-02", "fleet": "WeRide: more than 1,800 robotaxis worldwide, about 400 in the Middle East, as of 31 July 2026 (WeRide Q2 2026 results); GXR share not published", "usage": "over 21 average daily rides per vehicle in Q2 2026, peak 28 (WeRide Q2 2026 results)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/weride-robotaxi-gxr-2024-1.jpg", "author": "Kk0521", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WeRide_Robotaxi_GXR.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 749 } }, { "id": "waymo-hyundai-ioniq-5-2024", "name": "Waymo Hyundai IONIQ 5 (6th-gen Waymo Driver)", "maker": "Waymo with Hyundai Motor Group", "makerId": "waymo", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-10", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Manual on-road testing began in San Francisco in 2026; Hyundai said deliveries to Waymo start in Q4 2026, built at its Georgia Metaplant.", "summary": "A Hyundai IONIQ 5 adapted to carry Waymo's sixth-generation sensors (13 cameras, 4 lidars, 6 radars). It is meant to replace the ageing Jaguar fleet.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-801d7d296a", "hs-f9c0f7a508", "hs-c0dd68fbb3", "hs-600a84a1c1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-10", "event": "Waymo-Hyundai partnership announced", "url": "https://www.iotworldtoday.com/transportation-logistics/waymo-to-offer-hyundai-self-driving-taxis-starting-in-2026" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Deliveries scheduled from Q4 2026 (Hyundai investor day 2026)" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "San Francisco (testing with a driver)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/waymo-hyundai-ioniq-5-2024.jpg", "author": "Waymo", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://waymo.com/blog/2024/10/waymo-and-hyundai-enter-partnership/", "page": "https://waymo.com/blog/2024/10/waymo-and-hyundai-enter-partnership/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "tesla-cybercab-2024", "name": "Tesla Cybercab", "maker": "Tesla", "makerId": "tesla", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-10-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1412, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 280, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold yet; a sub-$30,000 cost was mentioned at the 2024 reveal but no price is published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Tesla's first car built with no steering wheel or pedals; paid rides began in Austin on 4 September 2026.", "deployments": "Pre-series production at Giga Texas from February 2026 and series production from April 2026; about 45 were registered to the Austin Robotaxi fleet by August 2026.", "summary": "A two-seat, front-wheel-drive electric car with a roughly 48 kWh battery and an EPA-estimated range near 470 km. It is built only for Tesla's driverless ride service.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-06f7564668", "hs-c653b25f55", "hs-ef1886ea4b", "hs-7b32604469" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-10-10", "event": "Tesla 'We, Robot' event", "url": "https://ir.tesla.com/_flysystem/s3/sec/000162828024043432/tsla-20241023-gen.pdf" }, "released": { "date": "2026-09-04", "note": "Paid rides in Austin through the Tesla Robotaxi app" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Austin (limited pickup zone)", "since": "2026-09-04", "fleet": "about 45 registered in Texas (state records, August 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 472 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/tesla-cybercab-2024-1.jpg", "author": "Daniel Lu (User:dllu)", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tesla_Cybercab_on_Interstate_280_near_Palo_Alto_dllu.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "tesla-robovan-2024", "name": "Tesla Robovan", "maker": "Tesla", "makerId": "tesla", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-10-10", "status": "concept", "purpose": [ "passenger transport", "goods transport" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold; no price announced", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A large driverless electric van shown as a single concept at Tesla's 2024 robotaxi event, said to carry up to 20 people or cargo. No production plan has been published.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3c76fece29", "hs-7b32604469" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-10-10", "event": "Tesla 'We, Robot' event, Burbank", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Concept only" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": null, "since": null, "fleet": "one concept vehicle shown (2024)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "clearpath-husky-a300-2024", "name": "Husky A300", "maker": "Clearpath Robotics (Rockwell Automation)", "makerId": "clearpath", "country": "Canada", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-10-15", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "research platform", "field robotics", "agriculture", "inspection", "mobile manipulation" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "research", "domain": [ "research", "agriculture", "inspection", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 38.1, "weightKg": 80, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": 100, "batteryHours": 24, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Won a 2025 RBR50 Robotics Innovation Award; Clearpath reported Godelius using a Husky AMP for agricultural soil sampling in 2026.", "summary": "A redesigned, second-generation Husky with an IP54 aluminium chassis and four brushless motors, twice as fast as the original and able to carry 100 kg. Runtime is 8 hours as standard and up to 24 hours with the largest battery option; a turnkey 'Husky AMP' version adds a navigation sensor kit and outdoor navigation software.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-3b6b07131a", "hs-7dae0afe52", "hs-12ddbe0617", "hs-fdf3001f92", "hs-65f4ea499b" ], "canada": "Designed by Clearpath Robotics in Waterloo, Ontario (now Rockwell Automation).", "firstShown": { "date": "2024-10-15", "event": "Announced by Clearpath Robotics in a press release from Waterloo, Ontario", "url": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/blog/2024/10/clearpath-robotics-announces-husky-a300/" }, "released": { "date": "2025", "note": "Pre-orders from 15 October 2024; shipping began in early 2025" }, "components": { "actuators": "Four in-wheel brushless motors in a high-torque skid-steer drivetrain; up to 2 m/s", "sensors": "Payload interface for third-party depth cameras, directional lidar, dual-antenna GPS and other sensors", "compute": "Several compute options offered for integrating third-party components", "battery": "About 8 hours typical; up to 12 hours (and up to 24 hours on Clearpath's product page) with larger battery options", "materials": "All-metal aluminium chassis, IP54", "software": "Ships with ROS 2 Jazzy, Nav2 and MoveIt 2 demos; Husky AMP version adds Clearpath OutdoorNav autonomy for non-developers", "other": "Carries up to 100 kg; four programmable status LEDs and a 3.7-inch e-ink status display; can carry arms such as a Universal Robots UR5e.", "sources": [ "hs-3b6b07131a", "hs-7dae0afe52", "hs-12ddbe0617" ] }, "production": { "built": "Pre-orders from October 2024; shipping began in early 2025", "where": "Clearpath Robotics (Rockwell Automation), Waterloo, Ontario, Canada", "customers": "Universities and research labs; Godelius with Cambrian College built an autonomous soil-sampling robot on Husky AMP" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-09-15", "title": "Husky AMP used for autonomous soil sampling", "summary": "Godelius and Cambrian College built a modular sampling robot on the Husky AMP platform for mining and agriculture work.", "publisher": "Clearpath Robotics", "url": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/blog/2026/09/godelius-automates-agricultural-soil-sampling-with-husky-amp/" }, { "date": "2024-12-03", "title": "Clearpath on how it built the A300", "summary": "Clearpath told The Robot Report many paid add-ons of the decade-old A200 became standard on the A300.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/a300-clearpath-robotics-discusses-development/" }, { "date": "2024-10-15", "title": "Clearpath announces Husky A300", "summary": "Clearpath launched the next-generation Husky with twice the speed, 100 kg payload and longer runtime, shipping from early 2025.", "publisher": "Clearpath Robotics", "url": "https://clearpathrobotics.com/blog/2024/10/clearpath-robotics-announces-husky-a300/" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Researchers usually drive it with a joystick and add their own autonomy software; the turnkey Husky AMP version navigates by itself.", "video": { "id": "fjT-p7MInVQ", "title": "Introducing Husky A300", "channel": "Clearpath Robotics by Rockwell Automation" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/clearpath-husky-a300-2024.jpg", "author": "Clearpath Robotics (Rockwell Automation)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/assets.clearpathrobotics.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/14184957/HuskyA300_33-1080x675.jpg", "page": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/assets.clearpathrobotics.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/14184957/HuskyA300_33-1080x675.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 712 } }, { "id": "caterpillar-quarry-autonomy-luck-stone-2024", "name": "Cat autonomous quarry haulage (Luck Stone Bull Run)", "maker": "Caterpillar", "makerId": "caterpillar", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-11", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "aggregate haulage" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Caterpillar's first autonomous haulage deployment in an aggregates quarry.", "deployments": "Autonomous trucks at Luck Stone's Bull Run Quarry in Chantilly, Virginia, passed one million tons hauled in July 2025.", "summary": "Caterpillar's lighter, lower-cost version of its autonomous haulage for aggregate quarries, first run with Luck Stone in Virginia. It was Caterpillar's first autonomous haulage in the aggregates industry.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8a8842e71a", "hs-e96b388d9f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-11", "event": "Autonomous hauling began at Luck Stone Bull Run Quarry (Caterpillar says tonnes counted since November)", "url": "https://www.cat.com/en_US/blog/caterpillar-mining-bauma-2025.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Luck Stone Bull Run Quarry, Chantilly, Virginia, USA", "since": "2024-11", "fleet": null, "usage": "About 816,000 tonnes (900,000 tons) by spring 2025 and one million tons by July 2025 (Caterpillar)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/caterpillar-quarry-autonomy-luck-stone-2024.jpg", "author": "Caterpillar", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/image/Caterpillar/CM20250715-bb706-80420?$highres$", "page": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/image/Caterpillar/CM20250715-bb706-80420?$highres$", "kind": "maker", "w": 750, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "qcraft-golden-dragon-longzhou-space-2024", "name": "Longzhou SPACE Robobus", "maker": "QCraft with Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus", "makerId": "qcraft", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-11", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "public transit", "shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "no price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Entered pilot operation in Jinhua, Zhejiang, by November 2024, where robobuses had carried nearly 5,000 passengers.", "summary": "A newer robobus in QCraft's Longzhou line, built with Golden Dragon for city bus and shuttle routes. Sources found give no dimensions or seat count.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4bf33d3f0e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-11", "event": "Pilot operations in Jinhua, Zhejiang", "url": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/icv/qcrafts-longzhou-space-robobus-put-into-pilot-operations-in-jinhua-zhejiang-province-70035207" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "pilot operation" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Jinhua, Zhejiang (pilot, Nov 2024)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "nearly 5,000 passengers in Jinhua (Gasgoo, Nov 2024)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/qcraft-golden-dragon-longzhou-space-2024.jpg", "author": "QCraft", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.qcraft.ai/en/products/l4", "page": "https://www.qcraft.ai/en/products/l4", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 542 } }, { "id": "deep-robotics-lynx-2024", "name": "Lynx", "maker": "DEEP Robotics", "makerId": "deep", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "outdoor exploration", "rescue", "inspection" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "industrial", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A wheel-footed quadruped that swaps pad feet for powered wheels and can rear up into a two-legged stance.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-872876bd24", "hs-b482b0d4b4", "hs-b4cd9fda2d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-11", "event": "DEEP Robotics Lynx pre-launch preview", "url": "https://newatlas.com/robotics/lynx-wheeled-quadruped-prelaunch/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "industrial version Lynx M20 followed in 2025" }, "components": { "actuators": "Four legs ending in powered wheels instead of pad feet; can rise onto two legs", "other": "First wheel-legged quadruped from DEEP Robotics; the industrial LYNX M20 series followed in 2025.", "sources": [ "hs-872876bd24", "hs-b482b0d4b4" ] }, "production": { "where": "DEEP Robotics, Hangzhou, China" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "It is usually steered with a controller while it balances and handles terrain itself.", "video": { "id": "iL833P0Vino", "title": "Extreme Off-Road | DEEPRobotics Lynx All-Terrian Robot", "channel": "DEEP Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/deep-robotics-lynx-2024.jpg", "author": "DEEP Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/deeproboticslynx.html", "page": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/deeproboticslynx.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "amazon-prime-air-mk30-2024", "name": "Prime Air MK30", "maker": "Amazon", "makerId": "amazon", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "home delivery", "delivery" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "delivery-drone", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 2.3, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Amazon says the FAA approved it to fly beyond visual line of sight from the first day at a new site.", "deployments": "MK30 deliveries began from Tolleson, Arizona in November 2024; the drone had also started deliveries in College Station, Texas (Amazon, November 2024).", "summary": "Amazon's hexacopter-style delivery drone for parcels up to 5 lb. It uses cameras and machine learning to detect and avoid people, animals, aircraft and obstacles, and a separate monitor computer can switch to a backup controller and fly home.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-a18f35873f", "hs-485b9ec2eb" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-11", "event": "MK30 service launch in West Valley Phoenix", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2024-11", "note": "Prime Air drone delivery in Arizona and Texas" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Tolleson, Arizona and College Station, Texas, US (Amazon, November 2024)", "since": "2024-11", "fleet": "not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/amazon-prime-air-mk30-2024.jpg", "author": "Amazon (Amazon Robotics)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/tag/prime-air", "page": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/tag/prime-air", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "csgc-robot-wolf-2024", "name": "Robot wolf", "maker": "China South Industries Group", "makerId": "china-south-industries", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-11", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "assault support", "reconnaissance", "transport" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 70, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 20, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used in a PLA 76th Group Army exercise (reported July 2025); no verified combat use as of August 2026.", "summary": "A military quadruped first shown at Airshow China 2024, offered with rifle and other weapon modules, used in PLA exercises and paraded in Beijing in September 2025.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-fc793839d4", "hs-8094b28776", "hs-22eb1ef5d5", "hs-b01a255fda" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-11", "event": "Public unveiling at Airshow China 2024, Zhuhai", "url": "https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202507/1338433.shtml" }, "released": { "date": "2025-09-03", "note": "Appeared in the Beijing Victory Day parade" }, "components": { "other": "Quadruped ground combat robots from China South Industries Group; reports say they draw on commercial robot dogs such as the Unitree Go2. Public reports show versions carrying rifles, launchers or surveillance kit.", "sources": [ "hs-fc793839d4", "hs-8094b28776", "hs-22eb1ef5d5" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Military use only", "where": "China South Industries Group, China", "customers": "People's Liberation Army (first shown publicly in a 76th Group Army exercise in July 2025; also in the 3 September 2025 Beijing parade)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-09-03", "title": "\"What Is That?\"... China’s Parade Surprises with Debut of ‘Wolf Robot’", "summary": "Quadrupedal robot wolves appeared among the unmanned ground systems at the September 3, 2025 military parade in Beijing.", "publisher": "The Asia Business Daily", "url": "https://view.asiae.co.kr/en/article/2025090316184149480" }, { "date": "2025-07-16", "title": "Robot wolves join PLA drill", "summary": "State media showed armed and surveillance robot wolves alongside two infantry companies in their first public PLA exercise.", "publisher": "Defense Mirror", "url": "https://defensemirror.com/news/39873/China_Reveals_Robot_Wolves_____Quadrupedal_Drones_to_Fight_alongside_Soldiers" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Reports describe soldiers commanding and steering it while it walks and balances itself; its weapons need a person to fire, so it is at most supervised for that.", "video": { "id": "7wJMq_DG4BQ", "title": "China's 'Robotic Wolf' showcases AI defense innovations at Saudi-held World Defense Show 2026", "channel": "ShanghaiEye魔都眼" } }, { "id": "kubota-katr-2024", "name": "KATR", "maker": "Kubota", "makerId": "kubota", "country": "Japan", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-11-15", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "carrying materials", "farm and construction haulage", "inspection" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "agriculture", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 129, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A four-wheeled carrier whose wheels sit on four hydraulic legs that extend or retract to keep its deck level on slopes and rough ground. It carries about 129 kg and can be remote controlled or driven from onboard.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-c5544cb4cf", "hs-1390fe292a", "hs-edc9f3a996" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-11-15", "event": "Announced ahead of CES 2025 (shown at CES, January 2025)", "url": "https://www.kubota.com/news/2024/20241115.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "remote", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/kubota-katr-2024-1.jpg", "author": "Xuthoria", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CES_2025_-_Kubota_01.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 756, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "kaist-raibo2-2024", "name": "RAIBO 2", "maker": "KAIST Robotics and AI Lab", "makerId": "kaist", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-11-17", "status": "research", "purpose": [ "research", "endurance" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 9.5, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "The first quadruped to finish a full marathon (42.195 km) on one charge, in 4 h 19 min 52 s.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A research quadruped that ran the Sangju marathon on a 2,016 Wh battery with a third of its charge left, steered by a remote support team. Speed is its marathon average (5.9 mph).", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-27566e32f7", "hs-80f8791677", "hs-d3bc146665" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-11-17", "event": "Sangju marathon", "url": "https://www.popsci.com/technology/robot-dog-runs-marathon-one-charge/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "research only" }, "components": { "actuators": "Custom low-resistance motor driver boards and lightened legs designed for energy efficiency", "sensors": "Head camera streaming the route to a remote operator", "battery": "2,016 Wh, 16s10p lithium-ion pack; finished a full marathon with over a third left", "software": "Gait trained in simulation (RaiSim) with reinforcement learning, rewarding soft foot placement; steered by a human during the marathon", "other": "Ran 42.195 km in 4 h 19 min 52 s at the Sangju marathon on 17 November 2024, with a cost of transport of 0.25 (reported as lower than a human runner).", "sources": [ "hs-27566e32f7", "hs-80f8791677", "hs-98d2717c62" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Not sold (university research robot)", "where": "Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Lab, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-09-28", "title": "Marathon robot dog published in Nature", "summary": "Popular Science covered the Nature paper describing how RAIBO2 ran a marathon on one charge.", "publisher": "Popular Science", "url": "https://www.popsci.com/technology/robot-dog-runs-marathon-one-charge/" }, { "date": "2024-11-17", "title": "RAIBO2 finishes the Sangju marathon", "summary": "KAIST's lab reported RAIBO2 completed the full course on a single charge with a remote operation team.", "publisher": "KAIST RAI Lab", "url": "https://railab.kaist.ac.kr/sections/news.html" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "During the marathon a support team steered it remotely while it balanced and ran on its own.", "video": { "id": "TjHxxVJJ5jY", "title": "[자막뉴스] KAIST 4족보행 로봇 '라이보2', 세계 최초 마라톤 풀코스 완주 | 이슈픽", "channel": "MBN News" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kaist-raibo2-2024.jpg", "author": "KAIST Robotics and AI Lab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://railab.kaist.ac.kr/_images/Raibo2_on-jig.jpg", "page": "https://railab.kaist.ac.kr/_images/Raibo2_on-jig.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "gausium-beetle-2024", "name": "Beetle", "maker": "Gausium", "makerId": "gausium", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-11-19", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "sweeping warehouses and factories", "indoor and outdoor litter pickup" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 68, "weightKg": 102, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Gausium reports Beetle deployments at Coca-Cola warehouses (January 2026) and other factories and warehouses.", "summary": "A heavy-duty autonomous sweeper for warehouses, factories and outdoor yards that spots and picks up litter with cameras, holds 45 litres of debris and covers up to 3,240 m2 an hour. The Pro version (112 kg) has a 60 Ah battery for about 5 hours; the standard has 40 Ah for about 3 hours.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-dcadeda351", "hs-3b9595fe99", "hs-11bc70b8ec" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-11-19", "event": "Released as Gausium's newest autonomous sweeper at ISSA Show North America 2024, Las Vegas", "url": "https://gausium.com/news/issa-show-north-america-2024/" }, "released": { "date": "2024-11", "note": "Standard and Pro versions" }, "components": { "actuators": "High-power suction motor and side brushes for edge-to-edge sweeping", "sensors": "3D lidar, RGB camera and RGB-D camera", "battery": "40 Ah (3 h) on Standard; 60 Ah (5 h) on Pro", "software": "3D-lidar mapping and localization; AI spot cleaning that detects litter with RGB-D cameras; integrates with warehouse sliding doors", "other": "Industrial sweeper with 750 mm cleaning width (up to 3,240 m2/h), HEPA filtration with automatic filter cleaning; 102 kg (Standard) or 112 kg (Pro).", "sources": [ "hs-dcadeda351", "hs-3b9595fe99" ] }, "production": { "where": "Gausium, Shanghai, China", "customers": "Warehouses, factories and large facilities; no named customers found" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-11-19", "title": "Beetle launched at ISSA North America", "summary": "Gausium released the Beetle industrial sweeper with Omnie and Gausium Leaves at ISSA Show North America 2024 in Las Vegas.", "publisher": "Gausium", "url": "https://gausium.com/news/issa-show-north-america-2024/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It sweeps large sites and picks up litter it spots, by itself.", "video": { "id": "xkcoT-aKcoY", "title": "Beetle: The Ultimate Autonomous Sweeper for Industrial Cleaning", "channel": "Gausium Official" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/gausium-beetle-2024.jpg", "author": "Gausium", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://gausium.com/products/beetle/", "page": "https://gausium.com/products/beetle/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 622 } }, { "id": "collaborative-robotics-proxie-2024", "name": "Proxie", "maker": "Collaborative Robotics (Cobot)", "makerId": "collaborative", "country": "United States", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-11-20", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving carts, totes and boxes in hospitals and warehouses" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "healthcare", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not published", "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Early customers named include Mayo Clinic, Moderna, Owens & Minor and Tampa General Hospital (2024).", "summary": "A human-height mobile robot on four swerve-drive wheels with a vertical axis and gripper that latches onto carts and totes; its maker says it can move a 1,500 lb cart. It was kept secret from the company's 2022 founding by former Amazon robotics chief Brad Porter until late 2024.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-61d8981dc8", "hs-6cc7bee764", "hs-a8250ff059" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-11-20", "event": "First public unveiling", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/collaborative-robotics-unveils-proxie-mobile-manipulator/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "In paid pilots and customer sites; superseded by Proxie Gen 2 (2026)" }, "components": { "actuators": "Four swerve-drive wheel modules for near-holonomic motion; vertical linear axis", "hands": "Dual-arm cart-interfacing gripper (Flex Grasp) for pulling carts; a 6-DoF cobot arm was planned as an option", "sensors": "Cameras, lidar and inertial sensors; ScoutSense perception mast at human eye height", "compute": "NVIDIA Jetson on board; software validated in NVIDIA Isaac Sim and deployed with Isaac ROS", "battery": "Hot-swappable batteries", "software": "Vista fleet coordination; touchscreen face", "other": "Roughly human height; moves carts in hospitals, warehouses and factories.", "sources": [ "hs-61d8981dc8", "hs-ac9ad9feb1", "hs-6cc7bee764" ] }, "production": { "built": "About 30 Proxies were in trials in November 2024", "where": "Collaborative Robotics (Cobot), Santa Clara, California, United States", "customers": "Maersk, Mayo Clinic, Moderna, Owens & Minor, Tampa General Hospital" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-11-20", "title": "Cobot unveils Proxie", "summary": "Collaborative Robotics launched Proxie publicly, naming Maersk, Mayo Clinic, Moderna, Owens & Minor and Tampa General as first customers.", "publisher": "PR Newswire", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/introducing-proxie-cobots-collaborative-robot-built-for-the-real-world-302311699.html" }, { "date": "2024-11-20", "title": "Wired on Proxie trials", "summary": "Wired reported about 30 Proxies in testing had moved 16,000 carts over 5,000 operating hours.", "publisher": "Wired", "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/robot-army-proxie-humanoid/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It finds, latches onto and moves carts around hospitals and warehouses by itself.", "video": { "id": "Mi12ksKHQQQ", "title": "Cobot Introduces Proxie", "channel": "Cobot" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/collaborative-robotics-proxie-2024.jpg", "author": "Collaborative Robotics (Cobot)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.co.bot/", "page": "https://www.co.bot/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "unitree-b2-w-2024", "name": "B2-W", "maker": "Unitree Robotics", "makerId": "unitree", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-12", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "inspection", "carrying loads", "rescue" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 40, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not published by Unitree", "hands": "none", "firsts": "A wheel-legged industrial dog shown fording rivers, doing flips and carrying a rider.", "deployments": "Unitree said it had been in mass production for a year before the December 2024 video.", "summary": "A wheel-footed version of the B2 that can carry 40 kg. Press reports of its top speed conflict.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ce7c20caff", "hs-6ce55c55b2" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-12", "event": "Unitree video release", "url": "https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202412/27/WS676e12f6a310f1265a1d53ff.html" }, "released": { "date": "2023", "note": "Unitree says mass production began about a year before the video" }, "components": { "actuators": "Unitree's own high-performance leg joints with powered wheels at the feet", "compute": "Intel Core i5 (platform) and Intel Core i7 (user development) as standard; optional Core i7 or NVIDIA Orin NX, up to three computers", "battery": "Over 2 kWh at 58 V; about 30 km unloaded or 25 km with 40 kg", "materials": "IP67", "other": "About 85 kg with battery; carries over 40 kg walking and 120 kg standing; shown spinning, doing handstands and dropping 2.8 m.", "sources": [ "hs-3a69b5b47b", "hs-ce7c20caff" ] }, "production": { "built": "Unitree said it had been in mass production for about a year by December 2024", "where": "Unitree Robotics, Hangzhou, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-12-27", "title": "Unitree shows B2-W stunts", "summary": "A Unitree video showed the wheel-legged B2-W fording rivers and doing acrobatics; the company said it carries 40 kg.", "publisher": "China Daily", "url": "https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202412/27/WS676e12f6a310f1265a1d53ff.html" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Usually driven with a remote controller while it balances and rolls or walks itself.", "video": { "id": "X2UxtKLZnNo", "title": "Unitree B2-W Talent Awakening!", "channel": "Unitree Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/unitree-b2-w-2024.jpg", "author": "Unitree Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.unitree.com/b2-w", "page": "https://www.unitree.com/b2-w", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "logon-technology-rotunbot-rt-g-2024", "name": "Rotunbot RT-G", "maker": "Logon Technology", "makerId": "logon", "country": "China", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-12", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "street patrol", "suspect pursuit" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "security", "domain": [ "public-safety", "security" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 125, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 35, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Patrolled with Wenzhou police in a commercial district in December 2024.", "summary": "A 125 kg spherical rolling robot, derived from Zhejiang University research, that police in Wenzhou trialled on patrol. Press reports list a top speed of about 35 km/h and non-lethal tools such as a net launcher and tear-gas sprayer.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-31cd1ede82", "hs-2102329f3c", "hs-be6fbdd64c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-12", "event": "Police patrol trial in Wenzhou, Zhejiang", "url": "https://www.foxnews.com/tech/china-rolls-out-its-crime-fighting-ball-chase-down-criminals" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "remote", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/logon-technology-rotunbot-rt-g-2024.jpg", "author": "Logon Technology", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.foxnews.com/tech/china-rolls-out-its-crime-fighting-ball-chase-down-criminals", "page": "https://www.foxnews.com/tech/china-rolls-out-its-crime-fighting-ball-chase-down-criminals", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "devdroid-droid-tw-12-7-2024", "name": "Droid TW 12.7", "maker": "DevDroid", "makerId": "devdroid", "country": "Ukraine", "year": 2024, "date": "2024-12-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "fire support", "holding positions" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 29000, "priceNote": "Maker figure: about $29,000 per unit, built in 45 days (Soldier Systems Daily)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Maker says a 3rd Assault Brigade unit held an infantry position with it for about six weeks (unverified).", "summary": "A tracked robotic machine-gun platform controlled from a tablet. Codified by Ukraine in December 2024; a 7.62 mm version followed.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-961bbccbe3", "hs-e8d467c858", "hs-e9184c49a2" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2024-12-09", "event": "Codified by Ukraine's Ministry of Defence", "url": "https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3936157-ukrainian-defense-ministry-approves-ground-combat-drone-for-use-in-armed-forces.html" }, "released": { "date": "2024-12", "note": "In Ukrainian service" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tracked platform", "software": "Remote control from a tablet over a digital link; maker cites AI-assisted target recognition", "other": "Carries a Browning 12.7 mm machine gun on a remote station.", "sources": [ "hs-961bbccbe3", "hs-e8d467c858" ] }, "production": { "built": "DevDroid says a unit can be built in 45 days for about $29,000", "where": "DevDroid, Ukraine", "customers": "Armed Forces of Ukraine (codified by the Ministry of Defence in December 2024)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2024-12-11", "title": "Maker quotes $29,000 per unit", "summary": "Soldier Systems Daily relayed DevDroid's claim that each robot takes 45 days and about $29,000 to build.", "publisher": "Soldier Systems Daily", "url": "https://soldiersystems.net/2024/12/11/ukraine-army-type-classifies-droid-tw-12-7-new-robotic-combat-vehicle-armed-with-m2-mg/" }, { "date": "2024-12-09", "title": "Ukraine codifies Droid TW 12.7", "summary": "Ukraine's defence ministry approved the tracked machine-gun robot for military use after combat testing.", "publisher": "Ministry of Defence of Ukraine", "url": "https://mod.gov.ua/en/news/the-ministry-of-defence-has-codified-the-droid-tw-12-7-a-ukrainian-robotic-system-equipped-with-a-browning-12-7-machine-gun" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "A soldier drives it and aims and fires its gun remotely from a tablet.", "video": { "id": "yAM9TXfZHjk", "title": "Droid TW-12.7 – ударний НРК з Browning M2", "channel": "DevDroid" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/devdroid-droid-tw-12-7-2024.jpg", "author": "DevDroid", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://devdroid.tech/catalog/droid-tw/", "page": "https://devdroid.tech/catalog/droid-tw/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "cartken-hauler-2025", "name": "Cartken Hauler", "maker": "Cartken", "makerId": "cartken", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving materials and samples around industrial sites", "towing carts" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 102, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 300, "batteryHours": 16, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Melco Mobility Solutions, a Mitsubishi Electric affiliate, announced it would buy nearly 100 Haulers for Japanese industrial sites (reported July 2025).", "summary": "A larger outdoor version of Cartken's robot for factory campuses and rough ground, carrying up to 300 kg or towing about 1,000 kg; a temperature-controlled version carries lab samples.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-018f1c0ea0", "hs-4e61d1670c", "hs-8b8f8aa2a5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025", "event": "Launched in the first half of 2025 (exact date not found)", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/20/why-cartken-pivoted-its-focus-from-last-mile-delivery-to-industrial-robots/" }, "released": { "date": "2025", "note": "Cartken also lists an indoor Runner and a coming Mover pallet truck (1,500 kg); these are not covered here." }, "components": { "sensors": "Camera-first perception with depth and colour cameras and sensor fusion; no lidar; works without GPS", "compute": "NVIDIA Jetson (NVIDIA named Cartken as a Jetson user)", "battery": "16+ hours runtime; self-charging", "software": "AI navigation trained on years of Cartken delivery data; integrates with doors, gates and elevators; routes set up in minutes", "other": "Heavy-duty indoor-outdoor AMR carrying 300 kg (660 lb) and towing 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), with interchangeable compartments.", "sources": [ "hs-018f1c0ea0", "hs-4e61d1670c", "hs-1466695d32" ] }, "production": { "where": "Cartken, Oakland, California, United States", "customers": "Melco Mobility Solutions (Mitsubishi Electric group) said it would buy nearly 100 Haulers for Japanese industrial sites; ZF Lifetec was Cartken's first big industrial customer" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-07-20", "title": "Cartken pivots to industrial robots", "summary": "TechCrunch reported Cartken's shift from food delivery to factories and labs, the Hauler launch and an order for nearly 100 Haulers from a Mitsubishi company.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/20/why-cartken-pivoted-its-focus-from-last-mile-delivery-to-industrial-robots/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives materials around factory campuses by itself, with remote staff on hand for tricky spots.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cartken-hauler-2025.jpg", "author": "Cartken", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.cartken.com/", "page": "https://www.cartken.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 525 } }, { "id": "genisom-ai-gangbeng-l1-2025", "name": "Gangbeng L1", "maker": "Genisom AI (ZSIBOT, 智身科技)", "makerId": "genisom-ai", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "security patrol", "inspection", "education and research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "security", "inspection", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 15, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "successor Gangbeng L2 (June 2026) from 39,999 yuan; L1 price not opened", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Part of the 5,000 Genisom robots delivered by late December 2025 (36Kr, Jan 2026); Genisom reports monthly capacity of over 3,500 Gangbeng units (Gasgoo, Jun 2026).", "summary": "Genisom AI's small industrial quadruped, a 15 kg robot dog with IP54 sealing, 20 cm obstacle clearance and 50% power headroom aimed at light security and inspection work; L1-W wheel-leg and L1 EDU (Jetson Orin NX, lidar) versions exist. Succeeded by the Gangbeng L2 in 2026.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-639d7e34e4", "hs-52f0700e06", "hs-1396d49042" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025", "event": "In volume production by late 2025 (first unveiling event not found)", "url": "https://eu.36kr.com/zh/p/3625991999030533" }, "released": { "date": "2025", "note": "mass-produced and delivered by Dec 2025" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/genisom-ai-gangbeng-l1-2025.jpg", "author": "Genisom AI", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.genisomai.com/en/product-robot/L1", "page": "https://www.genisomai.com/en/product-robot/L1", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "toro-geolink-autonomous-fairway-mower", "name": "GeoLink Solutions Autonomous Fairway Mower", "maker": "The Toro Company", "makerId": "the-toro", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "golf fairway mowing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An autonomous golf fairway mower built on Toro's hybrid Greensmaster eTriFlex 3360, with a seat for manual driving when needed.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-542d13faa7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025", "event": "Launch (year from general reporting; not on the cited page)", "url": "https://sites.toro.com/commercial/autonomous/index.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "For golf courses" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/toro-geolink-autonomous-fairway-mower.jpg", "author": "The Toro Company", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.toro.com/en/product/04580AA", "page": "https://www.toro.com/en/product/04580AA", "kind": "maker", "w": 900, "h": 900 } }, { "id": "glydways-glydcar-2025", "name": "Glydcar", "maker": "Glydways", "makerId": "glydways", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "personal rapid transit", "airport and city shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Small electric driverless pods for up to four riders that run only on narrow dedicated guideways and are booked on demand like a ride-hail trip. Pilots are planned in Atlanta and East Contra Costa, with a San Jose airport line proposed.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5f37db47e2", "hs-4ef3ae2fc0", "hs-573dedbeb0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025", "event": "Full-system runs began at the Richmond (Hilltop) test hub (earliest dated public operation found)", "url": "https://www.grandviewindependent.com/cars-rolling-at-glydways-hilltop-hub-as-company-prepares-2026-pilot" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Public pilots planned from 2026 (East Contra Costa; Atlanta half-mile pilot)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Closed guideway test tracks in Concord (GoMentum) and Richmond, California", "since": "2025", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-10-11", "title": "Dubai starts a four-week trial of Glydways driverless pods", "summary": "Dubai's Roads and Transport Authority began testing Glydways' small autonomous electric pods on a dedicated route on Bluewaters Island; each pod carries four to six people.", "publisher": "The National", "url": "https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uae/2026/10/11/dubais-rta-launches-trial-of-driverless-glydways-electric-pod-network-on-bluewaters-island/" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/glydways-glydcar-2025.jpg", "author": "Glydways", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.glydways.com", "page": "https://www.glydways.com", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "neolix-x12-2025", "name": "Neolix X12 (H12)", "maker": "Neolix (Xinshiqi)", "makerId": "neolix", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "intra-city freight", "regional distribution" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 65, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "No published price found", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Listed as Neolix's newest model in Nov 2025 and shown as the intra-city flagship at CES 2026.", "summary": "Neolix's largest 12-cubic-metre robovan, a light-truck-class vehicle for suburban and city-to-town distribution, said to carry roughly 1,500-2,000 parcels. Neolix calls it X12 in some material and H12 in others.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4991e133d0", "hs-2bb35a88f7", "hs-bd43bfa779" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025", "event": "Described as newest Neolix model (exact launch date not found)", "url": "https://www.mg21.com/neolix.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Launch and first-delivery dates not confirmed" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "China (specific cities not stated)", "since": null, "fleet": "No model-specific count published. Neolix-wide (all models): over 27,000 vehicles as of 20 Aug 2026 (Phoenix Tech, Aug 2026); about 27,000 deployed in 320+ cities (Neolix press release, Sep 2026); target over 50,000 by end of 2026 (company)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 200 } }, { "id": "serve-robotics-gen3-2025", "name": "Serve Gen 3 robot", "maker": "Serve Robotics", "makerId": "serve", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "sidewalk food delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold; CEO says Gen 3 costs a third of Gen 2 to build", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Serve calls its fleet the largest sidewalk delivery fleet in the US.", "deployments": "Serve passed 2,000 deployed robots in December 2025 across Los Angeles, Atlanta, Dallas-Fort Worth, Miami, Chicago and more.", "summary": "Third-generation sidewalk delivery robot, said to be nearly twice as fast with double the range of Gen 2 and room for four large pizzas. Serve spun out of Uber in 2021.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4724515e4b", "hs-8ea1b24c19", "hs-ce9b99a413" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025", "event": "Gen 3 introduced during 2025 fleet build-out", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/serve-robotics-has-deployed-2000-delivery-robots-across-u-s/" }, "released": { "date": "2024-10", "note": "Serve says Gen 3 production began in October 2024; 1,000 deployed by October 2025" }, "components": { "battery": "Serve says Gen 3 runs about six more hours a day and twice the distance of Gen 2", "software": "SAE Level 4 autonomy on sidewalks and crossings; Serve reports a 99.8% delivery completion rate", "other": "Insulated cargo bay holding up to four large pizzas plus sides; nearly twice as fast as Gen 2; fail-safe mechanical brakes and an emergency braking system that stops 40% faster.", "sources": [ "hs-4724515e4b", "hs-8ea1b24c19" ] }, "production": { "built": "Production began October 2024; 1,000 Gen 3 robots by October 2025 and more than 2,000 robots (fleet) by December 2025", "customers": "Uber Eats and DoorDash (multi-year deal from October 2025); 7-Eleven and many restaurant brands; operating in Los Angeles, Miami, Dallas-Fort Worth, Atlanta, Chicago and Fort Lauderdale" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-08-11", "title": "Uber sells its whole Serve stake", "summary": "Uber disclosed it had sold all its Serve shares as the two companies' business models diverged.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/08/11/uber-surprised-robotics-company-serve-by-selling-its-entire-stake/" }, { "date": "2025-12-16", "title": "Serve passes 2,000 robots", "summary": "Serve said it had deployed more than 2,000 sidewalk robots, a twentyfold fleet increase in 2025.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/serve-robotics-has-deployed-2000-delivery-robots-across-u-s/" }, { "date": "2025-10-09", "title": "DoorDash signs up Serve", "summary": "DoorDash agreed a multi-year deal to use Serve robots, starting in Los Angeles.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/09/doordash-to-use-serve-robotics-sidewalk-robots-for-deliveries-in-los-angeles/" } ], "availability": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "how": "Delivery service ordered through Uber Eats or DoorDash; the maker's pages list no robot sale or lease", "support": "A contact page and an FAQ page; no warranty or service terms", "note": "The pages name no operating cities for the robot. The Software page describes Serve's remote-monitoring software, not a robot product.", "source": "https://www.serverobotics.com/robot" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives sidewalks to deliver orders by itself, with remote supervisors who can help if it gets stuck.", "video": { "id": "v5oxF3IJ7DE", "title": "Introducing the third-generation Serve robot", "channel": "Serve Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/serve-robotics-gen3-2025.jpg", "author": "Serve Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.serverobotics.com/robot", "page": "https://www.serverobotics.com/robot", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 525 } }, { "id": "genisom-ai-tongchui-m1-2025", "name": "Tongchui M1", "maker": "Genisom AI (ZSIBOT, 智身科技)", "makerId": "genisom-ai", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "power and utility inspection", "firefighting support", "heavy-load carrying", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "public-safety", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 35, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 30, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Genisom said it had produced and delivered 5,000 robots (M1 and Gangbeng L1 combined) by late December 2025 (36Kr, Jan 2026) and 10,000 by June 2026 (Gasgoo, Jun 2026); M1 Pro and M1 Ultra variants followed in March 2026.", "summary": "The heavy-duty quadruped of Beijing start-up Genisom AI (founded 2023), weighing 35 kg and carrying a 30 kg continuous walking payload on in-house P85MAX-S joints with 180 N·m peak torque.; first unveiling date not published", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-639d7e34e4", "hs-52f0700e06", "hs-1396d49042" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025", "event": "In volume production by late 2025 (first unveiling event not found)", "url": "https://eu.36kr.com/zh/p/3625991999030533" }, "released": { "date": "2025", "note": "mass-produced and delivered by Dec 2025" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/genisom-ai-tongchui-m1-2025.jpg", "author": "Genisom AI", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.genisomai.com/en/product-robot/M1", "page": "https://www.genisomai.com/en/product-robot/M1", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "white-rhino-r5-2025", "name": "White Rhino R5", "maker": "White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai)", "makerId": "white-rhino", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "No published price found", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used by courier franchisees for SF Express, ZTO and China Post; a Wuhan customer cut per-parcel cost from RMB 0.2 to 0.1 (36Kr, Dec 2025).", "summary": "White Rhino's main robovan series, with a 5.5-cubic-metre box for more than 500 parcels and over 120 km of range when full. Its active fleet grew from about 100 vehicles in late 2023 to more than 2,000 by December 2025.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8dfcfdc928" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025", "event": "First documented as main product in Dec 2025 report (launch date not found)", "url": "https://eu.36kr.com/en/p/3597598153785352" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Sold or leased to courier networks" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "More than 170 cities (36Kr, Dec 2025), incl. Wuhan", "since": null, "fleet": "More than 2,000 active White Rhino vehicles, all models (36Kr, Dec 2025); company target 5,000 daily active by 2026", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 120 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/white-rhino-r5-2025.jpg", "author": "White Rhino", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.rino.ai/products/cargo-van-r5.html", "page": "https://www.rino.ai/products/cargo-van-r5.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 875, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "john-deere-460-p-tier-autonomous-adt-2025", "name": "460 P-Tier autonomous articulated dump truck", "maker": "John Deere", "makerId": "john-deere", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-01", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "construction", "quarry hauling" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Autonomy kit to come pre-installed or as a dealer retrofit; price not announced", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Being tested at a quarry near Las Vegas in 2025.", "summary": "An articulated dump truck with Deere's second-generation autonomy kit of 16 cameras giving a 360-degree view, hauling between load and dump zones set in the John Deere Operations Center.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e2a1fda535", "hs-e564fb68ff" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-01", "event": "CES 2025 press conference, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.rermag.com/earthmoving/article/55253423/john-deere-shows-new-autonomous-machines-technology-at-ces-2025" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "In testing" }, "autonomy": "supervised" }, { "id": "john-deere-autonomous-5ml-2025", "name": "Autonomous 5ML orchard tractor", "maker": "John Deere", "makerId": "john-deere", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-01", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "driverless orchard spraying" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An orchard tractor using the second-generation kit plus lidar for dense canopies where GPS is weak; diesel first, battery version to follow.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-32eca3079b", "hs-d9c84d8775", "hs-2d49b792dd" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-01", "event": "Shown at CES 2025", "url": "https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/equipment/article/2025/01/07/deere-reveals-newest-autonomous-ces" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Second-generation Deere autonomy camera kit plus added lidar, because dense tree canopies can block satellite guidance", "compute": "Deere's own air-cooled embedded vision processing units built on NVIDIA Orin GPUs", "software": "Run and monitored from John Deere Operations Center Mobile, with live video and alerts", "other": "Orchard tractor for air-blast spraying at about 2.5 mph; initial version is diesel, with a battery-electric tractor to follow.", "sources": [ "hs-32eca3079b", "hs-072650695f" ] }, "production": { "where": "Deere & Company, United States", "customers": "Fruit and nut growers targeted" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-01-06", "title": "Deere shows autonomous orchard tractor at CES", "summary": "Deere revealed its second-generation autonomy kit and four autonomous machines, including the 5ML orchard tractor, at CES 2025.", "publisher": "DTN/Progressive Farmer", "url": "https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/equipment/article/2025/01/07/deere-reveals-newest-autonomous-ces" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It works orchard rows with nobody in the cab while the farmer monitors it from a phone.", "video": { "id": "iE_C4mgu--4", "title": "5ML Autonomous Orchard Tractor Multiplies Tree Nut Farmer Productivity | John Deere Precision Ag", "channel": "John Deere (@JohnDeere)" } }, { "id": "john-deere-autonomous-9rx-2025", "name": "Autonomous 9RX tractor", "maker": "John Deere", "makerId": "john-deere", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-01", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "driverless large-scale field work" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A large tractor with Deere's second-generation kit: 16 cameras for a 360-degree view, about 40% faster work and implements twice as wide.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-32eca3079b", "hs-d9c84d8775", "hs-d2fc4f2f13", "hs-2d49b792dd" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-01", "event": "Shown at CES 2025", "url": "https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/equipment/article/2025/01/07/deere-reveals-newest-autonomous-ces" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Testing with a limited number of customers in 2025" }, "components": { "sensors": "Second-generation autonomy kit with 16 cameras in pods for a 360-degree view and better long-range depth", "compute": "Deere's own air-cooled embedded vision processing units built on NVIDIA Orin GPUs", "software": "Started and supervised from John Deere Operations Center Mobile; Deere says the wider view lets it drive about 40% faster and pull implements twice as wide", "other": "Large-farm tillage tractor; the kit comes factory-installed or as a retrofit for some existing tractors.", "sources": [ "hs-d2fc4f2f13", "hs-072650695f" ] }, "production": { "where": "Deere & Company, United States", "customers": "Large-scale grain farmers targeted" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-01-07", "title": "Autonomous 9RX on Deere's CES stand", "summary": "Profi described the 9RX as one of four autonomous machines Deere showed at CES 2025.", "publisher": "Profi", "url": "https://www.profi.co.uk/news/john-deere-shows-autonomous-9rx/" }, { "date": "2025-01-06", "title": "Deere expands autonomy at CES", "summary": "Deere said its second-generation kit would bring full autonomy to more tractors, trucks and mowers.", "publisher": "DTN/Progressive Farmer", "url": "https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/equipment/article/2025/01/07/deere-reveals-newest-autonomous-ces" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It works fields with nobody in the cab while the farmer monitors it from a phone.", "video": { "id": "gXbJA1XD0tU", "title": "Precision, Power & Possibility | John Deere Autonomous Tractors", "channel": "John Deere (@JohnDeere)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/john-deere-autonomous-9rx-2025.jpg", "author": "John Deere", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.deere.com/en-us/john-deere-news/autonomous-9rx", "page": "https://www.deere.com/en-us/john-deere-news/autonomous-9rx", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "john-deere-autonomous-electric-mower-2025", "name": "Autonomous battery-electric mower", "maker": "John Deere", "makerId": "john-deere", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-01", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "commercial landscaping mowing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A driverless electric commercial mower using a scaled-down version of Deere's camera autonomy.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-32eca3079b", "hs-eeebf3e852", "hs-2d49b792dd" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-01", "event": "Shown at CES 2025", "url": "https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/equipment/article/2025/01/07/deere-reveals-newest-autonomous-ces" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Pairs of cameras on the front, left, right and rear for 360-degree coverage (scaled-down version of Deere's autonomy cameras)", "battery": "Battery-electric drive", "software": "Deere autonomy stack managed through Operations Center Mobile", "sources": [ "hs-eeebf3e852", "hs-32eca3079b" ] }, "production": { "where": "Deere & Company, United States", "customers": "Commercial landscaping contractors targeted" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-01-07", "title": "Deere's autonomous mower shown at CES", "summary": "Golf Business News covered the battery mower among Deere's new autonomous machines for landscaping.", "publisher": "Golf Business News", "url": "https://golfbusinessnews.com/news/greenkeeping/john-deere-unveils-new-autonomous-machines-and-technology-at-ces-2025/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It mows by itself, with a person starting the job and monitoring from a phone.", "video": { "id": "HDzlPrPRBKU", "title": "Nothing Runs Like a Deere. Autonomously. | John Deere CES 2025 Press Conference", "channel": "John Deere (@JohnDeere)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/john-deere-autonomous-electric-mower-2025.jpg", "author": "John Deere (Deere & Company)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.vision-systems.com/non-factory/environment-agriculture/article/55260623/john-deere-unveils-new-autonomous-machines", "page": "https://www.vision-systems.com/non-factory/environment-agriculture/article/55260623/john-deere-unveils-new-autonomous-machines", "kind": "maker", "w": 720, "h": 405 } }, { "id": "komatsu-autonomous-electric-amphibious-dozer-2025", "name": "Autonomous electric amphibious bulldozer", "maker": "Komatsu (with Asunaro Aoki Construction)", "makerId": "komatsu", "country": "Japan", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-01", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "construction", "underwater earthmoving", "river and coastal works" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Electric, autonomous successor to Komatsu's 1971 radio-controlled amphibious bulldozer, the first of its kind.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A working all-electric prototype dozer that drives on riverbeds and seabeds under remote supervision, with a 450 kWh battery and four-hour charge; it can work 7 m deep for now, with 50 m planned.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d6cdace190", "hs-26f0f7e486", "hs-3f12d98372" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-01", "event": "Prototype shown at CES 2025, Las Vegas (project announced August 2023)", "url": "https://www.komatsu.com/en-za/newsroom/2025/coolest-ev-ces-komatsu-underwater-bulldozer" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Showcased for Expo 2025 Osaka" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/komatsu-autonomous-electric-amphibious-dozer-2025.jpg", "author": "Komatsu (with Asunaro Aoki Construction)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.komatsu.com/content/dam/komatsu/websites/south-africa/images/press-release-photos/underwater-bulldozer.png", "page": "https://www.komatsu.com/content/dam/komatsu/websites/south-africa/images/press-release-photos/underwater-bulldozer.png", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 562 } }, { "id": "embotech-terberg-automated-terminal-tractor-2025", "name": "Embotech / Terberg automated electric terminal tractor", "maker": "Terberg with Embotech", "makerId": "terberg", "country": "Netherlands", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-01", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "container moving" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "port-yard", "domain": [ "ports", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Ten automated tractors were on site at Maasvlakte II by April 2026, with a 30-vehicle fleet due in service in Q1 2027.", "summary": "Battery-electric Terberg terminal tractors fitted at the factory with Embotech's Level 4 driving system for APM Terminals Maasvlakte II. The system gained TÜV SÜD safety certification and CE marking in late 2025.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9af7efbea3", "hs-884de7b01d", "hs-03fdf338b1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-01", "event": "APM Terminals Maasvlakte II deal with Embotech and Terberg", "url": "https://www.electrive.net/2025/01/15/rotterdamer-hafen-bekommt-autonome-terminal-trucks/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "APM Terminals Maasvlakte II, Port of Rotterdam, Netherlands", "since": null, "fleet": "10 on site, 30 planned (APM Terminals / Embotech, April 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/embotech-terberg-automated-terminal-tractor-2025.jpg", "author": "Terberg with Embotech", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://embotech.ai/", "page": "https://embotech.ai/", "kind": "maker", "w": 972, "h": 855 } }, { "id": "raise-robotics-facade-bracket-robot-2025", "name": "Facade bracket installation robot", "maker": "Raise Robotics", "makerId": "raise", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-01", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "construction", "installing curtain-wall brackets", "facade fastening" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used by Harmon on high-rise glazing projects and by TSI on a Reston, Virginia facade job.", "summary": "A battery-powered mobile robot with two Universal Robots UR20 arms that scans anchor channels at the slab edge and installs facade bracket fasteners from inside the guardrail. Its drive type is not stated in the sources.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-a4f4fe8685" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-01", "event": "Harmon and Universal Robots case study coverage", "url": "https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-completes-construction-tasks" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Deployed with contractors; no general product launch found" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/raise-robotics-facade-bracket-robot-2025.jpg", "author": "Raise Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://raiserobotics.ai/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/148-2048x1152.jpg", "page": "https://raiserobotics.ai/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/148-2048x1152.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "roborock-saros-z70-2025", "name": "Saros Z70", "maker": "Roborock", "makerId": "roborock", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "floor cleaning", "picking up small objects" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Prices reported from about $1,600 (CES 2025 announcement) to a $2,599 US list price; EUR 1,799 recommended price in Germany", "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Presented as the first mass-produced robot vacuum with a built-in robotic arm.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A robot vacuum and mop with a fold-out five-axis arm that picks up light items such as socks before it cleans.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-20757d5fd4", "hs-0fde8fc5e9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-01", "event": "CES 2025, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.notebookcheck.net/Roborock-Saros-Z70-New-robot-vacuum-with-robotic-arm-launching-globally.940999.0.html" }, "released": { "date": "2025", "note": "On sale in 2025 in the US, UK and Europe" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/roborock-saros-z70-2025.jpg", "author": "Roborock", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://global.roborock.com/pages/roborock-saros-z70", "page": "https://global.roborock.com/pages/roborock-saros-z70", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 953 } }, { "id": "cainiao-gt-pro-2025", "name": "Cainiao GT Pro", "maker": "Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026", "makerId": "cainiao-brand-licensed-to-zelos-from-2026", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-01-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": 220, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "No published price found", "hands": "none", "firsts": "First major upgrade of Cainiao's public-road robovan line.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A compact-car-sized robovan (3.69 m long) with a 5-cubic-metre box for 600-800 parcels, 180 km range, one lidar and eleven cameras. Since January 2026 Zelos manages the Cainiao vehicle brand and Cainiao no longer builds or sells the vehicles itself.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-f307dedd95", "hs-3457ed3f00" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-01-06", "event": "Cainiao press release, Hangzhou", "url": "https://technode.global/prnasia/cainiao-deploys-latest-l4-autonomous-delivery-vehicle-for-public-roads/" }, "released": { "date": "2025-01", "note": "Deployed to courier customers" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Chinese provinces where Cainiao GT operated; now within the Zelos network", "since": null, "fleet": "No model-specific count. Zelos-wide (all models): about 20,000 vehicles in early 2026 including the merged Cainiao fleet, operating in 300+ cities (KrASIA/36Kr, Feb 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 180 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cainiao-gt-pro-2025.jpg", "author": "Cainiao; brand licensed to Zelos from 2026", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://logistixnews.com/2025/02/03/cainiao-brazo-logistico-de-alibaba-lanza-vehiculo-autonomo/", "page": "https://logistixnews.com/2025/02/03/cainiao-brazo-logistico-de-alibaba-lanza-vehiculo-autonomo/", "kind": "maker", "w": 600, "h": 470 } }, { "id": "milrem-havoc-2025", "name": "HAVOC 8x8 RCV", "maker": "Milrem Robotics", "makerId": "milrem", "country": "Estonia", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-02", "status": "concept", "purpose": [ "fire support", "counter-drone", "anti-armour" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 12000, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 110, "payloadKg": 5000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An 8x8 wheeled robotic combat vehicle shown as a full-size mock-up at IDEX 2025, designed to carry up to five tonnes of turrets or sensors.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b032254fa6", "hs-0493c32b37", "hs-99489f6fae" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-02", "event": "IDEX 2025, Abu Dhabi (mock-up)", "url": "https://www.edrmagazine.eu/milrem-robotics-unveils-cutting-edge-8x8-robotic-combat-vehicle-at-idex-2025" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Concept/mock-up stage" }, "components": { "actuators": "All-wheel hybrid-electric drive (8x8)", "software": "AI-assisted navigation; shares subsystems with Milrem's tracked RCV", "other": "Mock-up shown at IDEX 2025: about 6.5 m long, 2.7 m wide, about 12 t empty, 5 t payload (shown with a turreted 30 mm cannon), up to 110 km/h on road and 600 km range. A tracked sibling called Vector is in development.", "sources": [ "hs-b2bfc8b8be", "hs-b032254fa6", "hs-99489f6fae" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Concept; no orders reported", "where": "Milrem Robotics, Estonia (majority owned by EDGE Group, UAE)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-02-22", "title": "HAVOC mock-up on EDGE stand at IDEX", "summary": "European Security & Defence reported the full-size HAVOC concept and its key dimensions at IDEX 2025.", "publisher": "European Security & Defence", "url": "https://euro-sd.com/2025/02/major-news/42749/milrem-unveils-havoc-8x8-rcv/" }, { "date": "2025-02-11", "title": "Milrem announces HAVOC launch", "summary": "Milrem said it would launch the hybrid 8x8 robotic combat vehicle at IDEX 2025.", "publisher": "EDR Magazine", "url": "https://www.edrmagazine.eu/milrem-robotics-unveils-cutting-edge-8x8-robotic-combat-vehicle-at-idex-2025" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Only a mock-up so far; Milrem says it will use the same autonomy system as its other robots, which drive themselves under operator watch, and any weapon would need a person to authorise firing.", "video": { "id": "3AF440v4IOo", "title": "Milrem Robotics launches the HAVOC 8×8 Robotic Combat Vehicle", "channel": "Milrem Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/milrem-havoc-2025.jpg", "author": "Milrem Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://milremrobotics.com/havoc-rcv/", "page": "https://milremrobotics.com/havoc-rcv/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "exotec-skypod-next-generation-2025", "name": "Next Generation Skypod", "maker": "Exotec", "makerId": "exotec", "country": "France", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-02-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "storage and retrieval", "each picking", "case picking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A smaller redesigned Skypod robot that climbs storage racks, with robot-to-robot picking stations. Exotec says workstation throughput rises 50% and storage density up to 30% over the first generation.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-bc3f667de4", "hs-a3783bbc63" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-02-06", "event": "Commercial launch", "url": "https://www.automatedwarehouseonline.com/exotec-launches-next-generation-skypod-system/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/exotec-skypod-next-generation-2025.jpg", "author": "Exotec", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.exotec.com/en-gb/news/", "page": "https://www.exotec.com/en-gb/news/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "weride-robovan-w5-2025", "name": "Robovan W5", "maker": "WeRide", "makerId": "weride", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-02-06", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "delivery", "urban logistics" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "no price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Launched in Guangzhou in February 2025 for express parcels, city distribution and point-to-point logistics; WeRide's earlier Robovan received a fully driverless road-test permit in Guangzhou in May 2024.", "summary": "A seatless Level 4 cargo vehicle with 5.5 cubic metres of space, up to 1,000 kg payload and up to 220 km range, aimed at urban delivery around the clock. Classified as a delivery vehicle rather than a truck because it serves city distribution, not middle-mile freight.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-270ac61680" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-02-06", "event": "WeRide product launch, Guangzhou", "url": "https://ir.weride.ai/news-releases/news-release-details/weride-launches-robovan-w5-pioneering-new-class-autonomous" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "product launched Feb 2025; customer deployments not published" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Guangzhou (WeRide's Robovan line holds a fully driverless road-test permit covering six districts plus Nansha, per WeRide, May 2024)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": 220 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/weride-robovan-w5-2025.jpg", "author": "WeRide", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.weride.ai/products", "page": "https://www.weride.ai/products", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 800 } }, { "id": "carbon-robotics-laserweeder-g2-2025", "name": "LaserWeeder G2", "maker": "Carbon Robotics", "makerId": "carbon", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-02-10", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "laser weeding" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 6350, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Official price not published; a podcast description cites about $1.4 million for the 20-ft model (unverified)", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Uses computer vision to find weeds and kill them with lasers, without herbicide.", "deployments": "Carbon says it serves 200+ growers in 15 countries.", "summary": "A tractor-pulled implement in modular widths from 6.6 ft to 60 ft (1,928 to 6,350 kg) with 240-watt lasers, said to work up to twice as fast as the first LaserWeeder.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-701ea90e58", "hs-46c46fb4ae", "hs-fa3f440e0c", "hs-31161e347c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-02-10", "event": "Product line introduced", "url": "https://businesswire.com/news/home/20250210556114/en/Carbon-Robotics-Introduces-Faster-Lighter-and-Modular-LaserWeeder-G2-Product-Line" }, "released": { "date": "2025", "note": "Towed implement rather than self-propelled; Carbon also sells a tractor autonomy kit" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tractor-pulled implement built from sealed weeding modules; each module has two 240 W lasers", "sensors": "Three high-resolution cameras per module", "compute": "Two NVIDIA GPUs per module; fully liquid-cooled", "software": "Carbon AI, powered since 2026 by Carbon's Large Plant Model, which recognizes new weed species without retraining", "other": "Modular widths from about 6.6 to 60 ft (8 to 40 ft listed on the product page); from 4,250 lb; about twice as fast as the first LaserWeeder.", "sources": [ "hs-ba20943a35", "hs-701ea90e58" ] }, "production": { "where": "Carbon Robotics, Seattle, United States", "customers": "Tanimura & Antle; other LaserWeeder users named by Carbon include Grimmway Farms, Duncan Family Farms and Triangle Farms; robots work on more than 100 farms in 15 countries" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-02-02", "title": "Carbon launches Large Plant Model", "summary": "Carbon released an AI model trained on 150 million plant images so LaserWeeders can target new weeds instantly.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/02/02/carbon-robotics-built-an-ai-model-that-detects-and-identifies-plants/" }, { "date": "2025-02-10", "title": "LaserWeeder G2 debuts", "summary": "Carbon introduced a faster, lighter, modular LaserWeeder line in widths for small to very large farms.", "publisher": "Precision Farming Dealer", "url": "https://www.precisionfarmingdealer.com/articles/6380-carbon-robotics-introduces-faster-lighter-and-modular-laserweeder-g2-product-line" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "A person drives the tractor that pulls it, but it finds and lasers the weeds entirely by itself.", "video": { "id": "wYyW2mEgXDk", "title": "Introducing LaserWeeder G2 Product Line", "channel": "Carbon Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/carbon-robotics-laserweeder-g2-2025.jpg", "author": "Carbon Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://carbonrobotics.com/laserweeder", "page": "https://carbonrobotics.com/laserweeder", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 562 } }, { "id": "addverb-trakr-2-0-2025", "name": "Trakr 2.0", "maker": "Addverb (Reliance Industries)", "makerId": "addverb", "country": "India", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-02-13", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "material handling", "inspection", "security patrol" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics", "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 20, "batteryHours": 1.5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "The second version of Addverb's quadruped adds stereo cameras, stronger vision and gesture control so workers can direct it for carrying jobs, with a 20 kg payload and about 90 minutes per charge. Addverb said Indian Army and Navy interest was driving its security use.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-9b4cd4650e", "hs-47d5e69771" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-02-13", "event": "LogiMAT India 2025, Mumbai", "url": "https://addverb.com/press-release/addverb-launches-new-warehouse-robots-trakr-2-0-brisk-and-hoca-at-logimat-india-2025/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "launched at LogiMAT India 2025; price not published" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/addverb-trakr-2-0-2025.jpg", "author": "Addverb (Reliance)", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://addverb.com/press-release/addverb-launches-new-warehouse-robots-trakr-2-0-brisk-and-hoca-at-logimat-india-2025/", "page": "https://addverb.com/press-release/addverb-launches-new-warehouse-robots-trakr-2-0-brisk-and-hoca-at-logimat-india-2025/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 584 } }, { "id": "aiten-ape15-2025", "name": "APe15", "maker": "AiTEN Robotics", "makerId": "aiten", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous pallet transport" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 186, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5.4, "payloadKg": 1500, "batteryHours": 6, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An autonomous pallet mover (low-lift forklift) that carries 1,500 kg pallets horizontally between production, storage and shipping and can also be driven manually", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-681e37bd31", "hs-577becd592", "hs-2123201d3a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-03", "event": "Global debut at LogiMAT 2025, Stuttgart", "url": "https://www.aitenrobot.com/news/aiten-logimat-2025-finishes-perfectly-five-intelligent-forklift-trucks-make-their-global-debut-defining-new-heights-of-industrial-logistics" }, "released": { "date": "2025", "note": "" }, "components": { "actuators": "Steering-wheel (single drive wheel) chassis with a steering handle for manual driving", "sensors": "360-degree lidar-based multi-sensor fusion; pallet-recognition perception that copes with tilted pallets", "battery": "Lithium iron phosphate; about 2-hour automatic charge for up to 6 hours of work", "software": "AiTEN in-house laser SLAM navigation and obstacle avoidance; RDS robot dispatch system for multi-robot scheduling; one-button switch between manual, single and fleet modes", "other": "Automated guided pallet truck rated for 1,500 kg; designed for L-shaped and S-curve aisles; CE certified.", "sources": [ "hs-681e37bd31", "hs-577becd592" ] }, "production": { "where": "AiTEN Robotics, Hangzhou, China", "customers": "No named customers found" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-03-14", "title": "APe15 among five AiTEN forklifts at LogiMAT", "summary": "AiTEN gave the APe15 and four other autonomous forklifts their global debut at LogiMAT 2025 in Stuttgart.", "publisher": "AiTEN Robotics", "url": "https://www.aitenrobot.com/news/aiten-logimat-2025-finishes-perfectly-five-intelligent-forklift-trucks-make-their-global-debut-defining-new-heights-of-industrial-logistics" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It moves pallets between areas on its own and can also be driven by hand.", "video": { "id": "2_urTK1S_sA", "title": "Reveal AiTEN Handling Robot APe15 Functions", "channel": "AiTEN Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/aiten-ape15-2025.jpg", "author": "AiTEN Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aitenrobot.com/products/ape15", "page": "https://www.aitenrobot.com/products/ape15", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 496 } }, { "id": "avride-hyundai-ioniq-5-robotaxi-2025", "name": "Avride robotaxi (Hyundai IONIQ 5)", "maker": "Avride (Nebius Group)", "makerId": "avride", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-03", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Paid Uber rides in a nine-square-mile area of downtown Dallas since 3 December 2025, with a safety operator; testing in Austin and in Seoul's Gangnam district.", "summary": "IONIQ 5s built at Hyundai's Georgia plant and retrofitted with Avride's lidar, radar and camera system. Avride grew out of Yandex's self-driving unit.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-37b05717b1", "hs-907a2f910a", "hs-8e1105d35c", "hs-267e64369c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-03", "event": "Hyundai-Avride partnership announced", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/03/05/hyundai-pairs-up-with-yandex-spinoff-avride-to-develop-robotaxis" }, "released": { "date": "2025-12-03", "note": "Uber riders in Dallas matched at no extra cost (safety operator on board)" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Dallas (Uber); Austin and Seoul (testing)", "since": null, "fleet": "200 robotaxis (Avride, April 2026)", "usage": "1.3 million autonomous miles (Avride, 2026, undated)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/avride-hyundai-ioniq-5-robotaxi-2025.jpg", "author": "Avride", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.avride.ai", "page": "https://www.avride.ai", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 562 } }, { "id": "locus-robotics-array-2025", "name": "Locus Array", "maker": "Locus Robotics", "makerId": "locus", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "picking and consolidating orders in the aisle", "putaway and replenishment" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "DHL Supply Chain runs Array in live operations as the first early-access customer; UPS is also named as an early user (2026).", "summary": "A fully autonomous mobile picking robot that combines a wheeled base, a picking arm with a soft gripper and AI vision to pick items from standard shelving into totes without human pickers. Locus sells it as a robots-as-a-service system.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-ebf402743d", "hs-6fd5c96ee4", "hs-79634aefac", "hs-1feabfd409" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-03", "event": "Previewed at LogiMAT (Stuttgart) and ProMat (Chicago), March 2025, per Locus CEO blog", "url": "https://locusrobotics.com/blog/array-warehouse-automation-fulfillment" }, "released": { "date": "2026-04-13", "note": "Global launch at MODEX 2026 after early-access deployments including DHL Supply Chain" }, "components": { "actuators": "Omnidirectional mobile base with an integrated picking arm and lift", "hands": "Single NeuraGrasp soft, compliant gripper (Locus patent) that handles polybags, pouches and loose items without tool changes", "sensors": "AI-powered vision perception", "compute": "Locus says its foundation models and inference run on NVIDIA edge hardware (LocusINTELLIGENCE)", "software": "LocusONE orchestrates Array with Locus Origin and Vector robots; handles picking, putaway, induction, replenishment and slotting", "other": "Robots-to-goods model working in standard racking; sold as robots-as-a-service.", "sources": [ "hs-ebf402743d", "hs-ff4789e9a3" ] }, "production": { "where": "Locus Robotics, Wilmington, Massachusetts, United States", "customers": "DHL Supply Chain live as an early-access customer; other early-access sites in North America" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-04-13", "title": "Locus launches Array globally", "summary": "Locus made Array generally available at MODEX 2026 after early deployments, naming DHL Supply Chain as a live customer.", "publisher": "Locus Robotics", "url": "https://locusrobotics.com/news/locus-robotics-locus-array-launch/" }, { "date": "2026-04-13", "title": "Robot Report on Array's design", "summary": "The Robot Report said Array was first shown at ProMat 2025 and detailed its arm, perception and fleet software.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/locus-robotics-launches-locus-array/" }, { "date": "2025-09-30", "title": "Array cited in QKS AMR ranking", "summary": "QKS Group named Locus a top AMR leader and cited Array as a major innovation.", "publisher": "Locus Robotics", "url": "https://locusrobotics.com/news/global-leader-and-emerging-innovator-in-2025-qksspark-amr/" } ], "availability": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "regions": "Early access deployments in North America; Europe and Asia-Pacific named as next regions, no dates", "how": "Delivered as a robots-as-a-service subscription; a demo request form is on the maker's site", "support": "A customer success and support team is listed on the maker's site; warranty terms are not stated", "note": "Maker's platform page https://locusrobotics.com/platform/locus-array/ lists no regions.", "source": "https://locusrobotics.com/news/locus-robotics-locus-array-launch/" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives the aisles and picks items into totes by itself, without human pickers.", "video": { "id": "qTQNCVOdK0Y", "title": "Locus Array: Fully Autonomous Picking and Movement in the Warehouse", "channel": "Locus Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/locus-robotics-array-2025.jpg", "author": "Locus Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://locusrobotics.com/platform/locus-array/", "page": "https://locusrobotics.com/platform/locus-array/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 565 } }, { "id": "ukraine-lyut-2025", "name": "Lyut (Fury)", "maker": "UGV Robotics (some sources say startup Dons)", "makerId": "ugv", "country": "Ukraine", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "fire support", "defence of positions" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A compact electric wheeled combat robot with a 7.62 mm machine gun that fits in the back of a pickup. Codified by Ukraine's Defence Ministry.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-0637f2a58f", "hs-1bfc2d95d3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-03", "event": "Codification for Ukrainian service reported", "url": "https://soldiersystems.net/2025/03/19/nrc-lyut-ukrainian-units-will-be-strengthened-by-a-new-soldier-robot/" }, "released": { "date": "2025", "note": "Upgraded version with larger wheels and extra battery" }, "components": { "actuators": "Wheeled, electric motor drive; a 2026 update added two more motorized wheels and larger wheels", "sensors": "Day and night sighting equipment; the 2026 update added an arch of observation cameras", "battery": "Battery-electric; the 2026 version added a front battery for more range", "other": "Carries a 7.62 mm machine gun module or other payloads; small enough to fit in a pickup bed; controlled remotely from cover.", "sources": [ "hs-0637f2a58f", "hs-1bfc2d95d3" ] }, "production": { "built": "Maker says it is in serial production", "where": "UGV Robotics, Ukraine", "customers": "Defence Forces of Ukraine (codified by the Ministry of Defence in March 2025)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-03-19", "title": "Ukraine codifies the Lyut robot", "summary": "Ukraine's defence ministry approved the combat-tested Lyut ground robot for its forces.", "publisher": "Soldier Systems Daily", "url": "https://soldiersystems.net/2025/03/19/nrc-lyut-ukrainian-units-will-be-strengthened-by-a-new-soldier-robot/" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "A soldier drives it and fires its machine gun remotely.", "video": { "id": "XikUYn5lf3g", "title": "Ukraine's new Liut ground drone 'destroys' Russian position with machine gun", "channel": "Kyiv Independent" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ukraine-lyut-2025.jpg", "author": "UGV Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://mod.gov.ua/en/news/the-lyut-rage-ground-robotic-system-will-reinforce-our-military-units-with-a-new-soldier-robot", "page": "https://mod.gov.ua/en/news/the-lyut-rage-ground-robotic-system-will-reinforce-our-military-units-with-a-new-soldier-robot", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "quicktron-m5f-2025", "name": "M5F bin-mover robot", "maker": "Quicktron Robotics", "makerId": "quicktron", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving storage bins", "goods-to-person picking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 16.2, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 11, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A next-generation bin-mover for Quicktron's QuickBin+ system that shuttles totes between storage and picking stations at up to 4.5 m/s, takes curves instead of stopping to turn and runs 11 hours per charge. Quicktron says the curved turns cut the number of movers needed by up to 40%.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ab567bf815", "hs-f0406b7fe5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-03", "event": "ProMat 2025, Chicago; UK launch May 2025", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/photo/promat_2025_photos_mobile_robots_robot_arm_ASRS_cobot/38/" }, "released": { "date": "2025-05", "note": "UK market launch" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/quicktron-m5f-2025.jpg", "author": "Quicktron Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.quicktron.com/en_US/products/m-series", "page": "https://www.quicktron.com/en_US/products/m-series", "kind": "maker", "w": 818, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "nissan-serena-autonomous-2025", "name": "Nissan Serena autonomous mobility service vehicle", "maker": "Nissan", "makerId": "nissan", "country": "Japan", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-03", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail", "on-demand shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Nissan says it was the first test in Japan of a car with nobody inside driving through a complex city environment on public roads (March 2025).", "deployments": "Five Serenas carried volunteer riders between 26 stops in Yokohama from November 2025 to January 2026 with safety drivers and remote monitoring; Nissan targets Level 4 service from fiscal 2027.", "summary": "Serena minivans fitted with 14 cameras, 9 radars and 6 lidars and monitored from a control centre in Minato Mirai.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-eb8a4bfe6f", "hs-5ecf345a9c", "hs-c634fe9d43" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-03", "event": "Driverless public-road demo in Yokohama", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Pilot only; service targeted for fiscal 2027" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Yokohama (Minato Mirai, Sakuragicho, Kannai, Chinatown)", "since": "2025-03", "fleet": "5 vehicles in the 2025-26 pilot; about 20 planned (Nissan)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/nissan-serena-autonomous-2025.jpg", "author": "Nissan", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/250310-01-e", "page": "https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/250310-01-e", "kind": "maker", "w": 755, "h": 469 } }, { "id": "visionnav-vne40-2025", "name": "VNE40", "maker": "VisionNav Robotics", "makerId": "visionnav", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "pallet handling", "trailer loading and unloading", "stacking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An autonomous forklift with single-double forks that can pick up two pallets side by side, using 3D sensing and deep-learning local SLAM to load trailers and stack pallets and cages. It is dispatched by VisionNav's RCS fleet software.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-02be67f611" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-03", "event": "ProMat 2025, Chicago (booth N7166)", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/photo/promat_2025_photos_mobile_robots_robot_arm_asrs_cobot/48" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "specs and price not published" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/visionnav-vne40-2025.jpg", "author": "VisionNav Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.visionnav.com/product/detail/vne40-66", "page": "https://www.visionnav.com/product/detail/vne40-66", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 560 } }, { "id": "dexterity-mech-2025", "name": "Mech", "maker": "Dexterity", "makerId": "dexterity", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-03-17", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "truck and trailer loading", "parcel handling", "palletizing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 60, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": "Marketed by Dexterity as the first 'industrial superhumanoid': two industrial arms on a mobile base, with no humanoid head or legs.", "deployments": "In 2026 FedEx expanded its Mech trailer-loading deployment from a pilot site to its Hagerstown, Maryland hub; Sagawa Express began truck-loading validation in Japan in October 2025.", "summary": "Two Kawasaki- and HIWIN-built industrial arms mounted on a four-wheel steerable rover that drives itself and loads boxes into trucks, lifting up to 60 kg (about 30 kg per arm) and placing them up to 2.4 m high. The rover holds vacuum pumps, a battery, an onboard computer and up to 16 cameras, and one worker can supervise up to ten units.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-1bf9863e6b", "hs-e02f4f5e72", "hs-2b82b60e55", "hs-b621c87b89", "hs-eb99d77bd8" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-03-17", "event": "Introduced by Dexterity in the 'Meet the Mech' launch post", "url": "https://www.dexterity.ai/blog/meet-the-mech" }, "released": { "date": "2025-03", "note": "Launched with a truck-loading app; maker lists it as in production in 2026" }, "components": { "actuators": "Rover base with four independently steerable wheels; two industrial arms made by Kawasaki with HIWIN precision motion parts", "hands": "Vacuum grippers fed by two on-board vacuum pumps; lifts up to 130 lb total (about 65 lb per arm) and places boxes up to 8 ft high; built-in sense of touch and force control", "sensors": "Up to 16 cameras with depth sensing plus a safety sensor package", "compute": "On-board AI supercomputer; Dexterity reports NVIDIA TensorRT and CUDA acceleration of its Foresight model", "battery": "On-board battery pack in the rover base", "software": "Dexterity Physical AI with 68+ skill agents and the Foresight world model, trained on over 100 million production actions", "other": "Rated for 0-50 C, 1,500 m altitude and 90% humidity; Dexterity claims over 10 years mean time between failures.", "sources": [ "hs-e02f4f5e72", "hs-1bf9863e6b", "hs-b621c87b89" ] }, "production": { "where": "Assembled and tested with contract manufacturer Sanmina in California", "customers": "FedEx (trailer loading, expanded to the Hagerstown, Maryland hub in 2026); Sagawa Express in Japan with Sumitomo Corporation" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-07-30", "title": "FedEx expands Mech trailer loading", "summary": "FedEx and Dexterity scaled Mech trailer loading to the Hagerstown hub after a multi-year pilot.", "publisher": "Dexterity", "url": "https://www.dexterity.ai/blog/fedex-hagerstown-physical-ai-deployment" }, { "date": "2025-10-22", "title": "Sanmina to build Mechs", "summary": "Dexterity partnered with Sanmina to manufacture and test Mech robots in California.", "publisher": "Dexterity", "url": "https://www.dexterity.ai/blog/dexterity-and-sanmina-deepen-partnership-to-scale-mech-superhumanoids" }, { "date": "2025-03-17", "title": "Dexterity launches Mech", "summary": "Dexterity unveiled Mech, a two-armed robot on a wheeled rover for truck loading and palletizing.", "publisher": "Dexterity", "url": "https://www.dexterity.ai/blog/meet-the-mech" } ], "availability": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "note": "The maker's Mech page lists no sales regions, ways to get the robot or support terms; its only action is a link to a contact page.", "source": "https://www.dexterity.ai/mech" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It drives itself and loads boxes into trucks, while one worker supervises up to ten units and steps in when needed.", "video": { "id": "cNbGmvtKjuM", "title": "Introducing Mech", "channel": "Dexterity" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/dexterity-mech-2025.jpg", "author": "Dexterity", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://dexterity.ai/mech", "page": "https://dexterity.ai/mech", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "ocado-porter-amr-2025", "name": "Porter", "maker": "Ocado Intelligent Automation (Ocado Group)", "makerId": "ocado-intelligent", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-03-17", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "pallet moving", "cross-docking", "putaway" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A pallet-moving autonomous forklift-style robot that uses a vision-based fork insertion system to identify pallet types and pick back-to-back queued pallets. It runs on the same software as Ocado's Chuck picking robots.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3df366734d", "hs-363212fa8b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-03-17", "event": "ProMat 2025, Chicago", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/promat_2025_ocado_intelligent_automation_debuts_porter_autonomous_pallet_moving_robot" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ocado-porter-amr-2025.jpg", "author": "Ocado Intelligent Automation", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://ocadointelligentautomation.com/systems/porter-pallet-move-amr", "page": "https://ocadointelligentautomation.com/systems/porter-pallet-move-amr", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "seer-robotics-spt-1000-2025", "name": "SPT-1000", "maker": "SEER Robotics", "makerId": "seer", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-03-17", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving pallets", "closed-pallet handling" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A compact autonomous pallet truck with a patented fork design that can pick up closed North American pallets without modification, using AI vision to recognise pallet types and correct for skew up to 30 degrees. It carries 1,000 kg as standard (1,500 kg custom) and fits aisles about 1.3 m wide.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8d5b61a7df", "hs-3d7960bc8b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-03-17", "event": "ProMat 2025, Chicago", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/seer-robotics-debuts-ai-powered-autonomous-pallet-truck/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "shown at ProMat and Automate 2025; price not published" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/seer-robotics-spt-1000-2025.jpg", "author": "SEER Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.automatedwarehouseonline.com/seer-robotics-designs-spt-1000-for-closed-pallets/", "page": "https://www.automatedwarehouseonline.com/seer-robotics-designs-spt-1000-for-closed-pallets/", "kind": "maker", "w": 770, "h": 494 } }, { "id": "kawasaki-corleo-2025", "name": "CORLEO", "maker": "Kawasaki Heavy Industries", "makerId": "kawasaki", "country": "Japan", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04", "status": "concept", "purpose": [ "personal off-road mobility", "riding" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A hydrogen-powered, four-legged rideable robot 'horse' steered by the rider's shifts in weight.", "deployments": null, "summary": "Shown as a non-working mockup at Expo 2025 Osaka, CORLEO uses a 150cc hydrogen engine to make electricity for its leg drives and has rubber hooves. In February 2026 Kawasaki set up a team to develop it, targeting a working prototype around 2030 and sales around 2035.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-7b5bdf8e83", "hs-e6489ed839", "hs-ad036c381e", "hs-900437547a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04", "event": "Kawasaki pavilion preview, Expo 2025 Osaka-Kansai", "url": "https://www.designboom.com/?p=1125777" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not released; commercialization targeted for 2035, with use planned at Expo 2030 Riyadh" }, "components": { "actuators": "Four independently articulating legs with electric leg drive units; rear legs use motorcycle-style swing arms for shock absorption; split rubber hooves", "sensors": "Sensors in the stirrups and handlebars read the rider's weight shifts", "battery": "No battery pack in the concept: a 150 cc hydrogen engine generates electricity, fed from a rear hydrogen canister", "other": "Rideable four-legged off-road vehicle steered by shifting body weight; navigation display shows route, rider centre of gravity and hydrogen level, and it projects path markers at night.", "sources": [ "hs-7b5bdf8e83", "hs-e6489ed839", "hs-200956789e" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Not sold; Kawasaki began development toward commercialization in December 2025 under a new SAFE ADVENTURE team, aiming to use CORLEO at Expo 2030 Riyadh and to commercialize it in 2035", "where": "Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Japan" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-08-19", "title": "CORLEO mock-up heads to gamescom", "summary": "Kawasaki said it would show a full-scale CORLEO at gamescom 2026 in Cologne and restated a 2035 commercialization goal.", "publisher": "Kawasaki Heavy Industries", "url": "https://global.kawasaki.com/en/corp/newsroom/news/detail/?f=20260819_0930" }, { "date": "2026-02-26", "title": "Kawasaki moves CORLEO toward production", "summary": "Kawasaki formed a dedicated team to commercialize CORLEO, with a riding simulator planned first and a functional prototype targeted for 2030.", "publisher": "Electrek", "url": "https://electrek.co/2026/02/26/forget-electric-bikes-kawasaki-is-building-an-electric-horse-for-actual-production/" }, { "date": "2025-04-07", "title": "CORLEO unveiled at Expo 2025 Osaka", "summary": "Kawasaki showed the hydrogen-electric four-legged ride concept in its Expo 2025 pavilion.", "publisher": "designboom", "url": "https://www.designboom.com/?p=1125777" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Only a non-working concept: a rider would steer it by shifting their weight while the machine balances and walks itself.", "video": { "id": "Bj83EWW9Mvk", "title": "Kawasakiが提案する未来のオフロードパーソナルモビリティ「CORLEO」", "channel": "Kawasaki Group Channel (@KawasakiGroupChannel)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kawasaki-corleo-2025.jpg", "author": "Kawasaki Heavy Industries", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://global.kawasaki.com/en/corp/newsroom/news/detail/?f=20250403_9193", "page": "https://global.kawasaki.com/en/corp/newsroom/news/detail/?f=20250403_9193", "kind": "maker", "w": 500, "h": 353 } }, { "id": "okibo-eg7-2025", "name": "EG7", "maker": "Okibo", "makerId": "okibo", "country": "Israel", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "construction", "painting", "drywall finishing", "sanding" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 362.8, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not published; sold by order in Europe and the US", "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Okibo robots had covered more than 1 million sq ft in Europe by 2025; US partnerships include PCI, and an upgraded EG7+ launched nationally in December 2025.", "summary": "An 800 lb, 27 in wide omnidirectional robot with an arm, on-board pump and 18-gallon hopper that sprays, finishes and sands walls at about 1,000 sq ft per hour. It needs no BIM, markers or total station and runs on swappable 5 kWh batteries.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-c1c5c0f036", "hs-574f38d906", "hs-ba983b1119" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04", "event": "US launch alongside the Englewood, NJ headquarters opening (earlier European availability, date not found)", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/okibo-opens-new-jersey-hq-and-launches-eg7-robot-in-u-s-market/" }, "released": { "date": "2025-04", "note": "CE certified; EG7+ followed in December 2025" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/okibo-eg7-2025.jpg", "author": "Okibo", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.okibo.com/", "page": "https://www.okibo.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 880 } }, { "id": "liebherr-l-550-xpower-autonomous-2025", "name": "L 550 XPower with Liebherr Autonomous Operations", "maker": "Liebherr", "makerId": "liebherr", "country": "Germany", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "material loading", "repetitive yard work" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its autonomy system won the bauma 2025 Innovation Award for digitalisation.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A 20-tonne wheel loader fitted with Liebherr's in-house autonomy system, which uses a 360-degree laser scanner array on the cab roof and a web job planner to run repetitive loading tasks without an operator.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b22fddf3f8", "hs-2e2f047832" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04", "event": "bauma 2025, Munich", "url": "https://www.enr.com/articles/60591-liebherr-volvo-ce-see-bright-future-for-autonomous-electric-equipment" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Field tests with selected customers before market launch" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/liebherr-l-550-xpower-autonomous-2025.jpg", "author": "Liebherr", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.liebherr.com/en-fi/n/innovations-in-liebherr-wheel-loaders-autonomous-operation-and-hydrogen-drive-140160-4121348", "page": "https://www.liebherr.com/en-fi/n/innovations-in-liebherr-wheel-loaders-autonomous-operation-and-hydrogen-drive-140160-4121348", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "meituan-fourth-generation-delivery-drone-2025", "name": "Meituan fourth-generation delivery drone", "maker": "Meituan", "makerId": "meituan", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "food and grocery delivery" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "delivery-drone", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Meituan reported more than 780,000 cumulative drone orders on about 70 routes in Shenzhen, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Dubai by end-2025 (Yicai).", "summary": "Meituan's current delivery drone, built in Shenzhen and rated for moderate rain or snow, low light and -20 to 50 C, flying between Meituan landing ports. It holds China's first nationwide low-altitude logistics operating certificate.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5097ad2a19", "hs-acd28d90c0", "hs-c6e7feee7b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04", "event": "Passed CAAC review for nationwide operating certificate (unveiling date not found)", "url": "https://chinadailyhk.com/article/610074" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Shenzhen, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Dubai", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "more than 780,000 orders by end of 2025 (Yicai, May 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/meituan-fourth-generation-delivery-drone-2025.jpg", "author": "Meituan", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.red-dot.org/project/m-drone-gen-4-72453", "page": "https://www.red-dot.org/project/m-drone-gen-4-72453", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 627 } }, { "id": "momenta-robotaxi-2025", "name": "Momenta Robotaxi", "maker": "Momenta", "makerId": "momenta", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Momenta became the first Chinese company to get Germany's nationwide L4 test permit for urban roads (KBA, July 2026).", "deployments": "Runs a robotaxi service in Shanghai (2025) and received one of the first new Chinese permits after the 2026 freeze, for Shenzhen trials (July 2026); Uber service planned for Munich; first mass-produced robotaxi due Q4 2026.", "summary": "Momenta's robotaxi programme, shown with a Momenta-branded car at the April 2025 Shanghai auto show and run in Shanghai, Suzhou and Wuxi. Momenta targets hundreds of robotaxis in China and abroad by end-2026.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-2439975a23", "hs-c67e99c461", "hs-492d83a823", "hs-713ab57112", "hs-f6929b2121" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04", "event": "Shanghai auto show (Momenta-branded vehicle)", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2025/05/06/momenta-uber-to-launch-robotaxi-global-markets/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "first mass-produced robotaxi scheduled for Q4 2026 (Momenta, Aug 2026)" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Shanghai, Suzhou, Wuxi, Shenzhen (China); Germany nationwide test permit with Munich first for Uber (2026)", "since": null, "fleet": "target of hundreds of robotaxis by end-2026 (Momenta, Aug 2026); current count not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "beep-oxa-ford-e-transit-navi-2025", "name": "NAVI autonomous shuttle (Ford E-Transit with Oxa Driver)", "maker": "Beep with Oxa (on Ford E-Transit)", "makerId": "beep", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Jacksonville's NAVI is described as the first autonomous road vehicle in permanent public transit service in the United States.", "deployments": "Began public service in downtown Jacksonville on 30 June 2025 as phase 1 of JTA's Ultimate Urban Circulator, run by Beep with 14 vans.", "summary": "Ford E-Transit electric vans fitted with UK firm Oxa's driving software and operated by Beep for the Jacksonville Transportation Authority on a 3.5-mile, 12-stop downtown loop. An attendant still rides on board.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6b74b4200f", "hs-6223850a65", "hs-42928a2442", "hs-c83ad8f646", "hs-84f28cf6cd" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04", "event": "Opening of JTA Autonomous Innovation Center control centre", "url": "https://jaxtoday.org/2025/04/17/autonomous-vehicles-control-center/" }, "released": { "date": "2025-06-30", "note": "Public service; free at first, then $1.75 fare from October 2025, free again from 15 December 2025" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Jacksonville, Florida (Bay Street Innovation Corridor)", "since": null, "fleet": "14 Ford E-Transit vans (JTA/Beep, 2025)", "usage": "More than 15,200 passengers and over 61,000 autonomous miles in the first year (Sustainable Bus, 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/beep-oxa-ford-e-transit-navi-2025.jpg", "author": "Beep with Oxa", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://ridebeep.com/locations/jta", "page": "https://ridebeep.com/locations/jta", "kind": "maker", "w": 970, "h": 524 } }, { "id": "develon-real-x-dx225lc-7x-2025", "name": "Real X autonomous excavator (DX225LC-7X)", "maker": "Develon (HD Hyundai) with Gravis Robotics", "makerId": "develon", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "trenching", "bulk earthmoving", "truck loading" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "First customer use with KIBAG at a former quarry in Tuggen, Switzerland, digging a 300 m trench without an operator in the cab (2025-26).", "summary": "A retrofit AI autonomy system, developed with ETH Zurich spin-off Gravis Robotics, that lets a standard Develon crawler excavator dig and load trucks with nobody in the cab, or switch to remote or manual control.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3269a9eac8", "hs-40f0baefd1", "hs-b8c946a4d4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04", "event": "bauma 2025, Munich", "url": "https://projectplant.co.uk/2025/02/develon-looks-to-bring-the-real-x-factor-to-bauma/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/develon-real-x-dx225lc-7x-2025.jpg", "author": "Develon with Gravis Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://thecea.org.uk/member-news/develon-puts-autonomous-excavator-to-work-in-switzerland", "page": "https://thecea.org.uk/member-news/develon-puts-autonomous-excavator-to-work-in-switzerland", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 527 } }, { "id": "overland-ai-ultra-2025", "name": "ULTRA", "maker": "Overland AI", "makerId": "overland-ai", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "resupply", "reconnaissance", "counter-drone support" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 56.3, "payloadKg": 454, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A fully autonomous tactical ground vehicle that can carry about 450 kg, built for resupply and scouting. US Army units tested it in Georgia in July 2025.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-17de1ef44c", "hs-1df379f5a5", "hs-20bf38c67a", "hs-7789c6ea2b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04", "event": "Unveiled by Overland AI", "url": "https://thedefensepost.com/2025/04/16/overland-ai-unveils-ultra-vehicle/amp/" }, "released": { "date": "2025-07-29", "note": "Tested in exercise Agile Spirit 25 (Georgia); company says Army, Marines and SOCOM use it" }, "components": { "sensors": "Cameras, infrared and lidar for terrain perception; can run with active or passive-only sensing", "software": "OverDrive off-road autonomy stack and OverWatch command system, letting one operator task several vehicles; route-following or handheld remote control", "other": "Modular, attritable tactical vehicle: top speed 35 mph (56 km/h), 1,000 lb (453 kg) payload; mesh, 5G and satellite links.", "sources": [ "hs-17de1ef44c", "hs-c0abfab858", "hs-6143ce31a3" ] }, "production": { "where": "Overland AI, Seattle, United States", "customers": "US Army units have tested it (173rd Airborne Brigade resupplied mortar teams in exercise Agile Spirit, July 2025); Overland holds Army, Marine Corps and SOCOM contracts for its autonomy" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-08-11", "title": "Army paratroopers test ULTRA in Georgia", "summary": "Soldiers used an ULTRA prototype to resupply mortar teams autonomously during exercise Agile Spirit.", "publisher": "Stars and Stripes", "url": "https://www.stripes.com/branches/army/2025-08-11/autonomous-vehicle-prototype-georgia-exercise-18728697.html" }, { "date": "2025-04-16", "title": "Overland AI unveils ULTRA", "summary": "Overland AI revealed a fully autonomous tactical vehicle carrying 1,000 lb at up to 35 mph.", "publisher": "The Defense Post", "url": "https://thedefensepost.com/2025/04/16/overland-ai-unveils-ultra-vehicle/amp/" } ], "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "It drives routes and waypoints by itself while soldiers plan its missions and oversee it, and it can be teleoperated.", "video": { "id": "ZKA94l-Yzew", "title": "Overland AI | ULTRA | Fully Autonomous Tactical Vehicle", "channel": "Overland AI (@OverlandAI)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/overland-ai-ultra-2025.jpg", "author": "Overland AI", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.overland.ai/news/overland-ai-unveils-ultra-a-fully-autonomous-tactical-vehicle-for-ground-operations", "page": "https://www.overland.ai/news/overland-ai-unveils-ultra-a-fully-autonomous-tactical-vehicle-for-ground-operations", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "keenon-kleenbot-c40-2025", "name": "KLEENBOT C40", "maker": "Keenon Robotics", "makerId": "keenon", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04-02", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "commercial floor cleaning", "sweeping, vacuuming and scrubbing" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 69, "weightKg": 70, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 12, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A four-in-one floor-cleaning robot that sweeps, vacuums, scrubs and pushes dust using a three-brush system, cleaning up to 1,100 m2 an hour. Runtime is up to 12 hours sweeping or 5 hours scrubbing, with a swappable battery.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-4e00650a52", "hs-5c3c62114f", "hs-fd0a5ab791", "hs-c2738c868b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04-02", "event": "Introduced by Keenon alongside the C55 and C20 cleaning robots and the XMAN-R1 humanoid", "url": "https://www.keenon.com/en/news/k" }, "released": { "date": "2025-05", "note": "European debut at ISSA PULIRE, Milan, 27-29 May 2025" }, "components": { "sensors": "Ten detection components: lidar, dual stereo vision, four line lasers and three ultrasonic modules", "battery": "Swappable battery (5-second swap); up to 5 h scrubbing or 12 h sweeping; about 2 h charge", "software": "App and web platform for task management, remote dispatch, status monitoring and cleaning reports; app-set detergent ratios", "other": "4-in-1 sweeping, vacuuming, scrubbing and dust-pushing with a triple-roller design; automatic water fill and drain at its station; about 70 kg with battery.", "sources": [ "hs-4e00650a52" ] }, "production": { "where": "Keenon Robotics, Shanghai, China", "customers": "Hotels, offices, supermarkets and retail targeted; no named customers found" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-06-20", "title": "C40 makes European debut in Milan", "summary": "Keenon showed the KLEENBOT C40 with the C20 and C30 at ISSA PULIRE 2025 in Milan.", "publisher": "Keenon Robotics", "url": "https://www.keenon.com/en/news/keenon-robotics-marks-european-debut-of-new-kleenbot-models-at-issa-pulire-2025" }, { "date": "2025-04-02", "title": "Keenon introduces C40, C55 and C20", "summary": "Keenon added three KLEENBOT cleaners to its range alongside the XMAN-R1 humanoid.", "publisher": "Keenon Robotics", "url": "https://www.keenon.com/en/news/k" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It sweeps, vacuums and scrubs mapped areas by itself.", "video": { "id": "Gd4mC4TcF6s", "title": "KLEENBOT C40 – professional 4-in-1 robot cleaner", "channel": "KEENON Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/keenon-kleenbot-c40-2025.jpg", "author": "Keenon Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/C40", "page": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/C40", "kind": "maker", "w": 504, "h": 472 } }, { "id": "keenon-kleenbot-c55-2025", "name": "KLEENBOT C55", "maker": "Keenon Robotics", "makerId": "keenon", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04-02", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "sweeping and scrubbing medium to large floors" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 108.2, "weightKg": 150, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 5, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A larger ride-free cleaning robot that sweeps and scrubs in one pass with a 550 mm scrub width and swappable batteries, rated by Keenon at up to about 2,400 square metres an hour.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-3841954949", "hs-2150d5acdd", "hs-c2738c868b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04-02", "event": "Introduced by Keenon with the C40 and C20 (North American debut at ISSA North America, November 2025)", "url": "https://www.keenon.com/en/news/k" }, "released": { "date": "2025-11", "note": "Listed as new on Keenon's site; price not published" }, "components": { "sensors": "Top-mounted multi-line lidar plus four stereo vision sensors for 360-degree obstacle avoidance", "battery": "Dual hot-swappable batteries (5-second swap) for 24/7 work", "software": "App and web fleet management, automatic reports, breakpoint resume and multi-robot collaboration", "other": "Sweeper-scrubber for spaces over 3,000 m2: triple-roller design, 21,000 Pa suction, 110 L water tank, about 2,376 m2/h, climbs 5 cm bumps; docks to charge, drain and refill.", "sources": [ "hs-3841954949" ] }, "production": { "where": "Keenon Robotics, Shanghai, China", "customers": "Parking garages, malls and large indoor sites targeted" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-11-11", "title": "C55 debuts in North America", "summary": "Keenon showed the C55 at ISSA North America as its medium-to-large area sweeping and scrubbing robot.", "publisher": "Keenon Robotics", "url": "https://www.keenon.com/en/news/double-the-strength-built-for-medium-and-large-spaces-keenon-robotics-unveils-cleaning-robot-c55" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It sweeps and scrubs mapped areas by itself with no one riding it.", "video": { "id": "WBlkoDMBsZI", "title": "KLEENBOT C55 | Professional Cleaning Robot for Medium to Large Spaces", "channel": "KEENON Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/keenon-kleenbot-c55-2025.jpg", "author": "Keenon Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/C55", "page": "https://www.keenon.com/en/product/C55", "kind": "maker", "w": 504, "h": 472 } }, { "id": "didi-gac-aion-l4-robotaxi-2025", "name": "DiDi and GAC Aion factory-built L4 robotaxi", "maker": "DiDi Autonomous Driving with GAC Aion (Andi Technology joint venture)", "makerId": "didi-autonomous-driving", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04-12", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold to the public; for DiDi's ride-hail fleet", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Presented as China's first factory-installed, mass-production L4 robotaxi model, built from the ground up with its driving hardware.", "deployments": "Mass production and deliveries were targeted for end-2025 with deployment from 2026; the joint venture aims to supply about 10,000 vehicles to DiDi (CarNewsChina, Apr 2025).", "summary": "A crossover SUV on GAC Aion's electric platform carrying DiDi's full L4 stack: 33 sensors including four Hesai AT128 lidars, 4D radar, infrared cameras and microphones, run by an Orca central computer of over 2,000 TOPS. The rear cabin is enlarged for ride-hail passengers.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ae91e8a09a", "hs-00574a92ee", "hs-3a2c27194d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04-12", "event": "GAC Tech Day 2025, Guangzhou; then Auto Shanghai 2025", "url": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/icv/70036914.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "mass production targeted for end-2025; status not confirmed as of Oct 2026" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Guangzhou, China", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/didi-gac-aion-l4-robotaxi-2025.jpg", "author": "DiDi Autonomous Driving", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://hesaitech.com/?p=7659", "page": "https://hesaitech.com/?p=7659", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "pony-ai-gen7-arcfox-alpha-t5-2025", "name": "Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (BAIC ARCFOX Alpha T5)", "maker": "Pony.ai with BAIC ARCFOX", "makerId": "pony-ai", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04-23", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Gen-7 kit is fully automotive-grade and Pony.ai says its bill of materials is 70% cheaper than Gen-6; the Alpha T5 runs Europe's first commercial robotaxi service with Pony.ai and Verne in Zagreb (April 2026).", "deployments": "Put into service in Guangzhou and Shenzhen from November 2025; the 300th Alpha T5 robotaxi rolled out in October 2025; it is the main model in Zagreb, where fully driverless test rides started in September 2026.", "summary": "One of three Gen-7 Pony.ai robotaxis, built on BAIC's ARCFOX Alpha T5 electric SUV with 9 lidars, 14 cameras and 4 radars and a 600,000 km design life. BAIC agreed in November 2024 to supply 1,000 of them.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d1df04f186", "hs-de6a6cb7f0", "hs-db0ac8b395", "hs-4a40dec328", "hs-03353707aa", "hs-d3aec1551b", "hs-3311bcee8a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04-23", "event": "Pony.ai Gen-7 lineup unveiling (Shanghai auto show period)", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1969302/000110465925037724/tm2512980d1_ex99-1.htm" }, "released": { "date": "2025-11", "note": "Gen-7 put into operation in Guangzhou and Shenzhen (CnEVPost, 5 Nov 2025)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Guangzhou and Shenzhen (in operation from Nov 2025; Pony.ai runs fully driverless paid service company-wide in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, Aug 2025); Zagreb, Croatia (commercial since April 2026, fully driverless test rides since Sept 2026); Gen-7 cars shown driverless at a Doha forum", "since": "2025-11", "fleet": "Pony.ai total robotaxi fleet 1,975 vehicles at Q2 2026, aiming for more than 3,500 by end-2026 (Pony AI Q2 2026 results, 18 Aug 2026); all Gen-7 models in daily service; split by model not published", "usage": "Shenzhen Gen-7 fleet hit 25 orders and 394 yuan revenue per vehicle per day on 22 March 2026 (CnEVPost)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pony-ai-gen7-arcfox-alpha-t5-2025.jpg", "author": "Pony.ai with BAIC ARCFOX", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://pony.ai/press?lang=en", "page": "https://pony.ai/press?lang=en", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "pony-ai-gen7-aion-v-2025", "name": "Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (GAC Aion V, 2nd gen)", "maker": "Pony.ai with GAC Aion", "makerId": "pony-ai", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04-23", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "GAC began mass production of its Gen-7 model in June 2025, the first of the Gen-7 vehicles to enter production (Pony AI Q2 2025 results).", "deployments": "Entered operation in Guangzhou and Shenzhen from November 2025 under a December 2024 agreement with GAC Aion for 1,000 robotaxis.", "summary": "The GAC Aion V electric SUV fitted with Pony.ai's seventh-generation, fully automotive-grade driving kit. It shares sensors and software with the other Gen-7 models.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d1df04f186", "hs-de6a6cb7f0", "hs-db0ac8b395", "hs-4a40dec328", "hs-03353707aa" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04-23", "event": "Pony.ai Gen-7 lineup unveiling", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1969302/000110465925037724/tm2512980d1_ex99-1.htm" }, "released": { "date": "2025-11", "note": "in operation in Guangzhou and Shenzhen" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other Chinese tier-one cities", "since": "2025-11", "fleet": "Pony.ai total robotaxi fleet 1,975 vehicles at Q2 2026, aiming for more than 3,500 by end-2026 (Pony AI Q2 2026 results, 18 Aug 2026); all Gen-7 models in daily service; split by model not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pony-ai-gen7-aion-v-2025.jpg", "author": "Pony.ai", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://blog.pony.ai/pony-ai-and-chenqi-mobility-launch-joint-robotaxi-fleet-with-initial-delivery-of-over-100-gen-7-vehicles/", "page": "https://blog.pony.ai/pony-ai-and-chenqi-mobility-launch-joint-robotaxi-fleet-with-initial-delivery-of-over-100-gen-7-vehicles/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "pony-ai-gen7-toyota-bz4x-2025", "name": "Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (Toyota bZ4X)", "maker": "Pony.ai with Toyota (GAC Toyota)", "makerId": "pony-ai", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04-23", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "The Zhuifeng joint venture planned 1,000 bZ4X robotaxis (April 2024); mass-produced bZ4X robotaxis were delivered in February 2026, and Pony AI says its Toyota models are in daily service (Aug 2026).", "summary": "Toyota's bZ4X electric SUV with Pony.ai's Gen-7 system, built through the Toyota, GAC Toyota and Pony.ai joint venture. It is the Toyota branch of the Gen-7 lineup.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-d1df04f186", "hs-de6a6cb7f0", "hs-db0ac8b395", "hs-4a40dec328", "hs-03353707aa" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04-23", "event": "Pony.ai Gen-7 lineup unveiling", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1969302/000110465925037724/tm2512980d1_ex99-1.htm" }, "released": { "date": "2026-02", "note": "mass-produced bZ4X robotaxis with Toyota (Pony.ai timeline)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Chinese tier-one cities (city split not published)", "since": "2026-02", "fleet": "Pony.ai total robotaxi fleet 1,975 vehicles at Q2 2026, aiming for more than 3,500 by end-2026 (Pony AI Q2 2026 results, 18 Aug 2026); all Gen-7 models in daily service; split by model not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pony-ai-gen7-toyota-bz4x-2025.jpg", "author": "Pony.ai", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://blog.pony.ai/pony-ai-drives-commercialization-at-scale-with-lower-cost-robotaxis-and-new-l4-light-truck/", "page": "https://blog.pony.ai/pony-ai-drives-commercialization-at-scale-with-lower-cost-robotaxis-and-new-l4-light-truck/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "deep-robotics-lynx-m20-2025", "name": "LYNX M20", "maker": "DEEP Robotics", "makerId": "deep", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-04-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "inspection", "rescue", "security patrol" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "public-safety" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 57, "weightKg": 33, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 18, "payloadKg": 15, "batteryHours": 3, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not published by maker; one retailer lists $17,999", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "DEEP Robotics reports emergency-rescue use of its wheel-legged robots in 2025.", "summary": "An industrial wheel-legged robot rated IP66, carrying 15 kg (50 kg maximum) for 2.5-3 hours, with two lidars and hot-swap batteries. Its 5 m/s top speed is a lab figure; normal speed is 2 m/s.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-15d83c6e7e", "hs-415f72ed21", "hs-b482b0d4b4", "hs-b4cd9fda2d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-04-28", "event": "DEEP Robotics launch announcement with global pre-orders", "url": "https://www.automation.com/en-us/products/april-2025/deep-robotics-lynx-m20-legged-robotics" }, "released": { "date": "2025", "note": "industrial sales" }, "components": { "actuators": "Wheel-legged quadruped with powered wheels at the feet and switchable leg modes", "sensors": "Two 96-line lidars (360 x 90 degree field of view), two wide-angle cameras, front and rear lights", "compute": "Two octa-core 64-bit industrial processors (16 GB RAM, 128 GB storage each); three on the Pro version", "battery": "Hot-swappable dual batteries; about 2.5 hours with 15 kg; 3.5-5 h unloaded on the Pro; about 1.5-hour charge per battery", "materials": "IP66 (IP67 on the Pro); works from -20 to 55 C", "software": "Autonomous navigation with omnidirectional obstacle avoidance; optional self-charging", "other": "About 35 kg; 15 kg payload (50 kg max); climbs 25 cm steps and clears 80 cm obstacles.", "sources": [ "hs-15d83c6e7e", "hs-4318c7a97f", "hs-78f0581a38" ] }, "production": { "where": "DEEP Robotics, Hangzhou, China", "customers": "Aimed at power inspection, emergency response and logistics; DEEP Robotics' robots are used by utilities such as Singapore Power Group (X30 model)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-04-28", "title": "DEEP Robotics launches Lynx M20S", "summary": "DEEP Robotics announced the next-generation Lynx M20S wheel-legged robot as a successor to the M20.", "publisher": "Tullahoma News (company release)", "url": "https://www.tullahomanews.com/?p=100550" }, { "date": "2025-06-02", "title": "Robotics 24/7 covers LYNX M20 launch", "summary": "Robotics 24/7 reported the M20 launch and DEEP Robotics' industrial line-up.", "publisher": "Robotics 24/7", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/deep_robotics_launches_lynx_m20_wheel_legged_robot_for_unstructured_environments" }, { "date": "2025-05-10", "title": "DEEP Robotics launches LYNX M20 series", "summary": "DEEP Robotics launched the industrial wheel-legged M20 for inspection, rescue and logistics, with global pre-orders.", "publisher": "DEEP Robotics", "url": "https://deeprobotics.cn/en/wap/article/id/243.html" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It is sold for industrial inspection runs it does on its own; it can also be steered by hand.", "video": { "id": "NAcanWv_2Z8", "title": "LYNX M20 Launch | For Extreme Environments", "channel": "DEEP Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/deep-robotics-lynx-m20-2025.jpg", "author": "DEEP Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/lynx.html", "page": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/lynx.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 600 } }, { "id": "lomby-delivery-robot-2025", "name": "LOMBY delivery robot", "maker": "LOMBY", "makerId": "lomby", "country": "Japan", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-05", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "convenience store delivery", "public-road last-mile delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 6, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "trial delivery fee 330 yen per order", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Used from May 2025 to February 2026 in Seven-Eleven Japan's public-road robot delivery trial from two Hachioji stores in Tokyo, covering about 3,000 products within 3 km (Asia News Network, May 2025).", "summary": "A Tokyo start-up's sidewalk delivery robot, co-developed with Suzuki for mass production, that drives on public roads at up to 6 km/h under remote monitoring. Store staff load orders and customers unlock it with a QR code.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-807ddfe9d4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-05", "event": "Seven-Eleven Japan public-road trial, Hachioji, Tokyo", "url": "https://asianews.network/seven-eleven-japan-tests-robot-delivery-service-on-public-roads-prepares-for-future-delivery-staff-shortage/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "trial service" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/lomby-delivery-robot-2025.jpg", "author": "LOMBY", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://lomby.jp/", "page": "https://lomby.jp/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 525 } }, { "id": "xcmg-huaneng-ruichi-2025", "name": "XCMG ZNK95 \"Huaneng Ruichi\" driverless electric mining truck", "maker": "XCMG (for China Huaneng; software with Huawei)", "makerId": "xcmg", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "overburden haulage", "coal mining" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "mining", "domain": [ "mining", "industrial" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 90000, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Not sold as a priced product; supplied under project contracts", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed by its makers as the first mine to run 100 fully driverless, all-electric haul trucks.", "deployments": "A 100-truck fleet entered service at the Yimin open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia in May 2025, with plans for 300.", "summary": "A cabless 90-tonne battery-electric haul truck with swappable batteries, run over a 5G-Advanced network at Huaneng's Yimin open-pit coal mine. Sources credit XCMG with the truck and Huawei with the driving and network software.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-0dcb97edaf", "hs-c303d1e232", "hs-ebf8338e98", "hs-14e66d43ef" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-05", "event": "Fleet commissioning at Huaneng Yimin mine, Inner Mongolia", "url": "https://www.electrive.net/2025/05/20/100-autonome-e-lkw-von-xcmg-in-chinesischem-tagebau-im-einsatz/" }, "released": { "date": "2025-05", "note": "Production fleet at Yimin" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Yimin open-pit coal mine, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China", "since": "2025-05", "fleet": "100 trucks (Huaneng/XCMG, May 2025); expansion to 300 planned", "usage": "Operator claims about 20% higher transport efficiency than crewed trucks (May 2025)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/xcmg-huaneng-ruichi-2025.jpg", "author": "XCMG", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.huawei.com/en/media-center/multimedia/photos/huaneng-mining-truck-snow", "page": "https://www.huawei.com/en/media-center/multimedia/photos/huaneng-mining-truck-snow", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "aurora-paccar-driverless-truck-2025", "name": "Aurora Driver first-generation truck (PACCAR Peterbilt / Kenworth)", "maker": "Aurora Innovation with PACCAR", "makerId": "aurora-innovation", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-05-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "freight", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Aurora says these trucks made the first regular commercial driverless heavy-truck deliveries on US public roads, starting 27 April 2025 between Dallas and Houston.", "deployments": "Hauled paid loads for Hirschbach and Uber Freight on I-45 from April 2025, later adding Fort Worth-El Paso and El Paso-Phoenix lanes; Aurora said it had 10 driverless trucks in December 2025, then cut this fleet in early 2026 to make way for its second-generation trucks.", "summary": "Class 8 PACCAR tractors fitted with Aurora's first-generation self-driving kit, used for Aurora's paid freight runs in Texas and the Southwest. Since May 2025 a PACCAR-requested observer sits in the cab, though the Aurora Driver does the driving.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-2867264a08", "hs-cfe5324885", "hs-2292f5a2b0", "hs-c780d7c358", "hs-3283aa6a15" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-05-01", "event": "Aurora announces start of driverless commercial service in Texas", "url": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250501031863/en/Aurora-Begins-Commercial-Driverless-Trucking-in-Texas-Ushering-in-a-New-Era-of-Freight" }, "released": { "date": "2025-04-27", "note": "First driverless customer deliveries Dallas-Houston; observer returned to the cab about three weeks later at PACCAR's request" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Dallas-Houston (I-45), Fort Worth-El Paso, El Paso-Phoenix, Texas and Arizona", "since": "2025-04-27", "fleet": "10 trucks in December 2025, reduced in early 2026 (Aurora Q4 2025 shareholder letter, Feb 2026)", "usage": "Over 1,200 driverless miles at launch (Aurora, May 2025)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/aurora-paccar-driverless-truck-2025.jpg", "author": "Aurora Innovation with PACCAR", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://aurora.tech/", "page": "https://aurora.tech/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "brightpick-autopicker-2-2025", "name": "Autopicker 2.0", "maker": "Brightpick", "makerId": "brightpick", "country": "Slovakia", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "order picking", "tote handling", "order consolidation" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Second-generation Autopicker on a redesigned base that can pick while moving", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-02b2701771" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-06", "event": "Product launch", "url": "https://www.robotics247.com/article/brightpick_launches_autopicker_2.0_multi_purpose_warehouse_robot" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/brightpick-autopicker-2-2025.jpg", "author": "Brightpick", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://brightpick.ai/autopicker/", "page": "https://brightpick.ai/autopicker/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 442 } }, { "id": "cainiao-gt-lite-2025", "name": "Cainiao GT-Lite", "maker": "Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026", "makerId": "cainiao-brand-licensed-to-zelos-from-2026", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "delivery", "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 3036, "priceNote": "RMB 21,800 vehicle price (Logistics Matters, Jun 2025; GBP 2,250); a separate autonomy service fee is reported but not confirmed here; USD at about RMB 7.18/USD, June 2025", "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the cheapest public-road L4 robovans announced in China at launch.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A budget version of the Cainiao robovan for courier hubs, launched 18-19 June 2025 on the same autonomy platform as the GT Pro. It trades range (100 km) for more cargo space and load.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-4e00886764", "hs-3457ed3f00" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-06", "event": "Cainiao launch and pre-sale", "url": "https://www.logisticsmatters.co.uk/?p=32346" }, "released": { "date": "2025-06", "note": "Pre-sales opened at launch" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "China", "since": null, "fleet": "No model-specific count. Zelos-wide (all models): about 20,000 vehicles in early 2026 including the merged Cainiao fleet, operating in 300+ cities (KrASIA/36Kr, Feb 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": 100 } }, { "id": "omron-ol-450s-2025", "name": "OL-450S", "maker": "Omron", "makerId": "omron", "country": "Japan", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "lifting and moving racks", "material handling" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 450, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A low-profile, omnidirectional autonomous mobile robot with a built-in lift plate that slides under racks and raises them (108 to 308 mm) to move up to 450 kg. It charges wirelessly and runs under Omron's FLOW Core fleet software.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-a2be681eb6", "hs-da552a8335" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-06", "event": "Omron launch announcement reported by Interempresas, 10 June 2025", "url": "https://www.interempresas.net/Informatica_Industrial/600138-Omron-lanza-OL-450S-solucion-completa-robot-movil-autonomo-manipulacion-materiales.html" }, "released": { "date": "2025-06", "note": "Launched as a complete system" }, "components": { "actuators": "Omnidirectional low-profile drive (forward, reverse and sideways) with an integrated lift plate (108-308 mm lift height)", "sensors": "360-degree safety sensor coverage", "battery": "Wireless (contactless) charging", "software": "Omron FLOW Core fleet software, managing up to 100 robots of different payload classes", "other": "Carries roll cages, carts and racks up to 450 kg.", "sources": [ "hs-a2be681eb6" ] }, "production": { "where": "Omron, Japan", "customers": "Aimed at automotive, semiconductor and electronics, food, consumer goods and medical plants; no named customers" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-06-10", "title": "Omron launches OL-450S", "summary": "Omron launched a low-profile omnidirectional AMR with a built-in lift for moving carts and roll cages.", "publisher": "Interempresas", "url": "https://www.interempresas.net/Informatica_Industrial/600138-Omron-lanza-OL-450S-solucion-completa-robot-movil-autonomo-manipulacion-materiales.html" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It slides under racks and moves them on its own, directed by Omron's fleet software.", "video": { "id": "V7CLV2Gzbbc", "title": "Meet the OL-450S Autonomous Mobile Robot", "channel": "Omron Industrial Automation EMEA (@omronEurope)" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/omron-ol-450s-2025.jpg", "author": "Omron", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://industrial.omron.eu/en/products/ol-series", "page": "https://industrial.omron.eu/en/products/ol-series", "kind": "maker", "w": 938, "h": 938 } }, { "id": "tencore-termit-2025", "name": "TerMIT (Termit)", "maker": "Tencore", "makerId": "tencore", "country": "Ukraine", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-06", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "logistics", "casualty evacuation", "mine laying", "fire support" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 280, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 10, "payloadKg": 300, "batteryHours": 12, "priceUsd": 12000, "priceNote": "From $12,000 (maker figure reported in press).", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "In Ukrainian service; a Quantum Systems-Tencore joint venture reported an order for 2,000 systems.", "summary": "A modular tracked ground robot that can swap a weapon module for a cargo or engineering module in about 10 minutes. Codified for Ukrainian service.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-0d700ec925", "hs-41e4120c47", "hs-823ee9d73d", "hs-996dd8fa22", "hs-ad59f34c9b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-06", "event": "Deliveries to Ukrainian forces reported (earliest dated source found)", "url": "https://dev.ua/en/news/zsu-otrymalo-termitiv-1750509273" }, "released": { "date": "2025", "note": "Codified by Ukraine's MoD; TerMIT 2.0 doubles range to 40 km" }, "components": { "actuators": "Tracked electric platform; TerMIT 2.0 has motors of twice the power with integrated cooling and factory rubber tracks with metal cord", "compute": "TerMIT 2.0 replaced a drone-style flight controller with an on-board computer", "battery": "Battery-electric; maker lists up to 12 hours of work; TerMIT 2.0 range rose from 20 to 40 km", "other": "About 280 kg, carries 300 kg; can mount a Browning machine gun or a Starlink terminal; used mainly for logistics and observation. TerMIT 2.0 tops out at about 15 km/h.", "sources": [ "hs-0d700ec925", "hs-823ee9d73d" ] }, "production": { "where": "Tencore, Ukraine", "customers": "Armed Forces of Ukraine (codified by the Ministry of Defence; reportedly used by more than 20 brigades)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-09-18", "title": "Tencore shows TerMIT 2.0", "summary": "Tencore's upgraded TerMIT doubled range to 40 km and nearly doubled top speed.", "publisher": "Oboronka (Mezha)", "url": "https://oboronka.mezha.ua/en/tencore-prezentuvala-onovleniy-nrk-termit-2-0-304944/" }, { "date": "2025-06-21", "title": "Ukraine codifies TerMIT", "summary": "Ukraine's defence ministry approved the tracked TerMIT for service; the maker lists it from $12,000.", "publisher": "dev.ua", "url": "https://dev.ua/en/news/zsu-otrymalo-termitiv-1750509273" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "A soldier drives it remotely; an add-on kit lets it hold a course and drive itself home if the link drops.", "video": { "id": "qSl-4E0_z5s", "title": "🇺🇦 Ukrainian UGV TerMIT. Ground Robot Helps Soldiers on the Battlefield", "channel": "UNITED24" } }, { "id": "tesla-robotaxi-model-y-fleet-2025", "name": "Tesla Robotaxi (Model Y service fleet)", "maker": "Tesla", "makerId": "tesla", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-06-22", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Tesla's first ride-hail service, running camera-only driving software on factory Model Ys.", "deployments": "Launched in Austin on 22 June 2025 with a safety monitor on board; first rides with nobody inside in January 2026; unsupervised service in Dallas and Houston from April 2026 and Florida from July 2026, while the Bay Area still uses safety drivers.", "summary": "A fleet of Tesla-owned Model Y cars running an unsupervised version of Full Self-Driving for paid rides in Tesla's Robotaxi app. Consumer Model Ys are not part of this entry.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3b487320a4", "hs-cfdd593d7d", "hs-612b31ab21", "hs-76a97637ab", "hs-26c39f435e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-06-22", "event": "Austin Robotaxi launch", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2025-06-22", "note": "Paid rides in Austin with a safety monitor in the passenger seat" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Austin, Dallas, Houston, Miami (unsupervised); Orlando and Tampa reported; San Francisco Bay Area with safety drivers", "since": "2026-01", "fleet": "no official count; third-party trackers counted 39 verified unsupervised cars in early June 2026 and nearly 400 supervised cars in the Bay Area (press, mid-2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/tesla-robotaxi-model-y-fleet-2025.jpg", "author": "Tesla", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://digitalassets.tesla.com/tesla-contents/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto/Our-Fully-Autonomous-Fleet-Model-Y-Desktop.jpg", "page": "https://digitalassets.tesla.com/tesla-contents/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto/Our-Fully-Autonomous-Fleet-Model-Y-Desktop.jpg", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 500 } }, { "id": "bedrock-robotics-bedrock-operator-2025", "name": "Bedrock Operator (autonomous excavator retrofit)", "maker": "Bedrock Robotics", "makerId": "bedrock", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-07", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "construction", "excavation", "mass earthmoving" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Retrofit kit installed on customers' machines; price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Its 2025 Sundt project was described as the largest supervised-autonomy excavation deployment at the time.", "deployments": "Moved over 65,000 cubic yards on a 130-acre Sundt site in Arizona in 2025; by August 2026 excavators ran with no operator on three commercial sites in Texas and Nevada.", "summary": "A same-day, reversible kit of LiDAR, cameras and computers that turns existing excavators into autonomous machines, from a team of former Waymo leaders. It raised $80M in 2025.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-78e698cfa5", "hs-ec03cabef1", "hs-ca2d752b54" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-07", "event": "Funding announcement revealing excavators deployed in Arizona, Texas and Arkansas", "url": "https://pulse2.com/bedrock-robotics-80-million-raised-for-autonomous-construction-technology" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Operator-less deployments began in 2026" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/bedrock-robotics-bedrock-operator-2025.jpg", "author": "Bedrock Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://bedrockrobotics.com/", "page": "https://bedrockrobotics.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "ati-motors-sherpa-10k-2025", "name": "Sherpa 10K", "maker": "Ati Motors", "makerId": "ati-motors", "country": "India", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "towing cart trains", "factory intralogistics" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Ati's Sherpa tug range had logged over 500,000 km across more than 50 factories by July 2025 (Ati Motors via Automated Warehouse).", "summary": "A heavy-duty autonomous tugger from Bengaluru's Ati Motors rated to tow about 10,000 lb (4.5 to 5 tonnes) in trains of up to three carts, using 3D lidar fused with cameras and turning in place for narrow aisles. It climbs 10% ramps, works in the dark and follows the VDA 5050 fleet standard.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-bf7c5e070f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-07", "event": "Ati Motors Product Day 2025", "url": "https://www.automatedwarehouseonline.com/?p=9555" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "price not published" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ati-motors-sherpa-10k-2025.jpg", "author": "Ati Motors", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://atimotors.com/", "page": "https://atimotors.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 625 } }, { "id": "uralvagonzavod-shturm-2025", "name": "Shturm", "maker": "Uralvagonzavod", "makerId": "uralvagonzavod", "country": "Russia", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-07", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "assault support" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military", "defence-research" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A heavy robotic assault vehicle on a modified T-72 tank chassis, in development since 2018; footage appeared in July 2025.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-32f934384d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-07", "event": "Footage published (development since 2018)", "url": "https://militarnyi.com/en/articles/russian-unmanned-ground-vehicles-deployed-in-the-war-against-ukraine/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not fully autonomous; service status unknown" }, "components": { "actuators": "Modified T-72 tank chassis", "other": "Heavy robotic assault complex in development since 2018; proposals included a short-barrel 125 mm gun, 30 mm cannon or rocket launchers, and a command vehicle controlling a platoon. Footage from July 2025 showed it with a crew aboard, so its remote-control capability is unclear.", "sources": [ "hs-32f934384d" ] }, "production": { "sold": "No confirmed service entry", "where": "Uralvagonzavod, Russia" }, "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "Reported as a remote-controlled vehicle driven and fought by operators in a nearby command vehicle.", "video": { "id": "BM3OFC0OwMs", "title": "Putin's Robo Tank 'Shtrum' makes Battlefield Debut | Vantage on Firstpost | 4K", "channel": "Firstpost" } }, { "id": "jd-logistics-autonomous-van-2025", "name": "JD Logistics L4 autonomous van", "maker": "JD Logistics", "makerId": "jd-logistics", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-07-02", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "parcel shuttle runs", "transfer-station freight" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery-pod", "domain": [ "logistics", "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; for JD's own network", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A large electric delivery van that JD Logistics built to support Level 4 self-driving, with 24 cubic metres of cargo space for runs between its logistics sites. It was shown alongside JD's growing robot and drone fleets; range and other specs were not confirmed from an opened source.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d6561a1bad" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-07-02", "event": "Transport technology expo, China (2 July 2025)", "url": "https://kr-asia.com/pulses/155269" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "deployment timing not announced" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": null, "where": "China", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/jd-logistics-autonomous-van-2025.jpg", "author": "JD Logistics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.ithome.com/0/865/345.htm", "page": "https://www.ithome.com/0/865/345.htm", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "kaercher-kira-b-200-2025", "name": "KIRA B 200", "maker": "Kärcher", "makerId": "k-rcher", "country": "Germany", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-07-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous scrubbing of large hard floors such as warehouses and halls" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 147.1, "weightKg": 650, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5.4, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 4, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Kärcher calls it the first safety-certified, fully autonomous scrubber-dryer for large areas (maker claim).", "deployments": null, "summary": "A large autonomous scrubber-dryer with a 200-litre tank, sold in roller-brush (BR) and disc-brush (BD) versions with 850-900 mm working widths and about four hours per charge.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-3c5b4e285c", "hs-6f437f5909", "hs-f22559fb17", "hs-ef89fb9585" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-07-04", "event": "Product release listed by Interclean", "url": "https://www.intercleanshow.com/products-and-services/karcher-b-v/products/kira-b-200" }, "released": { "date": "2025-07", "note": "Weight shown is the disc version (BD 200, 650 kg); roller version is 619 kg" }, "components": { "software": "Kärcher's own operating system; certified to IEC 63327 for use in public areas; optional docking station and IoT connectivity", "other": "Large autonomous scrubber-dryer with a 200 L water capacity, in roller (about 4,590 m2/h) and disc (about 4,860 m2/h) versions; Kärcher calls it the first safety-certified fully autonomous scrubber-dryer for large areas.", "sources": [ "hs-f22559fb17", "hs-3c5b4e285c" ] }, "production": { "where": "Kärcher, Winnenden, Germany", "customers": "Warehouses, halls and other large hard-floor sites targeted" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It scrubs mapped areas by itself and can also be driven manually.", "video": { "id": "02MaNpWy1NI", "title": "Kärcher KIRA B 200 Robotic Scrubber | Operation Video", "channel": "Kärcher USA" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kaercher-kira-b-200-2025.jpg", "author": "Kärcher", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.kaercher.com/int/professional/cleaning-robots/kira-br-200-15330130.html", "page": "https://www.kaercher.com/int/professional/cleaning-robots/kira-br-200-15330130.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "rapyuta-pa-amr-weight-check-2025", "name": "Rapyuta PA-AMR (weight-inspection model)", "maker": "Rapyuta Robotics", "makerId": "rapyuta", "country": "Japan", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-07-17", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "warehouse picking assistance", "weight-based order checking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Subscription available; price not published.", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Rapyuta says its PA-AMR line held the top share of Japan's picking-assist robot market for three straight years to fiscal 2023 (Deloitte Tohmatsu survey).", "deployments": "65 units ordered for a Kao logistics centre in the Kanto region, due to start in winter 2025 - Rapyuta's largest single-site deployment.", "summary": "A collaborative picking-assist mobile robot that leads warehouse workers to items without floor markers or a warehouse management system; this new model adds built-in weighing to check picks. It is from Tokyo-based Rapyuta Robotics, known for fleet control.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-540241150f", "hs-74559044cc", "hs-030b16f62d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-07-17", "event": "Rapyuta Robotics and Kao press conference", "url": "https://note.com/kmoriyama/n/n8feca94558a1" }, "released": { "date": "2025", "note": "Earlier PA-AMR models were already on sale; this weight-check model was due to enter service at Kao in winter 2025." }, "components": { "sensors": "Built-in scales that weigh up to four totes (up to 20 kg including the tote) in under a second, to 10 g resolution", "software": "Checks each pick against master weight data to catch picking errors; Rapyuta multi-robot fleet control and picker-guide screens; no reflectors or markers needed and works without a warehouse management system", "other": "Collaborative picking-assist AMR that leads workers between zones; an upgrade of the standard PA-AMR, which can be converted.", "sources": [ "hs-540241150f", "hs-030b16f62d" ] }, "production": { "built": "65 units ordered for one Kao logistics site, Rapyuta's largest single-site deployment", "where": "Rapyuta Robotics, Tokyo, Japan", "customers": "Kao Corporation (Kanto logistics centre, operation from winter 2025); other PA-AMR users include Askul Logist, Nestlé Japan, Yasuda Logistics and Kokubu" }, "news": [ { "date": "2025-07-17", "title": "Kao orders 65 weight-checking PA-AMRs", "summary": "Rapyuta announced 65 new weight-inspection picking robots and automatic stations for a Kao warehouse, starting winter 2025.", "publisher": "Kazumichi Moriyama (note)", "url": "https://note.com/kmoriyama/n/n8feca94558a1" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It drives itself to each pick location and leads workers there, and its scale checks their picks.", "video": { "id": "WyVyXDOZAvM", "title": "PA-AMR Model Comparison: Standard vs. Weight Inspection", "channel": "Rapyuta Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/rapyuta-pa-amr-weight-check-2025.jpg", "author": "Rapyuta Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.rapyuta-robotics.com/solutions-pa-amr-weight-inspection/", "page": "https://www.rapyuta-robotics.com/solutions-pa-amr-weight-inspection/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "pudu-t600-2025", "name": "PUDU T600", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-07-24", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "heavy-load factory and warehouse transport" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 135, "weightKg": 112, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": 600, "batteryHours": 12, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 600 kg heavy-payload autonomous mobile robot for factories, with a ground-projected warning line, alarm-triggered evacuation behaviour and a 12-hour battery; an 'Underride' version slides under and lifts carts.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-0c3fc354ec", "hs-9cb47ab501" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-07-24", "event": "Release date given in the maker product page's metadata (24 Jul 2025), the earliest dated source found", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/pudut600" }, "released": { "date": "2025-07", "note": "T600 and T600 Underride versions" }, "components": { "sensors": "VSLAM plus lidar SLAM (Upright); lidar SLAM only on the Underride version; low-obstacle detection", "battery": "30 Ah; about 12 h unloaded; 2-hour charge to 90%; auto-recharging and battery swap", "software": "Rack-group recognition for autonomous pick and place; elevator and gate control; VDA5050 interoperability; on-premises deployment; disaster-avoidance mode responding to fire or earthquake alarms", "other": "Carries 600 kg with a 60 mm lift; Upright (112 kg, with screen and handle) and Underride (94 kg, 255 mm tall) versions; projects a warning line on the floor.", "sources": [ "hs-0c3fc354ec" ] }, "production": { "where": "Pudu Robotics, Shenzhen, China", "customers": "Factories and warehouses targeted; no named customers found" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It hauls heavy loads around factories by itself.", "video": { "id": "8MUqvy-QYbk", "title": "PUDU T600 Series: Heavy-Payload Industrial Delivery Robot", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-t600-2025.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/pudut600", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/pudut600", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "unitree-a2-2025", "name": "A2 (Stellar Hunter)", "maker": "Unitree Robotics", "makerId": "unitree", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-08", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "inspection", "logistics", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "logistics", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 37, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 18, "payloadKg": 25, "batteryHours": 3, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not disclosed at launch", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 37 kg quadruped with front and rear lidar and hot-swappable batteries. It walks 3 hours (12.5 km) carrying 25 kg and can climb a 1 m step. A wheeled A2-W version is offered.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-788d416183", "hs-5fae7cf1f4" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-08", "event": "Unitree launch", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/unitree-launches-a2-quadruped-equipped-with-front-and-rear-lidar/" }, "released": { "date": "2025", "note": "sold via distributors" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 leg joint motors with industrial crossed roller bearings; about 180 N·m peak joint torque; wheel-leg option", "sensors": "Two industrial lidars (front and rear; one on the base model), HD camera, front light; microphone array", "compute": "8-core CPU for the platform plus Intel Core i7 for user development; optional high-compute expansion dock", "battery": "Hot-swappable dual batteries, 9,000 mAh (453.6 Wh) each at 50.4 V; about 5 h / 20 km unloaded or 3 h / 12.5 km with 25 kg", "software": "Open platform for secondary development", "other": "About 37 kg; carries 25 kg walking; works from -20 to 55 C.", "sources": [ "hs-fa52bc3958", "hs-788d416183" ] }, "production": { "where": "Unitree Robotics, Hangzhou, China", "customers": "Aimed at inspection, logistics, rescue and research" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-07-29", "title": "US bans new foreign-made robot dogs", "summary": "The FCC barred imports of new foreign-made humanoids and robot dogs on security grounds, a move aimed mainly at Chinese makers such as Unitree.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/07/29/us-government-bans-new-foreign-made-humanoids-robot-dogs-and-solar-inverters-citing-risks-to-national-security/" }, { "date": "2025-08-08", "title": "Unitree launches A2 with front and rear lidar", "summary": "Unitree released the mid-size A2 industrial quadruped with dual lidar and hot-swap batteries.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/unitree-launches-a2-quadruped-equipped-with-front-and-rear-lidar/" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Usually steered with a remote while it balances and handles terrain itself; autonomous patrol needs added software.", "video": { "id": "ve9USu7zpLU", "title": "Unitree Introducing - Unitree A2 Stellar Explorer", "channel": "Unitree Robotics" } }, { "id": "autonomous-a2z-roii-2025", "name": "ROii", "maker": "Autonomous a2z", "makerId": "autonomous-a2z", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-08", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Exported to Abu Dhabi (8 units for Space42, pilot from late 2026) and shown in Singapore in July 2026 with a safety driver as local rules require.", "summary": "A Korean Level 4 shuttle built with no driver's seat, sold with the company's driving system and operations platform. The company reported over 1 million km of operation and 10,132 ROii passengers by May 2026.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6070bc69ac", "hs-72c10ab411", "hs-612a494821" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-08", "event": "Korean press report on planned 2026 sales", "url": "https://view.asiae.co.kr/en/article/2025081914185541026" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "South Korea; Singapore (NCS demo, July 2026); Abu Dhabi (pilot planned late 2026)", "since": null, "fleet": "8 units ordered for Abu Dhabi (Korea Herald, August 2026)", "usage": "1,023,355 km company-wide and 10,132 ROii passengers as of 15 May 2026 (S&P Global)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/autonomous-a2z-roii-2025.jpg", "author": "Autonomous a2z", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.autoa2z.co.kr/ROii", "page": "https://www.autoa2z.co.kr/ROii", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 500 } }, { "id": "tensor-robocar-2025", "name": "Tensor Robocar", "maker": "Tensor (formerly AutoX)", "makerId": "tensor", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-08-13", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "personal transport" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "price not disclosed", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Billed by its maker as the first Level 4 car designed for private ownership.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A Level 4 car built for private owners rather than fleets, with 37 cameras, 5 lidars, 11 radars and an 8,000 TOPS NVIDIA computer; owners can still drive it by hand. Production is planned with VinFast.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-09b99a5c18", "hs-8fb187447e", "hs-3399f6460e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-08-13", "event": "Online reveal (later shown at Dubai World Congress for Self-Driving Transport and CES 2026)", "url": "https://www.drivencarguide.co.nz/news/tensor-robocar-is-the-first-self-driving-car-built-for-private-owners/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Deliveries targeted for the second half of 2026 in the US, Europe and UAE, pending certification" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": null, "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/tensor-robocar-2025.jpg", "author": "Tensor", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.tensor.auto/robocar", "page": "https://www.tensor.auto/robocar", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 632 } }, { "id": "general-atomics-yfq-42a-2025", "name": "YFQ-42A Dark Merlin (production FQ-42A)", "maker": "General Atomics Aeronautical Systems", "makerId": "general-atomics-aeronautical-systems", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-08-27", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "collaborative combat aircraft", "loyal wingman" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "military-aircraft", "domain": [ "defense" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "military only", "hands": "none", "firsts": "First US Air Force Collaborative Combat Aircraft to fly, in August 2025.", "deployments": "General Atomics and Anduril received CCA production contracts on 17 June 2026. A YFQ-42A was lost in an April 6 crash; flight testing resumed by May 21 after safety reviews and software changes (DefenseScoop; General Atomics, 2026).", "summary": "A jet drone wingman for US Air Force fighters. It can take off and land at the push of a button, and in February 2026 it flew a four-hour mission on Collins Aerospace autonomy software, carrying out commands from a ground autonomy operator.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-080e97d758", "hs-063c8453e0", "hs-c002f23a5e", "hs-252a8cc953" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-08-27", "event": "US Air Force announcement of first flight", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "production contract June 2026; service planned toward 2030" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "US flight test ranges, California", "since": "2025-08", "fleet": "At least three production-representative YFQ-42A airframes built by April 2026 (AeroTime, 2026).", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/general-atomics-yfq-42a-2025-1.jpg", "author": "U.S. Air Force", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:YFQ-42_sit_on_the_flightline_at_a_California_test_location_260212-F-AF000-1314.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:YFQ-42_sit_on_the_flightline_at_a_California_test_location_260212-F-AF000-1314.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "bot-auto-autonomous-truck-2025", "name": "Bot Auto autonomous truck (retrofitted Freightliner)", "maker": "Bot Auto", "makerId": "bot-auto", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-09", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "freight", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Bot Auto says its 29 April 2026 Houston-to-Dallas run was the first US commercial truckload delivered with no one in the cab, no in-cab observer and no low-latency remote driving.", "deployments": "After a driverless 40-mile validation run in Houston in September 2025, one of its 12 retrofitted tractors hauled a 230-mile overnight load for broker Ryan Transportation from Houston to Hutchins, near Dallas, on 29 April 2026.", "summary": "Conventional diesel Freightliner tractors that Houston start-up Bot Auto converts with its own sensors and software. It sells capacity as transportation-as-a-service through brokers.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f1695559ee", "hs-96beded9a3", "hs-0cc225527e", "hs-8030ad2aa9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-09", "event": "First driverless hub-to-hub validation run, Houston", "url": "https://fleetowner.com/technology/autonomous-vehicles/article/55317734/bot-auto-completes-first-level-4-autonomous-truck-run-in-texas-without-a-driver" }, "released": { "date": "2026-04-29", "note": "First paid driverless load, Houston-Dallas" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Houston-Dallas and Houston-San Antonio, Texas", "since": "2025-09", "fleet": "12 retrofitted Freightliner tractors (Transport Topics, 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/bot-auto-autonomous-truck-2025.jpg", "author": "Bot Auto", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://bot.auto/", "page": "https://bot.auto/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 397 } }, { "id": "diden-robotics-diden-30-2025", "name": "DIDEN 30", "maker": "Diden Robotics", "makerId": "diden", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-09-30", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "shipyard work", "climbing steel structures", "welding and inspection support" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 45, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "A quadruped with switchable magnetic feet that walks on vertical steel walls and over ship-hull stiffeners.", "deployments": "Tested inside ship blocks with Samsung Heavy Industries, HD Hyundai Samho, Hanwha Ocean and HD Korea Shipbuilding (KAIST, Sept 2025).", "summary": "A four-legged robot from a 2024 KAIST spin-off whose foot-shaped magnetic feet let it grip and climb steel walls and ceilings inside ships under construction, steering with 3D sensing and reinforcement-learned control. Reported size is about 96 x 46 x 49 cm and 45 kg; welding and painting upgrades were planned for 2026.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6edc4f7df8", "hs-57fa0d6a00", "hs-bdbb3a0bdc" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-09-30", "event": "KAIST announcement ahead of Humanoids 2025", "url": "https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/kaist-unveils-next-gen-robots" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "shipyard pilots" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/diden-robotics-diden-30-2025.jpg", "author": "Diden Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.didenrobotics.com/", "page": "https://www.didenrobotics.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 849 } }, { "id": "doordash-dot-2025", "name": "Dot", "maker": "DoorDash", "makerId": "doordash", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-09-30", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "food delivery", "small parcel delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 159, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 32, "payloadKg": 13.6, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "One of the first delivery robots built to use roads and bike lanes as well as sidewalks at up to 20 mph.", "deployments": "Early-access delivery programme in Tempe and Mesa, Arizona from autumn 2025.", "summary": "DoorDash's in-house delivery robot that drives on roads, bike lanes and sidewalks at up to 32 km/h with eight cameras, four radars and three lidars. It holds about 13.6 kg (30 lb), roughly six pizzas.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d7f8979c75", "hs-5dbbf3cae9", "hs-a8324f951c" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-09-30", "event": "Unveiled by DoorDash", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/09/30/doordash-unveils-dot-its-autonomous-robot-built-to-deliver-your-food" }, "released": { "date": "2025-09", "note": "Early access deliveries in Tempe and Mesa, Arizona" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/doordash-dot-2025.jpg", "author": "DoorDash", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://about.doordash.com/en-us/news/doordash-unveils-dot", "page": "https://about.doordash.com/en-us/news/doordash-unveils-dot", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 895 } }, { "id": "karsan-autonomous-e-jest-2025", "name": "Autonomous e-JEST", "maker": "Karsan with ADASTEC", "makerId": "karsan", "country": "Turkey", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-10", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "passenger shuttle" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "shuttle", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price not published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Began free passenger service in June 2026 on Atlanta's ATL Spoke pilot between MARTA West End Station and the Beltline Southwest Trail, with Beep.", "summary": "A Level 4 version of Karsan's small electric e-JEST minibus, about 6 m long, with a 23-sensor package for narrow city streets. Karsan lists up to 19 passengers in Europe and a smaller seating layout in the US.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-b3b440e0a5", "hs-dbf2a5df28", "hs-8d1480f841", "hs-18e6a57677" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-10", "event": "Busworld Europe 2025, Brussels", "url": "https://bus-news.com/karsan-to-launch-autonomous-e-jest-and-e-ata-hydrogen-at-busworld-2025/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Not sold publicly at a published price" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Atlanta (ATL Spoke pilot, from June 2026)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/karsan-autonomous-e-jest-2025-1.jpg", "author": "User:Celestinesucess", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Busworld_Europe_2025,_Brussels_(P1210419).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "lucid-gravity-nuro-uber-robotaxi-2025", "name": "Uber robotaxi (Lucid Gravity with Nuro Driver)", "maker": "Uber, Lucid and Nuro", "makerId": "uber", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-10", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Autonomous on-road testing began in December 2025 and the production-intent car was shown at CES 2026; an Uber-only service in the San Francisco Bay Area is targeted for late 2026, pending California permits.", "summary": "A Lucid Gravity electric SUV with Nuro's driving system (cameras, solid-state lidar, radar, Nvidia Drive Thor). Uber plans to buy at least 20,000 over six years.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5c6f3fcdec", "hs-a6836ed845", "hs-02833d369a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-10", "event": "Announced at TechCrunch Disrupt; production-intent car at CES 2026", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/29/uber-to-launch-a-premium-robotaxi-service-in-waymos-turf-of-san-francisco" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Bay Area launch targeted for late 2026" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "San Francisco Bay Area (testing)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/lucid-gravity-nuro-uber-robotaxi-2025.jpg", "author": "Uber, Lucid and Nuro", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.nuro.ai/", "page": "https://www.nuro.ai/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "waabi-volvo-vnl-autonomous-2025", "name": "Volvo VNL Autonomous powered by the Waabi Driver", "maker": "Waabi with Volvo Autonomous Solutions", "makerId": "waabi", "country": "Canada", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-10", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "freight", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Waabi trains and validates its driver largely in a generative-AI simulator, and says this cut the time to open a new lane from about three months to three weeks.", "deployments": "Hauls freight for logistics firm Warp on the Dallas-Houston corridor and has run Dallas-San Antonio, with an observer on board; Waabi targets driverless operation once Volvo begins installing its system, reported for Q1 2027.", "summary": "Waabi's AI driving system integrated into Volvo's redundant VNL Autonomous platform. Commercial loads in Texas currently run with a safety observer in the driver's seat.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-0d91fd3354", "hs-d5d594415c", "hs-9184144a49" ], "canada": "Waabi is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario.", "firstShown": { "date": "2025-10", "event": "Waabi and Volvo announce the Volvo VNL Autonomous with the Waabi Driver", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Supervised commercial runs in Texas; driverless launch planned around 2027" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Texas (Dallas-Houston, Dallas-San Antonio)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/waabi-volvo-vnl-autonomous-2025.jpg", "author": "Waabi with Volvo Autonomous Solutions", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://waabi.ai/insights/waabi-and-volvo-demonstrate-the-future-of-autonomous-trucking", "page": "https://waabi.ai/insights/waabi-and-volvo-demonstrate-the-future-of-autonomous-trucking", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "ehang-vt35-2025", "name": "VT35", "maker": "EHang", "makerId": "ehang", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-10-13", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "intercity air taxi", "cross-sea and mountain transport" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "air-taxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 950, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "RMB 6.5 million standard version in China", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A two-seat pilotless lift-and-cruise eVTOL with eight lift rotors, a pusher propeller and tandem wings, designed for about 200 km fully loaded. It is 8 m long with a 950 kg maximum take-off weight.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e2391a5771", "hs-d4b882dfac" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-10-13", "event": "Global launch event", "url": "https://ir.ehang.com/news-releases/news-release-details/global-debut-ehang-introduces-vt35-next-generation-long-range" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "CAAC type certificate application accepted February 2025, under review" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "China (test flights)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": 200 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ehang-vt35-2025.jpg", "author": "EHang", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.ehang.com/vt35/", "page": "https://www.ehang.com/vt35/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 548 } }, { "id": "iris-ohyama-jilby-2025", "name": "JILBY", "maker": "Iris Ohyama (developed by subsidiary Synkrobo, formerly Smile Robotics)", "makerId": "iris-ohyama", "country": "Japan", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-10-29", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "commercial floor cleaning (dust collection)" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Offered as robots-as-a-service; price not published.", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "On sale from 1 Jul 2026; Iris Ohyama reports 25,000 service robots shipped to 7,000 companies across its range.", "summary": "A business-use dust-collecting cleaning robot whose hardware and software were developed entirely in-house and built at Iris Ohyama's Dalian factory, with auto-charging, swappable batteries, quiet mode, paper dust bags and a 10-inch screen. It links to NTT West's AI robotics platform so staff can talk to an AI agent that plans routes and suggests extra cleaning.", "specSource": "unknown", "sources": [ "hs-12521621e2", "hs-39c0f9ab9f", "hs-7ac953efaf" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-10-29", "event": "Iris Ohyama JILBY launch press event", "url": "https://note.com/kmoriyama/n/n797d3ca05698" }, "released": { "date": "2026-07-01", "note": "Sold as robots-as-a-service in Japan" }, "components": { "battery": "Detachable battery with automatic charging", "software": "Hardware and software developed fully in-house (by subsidiary Synkrobo, formerly Smile Robotics); linked to NTT West's AI robotics platform so staff can talk to an AI agent by text or voice, and the agent suggests cleaning routes and schedules from accumulated data; elevator, gate and automatic-door links planned", "other": "Commercial vacuum cleaning robot with normal, power and quiet modes, a 10-inch screen and easy-change paper dust bags.", "sources": [ "hs-12521621e2" ] }, "production": { "where": "Made at Iris Ohyama's own factory in Dalian, China", "customers": "Offered as robots-as-a-service in Japan from 1 July 2026; Iris Ohyama says its service robots are used by 7,000 companies with 25,000 units shipped" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-07-09", "title": "Iris Ohyama starts selling JILBY", "summary": "JILBY went on sale on 1 July 2026 as an in-house-built cleaning robot sold as a service.", "publisher": "Kazumichi Moriyama (note)", "url": "https://note.com/kmoriyama/n/n797d3ca05698" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It cleans mapped areas on its own and returns to charge itself.", "video": { "id": "a4c2XMh95zk", "title": "DX清掃ロボット 『JILBY（ジルビー）』ティザーPV【アイリスオーヤマ】", "channel": "アイリスオーヤマ BtoB事業グループ" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/iris-ohyama-jilby-2025.jpg", "author": "Iris Ohyama", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000902.000019955.html", "page": "https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000902.000019955.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "anduril-yfq-44a-fury-2025", "name": "YFQ-44A Fury (production FQ-44A)", "maker": "Anduril Industries", "makerId": "anduril-industries", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-10-31", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "collaborative combat aircraft", "loyal wingman" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "military-aircraft", "domain": [ "defense" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 2268, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "military only", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Anduril says every taxi and flight test has been semi-autonomous, with no operator flying it by stick and throttle.", "deployments": "First flight 31 October 2025 at Victorville, California; selected for initial production on 17 June 2026 (The War Zone).", "summary": "A jet drone wingman for US Air Force fighters. It runs its mission plan, flight controls and throttle by itself, while an operator watches 'on the loop' and can order it to return and land.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e550bd7982", "hs-c002f23a5e", "hs-179c145657" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-10-31", "event": "First flight, Southern California Logistics Airport, Victorville", "url": null }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "production contract June 2026" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "Victorville, California", "since": "2025-10-31", "fleet": "Two publicly known Fury prototype airframes, 25-1001 and 25-1003, as of March 2026; total built not established (The Aviationist, March 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/anduril-yfq-44a-fury-2025-1.jpg", "author": "Master Sgt. Gustavo Castillo", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:YFQ-44_ground_test.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:YFQ-44_ground_test.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "plus-international-lt-superdrive-2025", "name": "International LT with PlusAI SuperDrive", "maker": "PlusAI with International Motors (TRATON)", "makerId": "plusai", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-11", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "freight", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Plus earlier ran what it called the first cross-country commercial freight trip by a self-driving truck, carrying butter from California to Pennsylvania in 2019 with a safety driver.", "deployments": "Since November 2025 runs a daily 600-mile I-35 loop between Ryder sites in Laredo and Temple, Texas with a safety driver; PlusAI reports 92% autonomous coverage (July 2026). SuperDrive is also in a Southern Europe programme with IVECO and Sese.", "summary": "A factory-built International LT tractor with integrated lidar, radar and cameras running PlusAI's SuperDrive virtual driver. It is in a supervised freight trial for Ryder in Texas ahead of planned factory-scale production from 2027.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-06da3522de", "hs-e8e88826c3", "hs-09df20d12d", "hs-b1504ccc32" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-11", "event": "Ryder trial starts on I-35 in Texas (announced July 2026)", "url": "https://www.freightwaves.com/news/international-plusai-ryder-autonomous-trucking-temple-to-laredo" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Factory-built driverless trucks targeted from 2027" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Laredo-Temple, Texas (I-35); Southern Europe with IVECO", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "100% on-time and 92% autonomous route coverage on the Ryder trial (International/Ryder, July 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/plus-international-lt-superdrive-2025.jpg", "author": "PlusAI with International Motors", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.plus.ai/news-and-insights/2026-03-31-fleet-trial-international/", "page": "https://www.plus.ai/news-and-insights/2026-03-31-fleet-trial-international/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 625 } }, { "id": "new-holland-r4-robot-series-2025", "name": "R4 robot series (R4 Electric Power and R4 Hybrid Power)", "maker": "New Holland (CNH)", "makerId": "new-holland", "country": "United States", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-11", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "vineyard and orchard spraying", "inter-row mowing", "tillage" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 1400, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Tracked autonomous robots for specialty crops: a 40 kWh battery version for narrow vineyards and a 44 kW diesel-electric hybrid (about 1,400 kg) for orchards, both guided by GPS, lidar and cameras and run from an app.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-92d378d654", "hs-4b27c4ac74", "hs-dbe27aaa1d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-11", "event": "Agritechnica 2025, Hanover", "url": "https://media.cnh.com/emea/new-holland/autonomous-r4-robot-series-designed-to-answer-specialty-crop-farming-challenges/s/55c51508-f8e8-4ac3-a946-62553335fb6c" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Presented as an advanced concept; shown at GOFAR Field Day France, February 2026" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/new-holland-r4-robot-series-2025-1.jpg", "author": "MarcelX42", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:New_Holland_R4_Hybrid_Power_Agritechnica_2025_(DSC08481).jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "dobot-rover-x1-2025", "name": "Rover X1", "maker": "Dobot", "makerId": "dobot", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-11", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "companionship", "home security patrol", "carrying shopping", "follow-me filming", "coding education" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 1030, "priceNote": "CNY 7,499 (about $1,030)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Reported more than 5,000 reservations on its first day (November 2025).", "summary": "Dobot's first household robot dog, a wheel-leg hybrid that follows its owner to film, patrols the home and carries small loads. It is programmable with drag-and-drop or text code.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5b804de560", "hs-b7e8c9cfdf", "hs-6fac1e0a6e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-11", "event": "Launch in Shenzhen", "url": "https://technode.com/2025/11/04/dobot-rover-x1-robot-dog-debuts-at-1030-carries-items-and-follows-for-filming/" }, "released": { "date": "2025-12-23", "note": "Pre-sales started 23 December 2025 (Yicai)" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/dobot-rover-x1-2025-1.jpg", "author": "TaurusEmerald", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dobot_Inffini_Rover_X1_Robot_Dog.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 848 } }, { "id": "xpeng-yoyo-robotaxi-2025", "name": "XPeng Yoyo robotaxi (GX-based)", "maker": "XPeng", "makerId": "xpeng", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-11-05", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "XPeng says it is the first Chinese carmaker to mass-produce robotaxis, and the car uses cameras only, with no lidar or HD maps.", "deployments": "Announced at AI Day in November 2025, road-tested from January 2026, first production unit in Guangzhou on 18 May 2026, and more than 2,000 internal test rides in Guangzhou by August 2026.", "summary": "A Level 4 robotaxi on XPeng's GX SUV platform, with four in-house Turing chips (about 3,000 TOPS) running its VLA 2.0 model. XPeng plans pilot service in the second half of 2026 and rides without safety staff in 2027.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b9f6cd0d3e", "hs-ba273425a4", "hs-0d44b2f640" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-11-05", "event": "XPeng AI Day 2025, Guangzhou", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2025/11/05/xpeng-to-launch-3-robotaxi-models-2026/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "pilot operations planned for H2 2026; partner-platform service planned for 2027" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Guangzhou (internal testing)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": "more than 2,000 internal test rides in Guangzhou (XPeng CEO, 24 Aug 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-10-10", "title": "XPeng names its robotaxi service YOYO and opens sign-ups", "summary": "XPeng branded its robotaxi business XPENG YOYO on 8 October and let users in China register with invitation codes, widening access beyond employee testing.", "publisher": "TechNode", "url": "https://technode.com/2026/10/10/xpeng-names-robotaxi-service-yoyo-and-opens-invitation-based-registration-in-china/" } ], "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/xpeng-yoyo-robotaxi-2025.jpg", "author": "XPeng", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.xpeng.com/news/019e3ad2f9789dd703de8a0282290180", "page": "https://www.xpeng.com/news/019e3ad2f9789dd703de8a0282290180", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "ponyai-gen4-truck-2025", "name": "Pony.ai Gen-4 autonomous truck", "maker": "Pony.ai with SANY Truck and Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor", "makerId": "pony-ai", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-11-19", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "freight", "bulk haulage", "port logistics" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics", "ports" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "no price published; Pony.ai says the self-driving kit costs about 70% less than the previous generation", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "In production by August 2026, with batches entering commercial service and dozens planned for Shenzhen's Mawan Port; Pony.ai targets 500 to 1,000 units in China within two to three years (CnEVPost, Aug 2026).", "summary": "Pony.ai's fourth-generation heavy truck on SANY and Dongfeng Liuzhou battery-electric platforms, using fully automotive-grade parts shared with its robotaxi system and a redundant by-wire chassis. It is designed for 20,000 operating hours or 1 million km, and for '1+4' platoons with one driven lead truck and four driverless followers.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-53e954a9d5", "hs-b42b82cff0", "hs-5eab1e70c5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-11-19", "event": "Pony.ai Gen-4 truck lineup announcement", "url": "https://www.aap.com.au/aapreleases/cision20251118ae27618" }, "released": { "date": "2026", "note": "mass production and first fleet deployment in 2026 (Pony.ai)" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "testing", "where": "China, including Shenzhen Mawan Port project and Sinotrans freight (Pony.ai via CnEVPost, Aug 2026)", "since": null, "fleet": "batches entering service; total not published (CnEVPost, Aug 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ponyai-gen4-truck-2025.jpg", "author": "Pony.ai", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://blog.pony.ai/scaling-autonomous-freight-inside-pony-ais-robotruck-business/", "page": "https://blog.pony.ai/scaling-autonomous-freight-inside-pony-ais-robotruck-business/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "hellobike-hr1-2025", "name": "Hello HR1 (Hello Robot1)", "maker": "Hellobike (Hello Inc.)", "makerId": "hellobike", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-12", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Commercial robotaxi operations in Zhuzhou and Liyang with tests in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Changzhou and Changsha (Dec 2025); Zhuzhou service was suspended after a robotaxi hit two pedestrians on 6 December 2025.", "summary": "Hellobike's first mass-produced L4 robotaxi, based on the Venucia VX6 SUV and backed by a RMB 3 billion-plus venture with Ant Group and CATL. Small-batch deliveries were due March 2026 and mass production June 2026.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-9dfd0d06db", "hs-5ecc9e00f9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-12", "event": "HR1 unveiling reported by CnEVPost", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2025/12/04/hellobike-expects-mass-production-l4-robotaxis-jun-2026/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "mass production planned for June 2026; not confirmed in sources" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Zhuzhou (suspended Dec 2025), Liyang; testing in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Changzhou, Changsha", "since": null, "fleet": "target of more than 50,000 robotaxis by 2027 (Hellobike, Dec 2025); current count not published", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hellobike-hr1-2025.jpg", "author": "Hello Inc. (Hellobike) with Ant Group and CATL; built by Dongfeng Nissan Venucia", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/icv/hello-unveils-first-purpose-built-robotaxi-hr1-70038993", "page": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/icv/hello-unveils-first-purpose-built-robotaxi-hr1-70038993", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 603 } }, { "id": "mercedes-benz-s-class-momenta-robotaxi-2025", "name": "Mercedes-Benz S-Class robotaxi (Momenta, Abu Dhabi)", "maker": "Momenta with Mercedes-Benz and Lumo", "makerId": "momenta", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-12", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Announced in December 2025 for Abu Dhabi on operator Lumo's platform, with official operations scheduled for 2026.", "summary": "Next-generation Mercedes-Benz S-Class sedans driven by Momenta's AI driving model and run by UAE operator Lumo. Fleet size and safety-driver arrangements were not published.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ebb3e8b39b" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-12", "event": "Mercedes-Benz, Momenta and Lumo announcement in Abu Dhabi", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2025/12/09/mercedes-momenta-launch-robotaxi-service-abu-dhabi/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "operations scheduled for 2026" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Abu Dhabi (planned 2026)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/mercedes-benz-s-class-momenta-robotaxi-2025.jpg", "author": "Momenta", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://momenta.ai/en/article/374.html", "page": "https://momenta.ai/en/article/374.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "hyundai-mobed-2025", "name": "MobED (Mobile Eccentric Droid, production version)", "maker": "Hyundai Motor Group Robotics LAB", "makerId": "hyundai-lab", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-12-03", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "last-mile delivery", "guiding", "filming support", "mobile advertising", "research" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "delivery", "research", "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 10, "payloadKg": 57, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "price not disclosed", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Won the CES 2026 Best of Innovation award in robotics.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A small four-wheeled platform whose wheels adjust independently to keep the deck level over curbs, slopes and rocks, with swappable top modules. The Pro version navigates by lidar and cameras at up to 10 km/h and carries 57 kg; the Basic version is remote-controlled for developers.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-505481b016", "hs-657e213c57", "hs-b6bd81e440" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-12-03", "event": "iREX 2025, Tokyo", "url": "https://interestingengineering.com/ai-robotics/hyundais-mobed-robot-conquers-all-terrain" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Sales of MobED Basic and Pro planned for the first half of 2026; start of sales not confirmed" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/hyundai-mobed-2025.jpg", "author": "Hyundai Motor Group Robotics LAB", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.kianewscenter.com/news/hyundai-motor-group-unveils-production-ready-autonomous-mobility-robot-platform--mobed--at-irex-2025/s/aecb7a4f-47b4-4efd-86e3-f604fc36ce5f", "page": "https://www.kianewscenter.com/news/hyundai-motor-group-unveils-production-ready-autonomous-mobility-robot-platform--mobed--at-irex-2025/s/aecb7a4f-47b4-4efd-86e3-f604fc36ce5f", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "pudu-d5-2025", "name": "PUDU D5", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-12-03", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "inspection", "delivery", "security patrol", "research" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 18, "payloadKg": 30, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Pudu's industrial quadruped, sold in legged and wheeled-foot forms, that climbs 25 cm obstacles and 30-degree slopes and carries delivery boxes or inspection gimbals using dual lidars and fisheye cameras. Top speed is 5 m/s; payload is listed as up to 30 kg (25 kg in the page description).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-3214edaade", "hs-9cb47ab501" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-12-03", "event": "Release date given in the maker product page's metadata (3 Dec 2025), the earliest dated source found; exact unveiling not found", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/d5" }, "released": { "date": "2025-12", "note": "Shown at IFA 2026 in Berlin" }, "components": { "actuators": "Quadruped with leg or wheel-leg form", "sensors": "Two 96-line spherical lidars (192-line optional) and four fisheye cameras; depth vision and a 6-microphone array for voice and gesture control", "compute": "NVIDIA Orin plus Rockchip RK3588, up to 275 TOPS, with vapor-chamber and dual-fan cooling", "materials": "IP67; operates from -20 to 55 C", "software": "Autonomous navigation, follow-me with trajectory prediction, RCOS remote monitoring with live video", "other": "Climbs 25 cm steps and 45-degree slopes; up to 5 m/s; accepts delivery boxes, inspection gimbals and a charging station.", "sources": [ "hs-3214edaade" ] }, "production": { "where": "Pudu Robotics, Shenzhen, China", "customers": "Security, inspection, logistics and research targeted" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Its maker sells it for delivery and inspection routes it walks on its own; it can also be steered by hand.", "video": { "id": "gH7DLaQlsuc", "title": "Introducing PUDU D5 Series: 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐲-𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐝𝐫𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐑𝐨𝐛𝐨𝐭", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-d5-2025.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/d5", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/d5", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "cenobots-l3-2025", "name": "L3", "maker": "CenoBots", "makerId": "cenobots", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-12-08", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous floor scrubbing", "compact commercial spaces" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 100, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "CenoBots' compact autonomous scrubber-dryer with a 400 mm scrub path and a 25 L solution tank, aimed at smaller hospitals, schools and shops.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-1f37154f6e", "hs-b94a0d6567", "hs-eb0e7105b0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-12-08", "event": "Launch event at the Fairmont Golden Prague Hotel, 8 and 10 December 2025 (earliest sourced showing; described as an introduction to the Czech market)", "url": "https://www.cenobots.com/news/16" }, "released": { "date": "2025-12", "note": "Further European launch events planned for Germany, France and Spain" }, "components": { "sensors": "96-beam 3D lidar plus a perception system for ground-level hazards", "compute": "NVIDIA AI chip rated at 100 TOPS", "software": "Autonomous path planning and obstacle avoidance; simple voice commands", "other": "Small-space scrubber-dryer: 400 mm cleaning width, 25 L solution tank, 18 kg brush pressure, 700 mm pass-through width.", "sources": [ "hs-1f37154f6e", "hs-b94a0d6567" ] }, "production": { "where": "CenoBots (Cenozoic Robotics), China", "customers": "Hospitals, schools, retail and offices targeted; launched in Europe at a Prague event" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It scrubs and dries mapped floors by itself.", "video": { "id": "eXcubLbxATM", "title": "CenoBots L3 - AI-Powered Autonomous Scrubber Dryer", "channel": "CenoBots" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cenobots-l3-2025.jpg", "author": "CenoBots", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.cenobots.com/products/l3", "page": "https://www.cenobots.com/products/l3", "kind": "maker", "w": 630, "h": 854 } }, { "id": "limx-dynamics-tron-2-2025", "name": "TRON 2", "maker": "LimX Dynamics", "makerId": "limx-dynamics", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-12-19", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "research", "education", "embodied AI development" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 30, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 20000, "priceNote": "$20,000 for the dual-arm EDU edition (The Robot Report)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A modular research robot that can be rebuilt with a screwdriver as a dual-arm torso (two 7-DoF arms, 10 kg payload), a wheel-legged base (30 kg payload, the figure given) or a biped with flat feet.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-280cc06ced", "hs-04376d775d", "hs-3740bcbd1e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-12-19", "event": "Unveiled by LimX Dynamics (The Robot Report)", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/limx-dynamics-just-unveiled-tron-2-shape-shifting-robot/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Pre-orders opened at launch" }, "components": { "actuators": "Modular body that switches between dual-arm, wheel-legged and bipedal (sole-foot) forms", "hands": "Two 7-DoF arms with spherical wrists, 73 cm reach, 10 kg dual-arm payload; grippers or dexterous hands can be fitted", "sensors": "Front camera covering the arm workspace; optional perception kit with high-channel lidar for 3D mapping", "battery": "80% more battery capacity than the previous TRON; auto-recharging in wheel-leg mode; dual redundant power folds the arms safely on power loss", "software": "Open SDK (Python, ROS 1 and ROS 2); URDFs for NVIDIA Isaac Sim, MuJoCo and Gazebo; data pipeline tools and ACT and Pi0.5 tutorials with 1,000+ datasets", "other": "Wheel-leg mode carries 30 kg.", "sources": [ "hs-280cc06ced", "hs-04376d775d" ] }, "production": { "where": "LimX Dynamics, Shenzhen, China", "customers": "Research labs; partners ZINOVA (construction tool-use demo) and Enhanced Robotics (TENNIIX tennis robot)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-09-24", "title": "TRON 2 tennis robot at Billie Jean King Cup", "summary": "A tennis robot built on the wheel-legged TRON 2 rallied with Wang Qiang at the Finals in Shenzhen.", "publisher": "LimX Dynamics", "url": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/news/BK000124" }, { "date": "2026-09-02", "title": "TRON 2 learns construction tasks", "summary": "ZINOVA used dual-arm TRON 2 robots to demonstrate formwork, rebar placement and tying.", "publisher": "LimX Dynamics", "url": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/news/BK000126" }, { "date": "2025-12-19", "title": "LimX unveils TRON 2", "summary": "LimX launched the three-form TRON 2 research platform with 7-DoF arms, from $20,000 for the dual-arm EDU edition.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/limx-dynamics-just-unveiled-tron-2-shape-shifting-robot/" } ], "availability": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "how": "Order page on the maker's site is a form; orders go through the maker directly", "support": "Documentation, downloads, a knowledge base and a service portal; warranty terms are not stated", "note": "The maker's pages list no sales regions or distributors.", "source": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/order" }, "dev": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "access": "open", "how": "Open SDK, public GitHub repos for TRON 2 (robot model files, MuJoCo and Gazebo simulation, Isaac Lab training, Python and ROS deployment, ROS 2 navigation); supports Isaac Sim, MuJoCo and Gazebo", "note": "No developer edition price on the maker's pages.", "sdkUrl": "https://github.com/limxdynamics", "source": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/products/tron2" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "In legged form researchers steer it while it balances itself; autonomy and arm tasks are added by the user.", "video": { "id": "Ut3QFPr7hyo", "title": "TRON 2 Officially Launched | Redefining the Foundation of Embodied Robotics", "channel": "LimX Dynamics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/limx-dynamics-tron-2-2025.jpg", "author": "LimX Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/products/tron2", "page": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/products/tron2", "kind": "maker", "w": 750, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "vita-dynamics-vbot-superdog-2025", "name": "Vbot SuperDog (launched in China as Big Head Bobo)", "maker": "Vita Dynamics (Vbot)", "makerId": "vita-dynamics", "country": "China", "year": 2025, "date": "2025-12-23", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "companionship", "outdoor walks", "photography", "carrying light loads" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 7.2, "payloadKg": 12, "batteryHours": 5, "priceUsd": 1421, "priceNote": "CNY 9,988 (about $1,421) at the December 2025 China launch; later listed at CNY 12,988; Europe pre-order EUR 2,988 (EDU EUR 7,988, wheel-legged EDU-W EUR 10,988)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Took more than CNY 10 million in pre-orders on launch day (December 2025); first deliveries in China in May 2026.", "summary": "A consumer robot dog with binocular cameras and a 360-degree lidar that follows its owner, takes photos and carries light loads", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6fac1e0a6e", "hs-60e263f740", "hs-c0d2192ff0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2025-12-23", "event": "Launch event in China (pre-sale opened)", "url": "https://www2.yicaiglobal.com/news/affordable-robot-dogs-start-entering-chinas-consumer-market" }, "released": { "date": "2026-05", "note": "Deliveries in China began in May 2026; European pre-orders opened at IFA 2026" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/vita-dynamics-vbot-superdog-2025.jpg", "author": "Vita Dynamics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://fortune.com/press-releases/consumer-embodied-ai-vbot-bringing-it-into-the-home-ces-2026-01-07", "page": "https://fortune.com/press-releases/consumer-embodied-ai-vbot-bringing-it-into-the-home-ces-2026-01-07", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 661 } }, { "id": "farmdroid-fd60-2026", "name": "FD60", "maker": "FarmDroid", "makerId": "farmdroid", "country": "Denmark", "year": 2026, "date": "2026", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "seeding row crops", "mechanical weeding" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "agriculture", "domain": [ "agriculture" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 10, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Price depends on row count", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A larger solar-powered field robot that seeds and weeds up to 20 rows across a 6.75 m working width, covering about 60 hectares a season; a 3 kW range-extender generator tops up its 23.5 kWh battery when the sun is weak.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e78f12ffaf", "hs-4d729d277f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026", "event": "Announced on the maker's site in autumn 2026 with orders open; first public showing planned at Agromek, Denmark, 24-27 Nov 2026", "url": "https://farmdroid.com/products/farmdroid-fd60/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Orders open; deliveries from January 2027" }, "components": { "sensors": "RTK GPS that records each seed's position to within 8 mm; no cameras or crop-recognition software", "battery": "Roof solar panels (up to 24 kWh a day) charge an on-board battery good for up to 10 operating hours; a fuel Range Extender generator tops it up", "software": "FarmDroid app (with the Odin AI assistant) for monitoring battery and fuel levels", "other": "Seeds and mechanically weeds row crops in-row and between rows with no herbicide; up to 6.75 m working width and 20 rows per pass; about 60 ha per crop per season, three times an FD20.", "sources": [ "hs-e78f12ffaf", "hs-1d9729b9e4" ] }, "production": { "where": "FarmDroid, Vejen, Denmark", "customers": "Sold through local dealers; over 500 FarmDroid robots (all models) work in 26 countries" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It seeds and weeds fields on its own by GPS, all season.", "video": { "id": "R2sJyI4Tvf8", "title": "Introducing the FarmDroid FD60: Three times the capacity", "channel": "FarmDroid" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/farmdroid-fd60-2026.jpg", "author": "FarmDroid", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://farmdroid.com/products/farmdroid-fd60/", "page": "https://farmdroid.com/products/farmdroid-fd60/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "magiclab-magicdog-2026", "name": "MagicDog", "maker": "MagicLab", "makerId": "magiclab", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "companionship", "entertainment" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": 13, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A home companion robot dog with 13 degrees of freedom and voice, vision and touch interaction. MagicLab says it is in mass production and shipping; it may have been shown earlier in China.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-202ceb224b", "hs-a99b756769", "hs-0bb53c86f3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-01", "event": "CES 2026", "url": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/news/ces-2026-magiclab-unveils-multiple-robots-2008877071130783744" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "maker says deliveries under way" }, "components": { "actuators": "13 degrees of freedom with low-noise, high-torque electric joints; head and tail move in coordination", "sensors": "Multimodal audio, visual and touch interaction", "software": "MagicDog SDK, motion SDK and ROS 2 SDK published by MagicLab", "other": "Consumer companion quadruped.", "sources": [ "hs-202ceb224b", "hs-a99b756769" ] }, "production": { "built": "MagicLab says its line-up has entered mass production with deliveries under way", "where": "MagicLab, Wuxi, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-01-07", "title": "MagicDog shown at CES 2026", "summary": "MagicLab used its first CES to show the head-and-tail-coordinated MagicDog with its Gen1 and Z1 humanoids.", "publisher": "PR Newswire", "url": "https://tools.prnewswire.com/en-us/live/20813/release/20260107EN58050" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Owners direct it by voice, touch and app while it walks, balances and reacts by itself.", "video": { "id": "OJL0XBo0b1c", "title": "🔥MagicLab's MagicDog Training Record", "channel": "MagicLab" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/magiclab-magicdog-2026.jpg", "author": "MagicLab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.magiclabglobal.com/products/magicdog/", "page": "https://www.magiclabglobal.com/products/magicdog/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 490 } }, { "id": "magiclab-magicdog-w-2026", "name": "MagicDog W", "maker": "MagicLab", "makerId": "magiclab", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "consumer", "research" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 10.8, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A wheel-legged version of MagicDog that climbs stairs, even backwards, and goes over 3 m/s on a track. An industrial MagicDog Y1 was also shown.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-202ceb224b", "hs-a99b756769", "hs-0bb53c86f3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-01", "event": "CES 2026", "url": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/news/ces-2026-magiclab-unveils-multiple-robots-2008877071130783744" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "maker says deliveries under way" }, "components": { "actuators": "Wheel-leg hybrid quadruped; can climb stairs, even backwards", "other": "Top speed above 3 m/s on a track.", "sources": [ "hs-202ceb224b" ] }, "production": { "built": "MagicLab says its line-up has entered mass production with deliveries under way", "where": "MagicLab, Wuxi, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-01-07", "title": "MagicDog W in MagicLab's CES line-up", "summary": "Gasgoo listed the wheel-legged MagicDog W among the robots MagicLab presented at CES 2026.", "publisher": "Gasgoo", "url": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/news/ces-2026-magiclab-unveils-multiple-robots-2008877071130783744" } ], "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Owners steer and direct it while it balances, rolls and climbs stairs by itself.", "video": { "id": "V_uakh6swYc", "title": "MagicLab unveils MagicDog-W, the wheeled quadruped robot.", "channel": "MagicLab" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/magiclab-magicdog-w-2026.jpg", "author": "MagicLab", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.magiclabglobal.com/products/magicdog-w/", "page": "https://www.magiclabglobal.com/products/magicdog-w/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 490 } }, { "id": "bobcat-roguex3-2026", "name": "RogueX3", "maker": "Bobcat Company (Doosan Bobcat)", "makerId": "bobcat", "country": "United States", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-01", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "construction", "loading", "research" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Concept machine, not for sale", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Third RogueX concept: a modular, zero-emission loader that can be built with or without a cab and on wheels or tracks, with perception sensors and autonomy-ready architecture.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d6bc401984", "hs-f60bf216e3" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-01", "event": "CES 2026, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.equipmentworld.com/construction-equipment/compact-equipment/article/15814331/bobcat-debuts-roguex3-ai-and-electric-tech-at-ces" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Concept only" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/bobcat-roguex3-2026.jpg", "author": "Bobcat Company", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.bobcat.com/mea/fr/company/news-and-media/press-release/bobcat-introduces-smarter-machines-for-simpler-operation-at-ces-2026", "page": "https://www.bobcat.com/mea/fr/company/news-and-media/press-release/bobcat-introduces-smarter-machines-for-simpler-operation-at-ces-2026", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "roborock-saros-rover-2026", "name": "Saros Rover", "maker": "Roborock", "makerId": "roborock", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-01", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "floor cleaning", "stair cleaning" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Roborock calls it the first robot vacuum with a wheel-leg design that cleans stairs itself.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A robot vacuum on two jointed wheel-legs that can raise and level its body to climb straight, curved and carpeted stairs and clean each step on the way.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-70dcdedaf7", "hs-b1e2dfe382" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-01", "event": "CES 2026, Las Vegas", "url": "https://newsroom.roborock.com/gl/news/ces-2026-roborock-releases-the-world-s-first-robotic-vacuum-with-wheel-leg-architecture-as-it-joins-hands-with-real-madrid-football-club-" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Shown working at CES 2026; no price or ship date announced" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/roborock-saros-rover-2026.jpg", "author": "Roborock", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://newsroom.roborock.com/gl/news/ces-2026-roborock-releases-the-world-s-first-robotic-vacuum-with-wheel-leg-architecture-as-it-joins-hands-with-real-madrid-football-club-", "page": "https://newsroom.roborock.com/gl/news/ces-2026-roborock-releases-the-world-s-first-robotic-vacuum-with-wheel-leg-architecture-as-it-joins-hands-with-real-madrid-football-club-", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 544 } }, { "id": "devdroid-zmiy-droid-12-7-2026", "name": "Zmiy Droid 12.7", "maker": "DevDroid", "makerId": "devdroid", "country": "Ukraine", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-01-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "fire support" ], "locomotion": "tracks", "kind": "military-ground", "domain": [ "military" ], "armed": true, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An armoured tracked robot that pairs Rovertech's Zmiy platform with DevDroid's remote 12.7 mm machine-gun module and control system; the module can track targets automatically, and a human operator stays in control.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-64ed3c1c5d", "hs-9b5b545712" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-01-07", "event": "Codified by Ukraine's Ministry of Defence", "url": "https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2026/01/07/8015046" }, "released": { "date": "2026-01", "note": "Approved for use" }, "components": { "materials": "Armoured hull with anti-personnel mine protection; said to survive several FPV drone hits", "software": "Single control module runs the platform and weapon at once; AI-assisted automatic target capture and tracking", "other": "Zmiy ground platform (combat-tested) carrying a remote Wolly module with a 12.7 mm machine gun; crosses sand, snow and shallow water.", "sources": [ "hs-9b5b545712" ] }, "production": { "where": "Built jointly by two Ukrainian defence companies (not named in the ministry release), Ukraine", "customers": "Armed Forces of Ukraine (approved for use January 2026)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-01-08", "title": "Ukraine approves Zmiy Droid 12.7", "summary": "Ukraine's defence ministry cleared the armoured Zmiy Droid 12.7 strike and reconnaissance robot for service.", "publisher": "Rubryka", "url": "https://rubryka.com/en/2026/01/08/do-ekspluatatsiyi-u-zsu-bronovanyj/" } ], "autonomy": "remote", "autonomyNote": "An operator drives it and controls its gun remotely; it can track a target automatically but a person stays in control of firing.", "video": { "id": "cZWpoHmbavs", "title": "Zmiy Droid 12.7 - новий розвідувально-ударний НРК", "channel": "DevDroid" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/devdroid-zmiy-droid-12-7-2026.jpg", "author": "DevDroid", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://devdroid.tech/en/catalog/zmiy-droid-12-7/", "page": "https://devdroid.tech/en/catalog/zmiy-droid-12-7/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "pudu-t150-2026", "name": "PUDU T150", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-01-09", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "light-load factory and warehouse transport" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 135, "weightKg": 81, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 4.3, "payloadKg": 150, "batteryHours": 12, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A light-payload (150 kg) industrial delivery robot for factory floors with visual and lidar navigation, ISO 3691-4 safety compliance, battery swapping and up to 12 hours of running.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-2952375497", "hs-9cb47ab501" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-01-09", "event": "Release date given in the maker product page's metadata (9 Jan 2026), the earliest dated source found", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/puduT150" }, "released": { "date": "2026-01", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Dual RGB-D cameras and 360-degree dual lidar", "battery": "30 Ah; about 12 h unloaded; 2-hour charge to 90%; battery swapping, auto-charging or wired power", "materials": "High-strength aerospace-grade materials in a unibody; Pudu claims a 5-year service life", "software": "VSLAM plus lidar SLAM; on-board mapping with self-networking robots (no local server); touchscreen OS, pagers, PUDU Link and API", "other": "Light-payload industrial robot carrying 150 kg; Standard (65 kg) and Lifting (81 kg, 60 mm lift) versions; ISO 3691-4 compliant.", "sources": [ "hs-2952375497" ] }, "production": { "where": "Pudu Robotics, Shenzhen, China" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It carries loads across factory floors by itself.", "video": { "id": "51ygkddV-YE", "title": "🚀 Introducing PUDU T150 — Expanding Access to 𝐋𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭-𝐏𝐚𝐲𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-t150-2026.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/puduT150", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/puduT150", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "caocao-robotaxi-2026", "name": "Cao Cao Mobility Robotaxi (Hangzhou fleet)", "maker": "Cao Cao Mobility (Geely)", "makerId": "cao-cao-mobility", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-01-22", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "The 100th Cao Cao robotaxi entered service in Hangzhou on 11 February 2026; second-generation robotaxis are in pilot operation and an Abu Dhabi office is planned.", "summary": "Geely's ride-hail arm is building its own robotaxi fleet and, with Geely, a dedicated robotaxi model with a factory-fitted driving kit due in 2026. It aims for 100,000 robotaxis by 2030.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-6fb403429c", "hs-2df5bdabec" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-01-22", "event": "Geely Holding five-year strategy event", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2026/01/22/cao-cao-mobility-aims-to-deploy-100000-robotaxis-2030/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "pilot operation; dedicated model due 2026" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Hangzhou; Abu Dhabi office planned", "since": null, "fleet": "100 vehicles (Cao Cao, 11 Feb 2026, via CnEVPost)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "unitree-as2-2026", "name": "As2", "maker": "Unitree Robotics", "makerId": "unitree", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-02", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "inspection", "carrying loads", "research" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "research", "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 18, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 17.7, "payloadKg": 65, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": 3100, "priceNote": "Unitree shop lists 'from $3,100'; wheeled As2-W reportedly about $36,700 base (press)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A roughly 18 kg robot dog sold in Air, Pro and Edu versions, reported to run at about 11 mph and carry up to 65 kg. A wheel-legged As2-W variant followed.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-017d833768", "hs-dbc37b4fb7", "hs-a75f882ef8", "hs-d2316236ec", "hs-3f440815a7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-02", "event": "Unitree unveiling", "url": "https://www.eweek.com/news/unitree-as2-robot-dog-11-mph-143-lb-payload/" }, "released": { "date": "2026", "note": "Air/Pro/Edu configurations" }, "components": { "actuators": "12 leg joint motors, about 95 N·m peak torque (top configuration); wheeled As2-W variant has 16 DoF with 7-inch motorized wheels", "sensors": "HD camera; ultra-wide-angle lidar, with an industrial 64-128-line lidar on higher versions", "compute": "8-core CPU; EDU version can add an NVIDIA Jetson Orin NX", "battery": "8,000 mAh standard or 15,000 mAh (648 Wh) long-range; over 4 h / 20 km unloaded, about 2.5 h / 13 km with 15 kg", "materials": "IP54; -20 to 50 C", "software": "ISS 3.0 intelligent side-follow system on higher versions; open platform for secondary development on EDU", "other": "About 20 kg; up to 5 m/s; standing payload up to 65 kg, walking about 15 kg; Air, Pro and EDU versions.", "sources": [ "hs-3f440815a7", "hs-a75f882ef8", "hs-d2316236ec" ] }, "production": { "where": "Unitree Robotics, Hangzhou, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-07-29", "title": "US bans new foreign-made robot dogs", "summary": "The FCC barred new imports of foreign-made humanoids and robot dogs, mainly affecting Chinese makers.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/07/29/us-government-bans-new-foreign-made-humanoids-robot-dogs-and-solar-inverters-citing-risks-to-national-security/" }, { "date": "2026-06-08", "title": "Pentagon lists Unitree", "summary": "The Pentagon added Unitree to its list of companies it says support China's military.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/06/08/pentagon-says-alibaba-baidu-byd-and-unitree-support-chinas-military/" }, { "date": "2026-02-26", "title": "Unitree introduces As2", "summary": "eWeek reported the As2 at over 5 m/s with Air, Pro and EDU versions and an optional Jetson Orin NX.", "publisher": "eWeek", "url": "https://www.eweek.com/news/unitree-as2-robot-dog-11-mph-143-lb-payload/" } ], "availability": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "regions": "No regions listed on the product page; the maker's overseas online store serves international buyers", "how": "Four variants (AIR, PRO, X, EDU); orders go through the 'Store / Cooperate' booking page on the maker's site, and the page shows no public prices", "support": "Warranty 6 months (AIR) or 12 months (PRO, X, EDU); customer service portal, document center and download center", "note": "Shop region statement is from the maker's online store about page (https://shop.unitree.com/pages/about-us).", "source": "https://www.unitree.com/As2" }, "dev": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "access": "open", "how": "Secondary development is supported on the X and EDU variants only; public GitHub with URDF models for As2 and C++ and Python SDKs, MuJoCo simulation, and a secondary development manual", "note": "The main SDK repository lists other Unitree robots by name but not As2 when checked; no developer kit price published.", "sdkUrl": "https://github.com/unitreerobotics", "source": "https://www.unitree.com/As2" }, "autonomy": "assisted", "autonomyNote": "Usually steered with a remote while it balances and handles terrain itself.", "video": { "id": "1ONE4l_pgHw", "title": "Unitree Introducing - Unitree As2 Your Companion", "channel": "Unitree Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/unitree-as2-2026.jpg", "author": "Unitree Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.unitree.com/As2", "page": "https://www.unitree.com/As2", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "faraday-future-fx-aegis-2026", "name": "FX Aegis", "maker": "FF EAI-Robotics (Faraday Future)", "makerId": "ff-eai", "country": "United States", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-02", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "security patrol", "companionship" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "consumer", "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 15, "dof": 12, "speedKmh": 13.3, "payloadKg": 10, "batteryHours": 2, "priceUsd": 4490, "priceNote": "From $2,499; optional skills package from $1,000 (Faraday Future)", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Faraday Future reported more than 1,200 paid B2B deposits across its robot lines; first deliveries were planned for the end of February 2026 (not confirmed).", "summary": "A quadruped robot dog sold by electric-car maker Faraday Future's new robotics arm, pitched as a guard and companion. It launched alongside two humanoids at the NADA Show in Las Vegas.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-e25dbdc395", "hs-7df8079869", "hs-a5679e33ce" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-02", "event": "NADA Show, Las Vegas", "url": "https://electrek.co/?p=454537" }, "released": { "date": "2026-02", "note": "Pre-orders opened at launch; delivery status not confirmed" }, "components": { "software": "Sold with an optional 'ecosystem skills package' from $1,000", "other": "Quadruped pitched for security and companionship. Faraday Future has not published battery, payload or supplier details.", "sources": [ "hs-7df8079869", "hs-e25dbdc395" ] }, "production": { "sold": "Paid, non-binding B2B deposits cover more than 1,200 units across FF's three robots (not split by model)", "where": "FF EAI-Robotics, California, United States (manufacturer of the hardware not disclosed)", "customers": "No named customers" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-02-18", "title": "Faraday Future opens robot pre-orders", "summary": "FF set the FX Aegis from $2,499 and said first deliveries of its robots were planned for the end of February.", "publisher": "Assembly Magazine", "url": "https://www.assemblymag.com/articles/99847-faraday-future-unveils-humanoid-quadruped-robots" }, { "date": "2026-02-06", "title": "Faraday Future pivots to robots", "summary": "Electrek covered FF's new robotics subsidiary and its humanoid and quadruped line-up.", "publisher": "Electrek", "url": "https://electrek.co/?p=454537" } ], "availability": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "how": "Maker's online shop, with a link to Amazon; editions Pro $4,490, Edu $9,990, Ultra and Ultra-W $12,990", "support": "A contact page and over-the-air updates; no warranty terms on the page", "note": "The shop page names no shipping countries; its shipping and refund policies are on separate pages that were not opened.", "source": "https://shop.ff.com/products/aegis" }, "dev": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "access": "partners", "how": "The maker's product page lists an SDK and API for the Edu, Ultra and Ultra-W editions; its developer platform takes applications; no public docs or code found", "note": "The application page text read did not describe what access is given. The Edu price includes a skills pack.", "sdkUrl": "https://www.ff.com/us/developer/apply/", "source": "https://robotics.ff.com/us/fx-aegis/", "devKitUsd": 9990 }, "autonomy": "supervised", "autonomyNote": "Its maker says it patrols and follows people on its own and links to security systems, with an owner or guard watching and able to drive it remotely.", "video": { "id": "Nk8Wqo9AQsU", "title": "Introducing the FX Aegis | Faraday Future | EAI Robotics", "channel": "Faraday Future" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/faraday-future-fx-aegis-2026.jpg", "author": "FF EAI-Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.ff.com/us/aegis/", "page": "https://www.ff.com/us/aegis/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "coco-robotics-coco-2-2026", "name": "Coco 2", "maker": "Coco Robotics", "makerId": "coco", "country": "United States", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-02-26", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "restaurant food and grocery delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "delivery", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "Next-generation fully autonomous Coco robot with upgraded cameras, front lidar, a submersible body and snow-tyre options.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-8d8e0ae118", "hs-9917a7e3db" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-02-26", "event": "Invite-only first look at Coco's Venice, California headquarters; reported by Semafor", "url": "https://www.semafor.com/article/02/25/2026/cocos-new-delivery-robot-is-hitting-the-streets-literally-and-without-a-human-driver" }, "released": { "date": "2026", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "Upgraded cameras and front-facing lidar", "compute": "Latest NVIDIA Jetson platform on board; NVIDIA simulation for city digital twins", "materials": "Built to be submersible in floods; takes snow tyres", "software": "Fully autonomous without remote drivers; drives on sidewalks and, where legal, streets and bike lanes", "other": "Up to six compartments for different customers; up to 13 mph on roads and bike lanes.", "sources": [ "hs-1466695d32", "hs-4e136ed375" ] }, "production": { "where": "Coco Robotics, Venice (Los Angeles), California, United States", "customers": "Coco works with Uber Eats, DoorDash and chains such as Subway, Wingstop and Jack in the Box; over 500,000 deliveries by mid-2025" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-02-26", "title": "Coco 2 drives without remote humans", "summary": "Coco told Semafor its second-generation robot is fully autonomous and can leave the sidewalk for streets and bike lanes.", "publisher": "Semafor", "url": "https://www.semafor.com/article/02/25/2026/cocos-new-delivery-robot-is-hitting-the-streets-literally-and-without-a-human-driver" }, { "date": "2025-10-14", "title": "Coco opens physical AI lab", "summary": "Coco hired UCLA professor Bolei Zhou to lead a lab using its fleet data to push toward full autonomy.", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/14/coco-robotics-taps-ucla-professor-to-lead-new-physical-ai-research-lab/" } ], "availability": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "note": "The maker's pages present Coco 2 as part of its own delivery and advertising services and list no sales regions, purchase route or support terms for the robot.", "source": "https://www.cocodelivery.com/coco2" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Unlike earlier remote-piloted Coco robots, its maker says it delivers by itself, with humans stepping in only on rare cases.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/coco-robotics-coco-2-2026.jpg", "author": "Coco Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.cocodelivery.com/coco2", "page": "https://www.cocodelivery.com/coco2", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 559 } }, { "id": "caterpillar-cs12-autonomous-compactor-2026", "name": "CS12 autonomous soil compactor", "maker": "Caterpillar", "makerId": "caterpillar", "country": "United States", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-03", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "construction", "soil compaction" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "other", "domain": [ "construction" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": "Caterpillar said it was the first time it showed this level of autonomy on a construction machine in a live show.", "deployments": null, "summary": "A Cat CS12 soil compactor that ran task-autonomously with nobody in the cab in live demonstrations, part of an announced autonomy line-up of excavators, loaders, dozers, haul trucks and compactors. No commercial date has been given.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-05590334df", "hs-11c2f4c6ca" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-03", "event": "Live demonstrations at CONEXPO-CON/AGG 2026, Las Vegas", "url": "https://www.ivtinternational.com/news/construction/autonomous-cs12-conexpo.html" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "No availability date announced" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/caterpillar-cs12-autonomous-compactor-2026.jpg", "author": "Caterpillar", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.caterpillar.com/en/news/media-kits/ces.html", "page": "https://www.caterpillar.com/en/news/media-kits/ces.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "geely-caocao-eva-cab-2026", "name": "Eva Cab", "maker": "Geely with CaoCao", "makerId": "geely", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-04", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold; for CaoCao's robotaxi fleet", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Tested in CaoCao pilot projects in Hangzhou and Suzhou; CaoCao's separate Hangzhou robotaxi fleet reached 100 vehicles in February 2026 (electrive, Apr 2026; CaoCao, Feb 2026).", "summary": "A purpose-built Level 4 robotaxi minivan with no driver's seat, steering wheel or pedals and four facing seats, using a lidar system Geely rates at 2,160 lines and Geely's EEA 4.0 electronics. Serial production is planned for 2027 and large-scale rollout from 2028.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-3ef071d0c9", "hs-1bc72d515f" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-04", "event": "Auto China 2026, Beijing", "url": "https://www.electrive.com/2026/04/29/geelys-uber-rival-caocao-plans-robotaxi-initiative/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "serial production planned for 2027" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "pilot projects in Hangzhou and Suzhou, China", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/geely-caocao-eva-cab-2026.jpg", "author": "Geely with CaoCao", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.electrive.com/2026/04/29/geelys-uber-rival-caocao-plans-robotaxi-initiative/", "page": "https://www.electrive.com/2026/04/29/geelys-uber-rival-caocao-plans-robotaxi-initiative/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "ponyai-catl-l4-light-truck-2026", "name": "Pony.ai L4 light-duty truck", "maker": "Pony.ai with CATL", "makerId": "pony-ai", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-04", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "delivery", "urban logistics", "cold chain" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics", "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "no price published", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Road testing with logistics partners in 2026 for express parcels, retail distribution and cold-chain food delivery (CnEVPost, Aug 2026).", "summary": "A Level 4 light truck built on CATL's skateboard chassis with about 18 cubic metres of cargo space, 2.6 times the volume of common low-speed delivery pods. Pony.ai is aiming for 100,000 such trucks by 2030.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-5eab1e70c5" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-04", "event": "Pony.ai light-duty truck introduction", "url": "https://cnevpost.com/2026/08/06/pony-ai-1000-autonomous-heavy-trucks-2-3-years" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "road testing" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "China (road testing with partners, 2026)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/ponyai-catl-l4-light-truck-2026.jpg", "author": "Pony.ai", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://blog.pony.ai/scaling-autonomous-freight-inside-pony-ais-robotruck-business/", "page": "https://blog.pony.ai/scaling-autonomous-freight-inside-pony-ais-robotruck-business/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "aiten-tp60-2026", "name": "TP60", "maker": "AiTEN Robotics", "makerId": "aiten", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-04", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving carts and racks in factories", "top-lift load transport" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "logistics", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 25, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 6.8, "payloadKg": 600, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A low-profile mobile robot that drives under racks or carts and lifts them 60 mm to carry up to 600 kg. It is one size in AiTEN's TP series (TP30 to TP150).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-9c6dea274d", "hs-45da7db580", "hs-2123201d3a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-04", "event": "Shown at MODEX 2026, Atlanta (earliest sourced showing; the robot is likely older, exact launch not found)", "url": "https://www.aitenrobot.com/news/aiten-robotics-at-modex-2026-real-conversations-practical-automation" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Launch date not found; TP30, TP100 and TP150 are size variants" }, "components": { "actuators": "Centrally mounted dual differential-drive wheels with a top-lifting mechanism; turns on the spot", "battery": "Automatic charging station for 24/7 work", "software": "AiTEN laser SLAM navigation and obstacle avoidance; RDS robot dispatch system", "other": "Low-profile lifting robot that drives under racks (40-50 cm clearance) and lifts racks from 0.8 x 0.8 m to 1.2 x 1.2 m; the TP series goes up to 150 kg.", "sources": [ "hs-9c6dea274d" ] }, "production": { "where": "AiTEN Robotics, Hangzhou, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-04-17", "title": "TP60 shown at MODEX 2026", "summary": "AiTEN listed the TP60 low-profile lifting robot among the AMRs it demonstrated at MODEX 2026 in Atlanta.", "publisher": "AiTEN Robotics", "url": "https://www.aitenrobot.com/news/aiten-robotics-at-modex-2026-real-conversations-practical-automation" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It slides under racks or carts and moves them on its own.", "video": { "id": "F16gfV92v-g", "title": "TP60 Omnidirectional Mobile Robot", "channel": "AiTEN Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/aiten-tp60-2026.jpg", "author": "AiTEN Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.aitenrobot.com/products/tp60", "page": "https://www.aitenrobot.com/products/tp60", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 496 } }, { "id": "kgm-swm-torres-evx-robotaxi-2026", "name": "Torres EVX robotaxi (KGM with SWM)", "maker": "KG Mobility with SWM", "makerId": "kg-mobility", "country": "South Korea", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-04-05", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail", "late-night taxi" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Added to the Gangnam robotaxi service in April 2026 as the zone grew to all of Gangnam (20.4 sq km); KGM planned more than 20 robotaxis in total by end-2026 (Herald Economy, Apr 2026).", "summary": "A second robotaxi platform from KG Mobility and SWM based on the Torres EVX electric SUV, with control signals linked directly between car and driving system for smoother driving. It joins the Korando EV cars in Seoul's late-night taxi service.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-efe8e906f3", "hs-14ee6ea228" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-04-05", "event": "KGM announcement of Gangnam service expansion", "url": "https://www.heraldk.com/article/2026040516533244254" }, "released": { "date": "2026-04", "note": "joined the Gangnam late-night service" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Gangnam, Seoul", "since": null, "fleet": "part of KGM's planned 20+ robotaxis by end-2026 (Herald Economy, Apr 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/kgm-swm-torres-evx-robotaxi-2026.jpg", "author": "KG Mobility with SWM", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.inthenews.co.kr/news/article.html?no=91290", "page": "https://www.inthenews.co.kr/news/article.html?no=91290", "kind": "maker", "w": 780, "h": 520 } }, { "id": "cenobots-s5-2026", "name": "S5", "maker": "CenoBots", "makerId": "cenobots", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-04-14", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "sweeping factories and warehouses" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 99, "weightKg": 130, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An industrial sweeping robot for factories and warehouses with an 820 mm sweep path, a 50 L hopper and about 2,500 m2 an hour of coverage.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-6aaa3bdb3a", "hs-2af086381c", "hs-eb0e7105b0" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-04-14", "event": "Global debut at Interclean Amsterdam 2026 (14-17 April)", "url": "https://www.cenobots.com/news/17" }, "released": { "date": "2026", "note": "" }, "components": { "sensors": "32-beam 3D lidar with up to 150 m range; detects forklifts and AGVs", "compute": "NVIDIA AI platform rated at 100 TOPS", "battery": "About 2-hour fast charge; returns to its charger and resumes the task", "software": "Multi-robot fleet collaboration; targeted cleaning of high-dirt areas", "other": "Industrial sweeper with 820 mm cleaning width for dust, film, bottles, cardboard and screws in warehouses and factories.", "sources": [ "hs-6aaa3bdb3a", "hs-2af086381c" ] }, "production": { "where": "CenoBots (Cenozoic Robotics), China", "customers": "Warehouses, factories and logistics centres targeted; global debut at Interclean Amsterdam 2026" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It sweeps large factory and warehouse floors by itself.", "video": { "id": "pRMkrNCvkBU", "title": "The next generation—CenoBots S5 Robotic Sweeper！", "channel": "CenoBots" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/cenobots-s5-2026.jpg", "author": "CenoBots", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.cenobots.com/products/s5", "page": "https://www.cenobots.com/products/s5", "kind": "maker", "w": 597, "h": 907 } }, { "id": "deep-robotics-lynx-m20s-2026", "name": "Lynx M20S", "maker": "DEEP Robotics", "makerId": "deep", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-04-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "substation inspection", "patrol", "carrying loads" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "security" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 35, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An upgraded Lynx M20 wheel-legged robot with an IP67 rating and a 35 kg continuous payload on flat ground, able to climb 20 to 25 cm stairs and get onto 60 to 80 cm platforms.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-fc31cf8d6e", "hs-1b23468beb" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-04-28", "event": "Product launch", "url": "https://www.accessnewswire.com/newsroom/en/industrial-and-manufacturing/deep-robotics-lynx-m20s-launched-breaking-the-performance-paradox-of-w-1167678" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/deep-robotics-lynx-m20s-2026.jpg", "author": "DEEP Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.accessnewswire.com/newsroom/en/industrial-and-manufacturing/deep-robotics-lynx-m20s-launched-breaking-the-performance-paradox-of-w-1167678", "page": "https://www.accessnewswire.com/newsroom/en/industrial-and-manufacturing/deep-robotics-lynx-m20s-launched-breaking-the-performance-paradox-of-w-1167678", "kind": "maker", "w": 862, "h": 485 } }, { "id": "flytrex-sky2-2026", "name": "Flytrex Sky2", "maker": "Flytrex", "makerId": "flytrex", "country": "Israel", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-05", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "food delivery", "suburban backyard delivery" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "delivery-drone", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 4, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Rollout began at a Little Caesars store in Wylie, Texas, in May 2026; Flytrex flies in the US and Israel and partners with Uber Eats (DroneXL, May 2026).", "summary": "Flytrex's second-generation autonomous octocopter lowers orders by tether and carries 4 kg, up from 3 kg on the first Sky, while stretching the delivery radius from 2.5 to 4 miles. Flytrex reports average delivery flights of about 4.5 minutes.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-24d2befaf6" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-05", "event": "Flytrex announcement", "url": "https://dronexl.co/2026/05/20/flytrex-sky2-8-8-pound-payload/" }, "released": { "date": "2026-05", "note": "first store in Wylie, Texas" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "Wylie and Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas, USA; Israel", "since": "2026-05", "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": 6.4 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/flytrex-sky2-2026.jpg", "author": "Flytrex", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pmq.com/little-caesars-drone-delivery/", "page": "https://www.pmq.com/little-caesars-drone-delivery/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "stack-av-peterbilt-579-2026", "name": "Stack AV autonomous Peterbilt 579", "maker": "Stack AV with PACCAR / Peterbilt", "makerId": "stack-av", "country": "United States", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-05", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "freight", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A Peterbilt 579 on PACCAR's autonomous-ready chassis carrying Stack AV's lidar, radar and camera driving system. Stack AV is a SoftBank-backed Pittsburgh start-up founded by the former Argo AI leadership.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-7a969d5dd1", "hs-4d1ff50c1e" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-05", "event": "ACT Expo, Las Vegas (4-6 May 2026)", "url": "https://www.wpxi.com/news/local/stack-av-unveils-new-autonomous-truck-after-years-stealth-mode/7JOYF7JJ3BBZFHCDVLZZRRA5F4/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "No commercial date published" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": null, "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/stack-av-peterbilt-579-2026.jpg", "author": "Stack AV with PACCAR / Peterbilt", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://stackav.com/", "page": "https://stackav.com/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "softbank-robotics-whiz-b-2026", "name": "Whiz B", "maker": "SoftBank Robotics", "makerId": "softbank", "country": "Japan", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-05-13", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "sweeping warehouses, factories and car parks" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 68, "weightKg": 100, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 2.8, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A heavy-duty autonomous sweeper with a large dust box for big sites such as logistics warehouses and factories; SoftBank says it can clean over 40,000 m2 in a night.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-405b2c25b8", "hs-389f340c7d", "hs-f83aa550c1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-05-13", "event": "Launched by SoftBank Robotics press release (13 May 2026)", "url": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/news/press/20260513a/" }, "released": { "date": "2026-05-13", "note": "On sale from launch day" }, "components": { "sensors": "Multiple sensors for people, vehicles, obstacles and steps", "battery": "Up to 2.75 h (standard mode); 2.5-hour charge", "software": "Links with SoftBank's SBX Connect facility-management AI platform (data held in Japan)", "other": "Large sweeper for warehouses, factories and car parks: about 960 x 650 x 680 mm, 100 kg; picks up gravel, cans and bottles; over 40,000 m2 a night.", "sources": [ "hs-405b2c25b8", "hs-389f340c7d" ] }, "production": { "where": "Developed, designed and quality-controlled by SoftBank Robotics, Japan", "customers": "Logistics warehouses and factories targeted; SoftBank has shipped over 40,000 Whiz-series robots worldwide since 2019" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-05-13", "title": "SoftBank launches three new Whiz cleaners", "summary": "SoftBank Robotics put Whiz P and Whiz B on sale and opened advance orders for Whiz V.", "publisher": "SoftBank Robotics", "url": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/news/press/20260513a/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It sweeps big sites overnight by itself.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/softbank-robotics-whiz-b-2026.jpg", "author": "SoftBank Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/product/cleaning/whiz/", "page": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/product/cleaning/whiz/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 739 } }, { "id": "softbank-robotics-whiz-p-2026", "name": "Whiz P", "maker": "SoftBank Robotics", "makerId": "softbank", "country": "Japan", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-05-13", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "vacuuming, sweeping, scrubbing and mopping commercial floors" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 62, "weightKg": 48, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 16, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A compact four-mode cleaning robot (vacuum, sweep, scrub, mop) for mid-sized shops and offices that plans its own routes; runtime is 5 hours scrubbing and up to 16 hours sweeping (maximum given).", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-405b2c25b8", "hs-389f340c7d", "hs-f83aa550c1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-05-13", "event": "Launched by SoftBank Robotics press release (13 May 2026)", "url": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/news/press/20260513a/" }, "released": { "date": "2026-05-13", "note": "On sale from launch day" }, "components": { "sensors": "3D sensors and all-round sensing to detect pedestrians and obstacles", "battery": "5 h scrubbing, 5 h vacuuming, 10 h mopping or 16 h sweeping", "software": "AI generates cleaning routes; links with SBX Connect", "other": "Compact 4-in-1 (vacuum, sweep, scrub, mop) robot for small and mid-size shops and offices: 540 x 440 x 617 mm, 48 kg; 80 mm side brush and 330 mm roller brush.", "sources": [ "hs-405b2c25b8", "hs-389f340c7d" ] }, "production": { "where": "Developed, designed and quality-controlled by SoftBank Robotics, Japan", "customers": "Small and mid-size commercial buildings and offices targeted" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-05-13", "title": "Whiz P goes on sale", "summary": "SoftBank Robotics began selling the Whiz P multi-mode cleaner as part of a three-model launch.", "publisher": "SoftBank Robotics", "url": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/news/press/20260513a/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It plans its own routes and cleans by itself.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/softbank-robotics-whiz-p-2026.jpg", "author": "SoftBank Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/product/cleaning/whiz/", "page": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/product/cleaning/whiz/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 739 } }, { "id": "softbank-robotics-whiz-v-2026", "name": "Whiz V", "maker": "SoftBank Robotics", "makerId": "softbank", "country": "Japan", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-05-13", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "dry vacuuming and sweeping of shops and offices" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 60, "weightKg": 47, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 10, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "The newest Whiz, a dry vacuum robot that can clean along walls and fit through 60 cm aisles; SoftBank claims about 2.4 times the cleaning efficiency of the earlier Whiz i.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-405b2c25b8", "hs-389f340c7d", "hs-f83aa550c1" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-05-13", "event": "Announced by SoftBank Robotics press release (13 May 2026), pre-orders opened", "url": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/news/press/20260513a/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "Pre-orders from 13 May 2026; sales start date not given" }, "components": { "battery": "Vacuum up to 5 h, sweep up to 10 h, mop up to 8 h; automatic charging", "software": "Links with SBX Connect", "other": "Dry vacuum, sweep and mop robot for shops and offices: 540 x 440 x 595 mm, 47 kg; 60 cm minimum passage; cleans along walls; SoftBank says about 2.4 times the cleaning efficiency of Whiz i.", "sources": [ "hs-405b2c25b8", "hs-389f340c7d" ] }, "production": { "where": "Developed, designed and quality-controlled by SoftBank Robotics, Japan", "customers": "Retail and offices targeted" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-05-13", "title": "Whiz V advance orders open", "summary": "SoftBank Robotics opened advance orders for the dry-cleaning Whiz V alongside the Whiz P and B launch.", "publisher": "SoftBank Robotics", "url": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/news/press/20260513a/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It vacuums mapped areas by itself.", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/softbank-robotics-whiz-v-2026.jpg", "author": "SoftBank Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/product/cleaning/whiz/", "page": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/product/cleaning/whiz/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 739 } }, { "id": "bear-robotics-servi-q-2026", "name": "Servi Q", "maker": "Bear Robotics", "makerId": "bear", "country": "United States", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-05-16", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "restaurant food delivery" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 106, "weightKg": 45, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 2.5, "payloadKg": 30, "batteryHours": 12, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "The most compact robot in the Servi family, developed with SoftBank Robotics, passing through gaps 18 inches wide. It carries 30 kg on two trays and a bottom shelf (1-3 tray layouts) and runs 12 hours or more.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-561b2bb4ec", "hs-4612eb8553", "hs-3360e133b9" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-05-16", "event": "Unveiled at the National Restaurant Association Show 2026, Chicago (16-19 May)", "url": "https://www.bearrobotics.ai/blog/bear-robotics-introduces-servi-q" }, "released": { "date": "2026-09-28", "note": "Japanese sales started through SoftBank Robotics; other regions phased" }, "components": { "actuators": "Suspension to reduce tray sway; wheels designed to resist picking up debris; can drive in reverse", "hands": "One to three trays (10 kg each, 30 kg total), adjustable in height", "software": "Adaptive narrow-path planning; peer-to-peer coordination with other Bear robots without a central network", "other": "35 x 46.6 x 106 cm, 45 kg; passes 45 cm (18-inch) gaps; 18.5-inch display for promotions. Co-developed with SoftBank Robotics.", "sources": [ "hs-561b2bb4ec", "hs-4612eb8553", "hs-6089b9e7ff" ] }, "production": { "where": "Bear Robotics (majority owned by LG Electronics), United States/South Korea", "customers": "Restaurants, cafés, hotels and lounges; sold in Japan by SoftBank Robotics, which says it holds worldwide exclusive sales rights" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-09-28", "title": "Servi Q goes on sale in Japan", "summary": "SoftBank Robotics began selling Servi Q in Japan, citing its 45 cm minimum passage width and reverse driving.", "publisher": "SoftBank Robotics", "url": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/news/press/20260928a/" }, { "date": "2026-05-16", "title": "Bear unveils Servi Q at NRA Show", "summary": "Bear Robotics revealed its most compact Servi, built with SoftBank Robotics for tight restaurants.", "publisher": "Bear Robotics", "url": "https://www.bearrobotics.ai/blog/bear-robotics-introduces-servi-q" } ], "availability": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "how": "Through the maker's sales team and demo booking (pilot deployments offered), or through its reseller program", "support": "Remote diagnostics and support through the Bear Universe platform, which the maker says is included in all contracts", "note": "No full list of sales regions; the maker has local sites for Korea and Japan. Support detail is from https://www.bearrobotics.ai/bear-universe.", "source": "https://www.bearrobotics.ai/servi-q" }, "dev": { "checked": "2026-10-12", "access": "none-found", "note": "No public SDK, API or developer documentation on the maker's site when checked; its compliance page only offers open-source licence notices and source for third-party software.", "source": "https://www.bearrobotics.ai/opensource" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "Staff load the trays and send it to tables; it drives there and back by itself.", "video": { "id": "7cTswuXp0Jk", "title": "Meet Servi Q: Bear Robotics' Most Compact Service Robot, Now Available in the US", "channel": "Bear Robotics, Inc." }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/bear-robotics-servi-q-2026.jpg", "author": "Bear Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.bearrobotics.ai/servi-q", "page": "https://www.bearrobotics.ai/servi-q", "kind": "maker", "w": 800, "h": 1000 } }, { "id": "deep-robotics-lynx-s10-2026", "name": "Lynx S10", "maker": "DEEP Robotics", "makerId": "deep", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-05-21", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "power inspection", "security patrol", "search and rescue", "research" ], "locomotion": "wheel-legs", "kind": "quadruped", "domain": [ "industrial", "inspection", "public-safety", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": 20, "dof": 16, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A small industrial wheel-legged robot under 20 kg with its battery, light enough for one person to carry, with 16 joints for squeezing into confined spaces and rubble gaps.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-93e7a65d25", "hs-1b23468beb" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-05-21", "event": "Product launch", "url": "https://www.accessnewswire.com/newsroom/en/industrial-and-manufacturing/deep-robotics-launches-industry-grade-small-wheeled-legged-robot-setti-1169347" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/deep-robotics-lynx-s10-2026.jpg", "author": "DEEP Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/lynxs10.html", "page": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en/index/lynxs10.html", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 562 } }, { "id": "meituan-m-drone-4l-winch-2026", "name": "M-Drone 4L Winch", "maker": "Meituan", "makerId": "meituan", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-05-21", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "long-range delivery", "winch-drop delivery to low-density areas" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "delivery-drone", "domain": [ "delivery" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": "Meituan said on 21 May 2026 that its drone network, including the 4L Winch, had left testing for commercial operation; its drones had 70 routes and over 780,000 orders by end-2025 (Yicai, May 2026).", "summary": "A long-range version of Meituan's fourth-generation delivery drone that lowers parcels on a rope instead of landing at a port, aimed at places where landing sites are hard to build or orders are sparse. Payload and range were not published.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-f8952d0f5e", "hs-fab068de58" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-05-21", "event": "World UAV Conference", "url": "https://www.lanjinger.com/d/1779456719615352137" }, "released": { "date": "2026-05", "note": "part of Meituan's network declared commercial" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "service", "where": "China (Meituan routes in Shenzhen, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou); Hong Kong; Dubai", "since": "2026-05", "fleet": null, "usage": "over 780,000 cumulative Meituan drone orders across all models by end-2025 (Yicai, May 2026)", "rangeKm": null } }, { "id": "collaborative-robotics-proxie-gen-2-2026", "name": "Proxie Gen 2", "maker": "Collaborative Robotics (Cobot)", "makerId": "collaborative", "country": "United States", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-06-22", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "moving carts", "two-armed picking, placing and restocking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "healthcare", "logistics", "industrial" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 100, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "simple", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "The second Proxie has a smaller footprint, self-swapping batteries, automatic task finding and an optional two-armed setup; it tows carts of up to 1,500 lb and lifts about 220 lb on its vertical spine.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-b5e77c49c0", "hs-6cc7bee764", "hs-a8250ff059" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-06-22", "event": "Introduced at Automate 2026 (The Robot Report)", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/cobots-proxie-gen-2-robot-adds-autotasking-mobile-manipulation/" }, "released": { "date": "2026", "note": "Dual-arm option uses research-grade arms at first" }, "components": { "actuators": "Swerve drive and vertical spine kept from Gen 1; 40% fewer parts; lifts 220 lb on the spine and moves carts up to 1,500 lb", "hands": "Optional dual-arm configuration (research-grade arms at first, industrial versions planned) plus the Flex Grasp cart gripper", "sensors": "High-mounted sensor suite with added lidar for future safety certification", "compute": "NVIDIA Jetson on board; simulation with NVIDIA Isaac Sim and Omniverse NuRec; AWS cloud for training and the Vista fleet platform", "battery": "Self-swapping batteries", "software": "Autotasking: builds a live world model and creates tasks itself (for example reading destinations written on cart whiteboards); Vista fleet management", "sources": [ "hs-b5e77c49c0", "hs-6cc7bee764" ] }, "production": { "built": "28 Gen 1 robots had logged nearly 13,000 hours and moved 154,000 carts before launch", "where": "Collaborative Robotics, Santa Clara, California, United States", "customers": "Mayo Clinic; Maersk (about 95% of cart moves at one site were self-assigned)" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-06-22", "title": "Cobot launches Proxie Gen 2 at Automate", "summary": "Cobot added autotasking, self-swapping batteries, higher payload and an optional two-arm version.", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/cobots-proxie-gen-2-robot-adds-autotasking-mobile-manipulation/" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It finds tasks, moves carts and swaps its own batteries without anyone driving it.", "video": { "id": "wJDGQNVqMYY", "title": "Bimanual manipulation from Collaborative Robotics' Proxie 2.0 robot", "channel": "The Robot Report" } }, { "id": "weride-robotaxi-gxr-rhd-2026", "name": "Robotaxi GXR right-hand-drive (Hong Kong)", "maker": "WeRide with Geely Farizon and Kwoon Chung", "makerId": "weride", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-06-22", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "WeRide's first robotaxi built for right-hand-drive markets.", "deployments": "Shown in Hong Kong on 22 June 2026; WeRide says commercial right-hand-drive service will start in Hong Kong and Singapore (Aug 2026).", "summary": "A right-hand-drive version of the GXR platform, developed with Geely Farizon and Hong Kong transport group Kwoon Chung for local road rules. Specs beyond the GXR base were not published.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-13983bb4db", "hs-83e0beeb1a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-06-22", "event": "2026 International Automotive & Supply Chain Expo, Hong Kong", "url": "https://www.weride.ai/posts/l17yh5j7hhjxicbribn8aspf" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "commercial service announced for Hong Kong, not yet started as of the sources" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "Hong Kong (planned first market); Singapore planned", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/weride-robotaxi-gxr-rhd-2026.jpg", "author": "WeRide", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://ir.weride.ai/news-releases/news-release-details/weride-geely-farizon-and-kwoon-chung-launch-right-hand-drive", "page": "https://ir.weride.ai/news-releases/news-release-details/weride-geely-farizon-and-kwoon-chung-launch-right-hand-drive", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 666 } }, { "id": "saronic-mirage-2026", "name": "Mirage", "maker": "Saronic Technologies", "makerId": "saronic", "country": "United States", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-07", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "maritime surveillance", "naval logistics", "dual-use missions" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "military", "security" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": 1588, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 52-foot (16 m) autonomous surface vessel, Saronic's largest in production, with a stated range over 2,500 nautical miles and a 3,500 lb payload. An earlier announcement described it as a 40-foot design.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-95e35004b7", "hs-fc6617d099" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-07", "event": "Launch of the first production Mirage", "url": "https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/07/saronic-launches-first-mirage-16-meter-uncrewed-surface-vessel/" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "testing", "where": "US waters", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": 4630 }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/saronic-mirage-2026.jpg", "author": "Saronic Technologies", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/07/saronic-launches-first-mirage-16-meter-uncrewed-surface-vessel/", "page": "https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/07/saronic-launches-first-mirage-16-meter-uncrewed-surface-vessel/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 667 } }, { "id": "aurora-international-lt-2026", "name": "Aurora Driver second-generation truck (International LT Series)", "maker": "Aurora Innovation with International Motors and Roush", "makerId": "aurora-innovation", "country": "United States", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-07-22", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "freight", "long-haul trucking" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "truck", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Aurora's first fleet to run commercial freight with nobody in the cab after the 2025 observer reversal on its PACCAR trucks.", "deployments": "Launched 22 July 2026 on Aurora's Texas and Southwest network; Aurora guided to 20-25 driverless trucks by the end of Q3 2026 and more than 200 by the end of 2026 (Aurora, July 2026).", "summary": "International LT Series tractors upfitted by Roush with Aurora's second-generation hardware, which Aurora says lasts about a million miles and costs roughly half as much as the first kit. They run with no one in the driver's seat.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-ed19e6cc07", "hs-9db8db9e6a", "hs-f8a4f6684d" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-07-22", "event": "Aurora launches second-generation driverless trucks", "url": "https://www.ttnews.com/articles/aurora-second-gen-truck" }, "released": { "date": "2026-07-22", "note": "Entered driverless commercial service; a roadside-assistance staffer may ride in the back seat on long routes" }, "autonomy": "autonomous", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "service", "where": "Dallas-Houston, Fort Worth-El Paso, El Paso-Phoenix, Fort Worth-Phoenix, Dallas-Laredo (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona)", "since": "2026-07-22", "fleet": "Target of 20-25 driverless trucks by end of Q3 2026 and over 200 by end of 2026 (Aurora guidance, July 2026); current count not published", "usage": "Aurora reported nearly 440,000 cumulative driverless miles across its fleets through June 2026 (Aurora Q2 2026 call)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/aurora-international-lt-2026.jpg", "author": "Aurora Innovation with PACCAR", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://aurora.tech/newsroom", "page": "https://aurora.tech/newsroom", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 750 } }, { "id": "pudu-mp2000-2026", "name": "PUDU MP2000", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-08-18", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "autonomous pallet handling" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "warehouse", "domain": [ "industrial", "logistics" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": 187, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 5.8, "payloadKg": 2000, "batteryHours": 12, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "An autonomous pallet-moving robot rated for 2,000 kg that finds and forks misaligned pallets on its own, works in 2 m aisles and runs 12 hours unloaded (6 hours at full load); top speed is 1.6 m/s unloaded.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-5cef265cb9", "hs-69b5cb16c2", "hs-9cb47ab501" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-08-18", "event": "Launched by Pudu press release (18 Aug 2026)", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/news/pudu-mp2000-autonomous-pallet-handling" }, "released": { "date": "2026-08", "note": "Standard and narrow-fork models" }, "components": { "sensors": "3D lidar SLAM plus VSLAM; AI perception of pallet position, storage occupancy and load contours", "battery": "About 12 h unloaded or 6 h at full load; about 2-hour charge (200-240 V)", "software": "AI-native pallet and non-standard carrier recognition; corrects pallets offset up to 15 cm or 15 degrees; distributed fleet orchestration that keeps working offline; no reflectors or QR codes needed", "other": "Autonomous pallet stacker for 2,000 kg with 200 mm lift; 1.6 m/s unloaded, 1.2 m/s loaded; fork insertion in about 20 seconds; Standard and Narrow Fork models.", "sources": [ "hs-69b5cb16c2", "hs-5cef265cb9" ] }, "production": { "where": "Pudu Robotics, Shenzhen, China" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-08-18", "title": "Pudu launches MP2000 pallet robot", "summary": "Pudu launched an AI-native pallet-handling robot for 2,000 kg loads that deploys without site changes.", "publisher": "Pudu Robotics", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/news/pudu-mp2000-autonomous-pallet-handling" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It finds, forks and moves pallets by itself.", "video": { "id": "qx3Ss3n7idA", "title": "Introducing PUDU MP2000: 𝐀𝐈-𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐇𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐑𝐨𝐛𝐨𝐭💥", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-mp2000-2026.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/mp2000", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/mp2000", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "daxai-robotics-qiji-x1-2026", "name": "Qiji X1", "maker": "DaxAI Robotics", "makerId": "daxai", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-08-19", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "riding", "carrying loads over rough ground" ], "locomotion": "legs", "kind": "legged-other", "domain": [ "consumer", "research" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": 9.6, "payloadKg": 300, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "about CNY 289,000 cited in one review; not confirmed by the maker", "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A horse-sized four-legged robot with a saddle and handlebars that a person can ride. The maker claims a 300 kg load, 9.6 km/h and 40 km per charge; show demos were slow and jerky.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-d6572bdcf7", "hs-141f6aa8ea" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-08-19", "event": "World Robot Conference 2026, Beijing", "url": "https://www.electronicsforu.com/news/rideable-quadruped-robot-showcases-new-possibilities-for-mobility" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "" }, "autonomy": "assisted" }, { "id": "wayve-uber-london-robotaxi-2026", "name": "Wayve AI Driver robotaxi on Uber (London)", "maker": "Wayve with Uber", "makerId": "wayve", "country": "United Kingdom", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-09", "status": "pilot", "purpose": [ "ride-hail" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "robotaxi", "domain": [ "mobility" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "London's first robotaxi rides offered to the public through a ride-hail app.", "deployments": "Supervised rides on Uber in London began in early September 2026, reportedly in Ford Mustang Mach-E cars; a Nissan LEAF pilot with Uber in Tokyo is planned for late 2026.", "summary": "Production electric cars running Wayve's AI Driver, offered to UberX and Uber Electric riders in London with a safety driver on board.", "specSource": "press", "sources": [ "hs-e8b274b0eb", "hs-b8e250e375", "hs-c80414d98a" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-09", "event": "Uber-Wayve London launch", "url": null }, "released": { "date": "2026-09", "note": "Rides at standard Uber prices, with safety driver" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": 4, "driverless": "none", "where": "London; Tokyo pilot planned (late 2026)", "since": null, "fleet": null, "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/wayve-uber-london-robotaxi-2026.jpg", "author": "Wayve", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://wayve.ai/press/wayve-uber-phv-license/", "page": "https://wayve.ai/press/wayve-uber-phv-license/", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "pudu-gt3-2026", "name": "PUDU GT3", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-09-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "mowing", "grass collection", "sweeping paved areas" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 36-inch (91 cm) compact robotic mower for business parks, campuses and hospitals that also sweeps paths with disc brushes, so one machine handles both turf and paving.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-427c039a54", "hs-713cf7348c", "hs-9cb47ab501" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-09-01", "event": "Launched by Pudu press release (1 Sep 2026); global debut at GaLaBau 2026, Nuremberg, 15-18 Sep 2026", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/news/pudu-robotics-launches-gt-series-robotic-mowers" }, "released": { "date": "2026-09", "note": "Launched September 2026; pricing not published" }, "components": { "battery": "13 kWh; 4-6 h; about 2 ha per charge; 4 h standard or 2 h fast charge", "other": "36-inch (914 mm) compact mower that also collects clippings and sweeps paved areas with disc brushes; 450 kg; cutting height 26-114 mm; up to 11 km/h.", "sources": [ "hs-713cf7348c", "hs-427c039a54" ] }, "production": { "where": "Pudu Robotics, Shenzhen, China", "customers": "Facility managers for business parks, campuses and hospitals targeted" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-09-01", "title": "Pudu launches GT robotic mower series", "summary": "Pudu introduced the GT3, GT5 and GT7 commercial robot mowers for grounds, large turf and sports fields.", "publisher": "Pudu Robotics", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/news/pudu-robotics-launches-gt-series-robotic-mowers" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It mows lawns and sweeps paths on its own once set up.", "video": { "id": "qom-3RPdrEE", "title": "First Look: PUDU GT3, the Compact Commercial Robotic Mower💥", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-gt3-2026.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/pudu-gt3", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/pudu-gt3", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "pudu-gt5-2026", "name": "PUDU GT5", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-09-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "mowing large commercial turf", "collecting clippings and leaves" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": 10, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 60-inch (152 cm) robotic rotary mower for landscaping contractors that cuts and collects in one pass, rated at about 2 acres an hour and up to 16 acres on a 10-hour charge.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-427c039a54", "hs-8f0173b03e", "hs-9cb47ab501" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-09-01", "event": "Launched by Pudu press release (1 Sep 2026); global debut at GaLaBau 2026, Nuremberg, 15-18 Sep 2026", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/news/pudu-robotics-launches-gt-series-robotic-mowers" }, "released": { "date": "2026-09", "note": "Launched September 2026; pricing not published" }, "components": { "battery": "26 kWh; 8-10 h; about 6.5 ha per charge; 8 h standard or 4 h fast charge", "other": "60-inch rotary mower for large commercial turf; 850 kg; cutting height 26-152 mm; about 8,000 m2/h; mows on 20-degree slopes.", "sources": [ "hs-8f0173b03e" ] }, "production": { "where": "Pudu Robotics, Shenzhen, China", "customers": "Landscaping contractors, parks and campuses targeted" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-09-01", "title": "Pudu launches GT robotic mower series", "summary": "Pudu introduced the GT3, GT5 and GT7 commercial robot mowers for grounds, large turf and sports fields.", "publisher": "Pudu Robotics", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/news/pudu-robotics-launches-gt-series-robotic-mowers" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It mows and collects grass on its own once set up.", "video": { "id": "J4HHBd4Yz9I", "title": "Introducing PUDU GT5: Commercial Robotic Mower💥", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-gt5-2026.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/pudu-gt5", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/pudu-gt5", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "pudu-gt7-2026", "name": "PUDU GT7", "maker": "Pudu Robotics", "makerId": "pudu", "country": "China", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-09-01", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "precision reel mowing for golf courses and sports fields" ], "locomotion": "wheels", "kind": "service", "domain": [ "consumer" ], "armed": false, "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": null, "hands": "none", "firsts": null, "deployments": null, "summary": "A 62-inch (160 cm) triplex reel mower with four-wheel drive that uses RTK, lidar and cameras to mow striped patterns to within about 2.5 cm on golf and sports turf, and climbs 30-degree slopes.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-427c039a54", "hs-b28f32c7ec", "hs-9cb47ab501" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-09-01", "event": "Launched by Pudu press release (1 Sep 2026); global debut at GaLaBau 2026, Nuremberg, 15-18 Sep 2026", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/news/pudu-robotics-launches-gt-series-robotic-mowers" }, "released": { "date": "2026-09", "note": "Launched September 2026; pricing not published" }, "components": { "actuators": "All-electric 4WD chassis; floating contour-following reel cutting units (8 or 11 blades per reel)", "sensors": "RTK (about ±2.5 cm), lidar and vision fusion", "battery": "26 kWh; 10-12 h; up to about 7 ha per charge; 8 h standard or 4 h fast charge", "software": "Automated path planning with programmable striping angles; drives itself between pitches on mapped routes", "other": "62-inch triplex reel mower for golf courses and sports fields; 900 kg; cutting height 5-50 mm; 30-degree slopes; near-silent mode without suction.", "sources": [ "hs-b28f32c7ec" ] }, "production": { "where": "Pudu Robotics, Shenzhen, China", "customers": "Golf courses and sports fields targeted" }, "news": [ { "date": "2026-09-01", "title": "Pudu launches GT robotic mower series", "summary": "Pudu introduced the GT3, GT5 and GT7 commercial robot mowers for grounds, large turf and sports fields.", "publisher": "Pudu Robotics", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/news/pudu-robotics-launches-gt-series-robotic-mowers" } ], "autonomy": "autonomous", "autonomyNote": "It mows sports and golf turf in patterns on its own using RTK, lidar and cameras.", "video": { "id": "05P3N0ugBb8", "title": "Introducing PUDU GT7: Precision-Cut Robotic Reel Mower💥", "channel": "Pudu Robotics" }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-maker/pudu-gt7-2026.jpg", "author": "Pudu Robotics", "license": "Official image", "licenseUrl": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/pudu-gt7", "page": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/pudu-gt7", "kind": "maker", "w": 1000, "h": 563 } }, { "id": "joby-j208-autonomous-caravan-2026", "name": "J208 autonomous Cessna Caravan (ex-Xwing Superflight)", "maker": "Joby Aviation (autonomy stack acquired from Xwing in 2024)", "makerId": "joby-aviation", "country": "United States", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-09-10", "status": "prototype", "purpose": [ "cargo", "military logistics" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "cargo-aircraft", "domain": [ "logistics" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Joby reports it flew 3,199 miles across the United States with the system doing taxi, takeoff, navigation, rerouting around storms and landing, and no control inputs from the onboard safety pilot.", "deployments": "Coast-to-coast tour from Concord, California to the Outer Banks, North Carolina, announced 18 September 2026, supervised remotely from California and Shaw Air Force Base; also used in US military exercises (Joby).", "summary": "A converted Cessna Caravan carrying the autonomy software Joby bought from Xwing. It flies whole missions on its own while a remote supervisor watches; a safety pilot still sits on board.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-0180aeb892", "hs-2e90b50818" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-09-10", "event": "Joby autonomous aircraft cross-country tour", "url": "https://www.jobyaviation.com/news/joby-autonomous-aircraft-begins-cross-country-tour" }, "released": { "date": null, "note": "development and military demonstrations" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "US cross-country route and US military exercises (Agile Flag, REFORPAC)", "since": null, "fleet": "not published", "usage": "more than 400 flights and 800 automated flight hours (Joby, September 2026)", "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/joby-j208-autonomous-caravan-2026-1.jpg", "author": "Matthew Clouse", "license": "Public domain", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xwing%27s_autonomous_aircraft,_N101XW,_a_Cessna_208B_Grand_Caravan,_receives_fuel_before_taking_off_at_McClellan_Airfield_in_Sacramento,_California,_January_27,_2024.jpg", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xwing%27s_autonomous_aircraft,_N101XW,_a_Cessna_208B_Grand_Caravan,_receives_fuel_before_taking_off_at_McClellan_Airfield_in_Sacramento,_California,_January_27,_2024.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 559 } }, { "id": "zeabuz-simskala-virtual-cable-ferry-2026", "name": "Simskala ferry Virtual Cable Ferry system", "maker": "Zeabuz for the Government of Aland", "makerId": "zeabuz", "country": "Norway", "year": 2026, "date": "2026-09-28", "status": "commercial", "purpose": [ "road ferry" ], "locomotion": "other", "kind": "boat", "domain": [ "mobility", "public-transit" ], "heightCm": null, "weightKg": null, "dof": null, "speedKmh": null, "payloadKg": null, "batteryHours": null, "priceUsd": null, "priceNote": "Service only, not sold", "hands": "none", "firsts": "Zeabuz's first deployed Virtual Cable Ferry system.", "deployments": "Installed and running aboard the Aland government's Simskala ferry as of 28 September 2026.", "summary": "A retrofit that lets the crew start each crossing with a single button, after which the Zeabuz Autocrossing system drives the ferry across along a fixed path like an invisible cable. Crew stay aboard.", "specSource": "maker", "sources": [ "hs-6f1c096be7" ], "canada": null, "firstShown": { "date": "2026-09-28", "event": "Deployment announcement", "url": "https://www.zeabuz.com/major-commercial-milestone-reached-as-first-virtual-cable-ferry-system-is-deployed-in-aland/" }, "released": { "date": "2026-09", "note": "In service on the Simskala ferry" }, "autonomy": "supervised", "av": { "sae": null, "driverless": "none", "where": "Simskala, Aland Islands, Finland", "since": null, "fleet": "1 ferry (Zeabuz, Sep 2026)", "usage": null, "rangeKm": null }, "photo": { "src": "/img/robots-open/zeabuz-simskala-virtual-cable-ferry-2026-1.jpg", "author": "Håkan Skogsjö", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simsk%C3%A4laf%C3%A4rjan_2011-06-26_image10.jpg", "via": "Wikimedia Commons", "w": 1000, "h": 664 } } ], "events": [ { "date": "1939", "year": 1939, "title": "Soviet teletanks used in the Winter War", "summary": "Radio-controlled Soviet teletanks were used in combat against Finland, one of the first wartime uses of remote ground vehicles.", "sources": [ "hs-acf1e9138b" ] }, { "date": "1942", "year": 1942, "title": "Goliath remote demolition vehicle enters service", "summary": "Germany fielded the wire-guided Goliath; 7,564 were built by 1945.", "sources": [ "hs-41f7beb1ac" ] }, { "date": "1957", "year": 1957, "title": "SPURV, an early untethered research vehicle", "summary": "University of Washington's Applied Physics Lab first ran SPURV from a Navy tug; it was guided by acoustic signals from the ship rather than fully self-directed.", "sources": [ "hs-af780c5d59", "hs-df4adf931f" ] }, { "date": "1968", "year": 1968, "title": "GE Walking Truck on US television", "summary": "Walter Cronkite's The 20th Century featured GE's rider-driven four-legged Walking Truck.", "sources": [ "hs-16669c217d" ] }, { "date": "1972", "year": 1972, "title": "First snake-like robot locomotion", "summary": "Tokyo Tech's ACM III glided across a floor using snake-style undulation, according to the lab's history.", "sources": [ "hs-5441dfac0b" ] }, { "date": "1972", "year": 1972, "title": "Wheelbarrow bomb-disposal robot invented", "summary": "Lt-Col Peter Miller built the first Wheelbarrow for British Army bomb disposal in Northern Ireland.", "sources": [ "hs-1c3101ee9c" ] }, { "date": "1976", "year": 1976, "title": "First remote-controlled demolition machine", "summary": "Two brothers built Brokk's prototype in Skelleftea, Sweden, starting the demolition-robot industry.", "sources": [ "hs-1bb07032ec" ] }, { "date": "1977", "year": 1977, "title": "Tsukuba car follows road markings", "summary": "A Japanese government lab showed a camera-guided car that needed no buried wires.", "sources": [ "hs-998b71a4d1" ] }, { "date": "1994-07", "year": 1994, "title": "Dante II enters Mount Spurr", "summary": "CMU's eight-legged Dante II sampled gases inside an Alaskan volcano before toppling on the way out.", "sources": [ "hs-005ccf5fe0" ] }, { "date": "1994-10", "year": 1994, "title": "VaMP and VITA-2 drive Paris motorways", "summary": "Two vision-guided Mercedes cars covered over 1,000 km in traffic at the end of the EUREKA PROMETHEUS project.", "sources": [ "hs-7f638debb4" ] }, { "date": "1995-07", "year": 1995, "title": "No Hands Across America", "summary": "CMU's Navlab 5 steered itself for about 98% of a Pittsburgh-to-San Diego trip.", "sources": [ "hs-87f2ca48c1" ] }, { "date": "1996", "year": 1996, "title": "Theseus lays cable under Arctic ice", "summary": "The Canadian AUV Theseus delivered fibre-optic cable about 180 km under Arctic ice in just over 24 hours.", "sources": [ "hs-638214c82a" ] }, { "date": "1999-02", "year": 1999, "title": "ParkShuttle opens near Rotterdam", "summary": "Driverless ParkShuttle vehicles began carrying the public on a dedicated lane between Kralingse Zoom and Rivium business park.", "sources": [ "hs-791fde57c2" ] }, { "date": "1999-06", "year": 1999, "title": "Sony AIBO goes on sale", "summary": "The first 5,000 AIBO ERS-110 robot dogs sold out online in about 20 minutes, starting the consumer robot-pet market.", "sources": [ "hs-4f933492fa" ] }, { "date": "2000", "year": 2000, "title": "ABE's first fully autonomous multi-site mission", "summary": "WHOI's ABE surveyed one site and moved on to a second about 30 miles away by itself.", "sources": [ "hs-5cf98c9418" ] }, { "date": "2001-04", "year": 2001, "title": "Global Hawk crosses the Pacific", "summary": "An RQ-4 Global Hawk flew non-stop from California to South Australia, the first pilotless aircraft to cross the Pacific.", "sources": [ "hs-9a88f15868" ] }, { "date": "2001-09", "year": 2001, "title": "PackBots search the World Trade Center", "summary": "iRobot PackBot Explorer robots searched World Trade Center debris after 9/11.", "sources": [ "hs-09c1b686fc" ] }, { "date": "2003", "year": 2003, "title": "Kiva Systems founded", "summary": "Mick Mountz, Peter Wurman and Raffaello D'Andrea start Kiva to build pod-carrying warehouse robots.", "sources": [ "hs-abe409d4d2" ] }, { "date": "2005", "year": 2005, "title": "BigDog unveiled", "summary": "Boston Dynamics and DARPA showed BigDog, a petrol-hydraulic pack-mule quadruped whose videos made dynamic legged robots famous.", "sources": [ "hs-c815c4377f" ] }, { "date": "2005-10", "year": 2005, "title": "Stanley wins the DARPA Grand Challenge", "summary": "Stanford's Volkswagen Touareg was first of five finishers across a 212 km desert course.", "sources": [ "hs-d664c2fa5b" ] }, { "date": "2005-12", "year": 2005, "title": "First automated straddle carrier terminal", "summary": "Patrick's Fisherman Islands terminal in Brisbane began full operation with driverless Kalmar AutoStrads.", "sources": [ "hs-7673a2dac7" ] }, { "date": "2006-01", "year": 2006, "title": "Sony discontinues AIBO", "summary": "Sony announced the end of AIBO on 26 January 2006; repairs stopped in 2014.", "sources": [ "hs-c3c3ca8001" ] }, { "date": "2007-08", "year": 2007, "title": "First armed robots sent to a war zone", "summary": "Three SWORDS armed TALON robots were deployed to Iraq, though the Army never authorised them to fire in combat.", "sources": [ "hs-d6c4016786" ] }, { "date": "2007-11", "year": 2007, "title": "Boss wins the DARPA Urban Challenge", "summary": "CMU and GM's Chevrolet Tahoe beat Stanford's Junior through a mock city course.", "sources": [ "hs-2e5f5a9ea2" ] }, { "date": "2008-01", "year": 2008, "title": "First commercial autonomous haulage", "summary": "Komatsu FrontRunner trucks entered commercial service at Codelco's Gaby copper mine in Chile.", "sources": [ "hs-4faa5484b6" ] }, { "date": "2010-10", "year": 2010, "title": "VisLab vans reach Shanghai", "summary": "Four autonomous electric vans completed a 15,900 km trip from Parma to the Shanghai Expo.", "sources": [ "hs-d1c5eefc0c" ] }, { "date": "2011", "year": 2011, "title": "Walking harvester goes to museum", "summary": "John Deere donated the last Plustech six-legged walking forest machine to Lusto, the Finnish Forest Museum.", "sources": [ "hs-b85ee2e762" ] }, { "date": "2011", "year": 2011, "title": "PackBots enter the Fukushima nuclear plant", "summary": "Two PackBots measured damage and radiation where levels were too high for people.", "sources": [ "hs-ef7dbad724" ] }, { "date": "2011", "year": 2011, "title": "REMUS 6000s find Air France 447", "summary": "Three REMUS 6000 AUVs located the wreck and flight recorders of AF447 in the Atlantic.", "sources": [ "hs-296dee60ab" ] }, { "date": "2011-12", "year": 2011, "title": "First uncrewed combat cargo delivery", "summary": "The unmanned K-MAX helicopter made its first autonomous resupply delivery to US Marines in Afghanistan.", "sources": [ "hs-b8fbbb5b5f", "hs-d108b4bde1" ] }, { "date": "2012-03", "year": 2012, "title": "Amazon buys Kiva for $775 million", "summary": "Amazon agrees to buy Kiva Systems for about $775 million in cash and later stops selling Kiva robots to other companies.", "sources": [ "hs-143a445d8d", "hs-8fae27e565" ] }, { "date": "2012-09", "year": 2012, "title": "Cheetah sets legged speed record", "summary": "Boston Dynamics' tethered Cheetah reached 28.3 mph on a treadmill, a record for legged robots.", "sources": [ "hs-823d4b4368" ] }, { "date": "2013-02", "year": 2013, "title": "Wave Glider sets distance record", "summary": "Wave Glider Benjamin Franklin reached Australia after about 7,939 nautical miles from San Francisco, a Guinness record for an autonomous surface vehicle.", "sources": [ "hs-393b697166" ] }, { "date": "2013-05", "year": 2013, "title": "Mobile Industrial Robots founded", "summary": "MiR is founded in Odense, Denmark; its first MiR100 robots ship in 2015.", "sources": [ "hs-64296e78b3" ] }, { "date": "2013-07", "year": 2013, "title": "Drone lands on an aircraft carrier", "summary": "The X-47B made the first arrested landing of an uncrewed aircraft on a carrier at sea.", "sources": [ "hs-51fa6c247c" ] }, { "date": "2014-04", "year": 2014, "title": "Bluefin-21 searches for MH370", "summary": "A Bluefin-21 flew 25 sonar missions over 21 days searching the Indian Ocean seafloor for MH370.", "sources": [ "hs-50ee0864cd" ] }, { "date": "2014-08", "year": 2014, "title": "First hotel delivery robot goes to work", "summary": "Savioke's 'Botlr' starts delivering amenities at Aloft Cupertino.", "sources": [ "hs-5630e365d5" ] }, { "date": "2015", "year": 2015, "title": "Kajima begins A4CSEL automated machinery", "summary": "Kajima first used automatic vibratory rollers at Gokayama Dam, the start of its driverless dam-building fleet.", "sources": [ "hs-b3fc20dc02" ] }, { "date": "2015-02", "year": 2015, "title": "SAM100 bricklaying robot launches", "summary": "Construction Robotics launched SAM100 at World of Concrete as the first commercially available on-site bricklaying robot.", "sources": [ "hs-347dc78d7c" ] }, { "date": "2015-08", "year": 2015, "title": "Kiva renamed Amazon Robotics", "summary": "Kiva Systems becomes Amazon Robotics LLC.", "sources": [ "hs-9072966663" ] }, { "date": "2015-08", "year": 2015, "title": "Yutong bus drives itself between Zhengzhou and Kaifeng", "summary": "A full-size Yutong bus covered 32.6 km on an open road with a person aboard, reaching 68 km/h.", "sources": [ "hs-36d38e9101" ] }, { "date": "2015-10", "year": 2015, "title": "Omron completes purchase of Adept Technology", "summary": "Adept's mobile robots, including the Lynx, become Omron's LD series.", "sources": [ "hs-d7e9df2586" ] }, { "date": "2015-10", "year": 2015, "title": "First fully driverless ride on public roads", "summary": "Waymo's Firefly prototype carried a passenger through Austin with no controls and no backup driver.", "sources": [ "hs-756c0bf332" ] }, { "date": "2016", "year": 2016, "title": "Unitree and ANYbotics founded", "summary": "Unitree (Hangzhou) and ANYbotics (Zurich) were founded in 2016 to commercialise robot dogs.", "sources": [ "hs-dbc37b4fb7", "hs-24f7d153a4" ] }, { "date": "2016-04", "year": 2016, "title": "Sea Hunter christened", "summary": "DARPA's 40 m ACTUV trimaran, built to trail submarines with no one aboard, was christened in Portland, Oregon.", "sources": [ "hs-472f2f433c" ] }, { "date": "2016-07-07", "year": 2016, "title": "Dallas police use a bomb robot to kill a gunman", "summary": "Dallas police sent a Remotec ANDROS robot carrying explosives to end a standoff, reported as the first deliberate lethal use of a robot by US police.", "sources": [ "hs-a10c328772", "hs-05469120fe" ] }, { "date": "2016-08", "year": 2016, "title": "First public robotaxi trial", "summary": "nuTonomy began robotaxi pilot rides for invited users in Singapore.", "sources": [ "hs-821c15db1c" ] }, { "date": "2016-10", "year": 2016, "title": "Otto's beer run", "summary": "An Otto-equipped Volvo truck hauled Budweiser about 120 miles on I-25 in Colorado with the driver in the sleeper berth.", "sources": [ "hs-99d98ef17d" ] }, { "date": "2016-10", "year": 2016, "title": "Zipline starts blood delivery in Rwanda", "summary": "Zipline launched national drone delivery of blood to Rwandan hospitals with its fixed-wing P1.", "sources": [ "hs-1f8ba6dfe2" ] }, { "date": "2016-12", "year": 2016, "title": "First autonomous shuttle route in North America", "summary": "EasyMile EZ10 shuttles started looping through Bishop Ranch office park in San Ramon, California.", "sources": [ "hs-957f6d15a0" ] }, { "date": "2017-06", "year": 2017, "title": "JD.com starts robot parcel delivery", "summary": "JD makes its first robot deliveries on Chinese campuses on 18 June 2017.", "sources": [ "hs-0b21eef252" ] }, { "date": "2017-07", "year": 2017, "title": "LG robots start trial service at Incheon Airport", "summary": "LG's Airport Guide and Airport Cleaning robots begin trial service at Incheon International Airport after five months of beta testing.", "sources": [ "hs-7fcd41e8c6" ] }, { "date": "2017-09", "year": 2017, "title": "Snake robot used in a real disaster", "summary": "CMU's snake robot searched a collapsed Mexico City building after the 19 September earthquake, its first real disaster use.", "sources": [ "hs-44f9703bb7" ] }, { "date": "2017-11", "year": 2017, "title": "Mantis sets rideable-hexapod record", "summary": "Guinness verified Micromagic Systems' 1.9-tonne Mantis as the largest rideable hexapod robot.", "sources": [ "hs-c15cafbb14" ] }, { "date": "2017-12", "year": 2017, "title": "Alphaba buses start Shenzhen trial", "summary": "Four Haylion-developed buses began invited-passenger trials on a 1.2 km route in Futian with drivers on standby.", "sources": [ "hs-a434172716", "hs-9ee86a3265" ] }, { "date": "2018", "year": 2018, "title": "Uran-9 struggles in Syria", "summary": "A Russian defence ministry research institute reported the Uran-9 combat robot functioned poorly in Syria.", "sources": [ "hs-acf1e9138b" ] }, { "date": "2018-01", "year": 2018, "title": "Sony revives aibo", "summary": "The ERS-1000 aibo went on sale in Japan, 12 years after the original line ended.", "sources": [ "hs-c3c3ca8001" ] }, { "date": "2018-03", "year": 2018, "title": "First pedestrian killed by a self-driving test car", "summary": "An Uber ATG Volvo XC90 in self-driving mode struck and killed a pedestrian in Tempe, Arizona, pausing Uber's programme.", "sources": [ "hs-3897bc84f8" ] }, { "date": "2018-04", "year": 2018, "title": "Shimizu shows Shimz Smart Site robots", "summary": "Shimizu showed Robo-Carrier, Robo-Welder and Robo-Buddy before using them on a high-rise hotel site in Shin-Osaka.", "sources": [ "hs-5aeae58183" ] }, { "date": "2018-04", "year": 2018, "title": "Teradyne acquires MiR", "summary": "Teradyne buys Mobile Industrial Robots and in 2022 merges AutoGuide Mobile Robots into it.", "sources": [ "hs-64296e78b3" ] }, { "date": "2018-07", "year": 2018, "title": "100th Apolong minibus leaves King Long line", "summary": "Baidu announced volume production of its Level 4 Apolong minibus at King Long's Xiamen plant.", "sources": [ "hs-a0794eb952", "hs-d262a516f8" ] }, { "date": "2018-12", "year": 2018, "title": "Falco autonomous ferry demonstration", "summary": "Rolls-Royce and Finferries ran the car ferry Falco fully autonomously between Parainen and Nauvo, including automatic berthing.", "sources": [ "hs-efa050cfb9" ] }, { "date": "2019", "year": 2019, "title": "THeMIS deployed to Mali", "summary": "Estonia sent Milrem THeMIS robots to Mali with France's Operation Barkhane, their first combat-zone use.", "sources": [ "hs-8d0b65d178" ] }, { "date": "2019", "year": 2019, "title": "Saildrone Antarctic circumnavigation and two-way Atlantic crossing", "summary": "A saildrone sailed about 12,500 miles around Antarctica, and SD 1021 became the first autonomous vehicle to cross the Atlantic both ways.", "sources": [ "hs-5de459615c", "hs-2b09f40ed8" ] }, { "date": "2019-03", "year": 2019, "title": "Mini Cheetah backflip", "summary": "MIT's Mini Cheetah became the first four-legged robot to do a backflip.", "sources": [ "hs-0224204b93" ] }, { "date": "2019-04", "year": 2019, "title": "Walmart orders 1,860 robot scrubbers", "summary": "Walmart expands its BrainOS-powered Tennant T7AMR fleet to 1,860 machines.", "sources": [ "hs-8d04a0172f" ] }, { "date": "2019-04", "year": 2019, "title": "Wing becomes a drone airline", "summary": "Wing became the first drone delivery company certified by the FAA as an air carrier.", "sources": [ "hs-3d3d3c9e0a" ] }, { "date": "2019-05", "year": 2019, "title": "Zhengzhou opens Level 4 bus loop", "summary": "Four Yutong Xiaoyu buses began trial runs on Zhengzhou's Intelligent Island and reached 10,000 km by September 2019.", "sources": [ "hs-a41bdc85b1" ] }, { "date": "2019-05", "year": 2019, "title": "Neolix opens L4 delivery-van production line", "summary": "Neolix began mass-producing L4 delivery vans at its Changzhou plant, aiming for 1,000 deliveries that year.", "sources": [ "hs-5e174054f1", "hs-3b33796488" ] }, { "date": "2019-05", "year": 2019, "title": "Einride starts public-road pod runs", "summary": "Einride's cabless electric pod began daily freight runs on a public road in Jonkoping, Sweden.", "sources": [ "hs-a07e133c1c" ] }, { "date": "2019-06", "year": 2019, "title": "Amazon reports 200,000 drive units", "summary": "At re:MARS Amazon says it runs about 200,000 robotic drive units and unveils Pegasus and Xanthus.", "sources": [ "hs-af8c1b24a5" ] }, { "date": "2019-08", "year": 2019, "title": "First police robot dog trial", "summary": "Massachusetts State Police leased a Boston Dynamics Spot for three months, the first known US police use.", "sources": [ "hs-babc068bc5" ] }, { "date": "2019-08", "year": 2019, "title": "Taiwan unveils WinBus", "summary": "ARTC and the Ministry of Economic Affairs showed Taiwan's first locally developed self-driving minibus.", "sources": [ "hs-39a606cc70" ] }, { "date": "2019-09", "year": 2019, "title": "Spot becomes a product", "summary": "Boston Dynamics began leasing Spot, then sold it openly from June 2020 at $74,500.", "sources": [ "hs-494d894d48", "hs-93700df62b" ] }, { "date": "2019-09", "year": 2019, "title": "Apollo Go starts public trial in Changsha", "summary": "Baidu began public robotaxi trial rides in Changsha with 45 Hongqi cars and safety operators.", "sources": [ "hs-7b141d95c7" ] }, { "date": "2019-11", "year": 2019, "title": "First police force uses Spot", "summary": "Massachusetts State Police became the first law-enforcement agency to use Spot, including in its bomb squad.", "sources": [ "hs-babc068bc5" ] }, { "date": "2019-11", "year": 2019, "title": "WeRide opens Guangzhou robotaxi service", "summary": "WeRide launched a 20-vehicle public robotaxi service in Guangzhou's Huangpu district, which it calls China's first commercial robotaxi service.", "sources": [ "hs-a1fd5025c5", "hs-8a718dcabf" ] }, { "date": "2019-12", "year": 2019, "title": "Plus completes cross-country butter haul", "summary": "A Plus-equipped truck carried refrigerated butter from California to Pennsylvania in under three days with a safety driver aboard.", "sources": [ "hs-8f871bb263", "hs-e085a2e753" ] }, { "date": "2020-02", "year": 2020, "title": "First NHTSA exemption for a driverless delivery vehicle", "summary": "NHTSA lets Nuro deploy up to 5,000 R2 pods without mirrors or windshield.", "sources": [ "hs-b6c72bc637", "hs-39f65bd871" ] }, { "date": "2020-02", "year": 2020, "title": "Meituan begins driverless COVID-era deliveries", "summary": "Meituan uses driverless vehicles for contact-free grocery delivery in Shunyi, Beijing.", "sources": [ "hs-5ef20fb1cf" ] }, { "date": "2020-02", "year": 2020, "title": "US suspends EasyMile passenger service", "summary": "After a passenger fell during an emergency stop in Columbus, Ohio, the US regulator halted passenger operations of 16 EasyMile shuttles.", "sources": [ "hs-b83da5449b" ] }, { "date": "2020-02", "year": 2020, "title": "NHTSA exempts Nuro R2", "summary": "Nuro won the first US exemption for a low-speed driverless vehicle without mirrors or windshield.", "sources": [ "hs-39f65bd871" ] }, { "date": "2020-03", "year": 2020, "title": "Operating engineers union partners with Built Robotics", "summary": "The International Union of Operating Engineers agreed to train members on Built's autonomous equipment, renewing the deal through 2026.", "sources": [ "hs-dcef2e0f5c" ] }, { "date": "2020-05", "year": 2020, "title": "Taipei Xinyi Road autonomous bus trial begins", "summary": "Turing Drive began overnight bus-lane trials in Taipei, adding passengers from October 2020.", "sources": [ "hs-aa93b40921" ] }, { "date": "2020-06", "year": 2020, "title": "Navya runs Evo without onboard operator", "summary": "Navya and Keolis began a Level 4 service with no safety operator on board at a closed site in Chateauroux.", "sources": [ "hs-b099f0bc9a" ] }, { "date": "2020-09", "year": 2020, "title": "White Rhino starts supermarket robo-delivery in Shanghai", "summary": "White Rhino put ten unmanned delivery vehicles into service for Yonghui Superstores in Anting, Shanghai.", "sources": [ "hs-210ea34269" ] }, { "date": "2020-10", "year": 2020, "title": "Waymo opens driverless rides to the public", "summary": "Waymo One began offering fully driverless rides to the general public in metro Phoenix.", "sources": [ "hs-a9039f3207" ] }, { "date": "2021", "year": 2021, "title": "Zebra Technologies buys Fetch Robotics", "summary": "Zebra acquired the warehouse robot maker Fetch Robotics for about $305 million.", "sources": [] }, { "date": "2021-01", "year": 2021, "title": "AutoX opens fully driverless rides in Shenzhen", "summary": "AutoX opened robotaxi rides with no safety driver to the public in Shenzhen.", "sources": [ "hs-56d7f30319" ] }, { "date": "2021-03", "year": 2021, "title": "Inceptio launches Xuanyuan truck system", "summary": "Inceptio introduced its L3 truck system with Dongfeng and Sinotruk and targeted mass production by end-2021.", "sources": [ "hs-11d8d33c20" ] }, { "date": "2021-04", "year": 2021, "title": "NYPD ends 'Digidog' lease after backlash", "summary": "New York police ended a roughly $94,000 Spot lease four months early after public and council criticism.", "sources": [ "hs-451f264684" ] }, { "date": "2021-04", "year": 2021, "title": "NYPD ends Digidog lease", "summary": "After public backlash, the NYPD ended its Spot ('Digidog') lease early, then brought the robot back in April 2023.", "sources": [ "hs-c639a900c4", "hs-3df5977569" ] }, { "date": "2021-05", "year": 2021, "title": "Beijing Yizhuang issues China's first unmanned delivery vehicle permit", "summary": "Neolix received what it and China Daily describe as China's first official road permit for autonomous delivery vehicles, in Beijing's Yizhuang zone.", "sources": [ "hs-56bb647b71", "hs-bd43bfa779" ] }, { "date": "2021-06", "year": 2021, "title": "Unitree Go1 at $2,700", "summary": "Unitree's Go1 brought a capable robot dog under $3,000, opening a mass consumer market.", "sources": [ "hs-af37a27ef2" ] }, { "date": "2021-06", "year": 2021, "title": "Hyundai takes control of Boston Dynamics", "summary": "Hyundai Motor Group completed its purchase of a controlling stake from SoftBank, agreed in December 2020 at about $880 million for 80%.", "sources": [ "hs-f897156c12" ] }, { "date": "2021-06", "year": 2021, "title": "First uncrewed aerial refuelling", "summary": "Boeing's MQ-25 test aircraft passed fuel to a US Navy F/A-18, the first time a drone refuelled another aircraft.", "sources": [ "hs-e6d475a058" ] }, { "date": "2021-07", "year": 2021, "title": "Zebra buys Fetch Robotics", "summary": "Zebra Technologies agrees to buy Fetch Robotics for $290 million.", "sources": [ "hs-900e48f48e" ] }, { "date": "2021-08", "year": 2021, "title": "e-Palette paused after athlete collision", "summary": "Toyota halted its e-Palette shuttles in the Tokyo Paralympic village after one struck an athlete, resuming four days later.", "sources": [ "hs-a64958b7c0" ] }, { "date": "2021-08", "year": 2021, "title": "Gatik removes safety drivers in Bentonville", "summary": "Gatik began daily driverless middle-mile runs for Walmart in Arkansas.", "sources": [ "hs-f07febfed7" ] }, { "date": "2021-09", "year": 2021, "title": "ANYmal team wins DARPA SubT", "summary": "Team CERBERUS used four ANYmal C robots to win the DARPA Subterranean Challenge final and its $2 million prize.", "sources": [ "hs-f8e1e1b987" ] }, { "date": "2021-10", "year": 2021, "title": "Rifle-armed robot dog shown at AUSA", "summary": "SWORD International showed its SPUR rifle mounted on a Ghost Robotics Vision 60 at the AUSA trade show.", "sources": [ "hs-4cd822f837" ] }, { "date": "2021-10", "year": 2021, "title": "AutoStore lists in Oslo", "summary": "AutoStore's IPO on the Oslo Stock Exchange is Norway's largest in two decades.", "sources": [ "hs-3065f21760" ] }, { "date": "2021-10", "year": 2021, "title": "Tianjin Section C goes driverless", "summary": "Tianjin Port's Beijiang Section C began commercial operation with L4 electric container trucks built with Huawei.", "sources": [ "hs-f977f82aef" ] }, { "date": "2021-11", "year": 2021, "title": "France authorises Level 4 shuttle on public road", "summary": "French ministries authorised EasyMile's EZ10 to run at Level 4 with no attendant in mixed traffic at Toulouse's Oncopole campus.", "sources": [ "hs-9c7f6014ca" ] }, { "date": "2021-12", "year": 2021, "title": "Pony.ai tests L4 trucks on Beijing's G3 expressway", "summary": "PonyTron trucks began regular Level 4 tests on a public expressway with permission for 143 km of Beijing highways.", "sources": [ "hs-21a5e5cd43", "hs-3ad9789779" ] }, { "date": "2021-12", "year": 2021, "title": "TuSimple Driver Out run", "summary": "A TuSimple semi drove about 80 miles in Arizona with no one aboard.", "sources": [ "hs-75dc7a21e1" ] }, { "date": "2022", "year": 2022, "title": "Robot dogs at the US border", "summary": "US Customs and Border Protection tested Ghost Robotics quadrupeds to patrol the US-Mexico border.", "sources": [ "hs-a73ac17ea8" ] }, { "date": "2022-01", "year": 2022, "title": "Local Motors closes", "summary": "The maker of the Olli shuttles stopped operating in mid-January 2022 without a formal announcement.", "sources": [ "hs-d0a5d86793" ] }, { "date": "2022-01", "year": 2022, "title": "MEGURI2040 large-ship trials", "summary": "Japan's MEGURI2040 programme ran autonomous voyages on the ferry SOLEIL, container ships Mikage and SUZAKU and the ferry Sunflower Shiretoko in January-March 2022.", "sources": [ "hs-bb8174c581", "hs-1db23a5b55", "hs-41c8308fa5" ] }, { "date": "2022-04", "year": 2022, "title": "Beijing issues first driverless robotaxi permits", "summary": "Baidu and Pony.ai received Beijing's first permits to run robotaxis without a driver behind the wheel in the Yizhuang economic zone.", "sources": [ "hs-0f907441bd", "hs-837a0efa90" ] }, { "date": "2022-04", "year": 2022, "title": "Yara Birkeland christened", "summary": "The battery-electric, autonomy-ready container ship was christened in Brevik after entering commercial service with a crew in spring 2022.", "sources": [ "hs-32677d221c" ] }, { "date": "2022-05", "year": 2022, "title": "Cassie sets bipedal 100 m record", "summary": "Agility's Cassie ran 100 m in 24.73 seconds at Oregon State, a Guinness record for a bipedal robot.", "sources": [ "hs-fc61e511b0" ] }, { "date": "2022-06", "year": 2022, "title": "Mayflower Autonomous Ship completes Atlantic crossing", "summary": "The AI-captained trimaran reached Plymouth, Massachusetts on 30 June 2022 after a diversion to Halifax.", "sources": [ "hs-bfe3973f76" ] }, { "date": "2022-07", "year": 2022, "title": "Pony.ai and SANY form truck joint venture", "summary": "The partners agreed to build and sell L4 heavy trucks on SANY's electric platform.", "sources": [ "hs-74a5a34d54" ] }, { "date": "2022-08", "year": 2022, "title": "First paid fully driverless permits in Wuhan and Chongqing", "summary": "Baidu won China's first permits to charge fares for robotaxi rides with nobody on board, starting with five cars each in Wuhan and Chongqing's Yongchuan district.", "sources": [ "hs-e6ba530705", "hs-14a7ec5e02" ] }, { "date": "2022-09", "year": 2022, "title": "ABB launches Flexley mobile robots", "summary": "After buying ASTI Mobile Robotics in 2021, ABB released its first AMRs under the Flexley brand.", "sources": [ "hs-be359ad470" ] }, { "date": "2022-09", "year": 2022, "title": "Locus passes 1 billion picks", "summary": "Locus Robotics robots pass 1 billion units picked, reaching 4 billion by October 2024.", "sources": [ "hs-01d1d8c5a0", "hs-03efb7a045" ] }, { "date": "2022-10", "year": 2022, "title": "Boston Dynamics pledges not to weaponise robots", "summary": "Boston Dynamics publicly pledged not to support weaponisation of its robots.", "sources": [ "hs-a74b60e90e" ] }, { "date": "2022-10", "year": 2022, "title": "Amazon ends Scout field tests", "summary": "Amazon stops live tests of its Scout sidewalk delivery robot and reassigns about 400 staff.", "sources": [ "hs-29911b6287" ] }, { "date": "2022-10", "year": 2022, "title": "Argo AI shuts down", "summary": "Ford and Volkswagen closed their robotaxi venture Argo AI, saying driverless profits were too far off.", "sources": [ "hs-20ad344a0b" ] }, { "date": "2023", "year": 2023, "title": "Ecorobotix raises $52 million", "summary": "Ecorobotix raised $52 million and expanded to the US, Canada and South America after moving from its AVO robot to tractor-pulled sprayers.", "sources": [ "hs-67414591c3" ] }, { "date": "2023", "year": 2023, "title": "Go2 at $1,600", "summary": "Unitree's Go2 set a new low price for a lidar-equipped robot dog.", "sources": [ "hs-825d3a1da4" ] }, { "date": "2023", "year": 2023, "title": "Amazon reveals Sequoia system", "summary": "Amazon's Sequoia inventory system combines mobile robots, gantries and arms in Houston; Amazon reports 750,000+ robots.", "sources": [ "hs-207c3d6c31" ] }, { "date": "2023-02", "year": 2023, "title": "Navya enters receivership", "summary": "Navya went into receivership in February 2023 and its business was taken over in April by Gaussin and Macnica as Gama.", "sources": [ "hs-7124c11e3c" ] }, { "date": "2023-03", "year": 2023, "title": "Japan approves first Level 4 vehicle", "summary": "The ZEN drive Pilot cart in Eiheiji became the first vehicle approved under Japan's Level 4 rules.", "sources": [ "hs-938a61b6e6" ] }, { "date": "2023-04", "year": 2023, "title": "NYPD brings back Digidog", "summary": "New York's mayor announced the NYPD had bought two Spot robots for $750,000 and would trial a Knightscope K5 in the subway.", "sources": [ "hs-a668e1f53d" ] }, { "date": "2023-04", "year": 2023, "title": "Guangzhou's first public driverless robotaxi permit", "summary": "Pony.ai received a permit for public fully driverless robotaxi service in Guangzhou.", "sources": [ "hs-55b5b5fa4a", "hs-03353707aa" ] }, { "date": "2023-05", "year": 2023, "title": "CAVForth autonomous bus service launches", "summary": "Stagecoach began the UK's first registered autonomous bus service across the Forth Road Bridge with five Enviro200AV buses.", "sources": [ "hs-41b24cce44" ] }, { "date": "2023-06", "year": 2023, "title": "TuSimple runs driverless trucks in China", "summary": "TuSimple said it completed fully driverless semi-truck runs on Chinese public roads before later exiting trucking.", "sources": [ "hs-b082332a3f" ] }, { "date": "2023-06", "year": 2023, "title": "MF Estelle starts autonomous ferry service", "summary": "Torghatten and Zeabuz launched what Zeabuz calls the first commercial autonomous passenger ferry in Stockholm, with an operator aboard initially.", "sources": [ "hs-dbe9fff929" ] }, { "date": "2023-07", "year": 2023, "title": "AppHarvest files for bankruptcy", "summary": "AppHarvest, which had bought harvest-robot maker Root AI, filed for Chapter 11 on 24 July 2023 and sold its greenhouses.", "sources": [ "hs-3ae62bddc7" ] }, { "date": "2023-07", "year": 2023, "title": "Waymo pauses trucking", "summary": "Waymo shelved most work on its Via trucking unit to concentrate on robotaxis.", "sources": [ "hs-9295462777" ] }, { "date": "2023-09", "year": 2023, "title": "Rockwell buys Clearpath and OTTO", "summary": "Rockwell Automation acquires Kitchener's Clearpath Robotics and OTTO Motors in a deal valued at over $600 million.", "sources": [ "hs-75b25411fb" ] }, { "date": "2023-09", "year": 2023, "title": "Volvo removes safety driver in a working mine", "summary": "Volvo Autonomous Solutions began hauling limestone at Brønnøy Kalk in Norway with no one on board.", "sources": [ "hs-3c81353f00" ] }, { "date": "2023-10", "year": 2023, "title": "Disney's BDX droids debut", "summary": "Disney Research showed its RL-trained bipedal droid at IROS 2023 and tested three units at Disneyland's Galaxy's Edge days later.", "sources": [ "hs-f1068b16a0" ] }, { "date": "2023-10", "year": 2023, "title": "Guinness record for fastest quadruped", "summary": "KAIST's Hound ran 100 m in 19.87 s, the fastest by a quadruped robot.", "sources": [ "hs-7b9b7767d3", "hs-0aa530133e" ] }, { "date": "2023-10", "year": 2023, "title": "California suspends Cruise", "summary": "The California DMV suspended Cruise's driverless permits after a crash in which a robotaxi dragged a pedestrian.", "sources": [ "hs-cd5304ea46" ] }, { "date": "2023-11", "year": 2023, "title": "Robot-built dry-stone wall record", "summary": "ETH Zurich's autonomous walking excavator HEAP was credited with the largest dry-stone wall built by a robot, published in Science Robotics.", "sources": [ "hs-662ff06176" ] }, { "date": "2023-11", "year": 2023, "title": "WeRide approved for paid driverless rides in Beijing", "summary": "WeRide got approval for a fare-charging fully driverless robotaxi pilot in Beijing's Yizhuang zone.", "sources": [ "hs-8a718dcabf" ] }, { "date": "2023-11", "year": 2023, "title": "Guangzhou licenses truck platoon tests", "summary": "Pony.ai received a Guangzhou licence for five trucks to test in formation on open roads.", "sources": [ "hs-89645cf087" ] }, { "date": "2023-12", "year": 2023, "title": "Seoul starts late-night autonomous bus", "summary": "Seoul launched route A21, an overnight autonomous bus between Hapjeong and Dongdaemun.", "sources": [ "hs-8c9f175dfb" ] }, { "date": "2023-12", "year": 2023, "title": "First commercial robobus licence in China", "summary": "WeRide says it obtained China's first commercial robobus operating licence for Huangpu District, Guangzhou.", "sources": [ "hs-04bdcebbdd" ] }, { "date": "2023-12", "year": 2023, "title": "First Orca XLUUV delivered", "summary": "Boeing delivered the first Orca extra-large uncrewed undersea vehicle to the US Navy.", "sources": [ "hs-ee4e5f7b48" ] }, { "date": "2024-02", "year": 2024, "title": "Small Robot Company enters liquidation", "summary": "The UK farm-robot startup behind Tom appoints administrators after failing to raise funds.", "sources": [ "hs-0eed02c7c8" ] }, { "date": "2024-05", "year": 2024, "title": "PLA shows rifle-armed robot dog in Cambodia", "summary": "China's army displayed robot dogs, one carrying a rifle, in the Golden Dragon 2024 exercise.", "sources": [ "hs-3055d5d6cd" ] }, { "date": "2024-05", "year": 2024, "title": "US Marine special operators test armed robot dogs", "summary": "MARSOC evaluated two Ghost Robotics Vision 60s fitted with Onyx SENTRY weapon systems, with a human required to authorise fire.", "sources": [ "hs-a361d13a86" ] }, { "date": "2024-05", "year": 2024, "title": "Rifle-armed Go2 at military drills", "summary": "A Unitree Go2 carrying a rifle appeared in China-Cambodia drills; Unitree said it does not sell to the PLA.", "sources": [ "hs-3cf5704f79" ] }, { "date": "2024-05", "year": 2024, "title": "Shanghai Pudong issues first unmanned-equipment plates", "summary": "Under Pudong's unmanned equipment regulations, Neolix X3 vans received the first identification plates for approved roads on 29 May 2024.", "sources": [ "hs-42fcb1dd95" ] }, { "date": "2024-06", "year": 2024, "title": "Gaussin exits Gama; Navya Mobility formed", "summary": "Gaussin sold its stake in Gama, leaving Macnica and NTT West as owners of the renamed Navya Mobility.", "sources": [ "hs-ef4c911c3d", "hs-7adae81c84" ] }, { "date": "2024-06", "year": 2024, "title": "Hong Kong airport awards autonomous bus contract", "summary": "AAHK chose a KC Smart Mobility and Prime Motors venture, with King Long vehicles and Baidu technology, for a 16-seat autonomous bus link.", "sources": [ "hs-10f704cb1f" ] }, { "date": "2024-06", "year": 2024, "title": "Zelos cuts robovan prices below RMB 50,000", "summary": "Zelos launched the Z2, Z5 2024, Z8 and Z10 at RMB 39,800-89,800, taking about 2,100 orders on launch night.", "sources": [ "hs-8d8e2cf037", "hs-db6f555f56" ] }, { "date": "2024-07", "year": 2024, "title": "LIG Nex1 takes control of Ghost Robotics", "summary": "South Korea's LIG Nex1 closed a $240M deal for 60% of US robot-dog maker Ghost Robotics.", "sources": [ "hs-ecbe630d2d" ] }, { "date": "2024-07", "year": 2024, "title": "LIG Nex1 buys Ghost Robotics", "summary": "South Korea's LIG Nex1 bought a 60% stake in Ghost Robotics for $240 million.", "sources": [ "hs-ecbe630d2d", "hs-d22d7bb3d7" ] }, { "date": "2024-07", "year": 2024, "title": "Kodiak's first driverless delivery for Atlas", "summary": "Kodiak delivered frac sand driverless in the Permian Basin, then handed customer-owned trucks to Atlas in December 2024.", "sources": [ "hs-abd1026cf8" ] }, { "date": "2024-08", "year": 2024, "title": "Shenzhen Qianhai B998 autonomous bus line opens", "summary": "Shenzhen Bus Group started five self-driving minibuses with safety officers on a 5.44 km Qianhai loop, free during the trial.", "sources": [ "hs-5bd83d71d2" ] }, { "date": "2024-08", "year": 2024, "title": "Qingdao begins batch road operation of delivery vans", "summary": "Qingdao let unmanned delivery vans onto public roads in batches, starting with 40 SF Express and YTO vehicles; the city had over 1,200 Neolix vans by early 2026.", "sources": [ "hs-226a42535d" ] }, { "date": "2024-09", "year": 2024, "title": "US Army tests rifle-armed quadruped in Saudi Arabia", "summary": "The Army tested a four-legged robot with an AI-enabled rifle at the Red Sands facility near Riyadh.", "sources": [ "hs-88bd4008c7" ] }, { "date": "2024-09", "year": 2024, "title": "US Army picks S-MET Increment II prototypes", "summary": "American Rheinmetall and HDT each won contracts for eight prototype cargo robots, with up to 2,195 planned.", "sources": [ "hs-4d731f696b" ] }, { "date": "2024-09", "year": 2024, "title": "Inceptio delivers 400 trucks to ZTO Express", "summary": "Inceptio reported its largest single handover of Dongfeng-based intelligent heavy trucks.", "sources": [ "hs-f75d0a0c41" ] }, { "date": "2024-09", "year": 2024, "title": "Nuro stops building delivery pods", "summary": "Nuro pivoted to licensing its driving software and dropped plans to build its own delivery vehicles.", "sources": [ "hs-4c95f050d5" ] }, { "date": "2024-10", "year": 2024, "title": "Autonomous mowers at a PGA TOUR event", "summary": "FireFly AMP autonomous mowers kept the fairways at the Black Desert Championship in Utah.", "sources": [ "hs-051368eb3a" ] }, { "date": "2024-10", "year": 2024, "title": "WeRide lists on Nasdaq", "summary": "WeRide raised money in a US IPO and listed on Nasdaq under the ticker WRD.", "sources": [ "hs-92ad41b1d6" ] }, { "date": "2024-11", "year": 2024, "title": "Robot dog finishes a marathon", "summary": "KAIST's RAIBO 2 completed a full 42.195 km marathon on one charge in 4 h 19 min.", "sources": [ "hs-27566e32f7" ] }, { "date": "2024-11", "year": 2024, "title": "Pony.ai lists on Nasdaq", "summary": "Pony.ai raised $260 million in its Nasdaq IPO.", "sources": [ "hs-2612bb6b5a" ] }, { "date": "2024-12", "year": 2024, "title": "Ukraine reports first all-robot assault", "summary": "Ukraine's Khartiia brigade said it attacked Russian positions near Lyptsi using only ground robots and drones.", "sources": [ "hs-3246991960" ] }, { "date": "2024-12", "year": 2024, "title": "GM ends Cruise robotaxi programme", "summary": "GM stopped funding Cruise's robotaxi business and folded the team into its driver-assistance work.", "sources": [ "hs-5c5e3f62b9" ] }, { "date": "2024-12", "year": 2024, "title": "Zelos licensed on Singapore public roads", "summary": "Zelos received a Land Transport Authority licence for unmanned logistics vehicles on designated Singapore roads.", "sources": [ "hs-a221bb8fe4", "hs-a32ea3a7ab" ] }, { "date": "2025", "year": 2025, "title": "Two MEGURI2040 autonomous ships enter commercial service", "summary": "The Nippon Foundation reported an autonomous container ship and an autonomous Ro-Ro vessel entered commercial service in Japan during 2025.", "sources": [ "hs-64c330a3fa" ] }, { "date": "2025-02", "year": 2025, "title": "Robot dog joins Changsha fire service", "summary": "A DEEP Robotics X30 went into operational use with a Changsha fire and rescue team.", "sources": [ "hs-57000f3aa5" ] }, { "date": "2025-02", "year": 2025, "title": "CAVForth service ends", "summary": "Stagecoach closed the CAVForth autonomous bus route on 14 February 2025 because too few people used it.", "sources": [ "hs-8615188ea2" ] }, { "date": "2025-03", "year": 2025, "title": "Oishii acquires Tortuga AgTech's robots and IP", "summary": "Vertical farm Oishii buys the harvesting-robot maker's IP, assets and engineers; Tortuga had a fleet of 150 harvesting robots.", "sources": [ "hs-13c038ee46" ] }, { "date": "2025-03", "year": 2025, "title": "Shenzhen city-centre driverless permit for Pony.ai", "summary": "Pony.ai began paid fully driverless robotaxi rides in Shenzhen's Nanshan district.", "sources": [ "hs-03353707aa", "hs-1287856c1e" ] }, { "date": "2025-03", "year": 2025, "title": "Pilotless passenger flights licensed in China", "summary": "CAAC issued air operator certificates to two EHang EH216-S operators for paid sightseeing flights in Guangzhou and Hefei.", "sources": [ "hs-dc1904c48b" ] }, { "date": "2025-04", "year": 2025, "title": "Kawasaki shows CORLEO", "summary": "Kawasaki unveiled its hydrogen-powered rideable four-legged concept at Expo 2025 Osaka.", "sources": [ "hs-7b5bdf8e83" ] }, { "date": "2025-04", "year": 2025, "title": "Starship passes 8 million deliveries", "summary": "Starship reports more than 8 million autonomous deliveries with a fleet of 2,000+ robots.", "sources": [ "hs-bb5acecc8a" ] }, { "date": "2025-04", "year": 2025, "title": "Aurora starts driverless freight in Texas", "summary": "Aurora began paid driverless runs between Dallas and Houston, then put an observer back in the cab weeks later at PACCAR's request.", "sources": [ "hs-2867264a08", "hs-2292f5a2b0" ] }, { "date": "2025-05", "year": 2025, "title": "Wheel-legged doorstep delivery pilot", "summary": "RIVR (formerly Swiss-Mile) began a two-week parcel-delivery pilot with Veho in Austin, Texas.", "sources": [ "hs-cd8a3a3197" ] }, { "date": "2025-05", "year": 2025, "title": "Ukraine orders about 8,000 ground robots", "summary": "Ukraine's Defence Procurement Agency said it had ordered about 8,000 ground robotic systems in 2025, up from about 600 supplied in 2024.", "sources": [ "hs-c5ce281454" ] }, { "date": "2025-05", "year": 2025, "title": "US Army halts Robotic Combat Vehicle", "summary": "Under the Army Transformation Initiative, development of the Robotic Combat Vehicle was stopped.", "sources": [ "hs-107b20ce25", "hs-0463066b54" ] }, { "date": "2025-05", "year": 2025, "title": "DHL plans 1,000+ more Stretch robots", "summary": "DHL signs a memorandum with Boston Dynamics to deploy over 1,000 additional Stretch robots.", "sources": [ "hs-0ac460d7e7", "hs-069f8b6baf" ] }, { "date": "2025-05", "year": 2025, "title": "Apollo Go fleet passes 1,000 vehicles", "summary": "Baidu said Apollo Go had 1,000 robotaxis worldwide, operating in 15 cities.", "sources": [ "hs-fccdfadd22" ] }, { "date": "2025-05", "year": 2025, "title": "Paid robobus loop opens in central Guangzhou", "summary": "WeRide began a fare-charging Level 4 robobus loop of 13.6 km in Yuexiu District at RMB 10 per ride.", "sources": [ "hs-04bdcebbdd" ] }, { "date": "2025-05", "year": 2025, "title": "100-truck driverless electric mine fleet", "summary": "Huaneng's Yimin coal mine in Inner Mongolia put 100 cabless XCMG electric haul trucks into driverless service.", "sources": [ "hs-0dcb97edaf" ] }, { "date": "2025-06", "year": 2025, "title": "Attabotics collapses", "summary": "Calgary's Attabotics terminates staff and files for bankruptcy protection; assets later sold to Lafayette Engineering.", "sources": [ "hs-2a88bb315d" ] }, { "date": "2025-06", "year": 2025, "title": "Jacksonville NAVI opens", "summary": "JTA and Beep opened NAVI, a 14-van autonomous public transit loop in downtown Jacksonville.", "sources": [ "hs-6b74b4200f" ] }, { "date": "2025-07", "year": 2025, "title": "Amazon deploys its 1 millionth robot", "summary": "Amazon says its millionth robot went to a Japanese fulfilment centre and launches the DeepFleet AI model for fleet traffic.", "sources": [ "hs-6e8ed9064c", "hs-cd50fba0d2" ] }, { "date": "2025-07", "year": 2025, "title": "Geek+ lists in Hong Kong", "summary": "Geekplus lists on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange as the first listed AMR warehouse robot company.", "sources": [ "hs-54b6cf38f4" ] }, { "date": "2025-07", "year": 2025, "title": "Shanghai Pudong opens driverless commercial robotaxis", "summary": "Pony.ai began fully driverless commercial robotaxi service in Shanghai's Pudong New Area, giving it paid driverless service in all four tier-one cities.", "sources": [ "hs-7c795dbcc7", "hs-db0ac8b395" ] }, { "date": "2025-07", "year": 2025, "title": "Pronto buys SafeAI", "summary": "The two leading brand-neutral autonomous haulage start-ups combined when Pronto acquired SafeAI.", "sources": [ "hs-d966f47c9f" ] }, { "date": "2025-07", "year": 2025, "title": "Europe's first driverless terminal tractors", "summary": "Fernride began driverless commercial terminal tractor work at HHLA TK Estonia after TÜV SÜD certification.", "sources": [ "hs-5de5671b1e" ] }, { "date": "2025-08", "year": 2025, "title": "John Deere buys GUSS Automation", "summary": "Deere took full ownership of the orchard-sprayer maker it had partnered with in a joint venture since 2022.", "sources": [ "hs-f955ef5842" ] }, { "date": "2025-09", "year": 2025, "title": "Australia orders Ghost Shark fleet", "summary": "Australia committed A$1.7 billion to acquire dozens of Ghost Shark extra-large AUVs from Anduril Australia.", "sources": [ "hs-bcfe5c36b0", "hs-a4c9c241d4" ] }, { "date": "2025-09-03", "year": 2025, "title": "Robot wolves and robotic combat vehicles in Beijing parade", "summary": "China's Victory Day parade included an unmanned land formation (ZRY222, ZRZ100, GPJ221, CWB221) carrying robot wolves.", "sources": [ "hs-fe4623dd6d" ] }, { "date": "2025-10", "year": 2025, "title": "Naio Technologies placed in liquidation", "summary": "The French farm-robot maker behind Oz, Ted and Orio enters liquidation after receivership in June 2025; Orio is no longer sold.", "sources": [ "hs-9ec856c9d4", "hs-c765566225" ] }, { "date": "2025-10", "year": 2025, "title": "China Post orders 7,000 unmanned vehicles from Zelos", "summary": "Zelos won China Post's 7,000-vehicle procurement, launched in September 2025.", "sources": [ "hs-9db9f4a2e9", "hs-3457ed3f00" ] }, { "date": "2025-10", "year": 2025, "title": "Neolix raises over US$600M and wins UAE permit", "summary": "Neolix closed a Series D of more than US$600 million led by UAE-based StoneVenture and obtained the first RoboVan public-road permit in the UAE.", "sources": [ "hs-a3efa275fe", "hs-9db9f4a2e9" ] }, { "date": "2025-11", "year": 2025, "title": "Pony.ai and WeRide list in Hong Kong", "summary": "Both robotaxi companies added Hong Kong share listings alongside their Nasdaq listings.", "sources": [ "hs-abc0ba7eea" ] }, { "date": "2025-11", "year": 2025, "title": "WeRide and Uber go driverless in Abu Dhabi", "summary": "WeRide's GXR started fully driverless paid rides on Uber in Abu Dhabi, the first in the Middle East.", "sources": [ "hs-089ec43ee7" ] }, { "date": "2025-11", "year": 2025, "title": "Pony.ai unveils Gen-4 trucks", "summary": "Pony.ai showed fourth-generation trucks with SANY and Dongfeng Liuzhou for mass production in 2026.", "sources": [ "hs-53e954a9d5", "hs-b42b82cff0" ] }, { "date": "2025-11", "year": 2025, "title": "Caterpillar targets 2,000+ autonomous trucks", "summary": "At its 2025 investor day Caterpillar set a goal of tripling its autonomous mine truck fleet to over 2,000 by 2030.", "sources": [ "hs-05ed80666f" ] }, { "date": "2025-12", "year": 2025, "title": "Serve passes 2,000 delivery robots", "summary": "Serve Robotics reaches more than 2,000 deployed sidewalk robots in US cities.", "sources": [ "hs-4724515e4b" ] }, { "date": "2025-12", "year": 2025, "title": "Zebra moves to exit Fetch robot business", "summary": "Zebra Technologies says it will sell or wind down its Fetch-based robotics automation unit.", "sources": [ "hs-a5a3b6f1c8" ] }, { "date": "2025-12", "year": 2025, "title": "iRobot files for Chapter 11", "summary": "Roomba maker iRobot files a prepackaged bankruptcy to hand control to its Chinese manufacturer Picea.", "sources": [ "hs-7cebeff50b", "hs-fa8cc823ad" ] }, { "date": "2025-12", "year": 2025, "title": "Over 100 Chinese cities open road rights for delivery vans", "summary": "36Kr reported that more than 103 Chinese cities had opened road rights for unmanned delivery vehicles.", "sources": [ "hs-8dfcfdc928" ] }, { "date": "2025-12", "year": 2025, "title": "Wisk Gen 6 first flight", "summary": "Wisk's self-flying four-seat air taxi made its first flight at Hollister, California.", "sources": [ "hs-3a0b0a21ff" ] }, { "date": "2025-12", "year": 2025, "title": "MQ-28 fires an air-to-air missile", "summary": "An MQ-28 Ghost Bat destroyed a target drone with an AIM-120 after an E-7A operator authorised the shot.", "sources": [ "hs-d0411ed848" ] }, { "date": "2026", "year": 2026, "title": "Komatsu commissions 1,000th autonomous truck", "summary": "A 930E-5AT at Nevada Gold Mines became Komatsu's 1,000th FrontRunner haul truck.", "sources": [ "hs-1429eb41f9" ] }, { "date": "2026-01", "year": 2026, "title": "JLG acquires Canvas drywall robot technology", "summary": "Oshkosh's JLG bought the core technology of drywall-finishing robot maker Canvas to build autonomous interior equipment.", "sources": [ "hs-655b1b25f5" ] }, { "date": "2026-01", "year": 2026, "title": "Ukraine says 2025 ground-robot orders fully met", "summary": "Ukraine's defence ministry said 2025 ground-robot deliveries exceeded 100% of military orders, without giving totals.", "sources": [ "hs-7f76d50681" ] }, { "date": "2026-01", "year": 2026, "title": "Cainiao folds its robovan business into Zelos", "summary": "Cainiao merged its unmanned-vehicle business into Zelos, licensing its brand and ending its own vehicle manufacturing and sales.", "sources": [ "hs-3457ed3f00" ] }, { "date": "2026-01", "year": 2026, "title": "Ocean Infinity ends latest MH370 search", "summary": "Ocean Infinity left the search area on 23 January 2026 after mapping over 140,000 square km without finding the aircraft.", "sources": [ "hs-1d9650a1bb" ] }, { "date": "2026-02", "year": 2026, "title": "CORLEO moves toward production", "summary": "Kawasaki formed a development team for CORLEO, targeting a working prototype around 2030 and sales around 2035.", "sources": [ "hs-ad036c381e" ] }, { "date": "2026-02", "year": 2026, "title": "Faraday Future enters robotics", "summary": "The EV maker launched two humanoids and the FX Aegis quadruped at the NADA Show in Las Vegas.", "sources": [ "hs-e25dbdc395" ] }, { "date": "2026-02", "year": 2026, "title": "Zelos valued above RMB 10 billion with ~20,000 vans", "summary": "Zelos raised more than US$300 million and reported a combined fleet of about 20,000 vehicles in 300+ cities.", "sources": [ "hs-3457ed3f00" ] }, { "date": "2026-03", "year": 2026, "title": "Havoc acquires Teleo", "summary": "Autonomy company Havoc closed its purchase of Teleo, maker of supervised-autonomy retrofits for heavy machinery.", "sources": [ "hs-6f00f314ff" ] }, { "date": "2026-03", "year": 2026, "title": "Caterpillar runs a crewless compactor in public", "summary": "Caterpillar demonstrated a CS12 soil compactor with nobody in the cab at CONEXPO-CON/AGG 2026.", "sources": [ "hs-05590334df" ] }, { "date": "2026-03", "year": 2026, "title": "Amazon buys RIVR", "summary": "Amazon acquired Zurich's RIVR, maker of wheeled-legged delivery robots, to field-test them with delivery drivers.", "sources": [ "hs-2bb1d6aec0" ] }, { "date": "2026-03", "year": 2026, "title": "Waymo reaches 500,000 paid rides a week", "summary": "Waymo reported about 500,000 paid driverless rides per week across its US markets.", "sources": [ "hs-b3543bac57" ] }, { "date": "2026-03", "year": 2026, "title": "Apollo Go and WeRide go driverless in Dubai", "summary": "Baidu's Apollo Go began fully driverless commercial service in Dubai on 30 March 2026, and WeRide announced a driverless launch with Uber.", "sources": [ "hs-f3966b7a40" ] }, { "date": "2026-03", "year": 2026, "title": "Apollo Go robotaxis stall across Wuhan", "summary": "Several Apollo Go robotaxis stopped on Wuhan roads on the night of 31 March 2026 in what police called a system failure; no injuries were reported.", "sources": [ "hs-338d8f2ca2" ] }, { "date": "2026-04", "year": 2026, "title": "Saga Robotics Bonterra pilot", "summary": "Saga announced a six-robot UV-C pilot over about 200 acres at Bonterra Organic Estates in California.", "sources": [ "hs-adc14a2a29" ] }, { "date": "2026-04", "year": 2026, "title": "Starship passes 10 million deliveries", "summary": "Starship reports 10 million autonomous deliveries and more than 3,000 robots in eight countries.", "sources": [ "hs-9a9ef977ba" ] }, { "date": "2026-04", "year": 2026, "title": "Monarch Tractor shuts down", "summary": "Electric driver-optional tractor maker Monarch closes after raising about $240 million.", "sources": [ "hs-139af161eb", "hs-2eb07626f0" ] }, { "date": "2026-04", "year": 2026, "title": "Norway approves driverless Karsan bus", "summary": "Norway's road authority authorised Vy and Kolumbus to run the Karsan Autonomous e-ATAK in Stavanger with no safety driver on board.", "sources": [ "hs-fec30e0a7b" ] }, { "date": "2026-04", "year": 2026, "title": "China pauses new robotaxi permits", "summary": "After the Wuhan outage, Bloomberg reported a halt on new robotaxi permits, fleet additions and city expansions during an industry safety review.", "sources": [ "hs-5bed706c74" ] }, { "date": "2026-04", "year": 2026, "title": "Europe's first commercial robotaxi service opens in Zagreb", "summary": "Pony.ai, Verne and Uber opened paid robotaxi rides in Zagreb using Gen-7 ARCFOX Alpha T5 cars.", "sources": [ "hs-d3aec1551b" ] }, { "date": "2026-04", "year": 2026, "title": "Bot Auto's humanless commercial load", "summary": "Bot Auto hauled a paid 230-mile load from Houston to near Dallas with no one in the cab.", "sources": [ "hs-f1695559ee" ] }, { "date": "2026-05", "year": 2026, "title": "XPeng builds its first mass-produced robotaxi", "summary": "XPeng rolled its first production robotaxi off the line in Guangzhou.", "sources": [ "hs-ba273425a4" ] }, { "date": "2026-05", "year": 2026, "title": "IMO adopts non-mandatory MASS Code", "summary": "The IMO's Maritime Safety Committee adopted non-mandatory safety rules for autonomous ships at MSC111.", "sources": [ "hs-64c330a3fa" ] }, { "date": "2026-06", "year": 2026, "title": "Naio ends Orio support", "summary": "Naio stopped making the Orio robot and ended maker support on 15 June 2026.", "sources": [ "hs-c765566225" ] }, { "date": "2026-06", "year": 2026, "title": "Pentagon lists Unitree", "summary": "The US Department of Defense added Unitree to its list of Chinese military-linked companies.", "sources": [ "hs-5fc9b797b8" ] }, { "date": "2026-06", "year": 2026, "title": "Autonomous boat rescues downed pilots", "summary": "A Saronic Corsair recovered two downed US Army helicopter pilots in Middle Eastern waters, which Saronic calls the first at-sea rescue by an autonomous boat.", "sources": [ "hs-10aaabfaf4", "hs-775481f842" ] }, { "date": "2026-06", "year": 2026, "title": "US Air Force orders CCA drones into production", "summary": "General Atomics' FQ-42A and Anduril's FQ-44A both received initial production contracts.", "sources": [ "hs-c002f23a5e" ] }, { "date": "2026-07", "year": 2026, "title": "Zoox wins federal exemption for paid rides", "summary": "NHTSA allowed Zoox to run up to 2,500 control-free robotaxis a year commercially for two years.", "sources": [ "hs-6adedd07ae" ] }, { "date": "2026-07", "year": 2026, "title": "Momenta lists in Hong Kong", "summary": "Momenta began trading in Hong Kong on 8 July 2026, raising about HK$6.8 billion, with part of the money earmarked for robotaxis.", "sources": [ "hs-029ff2c8a7" ] }, { "date": "2026-07", "year": 2026, "title": "China resumes robotaxi licences", "summary": "Regulators began issuing robotaxi licences again in some cities after the review ended in late June, with Momenta among the first for Shenzhen.", "sources": [ "hs-f6929b2121" ] }, { "date": "2026-07", "year": 2026, "title": "Hong Kong's first fully driverless robotaxi test", "summary": "Hong Kong's Transport Department let Apollo Go test with no one on board on Airport Island, which Baidu calls a first for a right-hand-drive robotaxi market.", "sources": [ "hs-88cea58131", "hs-fbadc9f61c" ] }, { "date": "2026-07", "year": 2026, "title": "Aurora's second-generation trucks go driverless", "summary": "Aurora launched International LT trucks with its new hardware and nobody in the driver's seat.", "sources": [ "hs-ed19e6cc07" ] }, { "date": "2026-07", "year": 2026, "title": "First autonomous-mining IPO", "summary": "EACON, operator of the largest autonomous mine truck fleet, listed in Hong Kong.", "sources": [ "hs-10acc12cb1" ] }, { "date": "2026-07", "year": 2026, "title": "GARC strike in RIMPAC sinking exercise", "summary": "A US Navy GARC uncrewed boat struck the decommissioned USS Peleliu during RIMPAC 2026.", "sources": [ "hs-8868ff09ae" ] }, { "date": "2026-08", "year": 2026, "title": "Ukrainian ground robots pass 100,000 missions in 2026", "summary": "Ukraine's defence ministry reported over 100,000 robot logistics and evacuation missions since January, with a record of about 25,000 in August.", "sources": [ "hs-e984feb53c", "hs-5003a73aca" ] }, { "date": "2026-08", "year": 2026, "title": "Neolix fleet passes 27,000 vehicles", "summary": "Neolix said it had over 27,000 unmanned vehicles and 220 million km of operation as of 20 August 2026, targeting 50,000 by year-end.", "sources": [ "hs-c64ae141fb" ] }, { "date": "2026-09", "year": 2026, "title": "Ukraine reports striking over 3,000 Russian ground robots", "summary": "Ukrainian drone units said they had hit more than 3,000 Russian unmanned ground vehicles since the start of 2026.", "sources": [ "hs-d79962e7b3" ] }, { "date": "2026-09", "year": 2026, "title": "Tesla Cybercab enters paid service", "summary": "Tesla began paid rides in Austin in its two-seat Cybercab, which has no steering wheel or pedals.", "sources": [ "hs-c653b25f55" ] }, { "date": "2026-09", "year": 2026, "title": "Inceptio passes 1 billion km", "summary": "Inceptio said its trucks had logged over 1 billion km of commercial autonomous-assisted driving, mostly with drivers aboard.", "sources": [ "hs-a5fab0b2cb" ] }, { "date": "2026-09", "year": 2026, "title": "Neolix starts first L4 test in Japan", "summary": "Neolix began closed-course Level 4 tests of its Xolra 3 and Xolra 6 vans at Tokyo Ryutsu Center, Heiwajima.", "sources": [ "hs-c661aa5b96" ] }, { "date": "2026-09", "year": 2026, "title": "First flag-state registration for Saildrone USVs", "summary": "Four Saildrone Voyagers were registered under the Danish flag, a first for the company's drones.", "sources": [ "hs-295810fd02" ] }, { "date": "2026-09", "year": 2026, "title": "Autonomous Caravan crosses the US", "summary": "Joby flew a converted Cessna Caravan coast to coast with the autonomy system in control and a safety pilot on board.", "sources": [ "hs-0180aeb892" ] }, { "date": "2026-10", "year": 2026, "title": "Russia air-drops Kurier robots in exercise", "summary": "Russian airborne forces dropped Kurier ground robots from an Il-76 for the first time during Center-2026.", "sources": [ "hs-7941039d98" ] } ], "makers": [ { "id": "2getthere", "name": "2getthere", "country": "Netherlands", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Netherlands.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "abb", "name": "ABB Robotics", "country": "Switzerland", "type": "Company", "founded": "1988", "hq": "Zurich, Switzerland", "summary": "Robotics division of ABB; entered AMRs by buying Spain's ASTI Mobile Robotics in 2021 and relaunched them as the Flexley range.", "focus": "Industrial robots and autonomous mobile robots", "funding": null, "partners": "Sevensense Robotics (visual SLAM)", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-be359ad470", "hs-ec7902879d" ] }, { "id": "academy-of", "name": "Academy of Robotics", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United Kingdom.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "addverb", "name": "Addverb", "country": "India", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in India.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "advanced-construction", "name": "Advanced Construction Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "aeroarc", "name": "AeroArc (reported)", "country": "India", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "New Delhi, India", "summary": "Reported supplier of the Indian Army's MULE robotic quadrupeds (100 ordered in 2023).", "focus": "Military quadrupeds and drones", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-9b2d8cbc4b" ] }, { "id": "aes", "name": "AES Corporation", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "aethon", "name": "Aethon (ST Engineering Aethon)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2001", "hq": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA", "summary": "Pittsburgh company founded in 2001 by Henry Thorne; makes TUG and Zena autonomous delivery robots for hospitals and hotels.", "focus": "Hospital logistics AMRs", "funding": null, "partners": "ST Engineering (parent)", "website": "https://aethon.com", "sources": [ "hs-66b1fb968e", "hs-04c473c8a0" ] }, { "id": "agibot", "name": "AgiBot (Zhiyuan Robotics)", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": "2023", "hq": "Shanghai, China", "summary": "Embodied-AI company making humanoids (A2, X2, G2), D1 quadrupeds and the C5 cleaning robot.", "focus": "Humanoids and service robots", "funding": null, "partners": "Shareholders include Hillhouse, Sequoia China, BYD and Lingang Group", "website": "https://www.agibot.com", "sources": [ "hs-a8c736655a", "hs-21b639709a", "hs-0e04691513" ] }, { "id": "agilex", "name": "AgileX Robotics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": "2016", "hq": "Shenzhen, China", "summary": "Maker of mobile robot chassis, tracked and wheeled UGVs, robot arms and teleoperation data-collection kits for research and industry.", "focus": "Robot bases and embodied-AI research platforms", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://global.agilex.ai", "sources": [ "hs-9b5dfe86d7", "hs-f8c3927d59" ] }, { "id": "agrobot", "name": "Agrobot", "country": "Spain", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Spain.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "agrointelli", "name": "AgroIntelli", "country": "Denmark", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Denmark.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "agtonomy", "name": "Agtonomy", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "agxeed", "name": "AgXeed", "country": "Netherlands", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Netherlands", "summary": "Dutch maker of autonomous diesel-electric tracked and wheeled field robots sold through dealers across Europe.", "focus": "Autonomous tractors for arable farming", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.agxeed.com", "sources": [ "hs-bb22d9e1e4" ] }, { "id": "aigen", "name": "Aigen", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "airport-authority-hong-kong", "name": "Airport Authority Hong Kong with UISEE Technology", "country": "China (Hong Kong)", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China (Hong Kong).", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "aiten", "name": "AiTEN Robotics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": "2017", "hq": "Hangzhou, China", "summary": "Maker of autonomous forklifts and lifting AMRs sold internationally.", "focus": "Autonomous forklifts and AMRs", "funding": "First financing round in 2021 (amount not disclosed)", "partners": null, "website": "https://www.aitenrobot.com", "sources": [ "hs-0cd8eebd05", "hs-45da7db580" ] }, { "id": "alexander-dennis", "name": "Alexander Dennis with Fusion Processing", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United Kingdom.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "amazon", "name": "Amazon (Amazon Robotics)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2003 (as Kiva Systems)", "hq": "Seattle, Washington, United States", "summary": "Retailer that builds its own warehouse drive units (Pegasus, Xanthus) and trialled the Scout sidewalk delivery robot from 2019 to 2022.", "focus": "In-house fulfilment and sortation robots", "funding": "Wholly owned by Amazon", "partners": null, "website": "https://www.aboutamazon.com", "sources": [ "hs-04ad379ebd", "hs-33f6292725" ] }, { "id": "ammo-ukraine", "name": "AMMO.Ukraine", "country": "Ukraine", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Ukraine.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "ams-institute", "name": "AMS Institute with MIT, TU Delft and Wageningen University", "country": "Netherlands", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Netherlands.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "androidnaya-tekhnika", "name": "Androidnaya Tekhnika (Android Technology)", "country": "Russia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Magnitogorsk, Russia", "summary": "Russian robotics firm that developed the Marker UGV for the Advanced Research Foundation, completing the project in January 2022.", "focus": "Military and space robots", "funding": null, "partners": "Advanced Research Foundation, GosNIIAS", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-ed2e2bd17f" ] }, { "id": "anduril-australia", "name": "Anduril Australia with the Australian Department of Defence", "country": "Australia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Australia.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "anduril-industries", "name": "Anduril Industries", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "anybotics", "name": "ANYbotics", "country": "Switzerland", "type": "Company", "founded": "2016", "hq": "Zurich, Switzerland", "summary": "ETH Zurich spin-off that sells the ANYmal inspection quadruped, including the explosion-proof ANYmal X, and the Shift operations software.", "focus": "Autonomous legged inspection for energy, chemicals, metals and mining", "funding": "$50M Series B (May 2023)", "partners": "Yokogawa, SAP, GE Vernova", "website": "https://www.anybotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-24f7d153a4", "hs-0a2fd70cfb" ] }, { "id": "aptiv", "name": "Aptiv", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "argo-ai", "name": "Argo AI with Ford", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "arx", "name": "ARX Robotics", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "ascento", "name": "Ascento AG", "country": "Switzerland", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Zurich, Switzerland", "summary": "ETH Zurich-rooted startup that rents wheel-legged autonomous security patrol robots (Ascento Guard, Guard 2.0) as a service.", "focus": "Outdoor security patrol robots", "funding": "About $4.8M raised in total by late 2024, including a $4.3M pre-seed in 2023", "partners": null, "website": "https://www.ascento.ai/", "sources": [ "hs-1942c3f9f1" ] }, { "id": "aselsan", "name": "ASELSAN", "country": "Turkey", "type": "Company", "founded": "1975", "hq": "Ankara, Turkey", "summary": "Turkey's largest defence electronics firm, majority-owned by the Turkish Armed Forces Foundation; makes the Kaplan UGV family and the SARP remote weapon station.", "focus": "Defence electronics, radars, weapon stations, unmanned ground vehicles", "funding": "Listed on Borsa Istanbul (ASELS); revenue about US$3.5 billion (2024)", "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-88434e6a5b" ] }, { "id": "ati-motors", "name": "Ati Motors", "country": "India", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in India.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "attabotics", "name": "Attabotics", "country": "Canada", "type": "Company", "founded": "2016", "hq": "Calgary, Alberta, Canada", "summary": "Built cube-shaped vertical storage with Attabot robots for retailers; went bankrupt in mid-2025 and its assets were sold to Lafayette Engineering.", "focus": "Vertical warehouse storage and retrieval", "funding": "Government of Canada C$34M (2020) and other rounds; bankrupt 2025", "partners": "Gordon Food Service, Nordstrom, Canadian Tire, Korber", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-6a8e392077" ] }, { "id": "aurora-innovation", "name": "Aurora Innovation with PACCAR", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "aurrigo", "name": "Aurrigo", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United Kingdom.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "autoflight", "name": "AutoFlight", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "automotive-research", "name": "Automotive Research & Testing Center", "country": "Taiwan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Taiwan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "autonomous-a2z", "name": "Autonomous a2z", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in South Korea.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "autonomous-solutions", "name": "Autonomous Solutions Inc. (ASI)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Utah, USA", "summary": "US company led by Mel Torrie that builds autonomous vehicle systems and the Chaos tracked robot, first developed under an SBIR grant in 2000.", "focus": null, "funding": "US SBIR grant (Chaos)", "partners": null, "website": "https://asirobots.com", "sources": [] }, { "id": "autonomous-tractor", "name": "Autonomous Tractor Corporation", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "autostore", "name": "AutoStore", "country": "Norway", "type": "Company", "founded": "1995", "hq": "Nedre Vats, Norway", "summary": "Norwegian cube-storage automation company founded in 1995 out of Hatteland Group; first commercial system in 2005, listed in Oslo since 2021.", "focus": null, "funding": "Owned by EQT, then THL; SoftBank bought 40% in 2021; IPO October 2021", "partners": null, "website": "https://www.autostoresystem.com", "sources": [ "hs-3065f21760" ] }, { "id": "autox", "name": "AutoX", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "auve", "name": "Auve Tech", "country": "Estonia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Estonia.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "avidbots", "name": "Avidbots", "country": "Canada", "type": "Company", "founded": "2014", "hq": "Kitchener, Ontario, Canada", "summary": "Maker of the Neo and Kas autonomous floor scrubbers, built at its own Kitchener-Waterloo plant.", "focus": "Autonomous commercial cleaning", "funding": "Backed by True Ventures, Next47, GGV Capital and Golden Ventures", "partners": null, "website": "https://avidbots.com", "sources": [ "hs-af8960f9e8", "hs-8e4ba0b56d" ] }, { "id": "avride", "name": "Avride", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "a-by-airbus", "name": "A³ by Airbus", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "baidu-apollo", "name": "Baidu Apollo", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "baubot", "name": "Baubot", "country": "Austria", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Austria.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "baykar", "name": "Baykar", "country": "Turkey", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Turkey.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "bear", "name": "Bear Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2017", "hq": "Redwood City, California, United States", "summary": "Restaurant serving-robot maker (Servi, Servi Plus, Servi Q), majority owned by LG Electronics since 2025.", "focus": "Hospitality and industrial AMRs", "funding": "LG invested $60M (2024) and raised its stake to 51% (2025)", "partners": "LG Electronics, SoftBank Robotics", "website": "https://www.bearrobotics.ai", "sources": [ "hs-300cd08aef", "hs-307f034100", "hs-985fa975de" ] }, { "id": "bedrock", "name": "Bedrock Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "beep", "name": "Beep with Oxa", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "blacksea", "name": "BlackSea Technologies", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "bluewhite", "name": "Bluewhite", "country": "Israel", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Israel.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "bobcat", "name": "Bobcat Company", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "boeing", "name": "Boeing", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "boeing-australia", "name": "Boeing Australia", "country": "Australia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Australia.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "boeing-next", "name": "Boeing NeXt with Aurora Flight Sciences", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "boonray", "name": "Boonray Technology", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "borgward-z-ndapp", "name": "Borgward (Sd.Kfz. 302); Zündapp and Zachertz (Sd.Kfz. 303)", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Bremen, Germany (Borgward)", "summary": "German vehicle makers that built the Goliath tracked demolition charge for the Wehrmacht in the Second World War.", "focus": "Military vehicles (historic)", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-79307a06ca" ] }, { "id": "boston-dynamics", "name": "Boston Dynamics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "1992", "hq": "Waltham, Massachusetts, United States", "summary": "Hyundai-controlled robot maker of Spot, Stretch and Atlas; named former Amazon AI head Rohit Prasad CEO from 7 October 2026.", "focus": "Legged and mobile manipulation robots and inspection software (Orbit)", "funding": "Owned by Google (2013), SoftBank (2017) and Hyundai Motor Group (control from June 2021)", "partners": "Google DeepMind (Gemini Robotics), FieldAI, DHL", "website": "https://bostondynamics.com", "sources": [ "hs-232e7055b0", "hs-09dfeb4631", "hs-cd737e458a" ] }, { "id": "bot-auto", "name": "Bot Auto", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "brightpick", "name": "Brightpick", "country": "Slovakia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Slovakia.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "brokk", "name": "Brokk", "country": "Sweden", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Sweden.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "built", "name": "Built Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2016", "hq": "San Francisco, California, United States", "summary": "Founded by Noah Ready-Campbell and Andrew Liang; makes autonomy kits for excavators and the RPD 35 solar pile-driving robot.", "focus": "Construction equipment autonomy", "funding": "About $112M across Series A-C, including $64M Series C (April 2022) led by Tiger Global", "partners": "International Union of Operating Engineers", "website": "https://www.builtrobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-06461d0dca" ] }, { "id": "bundeswehr-university-munich", "name": "Bundeswehr University Munich", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "burro", "name": "Burro", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2017", "hq": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States", "summary": "Agricultural robot maker (formerly Augean Robotics) whose autonomous carts haul crops and plants in nurseries, vineyards and farms.", "focus": "Collaborative farm transport robots", "funding": "$24M Series B (Jan 2024) led by Catalyst Investors and Translink Capital; $11M Series A (2021)", "partners": "Investors include Toyota Ventures, S2G Ventures, F-Prime Capital", "website": "https://burro.ai", "sources": [ "hs-02a35c23ac", "hs-2a93721bd7" ] }, { "id": "cainiao", "name": "Cainiao", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "cainiao-brand-licensed-to-zelos-from-2026", "name": "Cainiao; brand licensed to Zelos from 2026", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "caltech-center", "name": "Caltech Center for Autonomous Systems and Technologies (CAST)", "country": "United States", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Pasadena, California, United States", "summary": "Caltech research centre that built LEONARDO, a bipedal robot with propeller thrusters.", "focus": "Autonomous systems research", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-aeaac65019" ] }, { "id": "canvas", "name": "Canvas", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "cao-cao-mobility", "name": "Cao Cao Mobility", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "carbon", "name": "Carbon Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2018", "hq": "Seattle, Washington, United States", "summary": "Maker of LaserWeeder laser weeding implements and a tractor autonomy kit; robots operate on 100+ farms in 15 countries.", "focus": "Agricultural robotics", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://carbonrobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-862699c631" ] }, { "id": "carnegie-mellon-nrec", "name": "Carnegie Mellon NREC with United Defense Industries", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "carnegie-mellon-university-biorobotics-lab", "name": "Carnegie Mellon University Biorobotics Lab", "country": "United States", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA", "summary": "Howie Choset's lab has developed snake robots for more than two decades, funded by DARPA, NSF and defence robotics programmes.", "focus": "Snake and modular robots for search and inspection", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-44f9703bb7" ] }, { "id": "carnegie-mellon-university-field-center", "name": "Carnegie Mellon University Field Robotics Center", "country": "United States", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA", "summary": "CMU Robotics Institute centre led by William 'Red' Whittaker that built the Ambler and the Dante volcano-exploring walkers for NASA.", "focus": "Field and planetary robots", "funding": null, "partners": "NASA, NASA JPL", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-005ccf5fe0", "hs-e63011226e" ] }, { "id": "carnegie-mellon-university-leg-lab", "name": "Carnegie Mellon University Leg Lab (Marc Raibert)", "country": "United States", "type": "University lab", "founded": "1980", "hq": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA", "summary": "Lab founded by Marc Raibert at CMU in 1980 that built the first self-balancing hopping robots; moved to MIT in 1986 and led to Boston Dynamics.", "focus": null, "funding": "DARPA research contracts", "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-9cd5069eeb" ] }, { "id": "carnegie-mellon-university-nrec", "name": "Carnegie Mellon University NREC", "country": "United States", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA", "summary": "CMU's National Robotics Engineering Center, builder of the DARPA Crusher autonomous ground vehicle.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": "DARPA", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-fd87140293" ] }, { "id": "carnegie-mellon-university-red-team", "name": "Carnegie Mellon University Red Team", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "carnegie-mellon-university-institute", "name": "Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "cartken", "name": "Cartken", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2019", "hq": "Oakland, California, United States", "summary": "Founded by former Google engineers; moved from food-delivery robots to industrial campus logistics.", "focus": "Indoor-outdoor logistics AMRs", "funding": "More than $20M from 468 Capital, Incubate Fund, Vela Partners and others", "partners": "Mitsubishi Electric group (Melco Mobility Solutions), ZF Lifetec", "website": "https://cartken.com", "sources": [ "hs-018f1c0ea0", "hs-4e61d1670c" ] }, { "id": "case-ih", "name": "Case IH", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "caterpillar", "name": "Caterpillar", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "cenobots", "name": "CenoBots (Cenozoic Robotics)", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "China", "summary": "Commercial cleaning-robot maker (L3, L4 scrubbers, S5 sweeper) built on NVIDIA computing.", "focus": "Autonomous commercial cleaning", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.cenobots.com", "sources": [ "hs-a7b4da9092", "hs-1f37154f6e" ] }, { "id": "china-south-industries", "name": "China South Industries Group", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Beijing, China", "summary": "State-owned defence conglomerate credited with the robot wolf quadrupeds shown at the 2024 Zhuhai airshow.", "focus": "Defence equipment", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-26ab62deb6" ] }, { "id": "civ", "name": "Civ Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "clearpath", "name": "Clearpath Robotics", "country": "Canada", "type": "Company", "founded": "2009", "hq": "Waterloo, Ontario, Canada", "summary": "Maker of research robot platforms (Husky, Warthog, TurtleBot 4), owned by Rockwell Automation.", "focus": "Research and field robot platforms", "funding": "US$14M Series A (2015) and Series B (2016); acquired by Rockwell Automation in September 2023 for over US$600M", "partners": "Parent Rockwell Automation", "website": "https://clearpathrobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-06c44c47ee", "hs-78f685a4b1", "hs-0fc2c605e3", "hs-3b6b07131a" ] }, { "id": "clevon", "name": "Clevon", "country": "Estonia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Estonia.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "cobalt", "name": "Cobalt Robotics (Cobalt AI)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Palo Alto, California, USA", "summary": "Founded by ex-Google X and SpaceX engineers; sells indoor security robots with remote human monitoring as a managed service.", "focus": "Indoor security robots and remote monitoring", "funding": "Seed led by Bloomberg Beta and Promus Ventures (2017)", "partners": "FedEx, Salesforce, Ally Financial", "website": "https://www.cobaltai.com", "sources": [ "hs-6a05ec29c5", "hs-f2dfe14610" ] }, { "id": "coco", "name": "Coco Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2020", "hq": "Los Angeles, California, United States", "summary": "UCLA-born sidewalk delivery-robot operator founded by Zach Rash and Brad Squicciarini.", "focus": "Last-mile delivery robots", "funding": "$80M across rounds from 2021 to 2025, including Sam and Max Altman, Pelion and Offline Ventures", "partners": "OpenAI, NVIDIA, Uber Eats, DoorDash", "website": "https://www.cocodelivery.com", "sources": [ "hs-78ccb3c301", "hs-5455b89e59", "hs-4e136ed375" ] }, { "id": "collaborative", "name": "Collaborative Robotics (Cobot)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2022", "hq": "Santa Clara, California, United States", "summary": "Founded by ex-Amazon robotics head Brad Porter to build the Proxie cart-moving mobile manipulator.", "focus": "Collaborative mobile manipulators", "funding": "$100M Series B (April 2024)", "partners": "NVIDIA, AWS", "website": "https://www.co.bot", "sources": [ "hs-61d8981dc8" ] }, { "id": "construction", "name": "Construction Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "continental", "name": "Continental", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": "1871-10-08", "hq": "Hanover, Germany", "summary": "German automotive supplier that developed the AMR IL 1200 in-house at Rheinböllen and offered it to outside customers from 2023.", "focus": "Automotive parts, tyres; intralogistics AMRs", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-82fbe07874", "hs-9a39466c70" ] }, { "id": "cruise", "name": "Cruise", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "daimler-trucks-north-america", "name": "Daimler Trucks North America", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "daimler", "name": "Daimler with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "daimler-benz", "name": "Daimler-Benz", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "daxai", "name": "DaxAI Robotics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "deep", "name": "DEEP Robotics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": "2017", "hq": "Hangzhou, China", "summary": "Quadruped maker (Jueying X30, Lite3, Lynx) founded by Zhejiang University PhDs Zhu Qiuguo and Li Chao.", "focus": "Industrial quadrupeds", "funding": "Completed a Series C of over RMB 500 million (company site)", "partners": "Customers/partners include Singapore Power Group, Lenovo, Takenaka", "website": "https://www.deeprobotics.cn/en", "sources": [ "hs-b4cd9fda2d" ] }, { "id": "deeproute-ai", "name": "DeepRoute.ai with Cao Cao Mobility", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "delphi-automotive", "name": "Delphi Automotive", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "devdroid", "name": "DevDroid", "country": "Ukraine", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Ukraine", "summary": "Ukrainian maker of remote weapon stations and ground robots, including the Droid TW 12.7.", "focus": "Military ground robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-e9184c49a2" ] }, { "id": "develon", "name": "Develon with Gravis Robotics", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in South Korea.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "dexory", "name": "Dexory (formerly BotsAndUs)", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "London, United Kingdom", "summary": "Makes tall autonomous scanning robots and the DexoryView warehouse inventory platform, sold by subscription to logistics operators.", "focus": "Warehouse inventory scanning and data", "funding": "$19M Series A (2023, Atomico); $80M Series B (2024)", "partners": "Customers include GXO, Maersk and DB Schenker", "website": "https://www.dexory.com/", "sources": [ "hs-bca30728dc", "hs-bb395efa6f" ] }, { "id": "dexterity", "name": "Dexterity", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Redwood City, California, United States", "summary": "Physical-AI company building the Mech two-armed truck-loading robot and Foresight world model.", "focus": "Logistics robots", "funding": null, "partners": "FedEx, Sagawa Express, Sumitomo Corporation, Sanmina, Kawasaki, HIWIN, Beckhoff, NVIDIA", "website": "https://www.dexterity.ai", "sources": [ "hs-1bf9863e6b" ] }, { "id": "dffas-consortium-led-by-japan-marine-science", "name": "DFFAS consortium led by Japan Marine Science", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "dfki-innovation-center", "name": "DFKI Robotics Innovation Center", "country": "Germany", "type": "Government lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Bremen, Germany", "summary": "Bremen branch of the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, building legged and space robots such as Charlie.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de", "sources": [ "hs-5efb24ccf9" ] }, { "id": "diden", "name": "Diden Robotics", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in South Korea.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "didi-autonomous-driving", "name": "DiDi Autonomous Driving", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "digital-concepts-engineering", "name": "Digital Concepts Engineering (DCE)", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Leicestershire, UK", "summary": "British UGV maker whose X-series grew from an Innovate UK spraying project and became the British Army's first operational UGV fleet in 2026.", "focus": "Small tracked military UGVs", "funding": null, "partners": "British Army, UK MoD, Dstl", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-421ddcfc7a", "hs-b0b3c48e89" ] }, { "id": "direct-drive", "name": "Direct Drive Technology", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "China", "summary": "Maker of direct-drive robot joints and the DIABLO self-balancing wheel-legged development robot.", "focus": "Direct-drive actuators, wheel-legged robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-714969fc2c" ] }, { "id": "dji", "name": "DJI", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "dobot", "name": "Dobot", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "dogtooth", "name": "Dogtooth Technologies", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United Kingdom.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "doordash", "name": "DoorDash", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "doosan-infracore", "name": "Doosan Infracore", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in South Korea.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "drdo-r-de", "name": "DRDO R&DE with Tata Motors, Theta Controls, BEL and Dynalog", "country": "India", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in India.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "dreame", "name": "Dreame Technology", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "drive-ai", "name": "Drive.ai", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "dusty", "name": "Dusty Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "dyson", "name": "Dyson", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "United Kingdom", "summary": "British appliance company; spent about £28 million developing the 360 Eye robot vacuum.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.dyson.com", "sources": [ "hs-c69a08c15a" ] }, { "id": "eacon-mining", "name": "EACON Mining Technology", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "easymile", "name": "EasyMile", "country": "France", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in France.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "ecorobotix", "name": "Ecorobotix", "country": "Switzerland", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Switzerland.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "ecovacs", "name": "Ecovacs Robotics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "eelume-as", "name": "Eelume AS with Kongsberg Maritime and Equinor", "country": "Norway", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Norway.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "ehang", "name": "EHang", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "einride", "name": "Einride", "country": "Sweden", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Sweden.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "elbit-systems", "name": "Elbit Systems (with Roboteam)", "country": "Israel", "type": "Company", "founded": "1966", "hq": "Haifa, Israel", "summary": "Israeli defence electronics group; co-developed the ROOK 6x6 UGV with Roboteam.", "focus": "Defence electronics, unmanned systems", "funding": null, "partners": "Roboteam", "website": "https://www.elbitsystems.com/", "sources": [ "hs-f2eb8c1d9c" ] }, { "id": "electrolux", "name": "Electrolux", "country": "Sweden", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Sweden", "summary": "Swedish appliance maker that sold the Trilobite, an early commercial robot vacuum, from 2001.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.electrolux.com", "sources": [ "hs-b9ca727ff9" ] }, { "id": "elroy-air", "name": "Elroy Air", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "embark-trucks", "name": "Embark Trucks", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "endeavor", "name": "Endeavor Robotics / Teledyne FLIR", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2016 (spun out of iRobot's defence unit)", "hq": "Teledyne FLIR: Wilsonville, Oregon, USA", "summary": "Former iRobot military robot unit (PackBot, Centaur), bought by FLIR in 2019; FLIR was in turn bought by Teledyne in 2021.", "focus": "Military and EOD ground robots", "funding": "Acquired by FLIR for about US$382M (2019); Teledyne bought FLIR for US$8B (2021)", "partners": "US Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-151e0ef4cf", "hs-49b9658993" ] }, { "id": "epfl-biorobotics-laboratory", "name": "EPFL Biorobotics Laboratory (Auke Ijspeert)", "country": "Switzerland", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Lausanne, Switzerland", "summary": "Lausanne lab using amphibious robots such as Salamandra robotica to study spinal-cord control of locomotion.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": "University of Bordeaux", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-2d6d1001c8" ] }, { "id": "eth-zurich", "name": "ETH Zurich / ANYbotics", "country": "Switzerland", "type": "Company", "founded": "2016 (ANYbotics spin-off)", "hq": "Zurich, Switzerland", "summary": "ANYbotics spun out of ETH Zurich's legged robotics lab to commercialise ANYmal for industrial inspection.", "focus": "Legged inspection robots", "funding": "US$50M Series B (May 2023)", "partners": "Research users include ETH Zurich and the University of Oxford", "website": "https://www.anybotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-67c0d633c1", "hs-b618a1991c" ] }, { "id": "eth-zurich-autonomous-systems-lab", "name": "ETH Zurich Autonomous Systems Lab / Robotic Systems Lab", "country": "Switzerland", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Zurich, Switzerland", "summary": "ETH lab (Roland Siegwart, Marco Hutter) that built StarlETH, its first series-elastic quadruped, used 2011-2015.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://rsl.ethz.ch", "sources": [ "hs-d9b973b6a6" ] }, { "id": "eth-zurich-robotic-systems-lab", "name": "ETH Zurich Robotic Systems Lab", "country": "Switzerland", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Zurich, Switzerland", "summary": "ETH lab behind ANYmal and the autonomous HEAP walking excavator.", "focus": "Legged robots and autonomous construction machines", "funding": null, "partners": "Menzi Muck, Leica Geosystems", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-807eef2304" ] }, { "id": "exotec", "name": "Exotec", "country": "France", "type": "Company", "founded": "2015", "hq": "Wasquehal (Lille area), France", "summary": "French maker of the Skypod rack-climbing storage robot system; became a unicorn in 2022.", "focus": "Warehouse goods-to-person systems", "funding": "US$335M at a US$2B valuation (January 2022)", "partners": "Cdiscount", "website": "https://www.exotec.com", "sources": [ "hs-135a27af8f" ] }, { "id": "exrobotics", "name": "ExRobotics B.V.", "country": "Netherlands", "type": "Company", "founded": "2017", "hq": "Netherlands", "summary": "Builds explosion-proof inspection robots (ExR-1, ExR-2, ExR-2.5) for oil, gas and chemical plants; ExR-2.5 is UL-certified for North America.", "focus": "Ex-certified autonomous inspection robots", "funding": null, "partners": "Shell, Dow, Repsol, BP, Energy Robotics", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-ea013304ff" ] }, { "id": "farm-ng", "name": "farm-ng (now Bonsai Robotics)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2020", "hq": "Watsonville, California, United States", "summary": "Founded by Ethan Rublee to build the Amiga modular farm robot; now part of Bonsai Robotics.", "focus": "Low-cost autonomous farm platforms", "funding": "Over $10M Series A led by Acre Venture Partners (dateline January 2023)", "partners": null, "website": "https://bonsairobotics.ai", "sources": [ "hs-9049e5a9ed" ] }, { "id": "farmdroid", "name": "FarmDroid", "country": "Denmark", "type": "Company", "founded": "2018", "hq": "Vejen, Denmark", "summary": "Founded by brothers Jens and Kristian Warming; makes solar-powered seeding and weeding robots, with over 500 in 26 countries.", "focus": "Agricultural field robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://farmdroid.com", "sources": [ "hs-cd72ca580c", "hs-e78f12ffaf" ] }, { "id": "farming-revolution", "name": "farming revolution GmbH", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "fastbrick", "name": "Fastbrick Robotics", "country": "Australia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Australia.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "fbr", "name": "FBR Ltd", "country": "Australia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Australia.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "fendt", "name": "Fendt", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "fernride", "name": "Fernride", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "festo", "name": "Festo", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": "1925", "hq": "Esslingen am Neckar, Germany", "summary": "Family-owned automation company whose Bionic Learning Network builds nature-inspired demonstrators with universities and institutes.", "focus": "Pneumatic and electric automation; bionic research demonstrators", "funding": "Family-owned; about EUR 3.33 billion revenue and 20,600 staff (2025)", "partners": null, "website": "https://www.festo.com", "sources": [ "hs-bb31f3be99" ] }, { "id": "fetch", "name": "Fetch Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2014", "hq": null, "summary": "Melonee Wise's start-up (ex-Willow Garage) making warehouse AMRs and the Fetch mobile manipulator; bought by Zebra Technologies in 2021.", "focus": "Warehouse autonomous mobile robots", "funding": "Acquired by Zebra Technologies (2021)", "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-df2f472472" ] }, { "id": "ff-eai", "name": "FF EAI-Robotics (Faraday Future)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2026", "hq": "California, United States", "summary": "Robotics subsidiary formed by EV maker Faraday Future in February 2026 to sell humanoid and quadruped robots.", "focus": "Consumer and commercial robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-7df8079869" ] }, { "id": "firefly-automatix", "name": "FireFly Automatix", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "flir-systems", "name": "FLIR Systems / Teledyne FLIR", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "flytrex", "name": "Flytrex", "country": "Israel", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Israel.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "foster-miller", "name": "Foster-Miller (QinetiQ North America)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Massachusetts, USA", "summary": "US engineering firm that developed the TALON and armed SWORDS robots; bought by the UK's QinetiQ.", "focus": "Military ground robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-176ffac14c" ] }, { "id": "four-growers", "name": "Four Growers", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "fox", "name": "Fox Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "frank-w-andrew", "name": "Frank W. Andrew", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "fusion-processing", "name": "Fusion Processing with First Bus", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United Kingdom.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "fzi-research-center", "name": "FZI Research Center for Information Technology", "country": "Germany", "type": "Government lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Karlsruhe, Germany", "summary": "Karlsruhe research centre that has built the LAURON stick-insect hexapods since the early 1990s.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.fzi.de", "sources": [ "hs-8d741c68f9" ] }, { "id": "g-nius", "name": "G-NIUS", "country": "Israel", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Israel.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "gaardtech", "name": "GaardTech", "country": "Australia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Australia", "summary": "Australian firm reported to have been contracted by the Australian military for the Jaeger-C small unmanned ground vehicle.", "focus": "Small military unmanned ground vehicles", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-566c894971" ] }, { "id": "gatik", "name": "Gatik", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "gausium", "name": "Gausium", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Shanghai, China", "summary": "Commercial cleaning-robot maker (Phantas, Omnie, Beetle).", "focus": "Autonomous cleaning robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://gausium.com", "sources": [ "hs-85c6a8454e", "hs-11bc70b8ec" ] }, { "id": "gaussin", "name": "Gaussin", "country": "France", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in France.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "gecko", "name": "Gecko Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2013", "hq": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States", "summary": "Makes magnetic wall-climbing inspection robots and the Cantilever data platform for industrial and defence assets.", "focus": "Robotic inspection of boilers, tanks, pipelines and ships", "funding": "Y Combinator (2016); $7M round in 2018 from Founders Fund and others; later rounds not verified here", "partners": "US Navy, ADNOC, Anduril, Trident, NVIDIA", "website": "https://www.geckorobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-f14ccca72f", "hs-f27b3b76d7", "hs-0cb7e8c8f5" ] }, { "id": "geek", "name": "Geek+", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "geely", "name": "Geely with CaoCao", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "general-atomics-aeronautical-systems", "name": "General Atomics Aeronautical Systems", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "general-dynamics-land-systems", "name": "General Dynamics Land Systems", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Sterling Heights, Michigan, United States", "summary": "Armoured-vehicle maker that won the US Army S-MET robotic mule programme with its eight-wheel MUTT.", "focus": "Combat vehicles and unmanned ground vehicles", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.gdls.com", "sources": [ "hs-5b552b33ad" ] }, { "id": "general", "name": "General Electric", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "United States", "summary": "US industrial conglomerate whose engineer Ralph Mosher built the hydraulic Walking Truck for the US Army in 1965.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": "US Army", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-073c8e0aa9" ] }, { "id": "genisom-ai", "name": "Genisom AI", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "ghost", "name": "Ghost Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2015", "hq": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States", "summary": "Maker of the Vision 60 and Spirit quadrupeds for defence, security and industry; South Korea's LIG Nex1 bought 60% for $240 million in July 2024.", "focus": "Rugged legged robots for defence and enterprise", "funding": "Valued at about $400M in the 2024 LIG Nex1 deal", "partners": "LIG Nex1, AT&T", "website": "https://www.ghostrobotics.io", "sources": [ "hs-511b075f7b", "hs-ecbe630d2d" ] }, { "id": "glydways", "name": "Glydways", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "google", "name": "Google", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "gottwald-port", "name": "Gottwald Port Technology", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "guss", "name": "GUSS Automation", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2018 (by Dave Crinklaw)", "hq": "Kingsburg, California, USA", "summary": "Spun out of a commercial spraying business to build driverless orchard and vineyard sprayers; a Deere joint venture from 2022, fully bought by John Deere in 2025.", "focus": "Autonomous agricultural sprayers", "funding": "Owned by John Deere", "partners": "John Deere", "website": "https://gussag.com", "sources": [ "hs-c832741411", "hs-56d59d301f" ] }, { "id": "hai", "name": "Hai Robotics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": "2016", "hq": "Shenzhen, China", "summary": "Maker of HaiPick autonomous case-handling robots that climb or reach into high racking to fetch totes and cartons.", "focus": "Warehouse goods-to-person robots", "funding": null, "partners": "Dematic, LX Pantos, Maersk, Panasonic, Philips", "website": "https://www.hairobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-f6d489b05d", "hs-8317c7ba13" ] }, { "id": "hanwha-aerospace", "name": "Hanwha Aerospace", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": "1977-08-01", "hq": "South Korea", "summary": "Defence arm of the Hanwha group making the GRUNT wheeled UGV and, with Milrem, the THeMIS-K tracked UGV.", "focus": "Defence systems including UGVs", "funding": null, "partners": "Milrem Robotics", "website": "https://www.hanwhaaerospace.com", "sources": [ "hs-6ef7325686", "hs-7058569d0c" ] }, { "id": "harris", "name": "Harris Corporation", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "harvest", "name": "Harvest Automation", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2008-2009 (sources differ)", "hq": "Billerica, Massachusetts, USA", "summary": "Founded by former iRobot staff including Roomba inventors Joe Jones and Paul Sandin; makes the HV-100 plant-spacing robot.", "focus": "Nursery and greenhouse robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://harvestautomation.com", "sources": [ "hs-288790c1f1", "hs-5538bed5a8" ] }, { "id": "havelsan", "name": "HAVELSAN", "country": "Turkey", "type": "Company", "founded": "1982", "hq": "Ankara, Turkey", "summary": "Turkish defence software and systems company; built the BARKAN and armed KAPGAN UGVs under its 'digital unit' concept.", "focus": "Defence software, unmanned systems", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.havelsan.com.tr/en", "sources": [ "hs-98e81697d5" ] }, { "id": "hd-hyundai-infracore", "name": "HD Hyundai Infracore", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in South Korea.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "hebi", "name": "HEBI Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA", "summary": "Pittsburgh maker of modular smart actuators and robot kits, such as the Daisy hexapod, for research and industry.", "focus": "Modular actuators and robot kits", "funding": null, "partners": "CSIRO, Caltech, NUS, Chevron, CMU, General Electric", "website": "https://www.hebirobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-ffa8980a04" ] }, { "id": "hello", "name": "Hello Robot", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2017", "hq": "Martinez, California, United States", "summary": "Builds the Stretch line of lightweight single-arm mobile manipulators for research, assistive use and homes.", "focus": "Home and assistive mobile manipulation", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://hello-robot.com", "sources": [ "hs-c7352de479", "hs-c475957ccb" ] }, { "id": "hellobike", "name": "Hellobike", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "hibot", "name": "HiBot", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Tokyo, Japan", "summary": "Tokyo Tech spin-off founded by Shigeo Hirose, Michele Guarnieri and Paulo Debenest, making robots for extreme environments such as power-line inspection and snake robots.", "focus": "Inspection and extreme-environment robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "hii-mission", "name": "HII Mission Technologies", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "hilti", "name": "Hilti", "country": "Liechtenstein", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Liechtenstein.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "hitachi-construction-machinery", "name": "Hitachi Construction Machinery", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "holon", "name": "Holon", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "home-team-science", "name": "Home Team Science and Technology Agency", "country": "Singapore", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Singapore.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "honda", "name": "Honda", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "honda-americas", "name": "Honda R&D Americas", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "horsch", "name": "Horsch", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "howe", "name": "Howe & Howe (Textron Systems)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Waterboro, Maine, United States", "summary": "Textron subsidiary that built the Ripsaw tracked vehicles, including the Ripsaw M5 for the US Army's light robotic combat vehicle programme.", "focus": "Tracked vehicles and unmanned ground vehicles", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-bc37b76463" ] }, { "id": "hp", "name": "HP Inc.", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "huangpu-wenchong-shipbuilding", "name": "Huangpu Wenchong Shipbuilding for the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "husqvarna", "name": "Husqvarna", "country": "Sweden", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Sweden", "summary": "Swedish outdoor power products maker that launched the Solar Mower in 1995 and the Automower line in 1998.", "focus": "Robotic lawn mowers, chainsaws, garden equipment", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.husqvarna.com", "sources": [ "hs-59afd633f9" ] }, { "id": "hydro-quebec", "name": "Hydro-Quebec", "country": "Canada", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Canada.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "hyundai-engineering", "name": "Hyundai Engineering & Construction", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in South Korea.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "hyundai", "name": "Hyundai Motor Group", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Seoul, South Korea", "summary": "Carmaker whose CRADLE and New Horizons Studio units designed the Elevate walking car and TIGER X-1 cargo robot; it also controls Boston Dynamics.", "focus": "Mobility concepts and robotics", "funding": null, "partners": "Autodesk, Sundberg-Ferar, Boston Dynamics", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-d3be5864fe" ] }, { "id": "hyundai-lab", "name": "Hyundai Motor Group Robotics LAB", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in South Korea.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "hyundai-rotem", "name": "Hyundai Rotem", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Uiwang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea", "summary": "Hyundai Motor Group rail and defence company; developed the HR-Sherpa 6x6 electric UGV.", "focus": "Rail, tanks, unmanned ground vehicles", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-fb7233df8e" ] }, { "id": "iav", "name": "IAV", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "ike", "name": "Ike Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inceptio", "name": "Inceptio Technology with Sinotruk Jinan Truck", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "international-submarine-engineering", "name": "International Submarine Engineering for Defence Research Establishment Pacific", "country": "Canada", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Canada.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "inuktun", "name": "Inuktun Services (Eddyfi Robotics)", "country": "Canada", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Canada", "summary": "Canadian maker of Versatrax inspection crawlers, acquired by Eddyfi Technologies in 2019.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": "Eddyfi Technologies (parent)", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-855d90b49a" ] }, { "id": "invia", "name": "inVia Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Thousand Oaks, California, USA", "summary": "Founded by three USC robotics PhDs; makes Picker robots and warehouse execution software for goods-to-person fulfilment.", "focus": "Warehouse picking robots and software", "funding": null, "partners": "Futureshirts, Scholastic Canada, SICK", "website": "https://www.inviarobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-cf88db2cb4" ] }, { "id": "iris-ohyama", "name": "Iris Ohyama", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Sendai, Japan", "summary": "Consumer-goods maker selling cleaning and serving robots; acquired Smile Robotics (now Synkrobo) in 2023 and SEQSENSE in 2026; reports 25,000 service robots shipped.", "focus": "Service robots", "funding": null, "partners": "NTT West group", "website": "https://www.irisohyama.co.jp", "sources": [ "hs-12521621e2" ] }, { "id": "irobot", "name": "iRobot", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "1990", "hq": "Bedford, Massachusetts, United States", "summary": "Roomba maker founded in 1990 that sold over 50 million robots; filed for Chapter 11 in December 2025 to be acquired by its supplier Picea.", "focus": "Consumer cleaning robots", "funding": "Amazon's US$1.7B takeover was abandoned in January 2024; Chapter 11 filed 14 December 2025", "partners": "Shenzhen Picea Robotics (manufacturer and buyer)", "website": "https://www.irobot.com", "sources": [ "hs-b5b9dd6a8b", "hs-7cebeff50b", "hs-c6d0dfb168", "hs-0f69a723aa", "hs-fa8cc823ad" ] }, { "id": "isee", "name": "ISEE", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "israel-aerospace-industries", "name": "Israel Aerospace Industries (ELTA)", "country": "Israel", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Lod, Israel", "summary": "State-owned Israeli aerospace and defence company that developed the Jaguar and REX MKII unmanned ground vehicles.", "focus": "Aerospace, defence electronics and unmanned systems", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.iai.co.il", "sources": [ "hs-8474e50024" ] }, { "id": "istituto-italiano-di-tecnologia", "name": "Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)", "country": "Italy", "type": "Government lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Genoa, Italy", "summary": "Italian research institute whose Dynamic Legged Systems lab built the hydraulic HyQ quadrupeds, including HyQReal with Moog.", "focus": "Legged robotics research", "funding": null, "partners": "Moog (joint lab since 2016), INAIL, EU ECHORD++", "website": "https://www.iit.it", "sources": [ "hs-8fb98146d4", "hs-0a4a77c4d5", "hs-f7cc867dea" ] }, { "id": "isuzu", "name": "Isuzu with AIST and Nippon Koei", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "jd-logistics", "name": "JD Logistics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "jd-com", "name": "JD.com", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": "1998", "hq": "Beijing, China", "summary": "Chinese e-commerce giant whose JD Logistics arm has tested autonomous delivery robots and vehicles since 2016.", "focus": "E-commerce and logistics", "funding": "Listed on Nasdaq and Hong Kong; JD Logistics listed in Hong Kong (2021)", "partners": null, "website": "https://corporate.jd.com", "sources": [ "hs-5f9c942ca2" ] }, { "id": "joby-aviation", "name": "Joby Aviation", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "john-deere", "name": "John Deere (Deere & Company)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "1837", "hq": "Moline, Illinois, United States", "summary": "World's largest farm-equipment maker; launched an autonomous 8R tractor in 2022 and a second-generation autonomy kit in 2025.", "focus": "Agricultural, construction and turf equipment", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-63b96668eb" ] }, { "id": "jsc-766-uptk", "name": "JSC 766 UPTK (now part of Kalashnikov Concern)", "country": "Russia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Russia", "summary": "Russian developer of the Uran-9 combat robot, later folded into Kalashnikov Concern; Kalashnikov is under US and EU sanctions since 2014.", "focus": "Military unmanned ground vehicles", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-54d8a77d9d", "hs-137a4e6ca5" ] }, { "id": "kaist-dynamic-control", "name": "KAIST Dynamic Robot Control and Design Lab", "country": "South Korea", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Daejeon, South Korea", "summary": "KAIST lab that built the HOUND fast-running quadrupeds using optimised gear-train design.", "focus": "Legged robot design and control", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-7b9b7767d3" ] }, { "id": "kaist", "name": "KAIST Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Lab", "country": "South Korea", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Daejeon, South Korea", "summary": "Jemin Hwangbo's lab at KAIST, developer of the RaiBo quadrupeds and the RaiSim simulator.", "focus": "Legged locomotion and reinforcement learning", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://railab.kaist.ac.kr", "sources": [ "hs-80f8791677" ] }, { "id": "kajima", "name": "Kajima Corporation", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "kalmar", "name": "Kalmar", "country": "Finland", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Finland.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "kaman-aerospace", "name": "Kaman Aerospace and Lockheed Martin", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "kargobot", "name": "KargoBot", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "karsan", "name": "Karsan with ADASTEC", "country": "Turkey", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Turkey.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "katmerciler", "name": "Katmerciler", "country": "Turkey", "type": "Company", "founded": "1985", "hq": "Izmir, Turkey", "summary": "Turkish vehicle builder (Hizir 4x4, riot-control and fire trucks) that developed the UKAP armed UGV with ASELSAN.", "focus": "Military and municipal vehicles", "funding": "Listed on Borsa Istanbul since 2010", "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-bc1499a5a9" ] }, { "id": "kawasaki", "name": "Kawasaki Heavy Industries", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": "1896-10-15", "hq": "Tokyo and Kobe, Japan", "summary": "Industrial group (robots, motorcycles, aerospace) developing the CORLEO rideable legged vehicle and supplying arms for Dexterity's Mech.", "focus": "Industrial robots, motorcycles, heavy industry", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://global.kawasaki.com", "sources": [ "hs-23d5cc48af", "hs-200956789e" ] }, { "id": "kawasaki-kisen-kaisha", "name": "Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha with Japan Radio and YDK Technologies", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "keenon", "name": "Keenon Robotics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": "2010", "hq": "Shanghai, China", "summary": "Commercial service-robot maker of restaurant (DINERBOT), hotel (BUTLERBOT) and cleaning (KLEENBOT) robots plus the XMAN-R1 humanoid.", "focus": "Service and cleaning robots", "funding": "$200M Series D in 2021 led by SoftBank Vision Fund 2 ($244M total at the time)", "partners": "Shangri-La Group", "website": "https://www.keenon.com", "sources": [ "hs-f58738ed41", "hs-d1b007d888", "hs-5c3c62114f" ] }, { "id": "kewazo", "name": "KEWAZO", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "kg-mobility", "name": "KG Mobility with SWM", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in South Korea.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "kitty-hawk", "name": "Kitty Hawk / Zephyr Airworks", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "kiva-systems", "name": "Kiva Systems (now Amazon Robotics)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2003", "hq": "North Reading, Massachusetts, USA", "summary": "Founded in 2003 by Mick Mountz, Peter Wurman and Raffaello D'Andrea; bought by Amazon for about $775 million in 2012 and renamed Amazon Robotics in 2015.", "focus": "Warehouse goods-to-person robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-9072966663", "hs-143a445d8d" ] }, { "id": "kiwi-campus", "name": "Kiwi Campus (Kiwibot)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2017", "hq": "Berkeley, California, USA (origins in Colombia)", "summary": "Colombian-founded start-up running semi-autonomous Kiwibot delivery robots on US campuses, with remote supervisors in Medellin.", "focus": "Campus and urban delivery robots", "funding": null, "partners": "Rogers Communications (UBC Vancouver, 2025)", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-e8438125b7" ] }, { "id": "knightscope", "name": "Knightscope", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2013", "hq": "Mountain View, California, USA", "summary": "Makes autonomous security robots (K1, K3, K5, K7) and emergency call boxes, rented to clients by the hour.", "focus": "Security robots as a service", "funding": "Crowdfunded; Nasdaq-listed (KSCP) since January 2022", "partners": "Reports 434 clients in 42 US states", "website": "https://www.knightscope.com", "sources": [ "hs-ad9fcf04d8", "hs-7a3e785f84" ] }, { "id": "kodiak-ai", "name": "Kodiak AI", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "komatsu", "name": "Komatsu", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "konecranes", "name": "Konecranes", "country": "Finland", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Finland.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "kratos-defense", "name": "Kratos Defense & Security Solutions", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "kubota", "name": "Kubota", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "k-rcher", "name": "Kärcher", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Winnenden, Germany", "summary": "Cleaning-equipment maker whose KIRA platform covers professional cleaning robots.", "focus": "Professional cleaning equipment", "funding": "Private family business; EUR 3.48 billion revenue in 2025, about 17,000 staff", "partners": null, "website": "https://www.kaercher.com", "sources": [ "hs-78273ef133", "hs-3c5b4e285c" ] }, { "id": "leidos", "name": "Leidos", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "lely", "name": "Lely", "country": "Netherlands", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Netherlands.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "lg-electronics", "name": "LG Electronics", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": "1958 (as GoldStar)", "hq": "Seoul, South Korea", "summary": "Electronics group with the CLOi commercial robot line; took a 51% stake in Bear Robotics in 2025 and merged its commercial robot unit with it.", "focus": "Commercial and home robots", "funding": "About 33% owned by LG Corporation", "partners": null, "website": "https://www.lg.com", "sources": [ "hs-ffff56f40e", "hs-d148d557ec" ] }, { "id": "liebherr", "name": "Liebherr", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "limx-dynamics", "name": "LimX Dynamics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": "2022", "hq": "Shenzhen, China", "summary": "Legged and embodied-AI robot maker (P1, TRON 1, TRON 2, humanoids) focused on reinforcement-learning control.", "focus": "Legged robots and embodied-AI platforms", "funding": "$200M Series B (February 2026)", "partners": "ZINOVA, Enhanced Robotics", "website": "https://www.limxdynamics.com", "sources": [ "hs-5bc489ceca", "hs-04376d775d" ] }, { "id": "lionsbot", "name": "LionsBot International", "country": "Singapore", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Singapore", "summary": "Commercial cleaning-robot maker reporting 7,000+ robots deployed in 40+ countries; opened a 4,908 sq m Singapore factory in April 2024 and builds the SC25 with Nilfisk.", "focus": "Autonomous floor scrubbers and vacuums", "funding": null, "partners": "Nilfisk", "website": "https://www.lionsbot.com/", "sources": [ "hs-e73900619d", "hs-49a29212c7" ] }, { "id": "liquid", "name": "Liquid Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "local-motors", "name": "Local Motors", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "lockheed-martin", "name": "Lockheed Martin", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "USA", "summary": "US defence contractor that developed the MULE family, including the XM1219 armed robotic vehicle, for the Army's Future Combat Systems.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": "US Army", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-906fa0b44c" ] }, { "id": "locomation", "name": "Locomation", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "locus", "name": "Locus Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2014", "hq": "Wilmington, Massachusetts, United States", "summary": "Warehouse AMR maker with 17,000+ robots deployed, 150+ customers at 350+ sites in 20 countries, sold as robots-as-a-service.", "focus": "Warehouse fulfillment robots", "funding": null, "partners": "DHL Supply Chain, NVIDIA", "website": "https://locusrobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-ee90e81263", "hs-ff4789e9a3" ] }, { "id": "logon", "name": "Logon Technology", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "lomby", "name": "LOMBY", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "loxo", "name": "LOXO", "country": "Switzerland", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Switzerland.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "lt-col-peter-miller", "name": "Lt-Col Peter Miller / Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment (MVEE)", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Government lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Chertsey, United Kingdom", "summary": "Retired Royal Tank Regiment officer working at MVEE Chertsey who invented the Wheelbarrow bomb-disposal robot in 1972; later variants came from Northrop Grumman.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": "British Army; Northrop Grumman (later variants)", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-84361549a5" ] }, { "id": "magazino", "name": "Magazino", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Munich area, Germany", "summary": "Jungheinrich-owned maker of the TORU picking robot and SOTO container robot, run by its ACROS software.", "focus": "Mobile picking robots for warehouses", "funding": "Part of Jungheinrich", "partners": null, "website": "https://www.magazino.eu", "sources": [ "hs-8f8ee0cb75" ] }, { "id": "magiclab", "name": "MagicLab", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": "2024", "hq": "Wuxi, China", "summary": "Embodied-AI company founded in January 2024 making humanoids (Gen1, Z1) and MagicDog quadrupeds with in-house joints and hands.", "focus": "Humanoids and quadrupeds", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.magiclab.top/en", "sources": [ "hs-202ceb224b" ] }, { "id": "mammotion", "name": "Mammotion", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "man-truck", "name": "MAN Truck & Bus with ADASTEC", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "mangdang", "name": "MangDang", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Maker of the open-source Raspberry Pi-based Mini Pupper robot dogs for ROS education, crowdfunded on Kickstarter.", "focus": "Educational open-source robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-dcb1208a8d" ] }, { "id": "manna", "name": "Manna", "country": "Ireland", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Ireland.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "marubeni-consortium", "name": "Marubeni consortium with Mitsui E&S, Tryangle and Yokosuka City", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "matternet", "name": "Matternet", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "may-mobility", "name": "May Mobility", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "meituan", "name": "Meituan", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Beijing, China", "summary": "Chinese food-delivery platform that designs its own autonomous delivery vehicles and began pilot runs in Shunyi, Beijing in 2020.", "focus": "Autonomous delivery vehicles and drones", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.meituan.com", "sources": [ "hs-1d1a7f0d89" ] }, { "id": "merlin", "name": "Merlin", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "micromagic-systems", "name": "Micromagic Systems (Matt Denton)", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Hampshire, United Kingdom", "summary": "UK animatronics and robotics firm founded by Matt Denton, builder of the rideable Mantis hexapod.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.micromagicsystems.com", "sources": [ "hs-f87ebec8fb", "hs-56af319d54" ] }, { "id": "military-technical-institute-ppt-namenska", "name": "Military Technical Institute and PPT Namenska", "country": "Serbia", "type": "Government lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Serbia", "summary": "Serbia's defence research institute designed the Milos UGV, which PPT Namenska builds in series for the Serbian Armed Forces.", "focus": "Military ground robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-955d507bb6" ] }, { "id": "milrem", "name": "Milrem Robotics", "country": "Estonia", "type": "Company", "founded": "2013", "hq": "Tallinn, Estonia", "summary": "UGV maker (THeMIS, Type-X, HAVOC) majority owned by UAE's EDGE Group.", "focus": "Military unmanned ground vehicles", "funding": "Majority-owned by EDGE Group", "partners": "EDGE Group (majority owner), Hanwha Aerospace", "website": "https://milremrobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-9faa28fc92", "hs-2f11cb92eb", "hs-3f9b700257", "hs-99489f6fae" ] }, { "id": "minus-zero", "name": "Minus Zero", "country": "India", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in India.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "mit-artificial-intelligence-laboratory", "name": "MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (Rodney Brooks)", "country": "United States", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA", "summary": "MIT lab where Rodney Brooks built Genghis and developed the subsumption architecture; iRobot's founders came from it.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-b5b9dd6a8b" ] }, { "id": "mit-biomimetic-lab", "name": "MIT Biomimetic Robotics Lab", "country": "United States", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States", "summary": "MIT lab behind the Cheetah series of legged robots, including the blind Cheetah 3 and the backflipping Mini Cheetah.", "focus": "Dynamic legged locomotion and proprioceptive actuators", "funding": "DARPA-funded Cheetah work", "partners": "Sponsors named by MIT include Naver, Toyota Research Institute, Foxconn and the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research", "website": "https://biomimetics.mit.edu", "sources": [ "hs-3bb109c97b", "hs-5e64df3575", "hs-af2b96e5a6" ] }, { "id": "mitsubishi", "name": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries with ENEOS", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "mitsubishi-shipbuilding", "name": "Mitsubishi Shipbuilding with Shin Nihonkai Ferry", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "mitsui-o-s-k-lines-consortium", "name": "Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "mobile-industrial-robots", "name": "Mobile Industrial Robots (MiR)", "country": "Denmark", "type": "Company", "founded": "2013", "hq": "Odense, Denmark", "summary": "AMR maker founded in 2013 and owned by Teradyne since 2018; about 450 staff and 200+ distributors in 60 countries.", "focus": "Autonomous mobile robots for internal logistics", "funding": "Acquired by Teradyne (April 2018)", "partners": "Parent Teradyne; sister company Universal Robots", "website": "https://mobile-industrial-robots.com", "sources": [ "hs-64296e78b3" ] }, { "id": "mobileye", "name": "Mobileye", "country": "Israel", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Israel.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "momenta", "name": "Momenta", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "monarch-tractor", "name": "Monarch Tractor", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "monumental", "name": "Monumental", "country": "Netherlands", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Netherlands.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "moovita", "name": "MooVita", "country": "Singapore", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Singapore.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "motional", "name": "Motional", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "mytra", "name": "Mytra", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "naio", "name": "Naio Technologies", "country": "France", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "France", "summary": "French maker of electric weeding robots (Oz, Dino, Ted, Orio) for vegetable farms and vineyards.", "focus": "Agricultural weeding robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-aab8d50319" ] }, { "id": "nasa-jet-propulsion-laboratory", "name": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "country": "United States", "type": "Government lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Pasadena, California, USA", "summary": "NASA centre run by Caltech whose robotics section built ATHLETE, Tri-ATHLETE, the LEMUR climbers and RoboSimian.", "focus": null, "funding": "NASA; DARPA (RoboSimian)", "partners": null, "website": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov", "sources": [ "hs-a5837ea657", "hs-15c29f0c40" ] }, { "id": "national-oceanography-centre", "name": "National Oceanography Centre", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United Kingdom.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "naver-labs", "name": "Naver Labs", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in South Korea.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "navya", "name": "Navya", "country": "France", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in France.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "neato", "name": "Neato Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "United States", "summary": "Robot-vacuum maker that brought low-cost lidar mapping to consumers in 2010; owned by Vorwerk from 2017 and closed in 2023.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": "Vorwerk (parent from 2017)", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-a4fba87a8d" ] }, { "id": "neolix", "name": "Neolix", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "neubility", "name": "Neubility", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in South Korea.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "new-holland", "name": "New Holland", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "next-future-transportation", "name": "Next Future Transportation", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "nexus", "name": "Nexus Robotics", "country": "Canada", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Canada.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "nippon-mobility", "name": "Nippon Mobility", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "nissan", "name": "Nissan", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "nlink", "name": "nLink", "country": "Norway", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Norway.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "norinco", "name": "NORINCO (China North Industries Group)", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": "1980", "hq": "Beijing, China", "summary": "Chinese state-owned defence group making munitions, armoured vehicles, missiles and unmanned systems including the Sharp Claw robots.", "focus": "Land weapons and military vehicles", "funding": "State-owned; subject to US sanctions and investment bans", "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-4549f7f9c4" ] }, { "id": "northrop-grumman", "name": "Northrop Grumman", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "nuro", "name": "Nuro", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2016", "hq": "Mountain View, California, United States", "summary": "Founded by ex-Waymo engineers Jiajun Zhu and Dave Ferguson; built R1/R2 delivery pods, then pivoted in 2024 to licensing its Nuro Driver software.", "focus": "Self-driving software and delivery vehicles", "funding": "Raised more than $2 billion; $6B valuation in 2025", "partners": "Uber, Lucid, NVIDIA, Kroger, Domino's, 7-Eleven", "website": "https://www.nuro.ai", "sources": [ "hs-47e7856a85" ] }, { "id": "nutonomy", "name": "nuTonomy", "country": "Singapore", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Singapore.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "obayashi", "name": "Obayashi Corporation", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "ocado", "name": "Ocado Group", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": "2000", "hq": "Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom", "summary": "Online grocer and technology firm whose Ocado Smart Platform grid warehouses use in-house bots, licensed to retailers worldwide.", "focus": "Automated grocery fulfilment", "funding": null, "partners": "Kroger, Sobeys, Coles, Casino", "website": "https://ocadogroup.com", "sources": [ "hs-0419898e46", "hs-9a92238c5a" ] }, { "id": "ocado-intelligent", "name": "Ocado Intelligent Automation", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United Kingdom.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "odd-bot", "name": "Odd.Bot", "country": "Netherlands", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Netherlands.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "odetics", "name": "Odetics, Inc.", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Anaheim, California, USA", "summary": "Anaheim, California company that built the ODEX series of six-legged 'functionoid' walking robots in the 1980s.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-48bb3ed526" ] }, { "id": "ohio-state-university", "name": "Ohio State University", "country": "United States", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Columbus, Ohio, USA", "summary": "University where Robert McGhee and Kenneth Waldron led the DARPA-funded Adaptive Suspension Vehicle project (1981-1990).", "focus": null, "funding": "DARPA (about $1 million a year, reported)", "partners": "US Army", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-9d9f50d5a7" ] }, { "id": "ohmio", "name": "Ohmio", "country": "New Zealand", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in New Zealand.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "okibo", "name": "Okibo", "country": "Israel", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Israel.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "omron", "name": "Omron", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Kyoto, Japan", "summary": "Industrial automation group whose AMR line is run by FLOW Core fleet software.", "focus": "Industrial automation and AMRs", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://industrial.omron.eu", "sources": [ "hs-690259884c", "hs-a2be681eb6" ] }, { "id": "omron-adept", "name": "Omron Adept", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "1983", "hq": "Pleasanton, California, USA", "summary": "Adept Technology, founded in 1983, bought MobileRobots in 2010 and was acquired by Omron in October 2015; its mobile robots became the Omron LD series.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://robotics.omron.com", "sources": [ "hs-d7e9df2586" ] }, { "id": "oregon-state-university-dynamic-laboratory", "name": "Oregon State University Dynamic Robotics Laboratory", "country": "United States", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Corvallis, Oregon, USA", "summary": "Oregon State University lab that built ATRIAS, a bird-inspired spring-mass research biped.", "focus": "Spring-mass bipedal locomotion", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-511829a6cf" ] }, { "id": "otokar", "name": "Otokar", "country": "Turkey", "type": "Company", "founded": "1963", "hq": "Arifiye, Sakarya, Turkey", "summary": "Koç Holding vehicle maker (buses and armoured vehicles); ALPAR is its first unmanned ground vehicle.", "focus": "Buses, military land vehicles", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-938f59533c" ] }, { "id": "otsaw", "name": "OTSAW", "country": "Singapore", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Singapore", "summary": "Singapore robot maker led by founder and CEO Ting Ling Ming, with security, delivery and UV disinfection robots and a US office in Burlington, Massachusetts.", "focus": "Security patrol, delivery and disinfection robots", "funding": null, "partners": "Swisslog Healthcare (2021 joint venture)", "website": "https://otsaw.com", "sources": [ "hs-c8afce5175" ] }, { "id": "otto", "name": "Otto", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "otto-motors", "name": "OTTO Motors", "country": "Canada", "type": "Company", "founded": "2015 (brand 2016)", "hq": "Kitchener, Ontario, Canada", "summary": "Clearpath's industrial division making self-driving material carriers (OTTO 100, 600, 1200, 1500, Lifter); part of Rockwell Automation since 2023.", "focus": "Industrial autonomous mobile robots", "funding": "Acquired with Clearpath by Rockwell Automation (September 2023)", "partners": "General Electric, John Deere, Toyota", "website": "https://ottomotors.com", "sources": [ "hs-06c44c47ee", "hs-82ceac3bb7" ] }, { "id": "ottonomy-io", "name": "Ottonomy.IO", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "outrider", "name": "Outrider", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "overland-ai", "name": "Overland AI", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Seattle, Washington, United States", "summary": "Off-road autonomy company (OverDrive, OverWatch) building the ULTRA vehicle and upfitting military vehicles.", "focus": "Military ground autonomy", "funding": "Contracts include $18.6M from the US Army/DIU (2024), a $20M APFIT production contract extended to about $25M, and a $20M Army breaching award", "partners": "US Army, US Marine Corps, SOCOM", "website": "https://www.overland.ai", "sources": [ "hs-17de1ef44c" ] }, { "id": "panasonic", "name": "Panasonic", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "panasonic-holdings", "name": "Panasonic Holdings", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "parkshuttle-programme", "name": "ParkShuttle programme", "country": "Netherlands", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Netherlands.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "petoi", "name": "Petoi", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Maker of the open-source OpenCat robot pets Nybble and Bittle, sold as kits for education and hobbyists.", "focus": "Educational robot kits", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.petoi.com", "sources": [ "hs-898bf64154" ] }, { "id": "petrobras", "name": "Petrobras", "country": "Brazil", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazil", "summary": "Brazil's state-controlled oil company; its R&D centre in Rio de Janeiro built the amphibious Chico Mendes robot for Amazon pipeline monitoring.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://petrobras.com.br", "sources": [] }, { "id": "plusai", "name": "PlusAI with International Motors", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "plustech-oy", "name": "Plustech Oy", "country": "Finland", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Finland", "summary": "Finnish advanced R&D unit of forestry machine maker Timberjack (later John Deere) that built the six-legged walking harvester.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": "Timberjack; John Deere", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-b85ee2e762", "hs-514d88b56d" ] }, { "id": "pony-ai", "name": "Pony.ai", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "preferred", "name": "Preferred Robotics", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "progress-scientific-research-institute", "name": "Progress Scientific Research Institute (Izhevsk)", "country": "Russia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Izhevsk, Russia", "summary": "Russian defence design institute credited with the Platform-M tracked combat robot.", "focus": "Military ground robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-76fe8c440a" ] }, { "id": "promare", "name": "ProMare with IBM", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United Kingdom.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "pronto", "name": "Pronto", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "psa-international", "name": "PSA International", "country": "Singapore", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Singapore.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "pudu", "name": "Pudu Robotics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Shenzhen, China", "summary": "Service-robot maker of delivery, cleaning, industrial and legged robots; reported nearly 80,000 units shipped by September 2024 and ranked first in commercial cleaning-robot shipments for 2025 by Counterpoint (company-cited).", "focus": "Service, cleaning and industrial delivery robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.pudurobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-b1bb460b55", "hs-3f41c6912b", "hs-5cef265cb9" ] }, { "id": "pyka", "name": "Pyka", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "qcraft", "name": "QCraft", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "qinetiq", "name": "QinetiQ", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Farnborough, United Kingdom", "summary": "British defence technology firm that paired with Milrem Robotics to field the TITAN UGV in British Army trials.", "focus": "Defence research, robotics and test services", "funding": null, "partners": "Milrem Robotics, Oxbotica, Aberystwyth University", "website": "https://www.qinetiq.com", "sources": [ "hs-e72696cb8a" ] }, { "id": "qinetiq-north-america", "name": "QinetiQ North America", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Ashburn, Virginia, USA (parts made in Franklin, Massachusetts)", "summary": "US arm of UK defence firm QinetiQ; makes the TALON family and developed MAARS.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": "US Army", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-9789fd603f", "hs-6665276c39" ] }, { "id": "quicktron", "name": "Quicktron Robotics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "rainbow", "name": "Rainbow Robotics", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": "2011-02-10", "hq": "Daejeon, South Korea", "summary": "KAIST HUBO-lab spin-off founded by Oh Jun-ho; makes collaborative arms, humanoids and the RBQ quadruped series. US subsidiary set up in Schaumburg, Illinois in 2023.", "focus": "Cobots, humanoids, quadrupeds", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://rainbow-robotics.com/en/", "sources": [ "hs-ccf5f576f9" ] }, { "id": "raise", "name": "Raise Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "rapyuta", "name": "Rapyuta Robotics", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Tokyo, Japan", "summary": "Founded in Japan by two Sri Lankan-born engineers; makes picking-assist AMRs, an ASRS and autonomous forklifts, with offices in Osaka, the US and India.", "focus": "Warehouse robots", "funding": null, "partners": "Kao, Askul Logist, Nestlé Japan", "website": "https://www.rapyuta-robotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-540241150f" ] }, { "id": "reconrobotics", "name": "ReconRobotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2006", "hq": "USA", "summary": "Formed in 2006 to commercialise University of Minnesota throwable-robot research; says nearly 7,000 of its robots are deployed.", "focus": null, "funding": "Origins in DARPA and NSF-funded research", "partners": null, "website": "https://reconrobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-22be653f60" ] }, { "id": "reliable", "name": "Reliable Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "rheinmetall-canada", "name": "Rheinmetall Canada (Rheinmetall Group)", "country": "Canada", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Canada", "summary": "Canadian arm of Germany's Rheinmetall and original maker of the Mission Master family of unmanned ground vehicles.", "focus": "Military unmanned ground vehicles and autonomy kits (PATH)", "funding": null, "partners": "American Rheinmetall, ADS Inc., Marubeni Aerospace, Rheinmetall Provectus", "website": "https://www.rheinmetall.com", "sources": [ "hs-80edccb2e0" ] }, { "id": "rideflux", "name": "RideFlux", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in South Korea.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "rivr", "name": "RIVR Technologies AG (formerly Swiss-Mile)", "country": "Switzerland", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Zurich, Switzerland", "summary": "ETH Zurich spin-off building wheeled-legged robots for doorstep parcel delivery; renamed RIVR in January 2025 and acquired by Amazon in March 2026.", "focus": "Last-mile delivery robots, physical AI", "funding": "$22M seed (2024) co-led by Bezos Expeditions; acquired by Amazon (terms undisclosed)", "partners": "Veho (Austin pilot)", "website": "https://www.rivr.ai/", "sources": [ "hs-be9c6645cf", "hs-54e4c93068" ] }, { "id": "roboneers", "name": "Roboneers", "country": "Ukraine", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Ukraine", "summary": "Ukrainian maker of the Ironclad combat UGV, Shablya/Saber remote weapon modules and Lynx UGVs used by Ukrainian brigades.", "focus": "Military ground robots and weapon modules", "funding": null, "partners": "Brave1, ARX Robotics", "website": "https://roboneers.net", "sources": [ "hs-ed3803fddc" ] }, { "id": "roborock", "name": "Roborock", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "roboteam", "name": "Roboteam", "country": "Israel", "type": "Company", "founded": "2009", "hq": "Tel Aviv, Israel", "summary": "Tel Aviv UGV maker founded in December 2009 by Yossi Wolf and Elad Levy; makes MTGR, IRIS and ProBOT; raised $50m in 2016.", "focus": null, "funding": "$50 million round at a $200 million valuation (2016)", "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-17bdd2deec" ] }, { "id": "robust-ai", "name": "Robust.AI", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2019", "hq": "San Carlos, California, United States", "summary": "Founded by Rodney Brooks, Henrik Christensen, Anthony Jules and others; makes the camera-navigated Carter collaborative mobile robot and Grace software.", "focus": "Collaborative warehouse mobile robots", "funding": null, "partners": "DHL Supply Chain; Aptiv (sensors)", "website": "https://www.robust.ai/", "sources": [ "hs-142c144cd9", "hs-aa54b216d8" ] }, { "id": "rolls-royce", "name": "Rolls-Royce with Finferries", "country": "Finland", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Finland.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "rugged", "name": "Rugged Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "russian-defence-industry", "name": "Russian defence industry (Uran-6 maker not confirmed)", "country": "Russia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Russia", "summary": "Placeholder for the unconfirmed Russian maker of the Uran-6 demining robot, described in press as a technology-transfer derivative of Croatia's DOK-ING MV-4.", "focus": "Military engineering robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-c56754c514" ] }, { "id": "russian-developers", "name": "Russian developers", "country": "Russia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Russia.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "s-lawrence-bellinger", "name": "S. Lawrence Bellinger / Mowbot Inc.", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "United States", "summary": "Inventor Spencer Lawrence Bellinger and his company Mowbot Inc. patented and sold the buried-wire MowBot robotic mower.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-008ad48a7b", "hs-49d58e7d80" ] }, { "id": "sabanto", "name": "Sabanto", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "safeai", "name": "SafeAI", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "saga", "name": "Saga Robotics", "country": "Norway", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Norway.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "saic-mobility", "name": "SAIC Mobility with Momenta", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "saildrone", "name": "Saildrone", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "sandvik", "name": "Sandvik", "country": "Sweden", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Sweden.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "sany", "name": "SANY", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "sarcos", "name": "Sarcos (now Palladyne AI)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "1983", "hq": "Salt Lake City, Utah, USA", "summary": "University of Utah spin-out that built teleoperated and exoskeleton robots; stopped hardware work in late 2023 and renamed itself Palladyne AI in 2024.", "focus": "Now AI software for robots (formerly teleoperated robots and exoskeletons)", "funding": "Nasdaq listing via SPAC (September 2021); owned by Raytheon 2007-2015", "partners": null, "website": "https://palladyneai.com", "sources": [ "hs-408ff8f855" ] }, { "id": "saronic", "name": "Saronic Technologies", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "savioke", "name": "Savioke (now Relay Robotics)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "California, USA", "summary": "Started by former Willow Garage CEO Steve Cousins; its Relay robot delivers items inside hotels and hospitals and rides elevators on its own.", "focus": "Indoor delivery robots for hospitality and healthcare", "funding": null, "partners": "Hilton, Marriott, Hyatt, Johns Hopkins, HCA Healthcare", "website": "https://www.relayrobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-5630e365d5", "hs-127b6bfbe5" ] }, { "id": "scania", "name": "Scania", "country": "Sweden", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Sweden.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "schindler", "name": "Schindler", "country": "Switzerland", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Switzerland.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "scythe", "name": "Scythe Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "sea-kit-international", "name": "SEA-KIT International", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United Kingdom.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "seegrid", "name": "Seegrid", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States", "summary": "Maker of vision-guided autonomous tow tractors, pallet trucks and lift trucks with Fleet Central software.", "focus": "Autonomous material-handling vehicles", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://seegrid.com", "sources": [ "hs-686a83c966" ] }, { "id": "seer", "name": "SEER Robotics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "sefine-shipyard", "name": "Sefine Shipyard with Aselsan", "country": "Turkey", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Turkey.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "segway", "name": "Segway", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "sensible-4", "name": "Sensible 4 with MUJI", "country": "Finland", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Finland.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "seoul-metropolitan-government", "name": "Seoul Metropolitan Government", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in South Korea.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "serve", "name": "Serve Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2021", "hq": "Redwood City, California, United States", "summary": "Nasdaq-listed sidewalk delivery-robot operator spun out of Uber's Postmates X in 2021; more than 2,000 robots by end of 2025.", "focus": "Sidewalk delivery robots", "funding": null, "partners": "Uber Eats, DoorDash, 7-Eleven", "website": "https://www.serverobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-4724515e4b" ] }, { "id": "shark", "name": "Shark Robotics", "country": "France", "type": "Company", "founded": "2016", "hq": "La Rochelle, France", "summary": "Builds firefighting, mule, demining and vehicle-stopping robots in-house in La Rochelle, with an office in Singapore since 2019.", "focus": "Firefighting and hazardous-duty robots", "funding": null, "partners": "Paris Fire Brigade, SDIS 13", "website": "https://www.shark-robotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-397951e066" ] }, { "id": "shenzhen-haylion", "name": "Shenzhen Haylion Technologies with Shenzhen Bus Group", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "shimizu", "name": "Shimizu Corporation", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "silsoe-research-institute", "name": "Silsoe Research Institute", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United Kingdom.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "skye-air-mobility", "name": "Skye Air Mobility", "country": "India", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in India.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "small", "name": "Small Robot Company", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "United Kingdom", "summary": "UK agritech start-up behind the Tom, Dick and Harry farm robots and the Wilma AI; reported in liquidation in February 2024.", "focus": "Per-plant crop mapping and weeding robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-1c7057bb2f", "hs-0eed02c7c8" ] }, { "id": "smp", "name": "SMP Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA", "summary": "Maker of S5-series outdoor autonomous security patrol robots, sold to clients in 20+ countries.", "focus": "Outdoor security patrol robots", "funding": null, "partners": "Robotic Assistance Devices (North American partner); customers include Eni, Thermo Fisher, Komatsu, Saudi Electricity", "website": "https://smprobotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-b8ddd4e788" ] }, { "id": "softbank", "name": "SoftBank Robotics", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Tokyo, Japan", "summary": "Sells the Whiz cleaning robots (over 40,000 shipped since 2019) and distributes serving and logistics robots in Japan.", "focus": "Service robots", "funding": null, "partners": "Bear Robotics, Pudu Robotics, AutoStore", "website": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/", "sources": [ "hs-72cd302d62", "hs-405b2c25b8" ] }, { "id": "solinftec", "name": "Solinftec", "country": "Brazil", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Brazil", "summary": "Brazilian agtech company with the ALICE AI platform and the solar-powered Solix field robots.", "focus": "Agricultural AI and field robots", "funding": null, "partners": "GROWMARK, Purdue University, McKinney Corp, Hi-Mix Eletronicos", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-20cf254fe2" ] }, { "id": "sony", "name": "Sony", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": "1946", "hq": "Tokyo, Japan", "summary": "Japanese electronics and entertainment group that created the aibo robot dog line (1999 onward, revived in 2018).", "focus": "Consumer electronics, entertainment, consumer robotics", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.sony.com", "sources": [ "hs-5fa06aa0a6", "hs-bc5d2675e0", "hs-e4ae27e047" ] }, { "id": "soviet-red-army", "name": "Soviet Red Army (state factories)", "country": "Soviet Union", "type": "Government lab", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Soviet armed forces that fielded radio-controlled 'teletanks' in the 1930s and early 1940s.", "focus": "Remote-controlled armoured vehicles (historic)", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-179d7dd969" ] }, { "id": "st-engineering-aethon", "name": "ST Engineering Aethon", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States", "summary": "Hospital and hospitality delivery-robot maker (TUG, Zena RX), part of Singapore's ST Engineering group.", "focus": "Hospital logistics robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.aethon.com", "sources": [ "hs-cac3346806" ] }, { "id": "stack-av", "name": "Stack AV with PACCAR / Peterbilt", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "stanford-racing-team", "name": "Stanford Racing Team", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "stanford-student", "name": "Stanford Student Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Stanford, California, United States", "summary": "Student club whose Extreme Mobility team released the open-source Doggo and Pupper quadrupeds.", "focus": "Low-cost open-source legged robots for research and teaching", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://stanfordstudentrobotics.org", "sources": [ "hs-8a7bd5336c" ] }, { "id": "starship", "name": "Starship Technologies", "country": "Estonia", "type": "Company", "founded": "2014", "hq": "San Francisco, USA, with engineering in Tallinn, Estonia", "summary": "Founded by Skype co-founders Ahti Heinla and Janus Friis; runs the largest fleet of sidewalk delivery robots, with 10 million deliveries by April 2026.", "focus": "Sidewalk delivery robots", "funding": "Over US$280M raised, including a US$50M Series C in October 2025", "partners": "Uber Eats, Bolt, foodora, Just Eat, Co-op, S Group, US universities", "website": "https://www.starship.xyz", "sources": [ "hs-9a9ef977ba" ] }, { "id": "swarmfarm", "name": "SwarmFarm Robotics", "country": "Australia", "type": "Company", "founded": "2012", "hq": "Queensland, Australia", "summary": "Farmer-founded maker of SwarmBot autonomous platforms that carry third-party spraying and weeding tools.", "focus": "Autonomous farm platforms", "funding": "A$12M Series A (2023)", "partners": "WEED-IT, Bilberry, Goldacres, Croplands; Beck's Hybrids (US)", "website": "https://www.swarmfarm.com", "sources": [ "hs-a8d35a9fe8", "hs-158732a8b2" ] }, { "id": "sword-international", "name": "SWORD International", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "United States", "summary": "US firearms maker that showed the SPUR rifle payload on a Ghost Robotics Vision 60 quadruped at AUSA 2021.", "focus": "Firearms and weapon payloads", "funding": null, "partners": "Ghost Robotics", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-01732201d3" ] }, { "id": "symbotic", "name": "Symbotic", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "2007 (as CasePick Systems; renamed 2012)", "hq": "Wilmington, Massachusetts, USA", "summary": "Builds AI-run robotic warehouse systems in which free-roaming bots store and retrieve cases for retailers and grocers.", "focus": "Warehouse automation", "funding": "Nasdaq-listed (SYM) after a SPAC merger with a SoftBank-sponsored vehicle, announced December 2021; 2025 revenue about US$2.25 billion", "partners": "Walmart, Target, Albertsons, C&S Wholesale Grocers, Giant Tiger", "website": "https://www.symbotic.com", "sources": [ "hs-8d358dc0d5" ] }, { "id": "tartan-racing", "name": "Tartan Racing", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "taurob", "name": "Taurob", "country": "Austria", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Austria.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "teledyne-webb-research", "name": "Teledyne Webb Research", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "teleo", "name": "Teleo", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "telerob", "name": "Telerob (an AeroVironment company)", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": "1994", "hq": "Ostfildern (near Stuttgart), Germany", "summary": "German maker of telemax and tEODor EOD robots founded in 1994; bought by AeroVironment in May 2021 for about $45.4 million.", "focus": "EOD and CBRN ground robots", "funding": null, "partners": "AeroVironment (parent)", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-d2a81abcfe" ] }, { "id": "temi", "name": "temi (Robotemi)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "USA (temi USA Inc.)", "summary": "Sells the temi personal assistant robot, often as robots-as-a-service; Foxconn is a strategic investor and exclusive manufacturer.", "focus": "Personal and telepresence service robots", "funding": "Foxconn strategic investor", "partners": "Foxconn", "website": "https://www.robotemi.com", "sources": [ "hs-7752102b9c" ] }, { "id": "tencent-x", "name": "Tencent Robotics X", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Shenzhen, China", "summary": "Tencent's robotics research lab, which built the Jamoca and Max robot dogs and the Ollie wheel-legged robot.", "focus": "Legged and wheel-legged robotics research", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.tencent.com", "sources": [ "hs-17b1b11f19" ] }, { "id": "tencent-x-lab", "name": "Tencent Robotics X Lab", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Shenzhen, China", "summary": "Same Tencent research lab as Tencent Robotics X; built the tailed wheel-legged robot Ollie.", "focus": "Robotics research", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-0286ed0106" ] }, { "id": "tencore", "name": "Tencore", "country": "Ukraine", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Ukraine", "summary": "Ukrainian maker of the TerMIT tracked ground robot used for logistics by Ukraine's forces.", "focus": "Military ground robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-823ee9d73d" ] }, { "id": "tennant", "name": "Tennant Company", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States", "summary": "Floor-cleaning equipment maker that sells the T7AMR and other robotic scrubbers running Brain Corp's BrainOS.", "focus": "Commercial floor-cleaning machines", "funding": null, "partners": "Brain Corp", "website": "https://www.tennantco.com", "sources": [ "hs-fd37cf8485" ] }, { "id": "tensor", "name": "Tensor", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "terberg", "name": "Terberg with Embotech", "country": "Netherlands", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Netherlands.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "tertill", "name": "Tertill Corporation (formerly Franklin Robotics)", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "North Billerica, Massachusetts, United States", "summary": "Maker of the solar-powered Tertill garden weeding robot, founded by Roomba co-inventor Joe Jones.", "focus": "Home garden robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://tertill.com", "sources": [] }, { "id": "tesla", "name": "Tesla", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "tevel-aerobotics", "name": "Tevel Aerobotics Technologies", "country": "Israel", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Israel.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "the-toro", "name": "The Toro Company", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "tianjin-port", "name": "Tianjin Port Group with Huawei", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "tier-iv", "name": "Tier IV", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "tiny-mile", "name": "Tiny Mile", "country": "Canada", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Canada.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "tokyo-institute-of", "name": "Tokyo Institute of Technology (Hirose lab) with HiBot", "country": "Japan", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Tokyo, Japan", "summary": "Tokyo Tech built the ACM-R5H amphibious snake in 2005; its spin-off HiBot made a product version from 2010.", "focus": "Snake robots, field robotics", "funding": null, "partners": "HiBot", "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-5441dfac0b" ] }, { "id": "tokyo-institute-of-product-version-by-hibot", "name": "Tokyo Institute of Technology; product version by HiBot", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "torc", "name": "Torc Robotics and Daimler Truck North America", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "torghatten", "name": "Torghatten with Zeabuz", "country": "Norway", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Norway.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "toyota", "name": "Toyota", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Japan", "summary": "Japanese carmaker that showed the i-foot walking chair and i-unit personal mobility concepts at Expo 2005 Aichi.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://global.toyota", "sources": [ "hs-4c8db7313b" ] }, { "id": "tracteasy", "name": "TractEasy", "country": "France", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in France.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "trombia", "name": "Trombia Technologies", "country": "Finland", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Finland.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "tsukuba-mechanical-engineering-laboratory", "name": "Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "turing-drive", "name": "Turing Drive", "country": "Taiwan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Taiwan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "tusimple", "name": "TuSimple", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "uber-advanced", "name": "Uber Advanced Technologies Group", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "uber", "name": "Uber, Lucid and Nuro", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "uc-berkeley-biomimetic-millisystems-lab", "name": "UC Berkeley Biomimetic Millisystems Lab", "country": "United States", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Berkeley, California, USA", "summary": "Ron Fearing's lab builds small bio-inspired robots, including Justin Yim's jumping Salto.", "focus": "Small agile legged and jumping robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-d3f9830dcc" ] }, { "id": "udelv", "name": "Udelv", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "ugv", "name": "UGV Robotics", "country": "Ukraine", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Ukraine", "summary": "Ukrainian maker of the Lyut combat ground robot, in serial production for Ukraine's forces.", "focus": "Military ground robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-1bfc2d95d3" ] }, { "id": "unitree", "name": "Unitree Robotics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": "2016", "hq": "Hangzhou, China", "summary": "Quadruped and humanoid maker founded by Wang Xingxing; added in 2026 to a Pentagon list of firms it says support China's military.", "focus": "Legged robots and humanoids", "funding": "Series C in 2025 valued it at about $1.7B (The Robot Report)", "partners": null, "website": "https://www.unitree.com", "sources": [ "hs-71df8ff279", "hs-dbc37b4fb7", "hs-5adc5b5aac", "hs-54ca0e837f" ] }, { "id": "university-of-parma", "name": "University of Parma", "country": "Italy", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Italy.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "uralvagonzavod", "name": "Uralvagonzavod", "country": "Russia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Nizhny Tagil, Russia", "summary": "Russian state tank maker developing the Shturm robotic assault complex on T-72 chassis since 2018.", "focus": "Armoured vehicles", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-32f934384d" ] }, { "id": "us-navy", "name": "US Navy", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "ut-austin", "name": "UT Austin (with Meka Robotics and Apptronik)", "country": "United States", "type": "University lab", "founded": null, "hq": "Austin, Texas, USA", "summary": "University of Texas at Austin researchers built the Mercury series-elastic research legs with Meka Robotics and Apptronik.", "focus": "Series-elastic legged robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "uvd-robots", "name": "UVD Robots (Blue Ocean Robotics)", "country": "Denmark", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Odense, Denmark", "summary": "Blue Ocean Robotics brand for UV-C disinfection robots, developed with Odense University Hospital; the company is now wholly owned by 3C Groups.", "focus": "UV-C disinfection robots", "funding": "3C Groups majority owner from 2025 and sole owner in 2026", "partners": "Odense University Hospital, AstraZeneca", "website": "https://uvd.blue-ocean-robotics.com", "sources": [ "hs-3bbb69c38a" ] }, { "id": "v-a-degtyarev-plant", "name": "V.A. Degtyarev Plant (ZiD)", "country": "Russia", "type": "Company", "founded": "1916", "hq": "Kovrov, Russia", "summary": "Russian arms and motorcycle maker within Rostec's High Precision Systems; built the Nerekhta robot with the Advanced Research Foundation.", "focus": "Small arms, heavy machine guns, military robots", "funding": "Part of Rostec group", "partners": null, "website": "https://zid.ru", "sources": [ "hs-c38704520f" ] }, { "id": "vayu", "name": "Vayu Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "vecna", "name": "Vecna Robotics", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Massachusetts, USA", "summary": "US company that developed the BEAR battlefield extraction robot at its Cambridge research lab from 2005.", "focus": null, "funding": "Internal R&D plus US Army, Navy, Air Force and DARPA funding (BEAR)", "partners": null, "website": "https://vecna.com", "sources": [ "hs-91c8fbac75" ] }, { "id": "verne", "name": "Verne", "country": "Croatia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Croatia.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "vincross", "name": "Vincross", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "China", "summary": "Start-up behind the HEXA programmable hexapod and its MIND software platform; the product is discontinued.", "focus": "Consumer programmable robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "visionnav", "name": "VisionNav Robotics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "vislab", "name": "VisLab", "country": "Italy", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Italy.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "vita-dynamics", "name": "Vita Dynamics", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "volkswagen-commercial-vehicles", "name": "Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles / MOIA, with Mobileye", "country": "Germany", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Germany.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "volvo-autonomous-solutions", "name": "Volvo Autonomous Solutions", "country": "Sweden", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Sweden.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "volvo-buses", "name": "Volvo Buses with NTU Singapore", "country": "Sweden", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Sweden.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "volvo-construction-equipment", "name": "Volvo Construction Equipment", "country": "Sweden", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Sweden.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "volvo-trucks", "name": "Volvo Trucks", "country": "Sweden", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Sweden.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "waabi", "name": "Waabi with Volvo Autonomous Solutions", "country": "Canada", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Canada.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "walt-disney-imagineering", "name": "Walt Disney Imagineering / Disney Research", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": "1952-12-16", "hq": "Glendale, California, United States", "summary": "Disney's design and engineering arm; with Disney Research Zurich it built the reinforcement-learning-trained BDX walking droids used in Disney parks.", "focus": "Theme-park attractions and entertainment robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-c422c0cd84", "hs-3ce309bbc4" ] }, { "id": "waymo", "name": "Waymo", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "waytous", "name": "Waytous with CASIC Aerospace Heavy Industry", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "wayve", "name": "Wayve", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United Kingdom.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "weilan-intelligent", "name": "Weilan Intelligent Technology", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Nanjing, China", "summary": "Nanjing firm that sold the AlphaDog consumer robot dog from 2021.", "focus": "Consumer quadruped robots", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [ "hs-efb5452125" ] }, { "id": "weride", "name": "WeRide", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "westfield", "name": "Westfield Technology Group", "country": "United Kingdom", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United Kingdom.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "westwell", "name": "Westwell", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "white-rhino", "name": "White Rhino", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "wing", "name": "Wing", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "wisk-aero", "name": "Wisk Aero", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "woods-hole-oceanographic-institution", "name": "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "woods-hole-oceanographic-institution-hydroid-from-2001", "name": "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Hydroid from 2001", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "woowa-brothers", "name": "Woowa Brothers", "country": "South Korea", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in South Korea.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "xag", "name": "XAG", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "xcmg", "name": "XCMG", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "xiamen-golden-dragon-bus", "name": "Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "xiamen-king-long", "name": "Xiamen King Long with Baidu, operated by KC Smart Mobility and Prime Motors JV", "country": "China (Hong Kong)", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China (Hong Kong).", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "xiaomi", "name": "Xiaomi", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": "Beijing, China", "summary": "Consumer electronics company that released the CyberDog developer robot dog in a 1,000-unit run in 2021.", "focus": "Consumer electronics, EVs and robotics", "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": "https://www.mi.com", "sources": [] }, { "id": "xpeng", "name": "XPeng", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "yamaha", "name": "Yamaha Motor with AIST", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "yandex", "name": "Yandex", "country": "Russia", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Russia.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "yanmar", "name": "Yanmar", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "yara-international", "name": "Yara International with Kongsberg Maritime", "country": "Norway", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Norway.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "yutong-bus", "name": "Yutong Bus", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "zeabuz", "name": "Zeabuz for the Government of Aland", "country": "Norway", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Norway.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "zelos", "name": "Zelos", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "zipline", "name": "Zipline", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "zmp", "name": "ZMP", "country": "Japan", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in Japan.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "zoox", "name": "Zoox", "country": "United States", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in United States.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] }, { "id": "zpmc", "name": "ZPMC", "country": "China", "type": "Company", "founded": null, "hq": null, "summary": "Robot and vehicle maker based in China.", "focus": null, "funding": null, "partners": null, "website": null, "sources": [] } ], "sources": [ { "id": "hs-bd43bfa779", "title": "Neolix NeoClaw: AI fleet-operations agent (2026 AI Partner conference, Beijing 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"id": "hs-be9c6645cf", "title": "Amazon acquires robotic doorstep delivery provider RIVR", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/amazon-acquires-robotic-doorstep-delivery-provider-rivr/" }, { "id": "hs-bca30728dc", "title": "Dexory brings in $80M", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/dexory-brings-in-80m-to-support-global-expansion/" }, { "id": "hs-aa54b216d8", "title": "RBR50 Spotlight: Robust AI deploying Carter AMR with DHL", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/rbr50-spotlight-robust-ai-deploying-carter-amr-with-dhl/" }, { "id": "hs-ff4789e9a3", "title": "Locus Robotics launches Locus Array", "publisher": "The Robot Report", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/locus-robotics-launches-locus-array/" }, { "id": "hs-02833d369a", "title": "Uber launch Bay Area robotaxi service with Nuro and Lucid", "publisher": "The San Francisco Standard", "url": 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"eVTOL News (Vertical Flight Society)", "url": "https://evtol.news/autoflight-carryall" }, { "id": "hs-b6bd81e440", "title": "Hyundai unveils AI-powered MobED robot, its first mass-market mobility platform", "publisher": "eWeek", "url": "https://www.eweek.com/fr/news/hyundai-ai-powered-mobed-robot/" }, { "id": "hs-a75f882ef8", "title": "China's Unitree unveils robot dog that sprints at 11 mph, lifts 143 pounds", "publisher": "eWeek", "url": "https://www.eweek.com/news/unitree-as2-robot-dog-11-mph-143-lb-payload/" }, { "id": "hs-57fa0d6a00", "title": "South Korea's Spider 30 Robot Can Climb Steel Walls and Work Upside Down", "publisher": "eWeek", "url": "https://www.eweek.com/news/news-diden-spider-30-magnetic-robot-shipyards-south-korea-apac/" }, { "id": "hs-1e3a7eaea3", "title": "Versatrax 450: how it is operated", "publisher": "eddyfi.com", "url": "https://www.eddyfi.com/en/product/versatrax-450" }, { "id": "hs-891611c80d", "title": "Series of robotic dogs demonstrated", "publisher": "eeNews Europe", "url": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/series-of-robotic-dogs-demonstrated/" }, { "id": "hs-94605e184b", "title": "Hyundai, Kia show delivery robot", "publisher": "eeNews Europe", "url": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/hyundai-kia-show-delivery-robot" }, { "id": "hs-2d7bc4259e", "title": "Rimac reveals robotaxi service Verne", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://www.electrive.net/2024/06/26/rimac-praesentiert-robotaxi-dienst-namens-verne/" }, { "id": "hs-ec7d50625d", "title": "Pyka unveils autonomous electric cargo aircraft", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://electrive.com/2023/02/03/pyka-unveils-autonomous-electric-cargo-aircraft" }, { "id": "hs-062b198384", "title": "Kitty Hawk and Air New Zealand to develop air taxi service", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://www.electrive.net/2018/10/18/kitty-hawk-und-air-new-zealand-entwickeln-lufttaxidienst/" }, { "id": "hs-3ef071d0c9", "title": "Geely's Uber rival Caocao plans robotaxi initiative", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://www.electrive.com/2026/04/29/geelys-uber-rival-caocao-plans-robotaxi-initiative/" }, { "id": "hs-39f65bd871", "title": "Feds exempt autonomous delivery pod R2 by Nuro", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://electrive.com/2020/02/09/feds-exempt-autonomous-delivery-pod-r2-by-nuro" }, { "id": "hs-25b1111e76", "title": "Waymo to launch new Ojai robotaxi model for passenger service", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://www.electrive.com/2026/05/29/waymo-to-launch-new-ojai-robotaxi-model-for-passenger-service/" }, { "id": "hs-c653b25f55", "title": "Tesla debuts Cybercab autonomous rides", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://electrive.com/2026/09/04/tesla-debuts-cybercab-autonomous-rides" }, { "id": "hs-9bf894cd8b", "title": "Startup Tier IV develops self-driving electric taxi in Japan", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://electrive.com/2024/08/23/startup-tier-iv-develops-self-driving-electric-taxi-in-japan" }, { "id": "hs-d0a5d86793", "title": "Local Motors closes before e-shuttle Olli takes off", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://www.electrive.com/2022/01/14/local-motors-closes-before-e-shuttle-olli-takes-off/" }, { "id": "hs-c53deba4e0", "title": "CES: Holon by Benteler reveals e-shuttle Holon Mover", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://www.electrive.com/2023/01/05/ces-holon-by-benteler-reveals-self-driving-e-shuttle-holon-mover" }, { "id": "hs-df87616d5d", "title": "Bentler finds production site for its autonomous electric shuttles in Florida", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://www.electrive.com/2025/10/29/bentler-finds-production-site-for-its-autonomous-electric-shuttles-in-florida/" }, { "id": "hs-f63d58a167", "title": "Not a pilot, but a series vehicle - Autonomous e-bus enters regular service in Norway", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://www.electrive.com/2022/07/09/not-a-pilot-but-a-series-vehicle-autonomous-e-bus-enters-regular-service-in-norway" }, { "id": "hs-033ac8d2cf", "title": "Autonomous bus without safety driver hits road in Norway", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://www.electrive.com/2026/05/04/autonomous-bus-without-safety-driver-hits-road-in-norway/" }, { "id": "hs-e2ff68825d", "title": "Scania to test autonomous e-buses in Sweden", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://www.electrive.com/2019/02/21/scania-to-test-autonomous-e-buses-in-sweden" }, { "id": "hs-0dcb97edaf", "title": "100 autonome E-Lkw von XCMG in chinesischem Tagebau im Einsatz", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://www.electrive.net/2025/05/20/100-autonome-e-lkw-von-xcmg-in-chinesischem-tagebau-im-einsatz/" }, { "id": "hs-d95ed904e4", "title": "Fernride starts driverless port operations in Estonia", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://www.electrive.com/2025/07/22/fernride-starts-driverless-port-operations-in-estonia" }, { "id": "hs-884de7b01d", "title": "Rotterdamer Hafen bekommt autonome Terminal-Trucks", "publisher": "electrive", "url": "https://www.electrive.net/2025/01/15/rotterdamer-hafen-bekommt-autonome-terminal-trucks/" }, { "id": "hs-1b19564af1", "title": "ALoF: how it is operated", "publisher": "emerald.com", "url": "https://emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/01439911111122761/full/html" }, { "id": "hs-8cdc3b5832", "title": "ACM-R5H: how it is operated", "publisher": "en.wikipedia.org", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakebot" }, { "id": "hs-272dabc72a", "title": "XDog: how it is operated", "publisher": "en.wikipedia.org", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitree_Robotics" }, { "id": "hs-438cb09122", "title": "Handle: how it is operated", "publisher": "en.wikipedia.org", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Dynamics" }, { "id": "hs-3b645d4355", "title": "Skypod: how it is operated", "publisher": "exotec.com", "url": "https://www.exotec.com" }, { "id": "hs-e0e705c5ff", "title": "ExR-2: how it is operated", "publisher": "exrobotics.global", "url": "https://exrobotics.global/" }, { "id": "hs-8a42cd7b94", "title": "FD20: how it is operated", "publisher": "farmdroid.dk", "url": "https://farmdroid.dk" }, { "id": "hs-c414943b80", "title": "Farming GT", "publisher": "farming revolution GmbH", "url": "https://www.farming-revolution.com/" }, { "id": "hs-5a41dc2d4f", "title": "BionicKangaroo: how it is operated", "publisher": "festo.com", "url": "https://www.festo.com/de/de/e/ueber-festo/forschung-und-entwicklung/bionic-learning-network/bionische-laufroboter/bionickangaroo-id_33482" }, { "id": "hs-c3e2262b24", "title": "Kobra (CRS-H): how it is operated", "publisher": "flir.com", "url": "https://www.flir.com" }, { "id": "hs-fc6617d099", "title": "Saronic launches 52-foot Mirage autonomous vessel as production ramps up", "publisher": "gCaptain", "url": "https://gcaptain.com/saronic-launches-52-foot-mirage-autonomous-vessel-as-production-ramps-up/" }, { "id": "hs-87201c1622", "title": "Saildrone unveils new near-shore ocean mapping USV", "publisher": "gCaptain", "url": "https://gcaptain.com/saildrone-unveils-new-near-shore-ocean-mapping-usv/" }, { "id": "hs-88f755a5a9", "title": "Scrubber 75: how it is operated", "publisher": "gausium.com", "url": "https://gausium.com/" }, { "id": "hs-4a197deda7", "title": "Phantas: how it is operated", "publisher": "gausium.com", "url": "https://gausium.com" }, { "id": "hs-e458e3394c", "title": "HR-Sherpa (Multi-Purpose UGV): how it is operated", "publisher": "gbp.com.sg", "url": "https://gbp.com.sg/stories/hr-sherpa-being-showcased-at-adex" }, { "id": "hs-c189fb4ad0", "title": "MUTT (S-MET Increment I): how it is operated", "publisher": "gdls.com", "url": "https://www.gdls.com" }, { "id": "hs-a69154e727", "title": "Minitaur: how it is operated", "publisher": "ghostrobotics.io", "url": "https://www.ghostrobotics.io/" }, { "id": "hs-06998fd26b", "title": "Spirit 40: how it is operated", "publisher": "ghostrobotics.io", "url": "https://www.ghostrobotics.io" }, { "id": "hs-5159eeac6c", "title": "Tracer: how it is operated", "publisher": "global.agilex.ai", "url": "https://global.agilex.ai" }, { "id": "hs-dd45b8dd6f", "title": "Bex (RHP Bex): how it is operated", "publisher": "global.kawasaki.com", "url": "https://global.kawasaki.com" }, { "id": "hs-900437547a", "title": "CORLEO: how it is operated", "publisher": "global.kawasaki.com", "url": "https://global.kawasaki.com/en/corp/newsroom/news/detail/?f=20250404_3132" }, { "id": "hs-1e5e39af35", "title": "Type-X: how it is operated", "publisher": "globalsecurity.org", "url": "https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/type-x.htm" }, { "id": "hs-46fa6f6c18", "title": "GUSS (Global Unmanned Spray System): how it is operated", "publisher": "gussag.com", "url": "https://www.gussag.com" }, { "id": "hs-3206de5366", "title": "Arion-SMET: how it is operated", "publisher": "hanwhaaerospace.com", "url": "https://www.hanwhaaerospace.com/eng/index.do" }, { "id": "hs-8779900040", "title": "Stretch (RE1): how it is operated", "publisher": "hello-robot.com", "url": "https://hello-robot.com" }, { "id": "hs-01893e3b3c", "title": "Stretch 3: how it is operated", "publisher": "hello-robot.com", "url": "https://hello-robot.com/" }, { "id": "hs-18244c6923", "title": "XDR80TE-AT autonomous electric mining truck", "publisher": "iF Design", "url": "https://ifdesign.com/en/winner-ranking/project/xdr80te-at-autonomous-electric-mining-truck/572537" }, { "id": "hs-8db70d4c8a", "title": "iRobot Acquires Evolution Robotics, Inc.", "publisher": "iRobot", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/press-releases?item=122417" }, { "id": "hs-59e7798eb6", "title": "iRobot Launches Braava Floor Mopping Robot in North America", "publisher": "iRobot", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/press-releases?item=122399" }, { "id": "hs-194f41444c", "title": "Mint launched as iRobot-branded Braava to select European distributors in the first quarter of 2013", "publisher": "iRobot", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/press-releases?item=122409" }, { "id": "hs-e7d336ea0f", "title": "Braava robot mops", "publisher": "iRobot", "url": "https://www.irobot.com/en_US/braava.html" }, { "id": "hs-e5d6d10360", "title": "iRobot Introduces Roomba Intelligent FloorVac – The First Automatic Floor Cleaner in the U.S.", "publisher": "iRobot", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/2002-09-18-iRobot-Introduces-Roomba-Intelligent-FloorVac-The-First-Automatic-Floor-Cleaner-In-The-U-S" }, { "id": "hs-25c56b9d02", "title": "iRobot Enters the Smart Home with Roomba 980 Vacuum Cleaning Robot", "publisher": "iRobot", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/2015-09-16-iRobot-Enters-the-Smart-Home-with-Roomba-980-Vacuum-Cleaning-Robot" }, { "id": "hs-ff718bfdb5", "title": "New iRobot Roomba i7+ Robot Vacuum Learns a Home’s Floor Plan and Empties Itself", "publisher": "iRobot", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/2018-09-06-a-href-https-www-multivu-com-players-English-8234051-irobot-roomba-i7-plus-New-iRobot-R-Roomba-R-i7-Robot-Vacuum-Learns-a-Homes-Floor-Plan-and-Empties-Itself-a" }, { "id": "hs-e61865089e", "title": "iRobot Introduces Roomba j7+ Robot Vacuum with Genius 3.0 Home Intelligence", "publisher": "iRobot", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/2021-09-09-iRobot-Introduces-Roomba-R-j7-Robot-Vacuum-with-Genius-TM-3-0-Home-Intelligence-Clean-the-Way-You-Want,-So-You-Can-Human" }, { "id": "hs-5d2d672319", "title": "iRobot Introduces Roomba Combo 10 Max Robot + AutoWash Dock", "publisher": "iRobot", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/media-kits?item=39" }, { "id": "hs-b5b9dd6a8b", "title": "iRobot Celebrates Two Decades of Innovation in Robotics", "publisher": "iRobot", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/press-releases?item=122485" }, { "id": "hs-83f12d9f83", "title": "Roomba Combo 10 Max robot + AutoWash dock", "publisher": "iRobot", "url": "https://www.irobot.com/en_US/roomba-combo-10-max-robot-and-autowash-dock/X085020.html" }, { "id": "hs-0058dc14ff", "title": "iRobot Files Lawsuit to Stop Infringement of Patents on Combat-Proven PackBot Robot", "publisher": "iRobot (release filed with SEC)", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1159167/000095013507005208/b66646icexv99w1.htm" }, { "id": "hs-667b8cbc6e", "title": "HyQReal: how it is operated", "publisher": "iit.it", "url": "https://www.iit.it" }, { "id": "hs-394e6890c3", "title": "inVia Picker robot", "publisher": "inVia Robotics", "url": "https://inviarobotics.com/our-system/invia-picker-robots/" }, { "id": "hs-cf88db2cb4", "title": "inVia Robotics", "publisher": "inVia Robotics", "url": "https://www.inviarobotics.com/" }, { "id": "hs-7ac953efaf", "title": "JILBY: how it is operated", "publisher": "irisohyama.co.jp", "url": "https://www.irisohyama.co.jp/" }, { "id": "hs-442ff318c5", "title": "Roomba Combo 10 Max: how it is operated", "publisher": "irobot.com", "url": "https://www.irobot.com/" }, { "id": "hs-47ffbb13ee", "title": "LEMUR 3 (Freeclimber): how it is operated", "publisher": "jpl.nasa.gov", "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/robotics-at-jpl/freeclimber-lemur-3" }, { "id": "hs-26e8fa4732", "title": "EELS (Exobiology Extant Life Surveyor): how it is operated", "publisher": "jpl.nasa.gov", "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/robotics-at-jpl/eels" }, { "id": "hs-0a27cf3d52", "title": "KIRA B 50: how it is operated", "publisher": "kaercher.com", "url": "https://www.kaercher.com" }, { "id": "hs-ef89fb9585", "title": "KIRA B 200: how it is operated", "publisher": "kaercher.com", "url": "https://www.kaercher.com/" }, { "id": "hs-9a3cde554e", "title": "K7: how it is operated", "publisher": "knightscope.com", "url": "https://www.knightscope.com" }, { "id": "hs-bf4e81cf80", "title": "Botvac: how it is operated", "publisher": "ksl.com", "url": 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"https://meche.mit.edu/node/446" }, { "id": "hs-798d22ea34", "title": "PackBot: how it is operated", "publisher": "media.irobot.com", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/press-releases?item=122488" }, { "id": "hs-3914aff583", "title": "Braava jet: how it is operated", "publisher": "media.irobot.com", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/2016-03-15-iRobot-Grows-Consumer-Product-Lineup-with-Braava-jet-Mopping-Robot" }, { "id": "hs-571f082442", "title": "Roomba j7 / j7+: how it is operated", "publisher": "media.irobot.com", "url": "https://media.irobot.com/media-kits?item=32" }, { "id": "hs-ab2749317d", "title": "CyberDog 2: how it is operated", "publisher": "mi.com", "url": "https://www.mi.com/cyberdog2" }, { "id": "hs-ad59f34c9b", "title": "TerMIT (Termit): how it is operated", "publisher": "militarnyi.com", "url": "https://militarnyi.com/en/news/ukrainian-tencore-develops-ai-module-for-ugvs-key-functions-revealed/" }, { "id": "hs-c7c5f3ece0", "title": "ATRIAS: how it is operated", "publisher": "mime.engineering.oregonstate.edu", "url": "https://mime.engineering.oregonstate.edu/research/drl/_documents/rezazadeh_2015b.pdf" }, { "id": "hs-65441f0d7b", "title": "MiR100: how it is operated", "publisher": "mobile-industrial-robots.com", "url": "https://mobile-industrial-robots.com/" }, { "id": "hs-6bdb018f17", "title": "MiR250: how it is operated", "publisher": "mobile-industrial-robots.com", "url": "https://www.mobile-industrial-robots.com" }, { "id": "hs-b305767da1", "title": "Continental manufacturer listing (AMR IL 1200 / Intralogistics 1200)", "publisher": "mobile-robots.com", "url": "https://www.mobile-robots.com/manufacturer/continental/" }, { "id": "hs-d55ce2aa6b", "title": "Locus Robotics (product database)", "publisher": "mobile-robots.com", "url": "https://www.mobile-robots.com/manufacturer/locus-robotics/" }, { "id": "hs-0fde0cb74d", "title": "Oz: how it is operated", "publisher": "naio-technologies.com", "url": "https://www.naio-technologies.com/en/oz/" }, { "id": "hs-a5b09001e8", "title": "Ted: how it is operated", "publisher": "naio-technologies.com", "url": "https://www.naio-technologies.com/en/ted/" }, { "id": "hs-33f06098f8", "title": "SWORDS (armed TALON): how it is operated", "publisher": "nationaldefensemagazine.org", "url": "https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2007/9/1/2007september-gun-toting-robots-see-action-in-iraq" }, { "id": "hs-d3bc146665", "title": "RAIBO 2: how it is operated", "publisher": "news.kaist.ac.kr", "url": "https://news.kaist.ac.kr/newsen/" }, { "id": "hs-12521621e2", "title": "'Robots are an operations industry, not a machinery industry': Iris Ohyama launches cleaning robot JILBY", "publisher": "note (Kazumichi Moriyama)", "url": "https://note.com/kmoriyama/n/n797d3ca05698" }, { "id": "hs-540241150f", "title": "Rapyuta Robotics to deliver 65 picking-assist robots with weight inspection to a Kao warehouse", "publisher": "note (Kazumichi Moriyama)", "url": "https://note.com/kmoriyama/n/n8feca94558a1" }, { "id": "hs-09c19623cb", "title": "Gladiator Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle: how it is operated", "publisher": "nrec.ri.cmu.edu", "url": "https://www.nrec.ri.cmu.edu/solutions/defense/infantry-support/" }, { "id": "hs-aa2ae0e8a4", "title": "Walking Truck (Cybernetic Anthropomorphous Machine, CAM): how it is operated", "publisher": "ntrs.nasa.gov", "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19690012116/downloads/19690012116.pdf" }, { "id": "hs-12741da3d7", "title": "Ocado 500 Series bot: how it is operated", "publisher": "ocadogroup.com", "url": "https://www.ocadogroup.com" }, { "id": "hs-5c8245ce5e", "title": "MowBot: how it is operated", "publisher": "patents.google.com", "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US3570227A/en" }, { "id": "hs-423b395118", "title": "XM1219 Armed Robotic Vehicle (MULE family): how it is operated", "publisher": "patents.google.com", "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US7870816B1/en" }, { "id": "hs-989bcbaf96", "title": "Genghis: how it is operated", "publisher": "people.csail.mit.edu", "url": "https://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/elephants.pdf" }, { "id": "hs-17adc9552a", "title": "Bittle: how it is operated", "publisher": "petoi.com", "url": "https://www.petoi.com" }, { "id": "hs-01eccf6da5", "title": "Uran-9: how it is operated", "publisher": "popularmechanics.com", "url": "https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a18948/russias-new-ground-combat-drone-uran-9/" }, { "id": "hs-b94ca974fb", "title": "Guardian S: how it is operated", "publisher": "prnewswire.com", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mfe-rentals-named-by-sarcos-robotics-as-an-official-rental-and-resale-partner-for-the-guardian-s-remote-visual-inspection-robot-301093171.html" }, { "id": "hs-d2fc4f2f13", "title": "John Deere shows autonomous 9RX", "publisher": "profi", "url": "https://www.profi.co.uk/news/john-deere-shows-autonomous-9rx/" }, { "id": "hs-98ca6c0eb2", "title": "BellaBot: how it is operated", "publisher": "pudurobotics.com", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com" }, { "id": "hs-029fdd8da6", "title": "PUDU T300: how it is operated", "publisher": "pudurobotics.com", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/en/products/t300" }, { "id": "hs-9cb47ab501", "title": "PUDU T600: how it is operated", "publisher": "pudurobotics.com", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/" }, { "id": "hs-6462237ac8", "title": "Robotic solar pile driver three times faster than humans", "publisher": "pv magazine USA", "url": "https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2023/04/27/robotic-solar-pile-driver-three-times-faster-than-humans" }, { "id": "hs-0acc9f4c32", "title": "TALON: how it is operated", "publisher": "qinetiq.com", "url": "https://www.qinetiq.com/en-us/what-we-do/research-and-development/autonomous-systems/robotics/robotic-products/robot-controllers/tactical-robot-controller" }, { "id": "hs-f9c24c221c", "title": "MAARS (Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System): how it is operated", "publisher": "qinetiq.com", "url": "https://www.qinetiq.com/en/what-we-do/research-and-development/autonomous-systems/robotics/robotic-products/maars" }, { "id": "hs-1a8407103a", "title": "RBQ-10: how it is operated", "publisher": "rainbow-robotics.com", "url": "https://www.rainbow-robotics.com/" }, { "id": "hs-40cda2c48d", "title": "Nerekhta: how it is operated", "publisher": "raksha-anirveda.com", "url": "https://raksha-anirveda.com/rosoboronexport-launches-global-marketing-of-the-latest-ground-based-robotic-system/" }, { "id": "hs-27716ffefd", "title": "Coco delivery robot: how it is operated", "publisher": "rdworldonline.com", "url": "https://www.rdworldonline.com/doordash-and-coco-deploy-robot-fleet-with-remote-operators-for-urban-delivery" }, { "id": "hs-acf485fc8c", "title": "BigDog: how it is operated", "publisher": "researchgate.net", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280776075_Robots_Step_Outside" }, { "id": "hs-7f83aaa73e", "title": "LAURON V: how it is operated", "publisher": "researchgate.net", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263740139_LAURON_V_A_Versatile_Six-Legged_Walking_Robot_with_Advanced_Maneuverability" }, { "id": "hs-27aa672bb6", "title": "Mission Master SP: how it is operated", "publisher": "rheinmetall.com", "url": "https://www.rheinmetall.com" }, { "id": "hs-827a6e8c18", "title": "Ambler: how it is operated", "publisher": "ri.cmu.edu", "url": "https://www.ri.cmu.edu/project/ambler/" }, { "id": "hs-2dd9b4da89", "title": "Dante: how it is operated", "publisher": "ri.cmu.edu", "url": "https://www.ri.cmu.edu/publications/the-mt-erebus-explorer-control-system" }, { "id": "hs-147f82a4fe", "title": "RiSE: how it is operated", "publisher": "ri.cmu.edu", "url": "https://www.ri.cmu.edu/project/robots-in-scansorial-environments" }, { "id": "hs-4bbb43617e", "title": "temi: how it is operated", "publisher": "robotemi.com", "url": "https://www.robotemi.com" }, { "id": "hs-099b98c8cb", "title": "Gecko Robotics gets $125m, hits $1.3b valuation", "publisher": "robotics.press (Tech in Asia)", "url": "https://robotics.press/news/gecko-robotics-125m-series-d-1-3b-valuation/" }, { "id": "hs-b3f8df1b98", "title": "HEAP (Hydraulic Excavator for an Autonomous Purpose): how it is operated", "publisher": "rsl.ethz.ch", "url": "https://rsl.ethz.ch" }, { "id": "hs-537fb95fa6", "title": "Lift RS1 (Palion Lift): how it is operated", "publisher": "seegrid.com", "url": "https://seegrid.com" }, { "id": "hs-ce9b99a413", "title": "Serve Gen 3 robot: how it is operated", "publisher": "serverobotics.com", "url": "https://www.serverobotics.com/" }, { "id": "hs-e486cbf7a4", "title": "Colossus: how it is operated", "publisher": "shark-robotics.com", "url": "https://www.shark-robotics.com/" }, { "id": "hs-b872257bef", "title": "Adaptive Suspension Vehicle", "publisher": "shvachko.net", "url": "https://shvachko.net/?p=1088" }, { "id": "hs-b85ee2e762", "title": "'Plusjack' Walking harvester", "publisher": "shvachko.net", "url": "https://shvachko.net/?p=1012" }, { "id": "hs-63faff2dbf", "title": "Whiz: how it is operated", "publisher": "softbankrobotics.com", "url": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com" }, { "id": "hs-f83aa550c1", "title": "Whiz B: how it is operated", "publisher": "softbankrobotics.com", "url": "https://www.softbankrobotics.com/jp/" }, { "id": "hs-c5d94ffd8b", "title": "Solix (Scouting and Sprayer): how it is operated", "publisher": "solinftec.com", "url": "https://www.solinftec.com" }, { "id": "hs-1a2f9b1e0a", "title": "AIBO ERS-210: how it is operated", "publisher": "sony.com", "url": "https://www.sony.com/ja/SonyInfo/News/Press/200010/00-050b/" }, { "id": "hs-fe90c60aca", "title": "AIBO ERS-111: how it is operated", "publisher": "sony.jp", "url": "https://www.sony.jp/products/Consumer/aibo/support/web_manual/ERS-11x/ERS111RaisingAIBO.pdf" }, { "id": "hs-64d1e2396f", "title": "AIBO ERS-220: how it is operated", "publisher": "sony.jp", "url": "https://www.sony.jp/CorporateCruise/Press/200111/01-1108/" }, { "id": "hs-f045c26867", "title": "Starship delivery robot: how it is operated", "publisher": "starship.xyz", "url": "https://www.starship.xyz/" }, { "id": "hs-ee4e83fcd1", "title": "SwarmBot: how it is operated", "publisher": "swarmfarm.com", "url": "https://www.swarmfarm.com" }, { "id": "hs-e1aff8b252", "title": "RIVR Two (Swiss-Mile wheeled-legged robot): how it is operated", "publisher": "techcrunch.com", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/27/veho-is-piloting-rivrs-dog-like-robots-for-last-100-yards-parcel-delivery-in-austin/" }, { "id": "hs-bbfc2f2c3b", "title": "Ascento Guard: how it is operated", "publisher": "techcrunch.com", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2023/09/11/ascento/" }, { "id": "hs-86a6591d06", "title": "tEODor: how it is operated", "publisher": "telerob.com", "url": "https://www.telerob.com/" }, { "id": "hs-7752102b9c", "title": "temi", "publisher": "temi", "url": "https://www.robotemi.com/" }, { "id": "hs-c1d5ea2bb0", "title": "temi specs", "publisher": "temi", "url": "https://www.robotemi.com/product/temi/" }, { "id": "hs-12b2164848", "title": "Tertill: how it is operated", "publisher": "tertill.com", "url": "https://tertill.com" }, { "id": "hs-7183924dab", "title": "REX MKII: how it is operated", "publisher": "thedefensepost.com", "url": "https://www.thedefensepost.com/2021/09/14/israel-semi-autonomous-robot" }, { "id": "hs-dcbda1b99f", "title": "MULE (Multi-Utility Legged Equipment): how it is operated", "publisher": "thedefensepost.com", "url": "https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/09/14/indian-army-mule-robot/" }, { "id": "hs-dcf54b24c4", "title": "Kiwibot: how it is operated", "publisher": "thehustle.co", "url": "https://thehustle.co/kiwibots-autonomous-food-delivery" }, { "id": "hs-7b7cf5a69d", "title": "Amiga: how it is operated", "publisher": "therobotreport.com", "url": "https://www.therobotreport.com/farm-ng-updates-software-amiga-robot-small-midsize-farms/" }, { "id": "hs-d1930d814c", "title": "Laikago: how it is operated", "publisher": "unitree.com", "url": "https://www.unitree.com" }, { "id": "hs-5fae7cf1f4", "title": "A2 (Stellar Hunter): how it is operated", "publisher": "unitree.com", "url": "https://www.unitree.com/" }, { "id": "hs-8c4fc2950b", "title": "THeMIS: how it is operated", "publisher": "unmannedsystemstechnology.com", "url": "https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2017/12/milrem-adds-waypoint-navigation-unmanned-ground-vehicles/" }, { "id": "hs-453ef5822e", "title": "TITAN: how it is operated", "publisher": "unmannedsystemstechnology.com", "url": "https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2018/12/british-armed-forces-test-ugvs/" }, { "id": "hs-97e2e21d49", "title": "UVD Robot: how it is operated", "publisher": "uvd.blue-ocean-robotics.com", "url": "https://uvd.blue-ocean-robotics.com" }, { "id": "hs-06d1101bed", "title": "SpotMini: how it is operated", "publisher": "wired.com", "url": "https://www.wired.com/video/watch/the-story-behind-the-internet-s-favorite-robots" }, { "id": "hs-89f5b7e92a", "title": "ATHLETE (All-Terrain Hex-Limbed Extra-Terrestrial Explorer): how it is operated", "publisher": "www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov", "url": "https://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/media/documents/howe-wilcox-mcquin-mittman-townsend-politcasillas-litwin-earthandspace2014_FACS.pdf" }, { "id": "hs-847c013a92", "title": "RoboSimian: how it is operated", "publisher": "www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov", "url": "https://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/how-we-do-it/systems/robosimian/" }, { "id": "hs-f4eb223d0b", "title": "KAPLAN EOD robot: how it is operated", "publisher": "wwwcdn.aselsan.com", "url": "https://wwwcdn.aselsan.com/api/file/KAPLAN_ENG.pdf" }, { "id": "hs-a8f2d40d2a", "title": "Wall-climbing inspection robots: how it is operated", "publisher": "ycombinator.com", "url": "https://www.ycombinator.com/blog/gecko-robotics-yc-w16-builds-robots-to-automate-infrastructure-inspections/" }, { "id": "hs-b0d62b14ce", "title": "Civ Robotics profile", "publisher": "yespress", "url": "https://yespress.io/civ-robotics.md" }, { "id": "hs-91635860fe", "title": "Freight1500: how it is operated", "publisher": "zebra.com", "url": "https://www.zebra.com" }, { "id": "hs-c64ae141fb", "title": "Neolix passes 220 million km of operation; founder sets 10-million-vehicle goal", "publisher": "凤凰网科技 (Phoenix Tech)", "url": "https://tech.ifeng.com/c/8vnKo7mzTZu" }, { "id": "hs-4a07b8974c", "title": "Zelos unmanned vehicle launch: Z10 at RMB 89,800", "publisher": "快科技 (MyDrivers)", "url": "https://news.mydrivers.com/1/988/988711.htm" } ] }