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Navlab 5 vs Navlab 2 vs Navlab 1
Price, size, speed, payload, battery and joints for 3 vehicles, from published figures. Green marks the best published value.
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Robot 1 Choose a robot 2getthere: ParkShuttle Generation III (2022) 2getthere (chassis by Spijkstaal): ParkShuttle II (2006) A³ by Airbus: Vahana (2018) Academy of Robotics: Kar-go (2019) Airport Authority Hong Kong with UISEE Technology: HKIA autonomous airside staff bus (BYD J6 with UISEE system) (2022) Alexander Dennis with Fusion Processing: Enviro200AV (CAVForth) (2019) Amazon: Prime Air MK30 (2024) AMMO.Ukraine: Marichka (2023) AMS Institute with MIT, TU Delft and Wageningen University: Roboat (2021) Anduril Australia with the Australian Department of Defence: Ghost Shark (2024) Anduril Industries: YFQ-44A Fury (production FQ-44A) (2025) Aptiv (later Motional): Aptiv self-driving BMW 5 Series (Lyft Las Vegas) (2018) Argo AI with Ford: Argo AI third-generation test vehicle (Ford Fusion Hybrid) (2019) Argo AI with Ford: Argo AI Ford Escape Hybrid robotaxi (2022) Aurora Innovation with International Motors and Roush: Aurora Driver second-generation truck (International LT Series) (2026) Aurora Innovation with PACCAR: Aurora Driver first-generation truck (PACCAR Peterbilt / Kenworth) (2025) Aurrigo: Auto-DollyTug (third generation) (2022) AutoFlight: CarryAll (V2000CG) (2024) Automotive Research & Testing Center (ARTC): WinBus (2020) Autonomous a2z: ROii (2025) AutoX: AutoX RoboTaxi (Shenzhen driverless fleet) (2021) Auve Tech: MiCa (2022) Avride (Nebius Group): Avride robotaxi (Hyundai IONIQ 5) (2025) Baidu Apollo: Apollo Lincoln MKZ test car (US) (2021) Baidu Apollo: Apolong II (2021) Baidu Apollo (built by JMC): Apollo RT6 (6th-gen robotaxi) (2022) Baidu Apollo with BAIC ARCFOX: Apollo Moon (5th-gen robotaxi, ARCFOX version) (2021) Baidu Apollo with FAW Hongqi: Apollo Robotaxi (Hongqi E-Jie / Hongqi EV) (2019) Baidu Apollo with King Long (Xiamen King Long United Automotive): Apolong (2018) Baykar: Bayraktar Kizilelma (2022) Beep with Oxa (on Ford E-Transit): NAVI autonomous shuttle (Ford E-Transit with Oxa Driver) (2025) BlackSea Technologies (acquired by AEVEX, 2026): GARC (Global Autonomous Reconnaissance Craft) (2023) Boeing: Echo Voyager (2016) Boeing: MQ-25 Stingray (2019) Boeing Australia: MQ-28 Ghost Bat (2021) Boeing NeXt with Aurora Flight Sciences: Passenger Air Vehicle (PAV) (2019) Boeing with Huntington Ingalls Industries: Orca XLUUV (2023) Boonray Technology: Boonray autonomous electric mining trucks (BLEB145A1) (2018) Bot Auto: Bot Auto autonomous truck (retrofitted Freightliner) (2025) Bundeswehr University Munich (Ernst Dickmanns): VaMoRs (1986) Bundeswehr University Munich with Mercedes-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS): VaMP (1994) Cainiao (Alibaba Group): Cainiao GT (2024) Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026: Cainiao GT Pro (2025) Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026: Cainiao GT-Lite (2025) Cao Cao Mobility (Geely): Cao Cao Mobility Robotaxi (Hangzhou fleet) (2026) Carnegie Mellon University Red Team: H1ghlander (2005) Carnegie Mellon University Red Team: Sandstorm (2005) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 1 (1986) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 2 (1990) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 5 (1995) Caterpillar: Cat MineStar Command for hauling (789D, 793D/F, 797F, 794 AC) (2013) Caterpillar: Cat autonomous quarry haulage (Luck Stone Bull Run) (2024) Clevon (now indiGO Europe, part of indiGOtech): CLEVON 1 (GO Bot) (2022) Cruise (General Motors): Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt EV) (2016) Cruise (General Motors) with Honda: Cruise Origin (2020) Daimler Trucks North America: Freightliner Inspiration Truck (2015) Daimler with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Mercedes-Benz S 500 Intelligent Drive (Bertha Benz drive) (2013) Daimler-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS): VITA-2 (1994) DeepRoute.ai with Cao Cao Mobility: DeepRoute.ai Robotaxi (Shenzhen Futian) (2021) Delphi Automotive: Delphi automated driving car (coast-to-coast) (2015) DFFAS consortium led by Japan Marine Science (NYK group): SUZAKU (DFFAS autonomous container ship) (2022) DiDi Autonomous Driving: DiDi Autonomous Driving robotaxi (Shanghai pilot) (2020) DiDi Autonomous Driving: DiDi Neuron (2023) DiDi Autonomous Driving with GAC Aion (Andi Technology joint venture): DiDi and GAC Aion factory-built L4 robotaxi (2025) DJI: FlyCart 30 (2023) Drive.ai: Drive.ai self-driving van (Nissan NV200) (2018) EACON Mining Technology: EACON L4 autonomous mining trucks (ORCASTRA) (2018) EasyMile: EZ10 (first generation) (2015) EasyMile: EZ10 Gen 2 (2018) EasyMile: EZ10 Gen 3 (2019) Eelume AS with Kongsberg Maritime and Equinor: Eelume (2016) EHang: EHang 184 (2016) EHang: EH216-S (2023) EHang: VT35 (2025) Einride: Einride Pod (formerly T-pod) (2017) Elroy Air: Chaparral C1 (2022) Embark Trucks: Embark autonomous truck (Peterbilt 579) (2017) Fernride: Fernride autonomous terminal tractor (Terberg base) (2023) Flytrex: Flytrex Sky2 (2026) Fusion Processing with First Bus (Fiat Ducato base): Milton Park autonomous minibus (2023) Gatik: Gatik driverless box truck (2021) Gaussin: Gaussin APM 75T autonomous terminal tractor (2019) Gaussin with ST Engineering Land Systems: Gaussin AGV Performance (ST Engineering, PSA Singapore) (2018) Geely with CaoCao: Eva Cab (2026) General Atomics Aeronautical Systems: YFQ-42A Dark Merlin (production FQ-42A) (2025) Glydways: Glydcar (2025) Google (Project Chauffeur, later Waymo): Google self-driving Toyota Prius (2009) Gottwald Port Technology (now Konecranes): Gottwald / Konecranes diesel-electric AGV (2001) Hellobike (Hello Inc.): Hello HR1 (Hello Robot1) (2025) HII Mission Technologies: REMUS 620 (2022) Hitachi Construction Machinery: Hitachi AHS on EH5000AC-3 (2020) Holon (Benteler Group): Holon Urban (launched as Holon Mover) (2023) Huangpu Wenchong Shipbuilding (CSSC) for the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai): Zhu Hai Yun (2022) IAV: HEAT shuttle (Hamburg Electric Autonomous Transportation) (2019) Ike Robotics: Ike autonomous truck (2018) Inceptio Technology with Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle: Dongfeng heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system (2021) Inceptio Technology with Sinotruk Jinan Truck: Sinotruk heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system (2021) International Submarine Engineering for Defence Research Establishment Pacific: Theseus (1995) ISEE: ISEE autonomous yard truck (2021) Isuzu with AIST and Nippon Koei: Erga Mio autonomous mid-size bus (2020) JD Logistics: JD Logistics L4 autonomous van (2025) Joby Aviation (autonomy stack acquired from Xwing in 2024): J208 autonomous Cessna Caravan (ex-Xwing Superflight) (2026) Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024): Kalmar AutoShuttle (2008) Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024) with Patrick Terminals: Kalmar AutoStrad automated straddle carrier (2005) Kaman Aerospace and Lockheed Martin: Unmanned K-MAX (2011) KargoBot (spun out of DiDi): KargoBot L4 robotruck (KargoPlatform) (2021) Karsan with ADASTEC: Autonomous e-ATAK (2021) Karsan with ADASTEC: Autonomous e-JEST (2025) Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha with Japan Radio and YDK Technologies: Hokuren Maru No. 2 (autonomous Ro-Ro retrofit) (2023) KG Mobility with SWM: Gangnam late-night autonomous taxi (KGM Korando EV with SWM) (2024) KG Mobility with SWM: Torres EVX robotaxi (KGM with SWM) (2026) Kitty Hawk / Zephyr Airworks (later Wisk Aero): Cora (later Wisk Cora, 5th generation) (2018) Kodiak AI (formerly Kodiak Robotics): Kodiak RoboTruck (Kodiak Driver) (2024) Komatsu: Komatsu FrontRunner AHS (930E, 980E, 830E) (2008) Konecranes: Konecranes Gottwald battery AGV (lead-acid and Li-ion) (2011) Kratos Defense & Security Solutions: XQ-58 Valkyrie (2019) Leidos: Seahawk (medium USV) (2021) Leidos for DARPA (built by Christensen Shipyards and Vigor Industrial): Sea Hunter (ACTUV) (2016) Liebherr: Liebherr T 264 autonomous (battery-electric) (2023) Liquid Robotics (Boeing subsidiary since 2016): Wave Glider (2009) Local Motors: Olli (2016) Local Motors: Olli 2.0 (2019) Locomation: Locomation Autonomous Relay Convoy (2020) LOXO: LOXO Alpha (2023) MAN Truck & Bus (TRATON) and ATLAS-L4 consortium: MAN ATLAS-L4 autonomous truck (2024) MAN Truck & Bus with ADASTEC: Lion's City 12 E autonomous (MINGA project) (2023) Manna: Manna delivery drone (2020) Marubeni consortium with Mitsui E&S, Tryangle and Yokosuka City: Sea Friend Zero (Sarushima autonomous tourism boat) (2022) Matternet: Matternet M2 (2017) May Mobility: Autonomous shuttle on Polaris GEM e6 (2018) May Mobility: May Mobility Lexus RX 450h (2021) May Mobility with Toyota: May Mobility Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS (2023) Meituan: Meituan autonomous delivery vehicle (2020) Meituan: Meituan new-generation delivery vehicle (2021) Meituan: Meituan fourth-generation delivery drone (2025) Meituan: M-Drone 4L Winch (2026) Merlin: Merlin Pilot (Cessna Caravan and C-130J programmes) (2023) Minus Zero: zPod (2023) Mitsubishi Shipbuilding with Shin Nihonkai Ferry: SOLEIL (MEGURI2040 autonomous ferry trial) (2022) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium (Mitsui E&S Shipbuilding, Furuno, MOL Ferry): Sunflower Shiretoko (MEGURI2040 ferry trial) (2022) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium with Imoto Lines: Mikage (autonomous container ship trials) (2022) Mobileye: Mobileye Drive robotaxi (NIO-based) (2021) Momenta: Momenta Robotaxi (2025) Momenta with Mercedes-Benz and Lumo: Mercedes-Benz S-Class robotaxi (Momenta, Abu Dhabi) (2025) MooVita: MooBus (2021) Motional (Hyundai Motor Group): Motional IONIQ 5 robotaxi (2021) National Oceanography Centre: Boaty McBoatface (Autosub Long Range) (2017) Navya: Arma (later Autonom Shuttle) (2015) Navya (Gama from 2023, Navya Mobility from 2024): Autonom Shuttle Evo (Evo L4) (2020) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix first-generation L4 delivery vehicle (2019) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X3 Plus (2023) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X6 (2024) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X3 (2024) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X12 (H12) (2025) Next Future Transportation: Autonomous modular pod (2018) Nippon Mobility (on Hino Poncho Long): Hino Poncho Long autonomous bus (2021) Nissan: Nissan Serena autonomous mobility service vehicle (2025) Nissan with DeNA: Easy Ride robo-vehicle (Nissan LEAF) (2018) Northrop Grumman: RQ-4 Global Hawk (1998) Northrop Grumman: X-47B (2011) Nuro: Nuro R1 (2018) Nuro: Nuro R2 (2020) Nuro: Nuro R3 (2022) nuTonomy: nuTonomy robotaxi (Renault Zoe / Mitsubishi i-MiEV) (2016) Ohmio: Ohmio Lift (2019) Otto (Uber): Otto self-driving truck (Volvo VNL) (2016) Outrider: Outrider autonomous yard truck (2020) ParkShuttle (Rivium) programme: ParkShuttle Generation I (1999) PlusAI with International Motors (TRATON): International LT with PlusAI SuperDrive (2025) Pony.ai: Pony.ai Lexus RX robotaxi (2019) Pony.ai: PonyTron L4 truck (FAW Jiefang J7) (2021) Pony.ai with BAIC ARCFOX: Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (BAIC ARCFOX Alpha T5) (2025) Pony.ai with CATL: Pony.ai L4 light-duty truck (2026) Pony.ai with GAC Aion: Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (GAC Aion V, 2nd gen) (2025) Pony.ai with Hyundai and Via: BotRide (Hyundai KONA Electric) (2019) Pony.ai with SANY Heavy Truck: Pony.ai-SANY L4 heavy truck (2022) Pony.ai with SANY Truck and Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor: Pony.ai Gen-4 autonomous truck (2025) Pony.ai with Toyota: Pony.ai Gen-6 robotaxi (Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS) (2022) Pony.ai with Toyota (GAC Toyota): Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (Toyota bZ4X) (2025) ProMare with IBM: Mayflower Autonomous Ship (MAS400) (2021) Pronto: Pronto AHS (retrofit on Cat 775G, Komatsu HD605) (2023) PSA International (multiple suppliers): PSA Tuas Port AGV fleet (2022) Pyka: Pelican Cargo (2023) QCraft: Longzhou ONE Robobus (2021) QCraft with Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus: Longzhou SPACE Robobus (2024) Reliable Robotics: Reliable Robotics Cessna 208 Caravan (2020) RideFlux: RideFlux driver-out robotaxi (Genesis GV80) (2024) Rolls-Royce with Finferries: Falco (autonomous ferry demonstration) (2018) SafeAI (with Obayashi and Avia Engineering): SafeAI and Obayashi autonomous electric Cat 725 retrofit (2023) SAIC Mobility with Momenta: SAIC Mobility Robotaxi (Rising Auto Marvel R) (2021) Saildrone: Saildrone Explorer (2014) Saildrone: Saildrone Surveyor (2021) Saildrone: Saildrone Voyager (2023) Sandvik: AutoMine (automated underground loaders and trucks) (2004) SANY: SANY SKT90E unmanned electric wide-body mining truck (2020) Saronic Technologies: Corsair (2024) Saronic Technologies: Mirage (2026) Scania (TRATON): Scania autonomous hub-to-hub truck (2021) Scania with Nobina: Citywide LF electric autonomous bus (2019) SEA-KIT International: Maxlimer (SEA-KIT X-class USV) (2018) Sefine Shipyard with Aselsan: TCB Marlin SIDA (2024) Sensible 4 with MUJI: GACHA (2019) Seoul Metropolitan Government (Hyundai Elec City buses): Seoul late-night autonomous bus A21 (Hyundai Elec City) (2023) Shenzhen Haylion Technologies with Shenzhen Bus Group: Alphaba smart bus (2017) Skye Air Mobility: Skye Ship One (2022) Stack AV with PACCAR / Peterbilt: Stack AV autonomous Peterbilt 579 (2026) Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University): Junior (2007) Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University) with Volkswagen ERL: Stanley (2005) Tartan Racing (Carnegie Mellon University and General Motors): Boss (2007) Teledyne Webb Research: Slocum glider (1989) Tensor (formerly AutoX): Tensor Robocar (2025) Terberg with Embotech: Embotech / Terberg automated electric terminal tractor (2025) Tesla: Tesla Cybercab (2024) Tesla: Tesla Robovan (2024) Tesla: Tesla Robotaxi (Model Y service fleet) (2025) Tianjin Port Group with Huawei: Tianjin Port Section C L4 electric container trucks (2021) Tier IV: Tier IV robotaxi (Toyota JPN Taxi with Autoware) (2024) Torc Robotics and Daimler Truck North America: Freightliner Cascadia autonomous (Torc Virtual Driver) (2024) Torghatten with Zeabuz: MF Estelle (2023) Toyota: e-Palette (Tokyo 2020 version) (2019) TractEasy (TLD with EasyMile): TractEasy EZTow (2018) Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (MITI): Tsukuba self-driving car (1977) Turing Drive: Turing Drive Xinyi Road autonomous bus (2020) TuSimple: TuSimple Driver Out autonomous semi-truck (2021) TuSimple (now CreateAI): TuSimple China driverless truck (2023) Uber Advanced Technologies Group: Uber ATG self-driving Ford Fusion Hybrid (2016) Uber Advanced Technologies Group with Volvo Cars: Uber ATG self-driving Volvo XC90 (2017) Uber, Lucid and Nuro: Uber robotaxi (Lucid Gravity with Nuro Driver) (2025) Udelv: Udelv Newton (2019) Udelv with Mobileye: Udelv Transporter (2021) University of Parma (Alberto Broggi's group, later VisLab): ARGO (1998) US Navy: Spartan Scout (2003) Vayu Robotics: Vayu road delivery robot (2024) Verne (Rimac Group): Verne robotaxi (purpose-built two-seater) (2024) VisLab (University of Parma): BRAiVE (2009) VisLab (University of Parma): VIAC vans (VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge) (2010) VisLab (University of Parma): DEEVA (2014) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles / MOIA, with Mobileye: Volkswagen ID. Buzz AD (2021) Volvo Autonomous Solutions (Volvo Group): Volvo Autonomous Solutions quarry trucks (Autona earth, Volvo FH) (2023) Volvo Autonomous Solutions with Aurora Innovation: Volvo VNL Autonomous (Aurora Driver) (2024) Volvo Buses with NTU Singapore: 7900 Electric autonomous bus (2019) Volvo Trucks (Volvo Group): Volvo Vera (2018) Waabi with Volvo Autonomous Solutions: Volvo VNL Autonomous powered by the Waabi Driver (2025) Waymo: Waymo Via autonomous Class 8 truck (2017) Waymo (Google self-driving car project): Firefly (Google self-driving car prototype) (2014) Waymo with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles: Waymo Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid (4th-gen Waymo Driver) (2016) Waymo with Hyundai Motor Group: Waymo Hyundai IONIQ 5 (6th-gen Waymo Driver) (2024) Waymo with Jaguar Land Rover: Waymo Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen Waymo Driver) (2018) Waymo with Zeekr (Geely): Waymo Ojai (6th-gen Waymo Driver, Zeekr-built) (2021) Waytous (Huituo) with CASIC Aerospace Heavy Industry: Driverless MT4400 220-tonne haul trucks (Baorixile mine) (2020) Wayve: Wayve Jaguar I-PACE test fleet (2019) Wayve with Uber: Wayve AI Driver robotaxi on Uber (London) (2026) WeRide: WeRide Robotaxi (first fleet, Guangzhou) (2018) WeRide: Robovan W5 (2025) WeRide with Geely Farizon: Robotaxi GXR (2024) WeRide with Geely Farizon and Kwoon Chung: Robotaxi GXR right-hand-drive (Hong Kong) (2026) WeRide with Yutong: Robobus (Yutong Xiaoyu 2.0) (2021) Westfield Technology Group: Westfield POD (GATEway) (2017) Westwell (Shanghai Westwell-Lab Technology): Westwell Qomolo Q-Truck (2021) White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai): White Rhino early unmanned delivery vehicle (2020) White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai): White Rhino R5 (2025) Wing (Alphabet): Wing delivery drone (2019) Wisk Aero (Boeing subsidiary; Archer acquisition announced August 2026): Wisk Gen 6 (2022) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer) (1994) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Sentry (2006) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Nereus (2009) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Oceanographic Systems Lab); Hydroid from 2001: REMUS (original) (1995) XCMG: XCMG XDR80TE-AT cabless autonomous electric mining truck (2023) XCMG (for China Huaneng; software with Huawei): XCMG ZNK95 "Huaneng Ruichi" driverless electric mining truck (2025) Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus: Astar autonomous minibus (2019) Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus with Mogo Auto: MOGO BUS (2022) Xiamen King Long (vehicle) with Baidu (system), operated by KC Smart Mobility and Prime Motors JV: HKIA landside autonomous bus (2026) XPeng: XPeng Yoyo robotaxi (GX-based) (2025) Yamaha Motor with AIST: ZEN drive Pilot (Yamaha Land Car) (2023) Yandex: Yandex self-driving car (Toyota Prius+ prototype) (2017) Yandex (Yandex Self-Driving Group) with Hyundai Mobis: Yandex robotaxi (Hyundai Sonata) (2019) Yara International with Kongsberg Maritime: Yara Birkeland (2021) Yutong Bus: Yutong autonomous city bus (2015 road test) (2015) Yutong Bus: Xiaoyu (first generation) (2019) Yutong Bus: Yutong U12 intelligent bus (WITGO system) (2020) Zeabuz for the Government of Aland: Simskala ferry Virtual Cable Ferry system (2026) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z5 (2023) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z10 (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z2 (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z5 (2024 edition) (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z8 (2024) Zipline: Zipline Platform 1 (P1) (2016) Zipline: Zipline Platform 2 (P2 Zip) (2023) Zoox (Amazon): Zoox Toyota Highlander test fleet (2018) Zoox (Amazon): Zoox robotaxi (2020) ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries): ZPMC L-AGV lift AGV (Qingdao Qianwan) (2015) ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries): ZPMC AGV (Yangshan Phase IV) (2017) Robot 2 Choose a robot 2getthere: ParkShuttle Generation III (2022) 2getthere (chassis by Spijkstaal): ParkShuttle II (2006) A³ by Airbus: Vahana (2018) Academy of Robotics: Kar-go (2019) Airport Authority Hong Kong with UISEE Technology: HKIA autonomous airside staff bus (BYD J6 with UISEE system) (2022) Alexander Dennis with Fusion Processing: Enviro200AV (CAVForth) (2019) Amazon: Prime Air MK30 (2024) AMMO.Ukraine: Marichka (2023) AMS Institute with MIT, TU Delft and Wageningen University: Roboat (2021) Anduril Australia with the Australian Department of Defence: Ghost Shark (2024) Anduril Industries: YFQ-44A Fury (production FQ-44A) (2025) Aptiv (later Motional): Aptiv self-driving BMW 5 Series (Lyft Las Vegas) (2018) Argo AI with Ford: Argo AI third-generation test vehicle (Ford Fusion Hybrid) (2019) Argo AI with Ford: Argo AI Ford Escape Hybrid robotaxi (2022) Aurora Innovation with International Motors and Roush: Aurora Driver second-generation truck (International LT Series) (2026) Aurora Innovation with PACCAR: Aurora Driver first-generation truck (PACCAR Peterbilt / Kenworth) (2025) Aurrigo: Auto-DollyTug (third generation) (2022) AutoFlight: CarryAll (V2000CG) (2024) Automotive Research & Testing Center (ARTC): WinBus (2020) Autonomous a2z: ROii (2025) AutoX: AutoX RoboTaxi (Shenzhen driverless fleet) (2021) Auve Tech: MiCa (2022) Avride (Nebius Group): Avride robotaxi (Hyundai IONIQ 5) (2025) Baidu Apollo: Apollo Lincoln MKZ test car (US) (2021) Baidu Apollo: Apolong II (2021) Baidu Apollo (built by JMC): Apollo RT6 (6th-gen robotaxi) (2022) Baidu Apollo with BAIC ARCFOX: Apollo Moon (5th-gen robotaxi, ARCFOX version) (2021) Baidu Apollo with FAW Hongqi: Apollo Robotaxi (Hongqi E-Jie / Hongqi EV) (2019) Baidu Apollo with King Long (Xiamen King Long United Automotive): Apolong (2018) Baykar: Bayraktar Kizilelma (2022) Beep with Oxa (on Ford E-Transit): NAVI autonomous shuttle (Ford E-Transit with Oxa Driver) (2025) BlackSea Technologies (acquired by AEVEX, 2026): GARC (Global Autonomous Reconnaissance Craft) (2023) Boeing: Echo Voyager (2016) Boeing: MQ-25 Stingray (2019) Boeing Australia: MQ-28 Ghost Bat (2021) Boeing NeXt with Aurora Flight Sciences: Passenger Air Vehicle (PAV) (2019) Boeing with Huntington Ingalls Industries: Orca XLUUV (2023) Boonray Technology: Boonray autonomous electric mining trucks (BLEB145A1) (2018) Bot Auto: Bot Auto autonomous truck (retrofitted Freightliner) (2025) Bundeswehr University Munich (Ernst Dickmanns): VaMoRs (1986) Bundeswehr University Munich with Mercedes-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS): VaMP (1994) Cainiao (Alibaba Group): Cainiao GT (2024) Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026: Cainiao GT Pro (2025) Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026: Cainiao GT-Lite (2025) Cao Cao Mobility (Geely): Cao Cao Mobility Robotaxi (Hangzhou fleet) (2026) Carnegie Mellon University Red Team: H1ghlander (2005) Carnegie Mellon University Red Team: Sandstorm (2005) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 1 (1986) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 2 (1990) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 5 (1995) Caterpillar: Cat MineStar Command for hauling (789D, 793D/F, 797F, 794 AC) (2013) Caterpillar: Cat autonomous quarry haulage (Luck Stone Bull Run) (2024) Clevon (now indiGO Europe, part of indiGOtech): CLEVON 1 (GO Bot) (2022) Cruise (General Motors): Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt EV) (2016) Cruise (General Motors) with Honda: Cruise Origin (2020) Daimler Trucks North America: Freightliner Inspiration Truck (2015) Daimler with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Mercedes-Benz S 500 Intelligent Drive (Bertha Benz drive) (2013) Daimler-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS): VITA-2 (1994) DeepRoute.ai with Cao Cao Mobility: DeepRoute.ai Robotaxi (Shenzhen Futian) (2021) Delphi Automotive: Delphi automated driving car (coast-to-coast) (2015) DFFAS consortium led by Japan Marine Science (NYK group): SUZAKU (DFFAS autonomous container ship) (2022) DiDi Autonomous Driving: DiDi Autonomous Driving robotaxi (Shanghai pilot) (2020) DiDi Autonomous Driving: DiDi Neuron (2023) DiDi Autonomous Driving with GAC Aion (Andi Technology joint venture): DiDi and GAC Aion factory-built L4 robotaxi (2025) DJI: FlyCart 30 (2023) Drive.ai: Drive.ai self-driving van (Nissan NV200) (2018) EACON Mining Technology: EACON L4 autonomous mining trucks (ORCASTRA) (2018) EasyMile: EZ10 (first generation) (2015) EasyMile: EZ10 Gen 2 (2018) EasyMile: EZ10 Gen 3 (2019) Eelume AS with Kongsberg Maritime and Equinor: Eelume (2016) EHang: EHang 184 (2016) EHang: EH216-S (2023) EHang: VT35 (2025) Einride: Einride Pod (formerly T-pod) (2017) Elroy Air: Chaparral C1 (2022) Embark Trucks: Embark autonomous truck (Peterbilt 579) (2017) Fernride: Fernride autonomous terminal tractor (Terberg base) (2023) Flytrex: Flytrex Sky2 (2026) Fusion Processing with First Bus (Fiat Ducato base): Milton Park autonomous minibus (2023) Gatik: Gatik driverless box truck (2021) Gaussin: Gaussin APM 75T autonomous terminal tractor (2019) Gaussin with ST Engineering Land Systems: Gaussin AGV Performance (ST Engineering, PSA Singapore) (2018) Geely with CaoCao: Eva Cab (2026) General Atomics Aeronautical Systems: YFQ-42A Dark Merlin (production FQ-42A) (2025) Glydways: Glydcar (2025) Google (Project Chauffeur, later Waymo): Google self-driving Toyota Prius (2009) Gottwald Port Technology (now Konecranes): Gottwald / Konecranes diesel-electric AGV (2001) Hellobike (Hello Inc.): Hello HR1 (Hello Robot1) (2025) HII Mission Technologies: REMUS 620 (2022) Hitachi Construction Machinery: Hitachi AHS on EH5000AC-3 (2020) Holon (Benteler Group): Holon Urban (launched as Holon Mover) (2023) Huangpu Wenchong Shipbuilding (CSSC) for the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai): Zhu Hai Yun (2022) IAV: HEAT shuttle (Hamburg Electric Autonomous Transportation) (2019) Ike Robotics: Ike autonomous truck (2018) Inceptio Technology with Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle: Dongfeng heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system (2021) Inceptio Technology with Sinotruk Jinan Truck: Sinotruk heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system (2021) International Submarine Engineering for Defence Research Establishment Pacific: Theseus (1995) ISEE: ISEE autonomous yard truck (2021) Isuzu with AIST and Nippon Koei: Erga Mio autonomous mid-size bus (2020) JD Logistics: JD Logistics L4 autonomous van (2025) Joby Aviation (autonomy stack acquired from Xwing in 2024): J208 autonomous Cessna Caravan (ex-Xwing Superflight) (2026) Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024): Kalmar AutoShuttle (2008) Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024) with Patrick Terminals: Kalmar AutoStrad automated straddle carrier (2005) Kaman Aerospace and Lockheed Martin: Unmanned K-MAX (2011) KargoBot (spun out of DiDi): KargoBot L4 robotruck (KargoPlatform) (2021) Karsan with ADASTEC: Autonomous e-ATAK (2021) Karsan with ADASTEC: Autonomous e-JEST (2025) Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha with Japan Radio and YDK Technologies: Hokuren Maru No. 2 (autonomous Ro-Ro retrofit) (2023) KG Mobility with SWM: Gangnam late-night autonomous taxi (KGM Korando EV with SWM) (2024) KG Mobility with SWM: Torres EVX robotaxi (KGM with SWM) (2026) Kitty Hawk / Zephyr Airworks (later Wisk Aero): Cora (later Wisk Cora, 5th generation) (2018) Kodiak AI (formerly Kodiak Robotics): Kodiak RoboTruck (Kodiak Driver) (2024) Komatsu: Komatsu FrontRunner AHS (930E, 980E, 830E) (2008) Konecranes: Konecranes Gottwald battery AGV (lead-acid and Li-ion) (2011) Kratos Defense & Security Solutions: XQ-58 Valkyrie (2019) Leidos: Seahawk (medium USV) (2021) Leidos for DARPA (built by Christensen Shipyards and Vigor Industrial): Sea Hunter (ACTUV) (2016) Liebherr: Liebherr T 264 autonomous (battery-electric) (2023) Liquid Robotics (Boeing subsidiary since 2016): Wave Glider (2009) Local Motors: Olli (2016) Local Motors: Olli 2.0 (2019) Locomation: Locomation Autonomous Relay Convoy (2020) LOXO: LOXO Alpha (2023) MAN Truck & Bus (TRATON) and ATLAS-L4 consortium: MAN ATLAS-L4 autonomous truck (2024) MAN Truck & Bus with ADASTEC: Lion's City 12 E autonomous (MINGA project) (2023) Manna: Manna delivery drone (2020) Marubeni consortium with Mitsui E&S, Tryangle and Yokosuka City: Sea Friend Zero (Sarushima autonomous tourism boat) (2022) Matternet: Matternet M2 (2017) May Mobility: Autonomous shuttle on Polaris GEM e6 (2018) May Mobility: May Mobility Lexus RX 450h (2021) May Mobility with Toyota: May Mobility Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS (2023) Meituan: Meituan autonomous delivery vehicle (2020) Meituan: Meituan new-generation delivery vehicle (2021) Meituan: Meituan fourth-generation delivery drone (2025) Meituan: M-Drone 4L Winch (2026) Merlin: Merlin Pilot (Cessna Caravan and C-130J programmes) (2023) Minus Zero: zPod (2023) Mitsubishi Shipbuilding with Shin Nihonkai Ferry: SOLEIL (MEGURI2040 autonomous ferry trial) (2022) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium (Mitsui E&S Shipbuilding, Furuno, MOL Ferry): Sunflower Shiretoko (MEGURI2040 ferry trial) (2022) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium with Imoto Lines: Mikage (autonomous container ship trials) (2022) Mobileye: Mobileye Drive robotaxi (NIO-based) (2021) Momenta: Momenta Robotaxi (2025) Momenta with Mercedes-Benz and Lumo: Mercedes-Benz S-Class robotaxi (Momenta, Abu Dhabi) (2025) MooVita: MooBus (2021) Motional (Hyundai Motor Group): Motional IONIQ 5 robotaxi (2021) National Oceanography Centre: Boaty McBoatface (Autosub Long Range) (2017) Navya: Arma (later Autonom Shuttle) (2015) Navya (Gama from 2023, Navya Mobility from 2024): Autonom Shuttle Evo (Evo L4) (2020) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix first-generation L4 delivery vehicle (2019) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X3 Plus (2023) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X6 (2024) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X3 (2024) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X12 (H12) (2025) Next Future Transportation: Autonomous modular pod (2018) Nippon Mobility (on Hino Poncho Long): Hino Poncho Long autonomous bus (2021) Nissan: Nissan Serena autonomous mobility service vehicle (2025) Nissan with DeNA: Easy Ride robo-vehicle (Nissan LEAF) (2018) Northrop Grumman: RQ-4 Global Hawk (1998) Northrop Grumman: X-47B (2011) Nuro: Nuro R1 (2018) Nuro: Nuro R2 (2020) Nuro: Nuro R3 (2022) nuTonomy: nuTonomy robotaxi (Renault Zoe / Mitsubishi i-MiEV) (2016) Ohmio: Ohmio Lift (2019) Otto (Uber): Otto self-driving truck (Volvo VNL) (2016) Outrider: Outrider autonomous yard truck (2020) ParkShuttle (Rivium) programme: ParkShuttle Generation I (1999) PlusAI with International Motors (TRATON): International LT with PlusAI SuperDrive (2025) Pony.ai: Pony.ai Lexus RX robotaxi (2019) Pony.ai: PonyTron L4 truck (FAW Jiefang J7) (2021) Pony.ai with BAIC ARCFOX: Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (BAIC ARCFOX Alpha T5) (2025) Pony.ai with CATL: Pony.ai L4 light-duty truck (2026) Pony.ai with GAC Aion: Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (GAC Aion V, 2nd gen) (2025) Pony.ai with Hyundai and Via: BotRide (Hyundai KONA Electric) (2019) Pony.ai with SANY Heavy Truck: Pony.ai-SANY L4 heavy truck (2022) Pony.ai with SANY Truck and Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor: Pony.ai Gen-4 autonomous truck (2025) Pony.ai with Toyota: Pony.ai Gen-6 robotaxi (Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS) (2022) Pony.ai with Toyota (GAC Toyota): Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (Toyota bZ4X) (2025) ProMare with IBM: Mayflower Autonomous Ship (MAS400) (2021) Pronto: Pronto AHS (retrofit on Cat 775G, Komatsu HD605) (2023) PSA International (multiple suppliers): PSA Tuas Port AGV fleet (2022) Pyka: Pelican Cargo (2023) QCraft: Longzhou ONE Robobus (2021) QCraft with Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus: Longzhou SPACE Robobus (2024) Reliable Robotics: Reliable Robotics Cessna 208 Caravan (2020) RideFlux: RideFlux driver-out robotaxi (Genesis GV80) (2024) Rolls-Royce with Finferries: Falco (autonomous ferry demonstration) (2018) SafeAI (with Obayashi and Avia Engineering): SafeAI and Obayashi autonomous electric Cat 725 retrofit (2023) SAIC Mobility with Momenta: SAIC Mobility Robotaxi (Rising Auto Marvel R) (2021) Saildrone: Saildrone Explorer (2014) Saildrone: Saildrone Surveyor (2021) Saildrone: Saildrone Voyager (2023) Sandvik: AutoMine (automated underground loaders and trucks) (2004) SANY: SANY SKT90E unmanned electric wide-body mining truck (2020) Saronic Technologies: Corsair (2024) Saronic Technologies: Mirage (2026) Scania (TRATON): Scania autonomous hub-to-hub truck (2021) Scania with Nobina: Citywide LF electric autonomous bus (2019) SEA-KIT International: Maxlimer (SEA-KIT X-class USV) (2018) Sefine Shipyard with Aselsan: TCB Marlin SIDA (2024) Sensible 4 with MUJI: GACHA (2019) Seoul Metropolitan Government (Hyundai Elec City buses): Seoul late-night autonomous bus A21 (Hyundai Elec City) (2023) Shenzhen Haylion Technologies with Shenzhen Bus Group: Alphaba smart bus (2017) Skye Air Mobility: Skye Ship One (2022) Stack AV with PACCAR / Peterbilt: Stack AV autonomous Peterbilt 579 (2026) Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University): Junior (2007) Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University) with Volkswagen ERL: Stanley (2005) Tartan Racing (Carnegie Mellon University and General Motors): Boss (2007) Teledyne Webb Research: Slocum glider (1989) Tensor (formerly AutoX): Tensor Robocar (2025) Terberg with Embotech: Embotech / Terberg automated electric terminal tractor (2025) Tesla: Tesla Cybercab (2024) Tesla: Tesla Robovan (2024) Tesla: Tesla Robotaxi (Model Y service fleet) (2025) Tianjin Port Group with Huawei: Tianjin Port Section C L4 electric container trucks (2021) Tier IV: Tier IV robotaxi (Toyota JPN Taxi with Autoware) (2024) Torc Robotics and Daimler Truck North America: Freightliner Cascadia autonomous (Torc Virtual Driver) (2024) Torghatten with Zeabuz: MF Estelle (2023) Toyota: e-Palette (Tokyo 2020 version) (2019) TractEasy (TLD with EasyMile): TractEasy EZTow (2018) Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (MITI): Tsukuba self-driving car (1977) Turing Drive: Turing Drive Xinyi Road autonomous bus (2020) TuSimple: TuSimple Driver Out autonomous semi-truck (2021) TuSimple (now CreateAI): TuSimple China driverless truck (2023) Uber Advanced Technologies Group: Uber ATG self-driving Ford Fusion Hybrid (2016) Uber Advanced Technologies Group with Volvo Cars: Uber ATG self-driving Volvo XC90 (2017) Uber, Lucid and Nuro: Uber robotaxi (Lucid Gravity with Nuro Driver) (2025) Udelv: Udelv Newton (2019) Udelv with Mobileye: Udelv Transporter (2021) University of Parma (Alberto Broggi's group, later VisLab): ARGO (1998) US Navy: Spartan Scout (2003) Vayu Robotics: Vayu road delivery robot (2024) Verne (Rimac Group): Verne robotaxi (purpose-built two-seater) (2024) VisLab (University of Parma): BRAiVE (2009) VisLab (University of Parma): VIAC vans (VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge) (2010) VisLab (University of Parma): DEEVA (2014) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles / MOIA, with Mobileye: Volkswagen ID. Buzz AD (2021) Volvo Autonomous Solutions (Volvo Group): Volvo Autonomous Solutions quarry trucks (Autona earth, Volvo FH) (2023) Volvo Autonomous Solutions with Aurora Innovation: Volvo VNL Autonomous (Aurora Driver) (2024) Volvo Buses with NTU Singapore: 7900 Electric autonomous bus (2019) Volvo Trucks (Volvo Group): Volvo Vera (2018) Waabi with Volvo Autonomous Solutions: Volvo VNL Autonomous powered by the Waabi Driver (2025) Waymo: Waymo Via autonomous Class 8 truck (2017) Waymo (Google self-driving car project): Firefly (Google self-driving car prototype) (2014) Waymo with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles: Waymo Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid (4th-gen Waymo Driver) (2016) Waymo with Hyundai Motor Group: Waymo Hyundai IONIQ 5 (6th-gen Waymo Driver) (2024) Waymo with Jaguar Land Rover: Waymo Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen Waymo Driver) (2018) Waymo with Zeekr (Geely): Waymo Ojai (6th-gen Waymo Driver, Zeekr-built) (2021) Waytous (Huituo) with CASIC Aerospace Heavy Industry: Driverless MT4400 220-tonne haul trucks (Baorixile mine) (2020) Wayve: Wayve Jaguar I-PACE test fleet (2019) Wayve with Uber: Wayve AI Driver robotaxi on Uber (London) (2026) WeRide: WeRide Robotaxi (first fleet, Guangzhou) (2018) WeRide: Robovan W5 (2025) WeRide with Geely Farizon: Robotaxi GXR (2024) WeRide with Geely Farizon and Kwoon Chung: Robotaxi GXR right-hand-drive (Hong Kong) (2026) WeRide with Yutong: Robobus (Yutong Xiaoyu 2.0) (2021) Westfield Technology Group: Westfield POD (GATEway) (2017) Westwell (Shanghai Westwell-Lab Technology): Westwell Qomolo Q-Truck (2021) White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai): White Rhino early unmanned delivery vehicle (2020) White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai): White Rhino R5 (2025) Wing (Alphabet): Wing delivery drone (2019) Wisk Aero (Boeing subsidiary; Archer acquisition announced August 2026): Wisk Gen 6 (2022) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer) (1994) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Sentry (2006) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Nereus (2009) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Oceanographic Systems Lab); Hydroid from 2001: REMUS (original) (1995) XCMG: XCMG XDR80TE-AT cabless autonomous electric mining truck (2023) XCMG (for China Huaneng; software with Huawei): XCMG ZNK95 "Huaneng Ruichi" driverless electric mining truck (2025) Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus: Astar autonomous minibus (2019) Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus with Mogo Auto: MOGO BUS (2022) Xiamen King Long (vehicle) with Baidu (system), operated by KC Smart Mobility and Prime Motors JV: HKIA landside autonomous bus (2026) XPeng: XPeng Yoyo robotaxi (GX-based) (2025) Yamaha Motor with AIST: ZEN drive Pilot (Yamaha Land Car) (2023) Yandex: Yandex self-driving car (Toyota Prius+ prototype) (2017) Yandex (Yandex Self-Driving Group) with Hyundai Mobis: Yandex robotaxi (Hyundai Sonata) (2019) Yara International with Kongsberg Maritime: Yara Birkeland (2021) Yutong Bus: Yutong autonomous city bus (2015 road test) (2015) Yutong Bus: Xiaoyu (first generation) (2019) Yutong Bus: Yutong U12 intelligent bus (WITGO system) (2020) Zeabuz for the Government of Aland: Simskala ferry Virtual Cable Ferry system (2026) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z5 (2023) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z10 (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z2 (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z5 (2024 edition) (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z8 (2024) Zipline: Zipline Platform 1 (P1) (2016) Zipline: Zipline Platform 2 (P2 Zip) (2023) Zoox (Amazon): Zoox Toyota Highlander test fleet (2018) Zoox (Amazon): Zoox robotaxi (2020) ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries): ZPMC L-AGV lift AGV (Qingdao Qianwan) (2015) ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries): ZPMC AGV (Yangshan Phase IV) (2017) Robot 3 (optional) None 2getthere: ParkShuttle Generation III (2022) 2getthere (chassis by Spijkstaal): ParkShuttle II (2006) A³ by Airbus: Vahana (2018) Academy of Robotics: Kar-go (2019) Airport Authority Hong Kong with UISEE Technology: HKIA autonomous airside staff bus (BYD J6 with UISEE system) (2022) Alexander Dennis with Fusion Processing: Enviro200AV (CAVForth) (2019) Amazon: Prime Air MK30 (2024) AMMO.Ukraine: Marichka (2023) AMS Institute with MIT, TU Delft and Wageningen University: Roboat (2021) Anduril Australia with the Australian Department of Defence: Ghost Shark (2024) Anduril Industries: YFQ-44A Fury (production FQ-44A) (2025) Aptiv (later Motional): Aptiv self-driving BMW 5 Series (Lyft Las Vegas) (2018) Argo AI with Ford: Argo AI third-generation test vehicle (Ford Fusion Hybrid) (2019) Argo AI with Ford: Argo AI Ford Escape Hybrid robotaxi (2022) Aurora Innovation with International Motors and Roush: Aurora Driver second-generation truck (International LT Series) (2026) Aurora Innovation with PACCAR: Aurora Driver first-generation truck (PACCAR Peterbilt / Kenworth) (2025) Aurrigo: Auto-DollyTug (third generation) (2022) AutoFlight: CarryAll (V2000CG) (2024) Automotive Research & Testing Center (ARTC): WinBus (2020) Autonomous a2z: ROii (2025) AutoX: AutoX RoboTaxi (Shenzhen driverless fleet) (2021) Auve Tech: MiCa (2022) Avride (Nebius Group): Avride robotaxi (Hyundai IONIQ 5) (2025) Baidu Apollo: Apollo Lincoln MKZ test car (US) (2021) Baidu Apollo: Apolong II (2021) Baidu Apollo (built by JMC): Apollo RT6 (6th-gen robotaxi) (2022) Baidu Apollo with BAIC ARCFOX: Apollo Moon (5th-gen robotaxi, ARCFOX version) (2021) Baidu Apollo with FAW Hongqi: Apollo Robotaxi (Hongqi E-Jie / Hongqi EV) (2019) Baidu Apollo with King Long (Xiamen King Long United Automotive): Apolong (2018) Baykar: Bayraktar Kizilelma (2022) Beep with Oxa (on Ford E-Transit): NAVI autonomous shuttle (Ford E-Transit with Oxa Driver) (2025) BlackSea Technologies (acquired by AEVEX, 2026): GARC (Global Autonomous Reconnaissance Craft) (2023) Boeing: Echo Voyager (2016) Boeing: MQ-25 Stingray (2019) Boeing Australia: MQ-28 Ghost Bat (2021) Boeing NeXt with Aurora Flight Sciences: Passenger Air Vehicle (PAV) (2019) Boeing with Huntington Ingalls Industries: Orca XLUUV (2023) Boonray Technology: Boonray autonomous electric mining trucks (BLEB145A1) (2018) Bot Auto: Bot Auto autonomous truck (retrofitted Freightliner) (2025) Bundeswehr University Munich (Ernst Dickmanns): VaMoRs (1986) Bundeswehr University Munich with Mercedes-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS): VaMP (1994) Cainiao (Alibaba Group): Cainiao GT (2024) Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026: Cainiao GT Pro (2025) Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026: Cainiao GT-Lite (2025) Cao Cao Mobility (Geely): Cao Cao Mobility Robotaxi (Hangzhou fleet) (2026) Carnegie Mellon University Red Team: H1ghlander (2005) Carnegie Mellon University Red Team: Sandstorm (2005) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 1 (1986) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 2 (1990) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 5 (1995) Caterpillar: Cat MineStar Command for hauling (789D, 793D/F, 797F, 794 AC) (2013) Caterpillar: Cat autonomous quarry haulage (Luck Stone Bull Run) (2024) Clevon (now indiGO Europe, part of indiGOtech): CLEVON 1 (GO Bot) (2022) Cruise (General Motors): Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt EV) (2016) Cruise (General Motors) with Honda: Cruise Origin (2020) Daimler Trucks North America: Freightliner Inspiration Truck (2015) Daimler with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Mercedes-Benz S 500 Intelligent Drive (Bertha Benz drive) (2013) Daimler-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS): VITA-2 (1994) DeepRoute.ai with Cao Cao Mobility: DeepRoute.ai Robotaxi (Shenzhen Futian) (2021) Delphi Automotive: Delphi automated driving car (coast-to-coast) (2015) DFFAS consortium led by Japan Marine Science (NYK group): SUZAKU (DFFAS autonomous container ship) (2022) DiDi Autonomous Driving: DiDi Autonomous Driving robotaxi (Shanghai pilot) (2020) DiDi Autonomous Driving: DiDi Neuron (2023) DiDi Autonomous Driving with GAC Aion (Andi Technology joint venture): DiDi and GAC Aion factory-built L4 robotaxi (2025) DJI: FlyCart 30 (2023) Drive.ai: Drive.ai self-driving van (Nissan NV200) (2018) EACON Mining Technology: EACON L4 autonomous mining trucks (ORCASTRA) (2018) EasyMile: EZ10 (first generation) (2015) EasyMile: EZ10 Gen 2 (2018) EasyMile: EZ10 Gen 3 (2019) Eelume AS with Kongsberg Maritime and Equinor: Eelume (2016) EHang: EHang 184 (2016) EHang: EH216-S (2023) EHang: VT35 (2025) Einride: Einride Pod (formerly T-pod) (2017) Elroy Air: Chaparral C1 (2022) Embark Trucks: Embark autonomous truck (Peterbilt 579) (2017) Fernride: Fernride autonomous terminal tractor (Terberg base) (2023) Flytrex: Flytrex Sky2 (2026) Fusion Processing with First Bus (Fiat Ducato base): Milton Park autonomous minibus (2023) Gatik: Gatik driverless box truck (2021) Gaussin: Gaussin APM 75T autonomous terminal tractor (2019) Gaussin with ST Engineering Land Systems: Gaussin AGV Performance (ST Engineering, PSA Singapore) (2018) Geely with CaoCao: Eva Cab (2026) General Atomics Aeronautical Systems: YFQ-42A Dark Merlin (production FQ-42A) (2025) Glydways: Glydcar (2025) Google (Project Chauffeur, later Waymo): Google self-driving Toyota Prius (2009) Gottwald Port Technology (now Konecranes): Gottwald / Konecranes diesel-electric AGV (2001) Hellobike (Hello Inc.): Hello HR1 (Hello Robot1) (2025) HII Mission Technologies: REMUS 620 (2022) Hitachi Construction Machinery: Hitachi AHS on EH5000AC-3 (2020) Holon (Benteler Group): Holon Urban (launched as Holon Mover) (2023) Huangpu Wenchong Shipbuilding (CSSC) for the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai): Zhu Hai Yun (2022) IAV: HEAT shuttle (Hamburg Electric Autonomous Transportation) (2019) Ike Robotics: Ike autonomous truck (2018) Inceptio Technology with Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle: Dongfeng heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system (2021) Inceptio Technology with Sinotruk Jinan Truck: Sinotruk heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system (2021) International Submarine Engineering for Defence Research Establishment Pacific: Theseus (1995) ISEE: ISEE autonomous yard truck (2021) Isuzu with AIST and Nippon Koei: Erga Mio autonomous mid-size bus (2020) JD Logistics: JD Logistics L4 autonomous van (2025) Joby Aviation (autonomy stack acquired from Xwing in 2024): J208 autonomous Cessna Caravan (ex-Xwing Superflight) (2026) Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024): Kalmar AutoShuttle (2008) Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024) with Patrick Terminals: Kalmar AutoStrad automated straddle carrier (2005) Kaman Aerospace and Lockheed Martin: Unmanned K-MAX (2011) KargoBot (spun out of DiDi): KargoBot L4 robotruck (KargoPlatform) (2021) Karsan with ADASTEC: Autonomous e-ATAK (2021) Karsan with ADASTEC: Autonomous e-JEST (2025) Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha with Japan Radio and YDK Technologies: Hokuren Maru No. 2 (autonomous Ro-Ro retrofit) (2023) KG Mobility with SWM: Gangnam late-night autonomous taxi (KGM Korando EV with SWM) (2024) KG Mobility with SWM: Torres EVX robotaxi (KGM with SWM) (2026) Kitty Hawk / Zephyr Airworks (later Wisk Aero): Cora (later Wisk Cora, 5th generation) (2018) Kodiak AI (formerly Kodiak Robotics): Kodiak RoboTruck (Kodiak Driver) (2024) Komatsu: Komatsu FrontRunner AHS (930E, 980E, 830E) (2008) Konecranes: Konecranes Gottwald battery AGV (lead-acid and Li-ion) (2011) Kratos Defense & Security Solutions: XQ-58 Valkyrie (2019) Leidos: Seahawk (medium USV) (2021) Leidos for DARPA (built by Christensen Shipyards and Vigor Industrial): Sea Hunter (ACTUV) (2016) Liebherr: Liebherr T 264 autonomous (battery-electric) (2023) Liquid Robotics (Boeing subsidiary since 2016): Wave Glider (2009) Local Motors: Olli (2016) Local Motors: Olli 2.0 (2019) Locomation: Locomation Autonomous Relay Convoy (2020) LOXO: LOXO Alpha (2023) MAN Truck & Bus (TRATON) and ATLAS-L4 consortium: MAN ATLAS-L4 autonomous truck (2024) MAN Truck & Bus with ADASTEC: Lion's City 12 E autonomous (MINGA project) (2023) Manna: Manna delivery drone (2020) Marubeni consortium with Mitsui E&S, Tryangle and Yokosuka City: Sea Friend Zero (Sarushima autonomous tourism boat) (2022) Matternet: Matternet M2 (2017) May Mobility: Autonomous shuttle on Polaris GEM e6 (2018) May Mobility: May Mobility Lexus RX 450h (2021) May Mobility with Toyota: May Mobility Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS (2023) Meituan: Meituan autonomous delivery vehicle (2020) Meituan: Meituan new-generation delivery vehicle (2021) Meituan: Meituan fourth-generation delivery drone (2025) Meituan: M-Drone 4L Winch (2026) Merlin: Merlin Pilot (Cessna Caravan and C-130J programmes) (2023) Minus Zero: zPod (2023) Mitsubishi Shipbuilding with Shin Nihonkai Ferry: SOLEIL (MEGURI2040 autonomous ferry trial) (2022) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium (Mitsui E&S Shipbuilding, Furuno, MOL Ferry): Sunflower Shiretoko (MEGURI2040 ferry trial) (2022) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium with Imoto Lines: Mikage (autonomous container ship trials) (2022) Mobileye: Mobileye Drive robotaxi (NIO-based) (2021) Momenta: Momenta Robotaxi (2025) Momenta with Mercedes-Benz and Lumo: Mercedes-Benz S-Class robotaxi (Momenta, Abu Dhabi) (2025) MooVita: MooBus (2021) Motional (Hyundai Motor Group): Motional IONIQ 5 robotaxi (2021) National Oceanography Centre: Boaty McBoatface (Autosub Long Range) (2017) Navya: Arma (later Autonom Shuttle) (2015) Navya (Gama from 2023, Navya Mobility from 2024): Autonom Shuttle Evo (Evo L4) (2020) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix first-generation L4 delivery vehicle (2019) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X3 Plus (2023) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X6 (2024) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X3 (2024) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X12 (H12) (2025) Next Future Transportation: Autonomous modular pod (2018) Nippon Mobility (on Hino Poncho Long): Hino Poncho Long autonomous bus (2021) Nissan: Nissan Serena autonomous mobility service vehicle (2025) Nissan with DeNA: Easy Ride robo-vehicle (Nissan LEAF) (2018) Northrop Grumman: RQ-4 Global Hawk (1998) Northrop Grumman: X-47B (2011) Nuro: Nuro R1 (2018) Nuro: Nuro R2 (2020) Nuro: Nuro R3 (2022) nuTonomy: nuTonomy robotaxi (Renault Zoe / Mitsubishi i-MiEV) (2016) Ohmio: Ohmio Lift (2019) Otto (Uber): Otto self-driving truck (Volvo VNL) (2016) Outrider: Outrider autonomous yard truck (2020) ParkShuttle (Rivium) programme: ParkShuttle Generation I (1999) PlusAI with International Motors (TRATON): International LT with PlusAI SuperDrive (2025) Pony.ai: Pony.ai Lexus RX robotaxi (2019) Pony.ai: PonyTron L4 truck (FAW Jiefang J7) (2021) Pony.ai with BAIC ARCFOX: Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (BAIC ARCFOX Alpha T5) (2025) Pony.ai with CATL: Pony.ai L4 light-duty truck (2026) Pony.ai with GAC Aion: Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (GAC Aion V, 2nd gen) (2025) Pony.ai with Hyundai and Via: BotRide (Hyundai KONA Electric) (2019) Pony.ai with SANY Heavy Truck: Pony.ai-SANY L4 heavy truck (2022) Pony.ai with SANY Truck and Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor: Pony.ai Gen-4 autonomous truck (2025) Pony.ai with Toyota: Pony.ai Gen-6 robotaxi (Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS) (2022) Pony.ai with Toyota (GAC Toyota): Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (Toyota bZ4X) (2025) ProMare with IBM: Mayflower Autonomous Ship (MAS400) (2021) Pronto: Pronto AHS (retrofit on Cat 775G, Komatsu HD605) (2023) PSA International (multiple suppliers): PSA Tuas Port AGV fleet (2022) Pyka: Pelican Cargo (2023) QCraft: Longzhou ONE Robobus (2021) QCraft with Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus: Longzhou SPACE Robobus (2024) Reliable Robotics: Reliable Robotics Cessna 208 Caravan (2020) RideFlux: RideFlux driver-out robotaxi (Genesis GV80) (2024) Rolls-Royce with Finferries: Falco (autonomous ferry demonstration) (2018) SafeAI (with Obayashi and Avia Engineering): SafeAI and Obayashi autonomous electric Cat 725 retrofit (2023) SAIC Mobility with Momenta: SAIC Mobility Robotaxi (Rising Auto Marvel R) (2021) Saildrone: Saildrone Explorer (2014) Saildrone: Saildrone Surveyor (2021) Saildrone: Saildrone Voyager (2023) Sandvik: AutoMine (automated underground loaders and trucks) (2004) SANY: SANY SKT90E unmanned electric wide-body mining truck (2020) Saronic Technologies: Corsair (2024) Saronic Technologies: Mirage (2026) Scania (TRATON): Scania autonomous hub-to-hub truck (2021) Scania with Nobina: Citywide LF electric autonomous bus (2019) SEA-KIT International: Maxlimer (SEA-KIT X-class USV) (2018) Sefine Shipyard with Aselsan: TCB Marlin SIDA (2024) Sensible 4 with MUJI: GACHA (2019) Seoul Metropolitan Government (Hyundai Elec City buses): Seoul late-night autonomous bus A21 (Hyundai Elec City) (2023) Shenzhen Haylion Technologies with Shenzhen Bus Group: Alphaba smart bus (2017) Skye Air Mobility: Skye Ship One (2022) Stack AV with PACCAR / Peterbilt: Stack AV autonomous Peterbilt 579 (2026) Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University): Junior (2007) Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University) with Volkswagen ERL: Stanley (2005) Tartan Racing (Carnegie Mellon University and General Motors): Boss (2007) Teledyne Webb Research: Slocum glider (1989) Tensor (formerly AutoX): Tensor Robocar (2025) Terberg with Embotech: Embotech / Terberg automated electric terminal tractor (2025) Tesla: Tesla Cybercab (2024) Tesla: Tesla Robovan (2024) Tesla: Tesla Robotaxi (Model Y service fleet) (2025) Tianjin Port Group with Huawei: Tianjin Port Section C L4 electric container trucks (2021) Tier IV: Tier IV robotaxi (Toyota JPN Taxi with Autoware) (2024) Torc Robotics and Daimler Truck North America: Freightliner Cascadia autonomous (Torc Virtual Driver) (2024) Torghatten with Zeabuz: MF Estelle (2023) Toyota: e-Palette (Tokyo 2020 version) (2019) TractEasy (TLD with EasyMile): TractEasy EZTow (2018) Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (MITI): Tsukuba self-driving car (1977) Turing Drive: Turing Drive Xinyi Road autonomous bus (2020) TuSimple: TuSimple Driver Out autonomous semi-truck (2021) TuSimple (now CreateAI): TuSimple China driverless truck (2023) Uber Advanced Technologies Group: Uber ATG self-driving Ford Fusion Hybrid (2016) Uber Advanced Technologies Group with Volvo Cars: Uber ATG self-driving Volvo XC90 (2017) Uber, Lucid and Nuro: Uber robotaxi (Lucid Gravity with Nuro Driver) (2025) Udelv: Udelv Newton (2019) Udelv with Mobileye: Udelv Transporter (2021) University of Parma (Alberto Broggi's group, later VisLab): ARGO (1998) US Navy: Spartan Scout (2003) Vayu Robotics: Vayu road delivery robot (2024) Verne (Rimac Group): Verne robotaxi (purpose-built two-seater) (2024) VisLab (University of Parma): BRAiVE (2009) VisLab (University of Parma): VIAC vans (VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge) (2010) VisLab (University of Parma): DEEVA (2014) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles / MOIA, with Mobileye: Volkswagen ID. Buzz AD (2021) Volvo Autonomous Solutions (Volvo Group): Volvo Autonomous Solutions quarry trucks (Autona earth, Volvo FH) (2023) Volvo Autonomous Solutions with Aurora Innovation: Volvo VNL Autonomous (Aurora Driver) (2024) Volvo Buses with NTU Singapore: 7900 Electric autonomous bus (2019) Volvo Trucks (Volvo Group): Volvo Vera (2018) Waabi with Volvo Autonomous Solutions: Volvo VNL Autonomous powered by the Waabi Driver (2025) Waymo: Waymo Via autonomous Class 8 truck (2017) Waymo (Google self-driving car project): Firefly (Google self-driving car prototype) (2014) Waymo with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles: Waymo Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid (4th-gen Waymo Driver) (2016) Waymo with Hyundai Motor Group: Waymo Hyundai IONIQ 5 (6th-gen Waymo Driver) (2024) Waymo with Jaguar Land Rover: Waymo Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen Waymo Driver) (2018) Waymo with Zeekr (Geely): Waymo Ojai (6th-gen Waymo Driver, Zeekr-built) (2021) Waytous (Huituo) with CASIC Aerospace Heavy Industry: Driverless MT4400 220-tonne haul trucks (Baorixile mine) (2020) Wayve: Wayve Jaguar I-PACE test fleet (2019) Wayve with Uber: Wayve AI Driver robotaxi on Uber (London) (2026) WeRide: WeRide Robotaxi (first fleet, Guangzhou) (2018) WeRide: Robovan W5 (2025) WeRide with Geely Farizon: Robotaxi GXR (2024) WeRide with Geely Farizon and Kwoon Chung: Robotaxi GXR right-hand-drive (Hong Kong) (2026) WeRide with Yutong: Robobus (Yutong Xiaoyu 2.0) (2021) Westfield Technology Group: Westfield POD (GATEway) (2017) Westwell (Shanghai Westwell-Lab Technology): Westwell Qomolo Q-Truck (2021) White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai): White Rhino early unmanned delivery vehicle (2020) White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai): White Rhino R5 (2025) Wing (Alphabet): Wing delivery drone (2019) Wisk Aero (Boeing subsidiary; Archer acquisition announced August 2026): Wisk Gen 6 (2022) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer) (1994) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Sentry (2006) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Nereus (2009) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Oceanographic Systems Lab); Hydroid from 2001: REMUS (original) (1995) XCMG: XCMG XDR80TE-AT cabless autonomous electric mining truck (2023) XCMG (for China Huaneng; software with Huawei): XCMG ZNK95 "Huaneng Ruichi" driverless electric mining truck (2025) Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus: Astar autonomous minibus (2019) Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus with Mogo Auto: MOGO BUS (2022) Xiamen King Long (vehicle) with Baidu (system), operated by KC Smart Mobility and Prime Motors JV: HKIA landside autonomous bus (2026) XPeng: XPeng Yoyo robotaxi (GX-based) (2025) Yamaha Motor with AIST: ZEN drive Pilot (Yamaha Land Car) (2023) Yandex: Yandex self-driving car (Toyota Prius+ prototype) (2017) Yandex (Yandex Self-Driving Group) with Hyundai Mobis: Yandex robotaxi (Hyundai Sonata) (2019) Yara International with Kongsberg Maritime: Yara Birkeland (2021) Yutong Bus: Yutong autonomous city bus (2015 road test) (2015) Yutong Bus: Xiaoyu (first generation) (2019) Yutong Bus: Yutong U12 intelligent bus (WITGO system) (2020) Zeabuz for the Government of Aland: Simskala ferry Virtual Cable Ferry system (2026) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z5 (2023) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z10 (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z2 (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z5 (2024 edition) (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z8 (2024) Zipline: Zipline Platform 1 (P1) (2016) Zipline: Zipline Platform 2 (P2 Zip) (2023) Zoox (Amazon): Zoox Toyota Highlander test fleet (2018) Zoox (Amazon): Zoox robotaxi (2020) ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries): ZPMC L-AGV lift AGV (Qingdao Qianwan) (2015) ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries): ZPMC AGV (Yangshan Phase IV) (2017)